Court filing
Exhibit 35 - Expert Report of David Levine — In re Bank of America California Unemployment Benefits Litigation (Dkt. 593-1, S.D. Cal. No. 3:21-md-02992)
Filed October 20, 2025 in In re Bank of America California Unemployment Benefits Litigation; one of 1415 filings from this case.
Record facts
| Court | U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California |
|---|---|
| Filed | 2025-10-20 |
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California · No. 3:21-md-02992-GPC-MSB · Doc. 593-1 · 2025-10-20 · Docket on CourtListener
Full text
HX 35
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Expert Report of David I. Levine
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
SAN DIEGO DIVISION
In re Bank of America California
Unemployment Benefits Litigation,
This Document Relates to All Actions
Case No. 3-21-md-02992-GPC-MSB
EXPERT REPORT OF
DAVID I. LEVINE
March 4, 2025
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Table of Contents
I.
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
A.
Qualifications ...................................................................................................................... 1
B.
Summary of Assignment ..................................................................................................... 1
C.
Summary of Opinions ......................................................................................................... 2
I.
Use of a Compound Interest Rate is an Appropriate Measure of the Opportunity Cost
of Delayed UI Benefits .................................................................................................................. 3
II. The Credit Card Interest Rate is a Conservative Measure of the Opportunity Costs of
Depriving UI Recipients of Their Benefits .................................................................................. 8
III. The Minimum Wage is an Appropriate Measure of the Value of Lost Time for the
Customer Service Class .............................................................................................................. 14
Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 17
Appendix A: CV ........................................................................................................................ 17
Appendix B: Materials Considered ........................................................................................... 38
Case Materials ....................................................................................................................... 38
Research ................................................................................................................................. 38
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I.
Introduction
A. Qualifications
1. I am the Trefethen Professor at the Haas School of Business, University of California,
Berkeley.
2. I received my Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University, and I have been a professor
at UC Berkeley since 1987. I have held visiting positions at the Sloan School, MIT, the U.S.
Department of Labor and as a Senior Economist at the President’s Council of Economic
Advisors.
3. I have published widely in labor economics and the economics of households, with a
focus on decisions and risk. I have approximately 100 refereed publications, as well as several
books, chapters, and popular articles. My CV, attached as Appendix A, includes a list of my
recent publications.
B. Summary of Assignment
4. Class Plaintiffs (“Plaintiffs”) brought this proposed class action against Defendant Bank
of America, N.A. (“the Bank”), In re Bank of America California Unemployment Benefits
Litigation, Case No. 3-21-md-02992-GPC-MSB, on behalf of themselves and other similarly
situated individuals whose California unemployment insurance benefits were distributed on
prepaid debit cards by the Bank, and whose receipt of those benefits was adversely impacted by
the Bank’s policies and practices during the class period in 2020-2021.
5. I was retained by Plaintiffs’ counsel to opine on two topics: (1) an appropriate
methodology for determining the value of the lost opportunity costs to the class members whose
access to UI benefits was delayed or denied by the Bank’s challenged policies and practices, and
(2) an appropriate methodology for calculating the value of the time lost by class members who
telephoned the Bank’s customer service number for California UI recipients during the class
period and were required to wait in excess of industry-standard wait times before the Bank
answered their calls.
6. I am being compensated for my work in this matter at the rate of $1,175 per hour.
7. My analysis and opinions are based on my 40 years in academia and research in the field
of labor economics, which includes my experience with the common practice in my field of
using a measure of aggregate harm to estimate the effects of a policy.
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8. During the course of my analysis, I have relied upon documents and information
produced in discovery in this case as well as publicly available documents and information. I
have relied upon the materials cited in this report and those materials cited in Appendix B.
C. Summary of Opinions
Use of a Compound Interest Rate is an Appropriate Measure of the Opportunity Cost of Delayed
UI Benefits
9. Using an aggregate measure of harm is common practice in the field of economics, and
aggregates are an appropriate way to represent classwide harm.
10. The harm suffered by class members who were deprived of their UI benefits cannot be
represented only by the principal amount of the benefits they were denied. UI recipients who
were denied their benefits also suffered harm caused by the delay itself, which can be described
as the “opportunity cost” faced by individuals in the absence of UI.
11. In my opinion, a compound interest rate is an appropriate way of measuring this
opportunity cost. Specifically, a compound interest rate, applied to the principal amount of
delayed funds and the length of time those funds were inaccessible, is an appropriate way to
measure the harm caused by the Bank’s policies and practices.
The Credit Card Interest Rate is a Conservative Measure of the Opportunity Costs of Depriving
UI Recipients of Their Benefits
12. It is my opinion that the credit card interest rate is an appropriate proxy to represent the
class-wide harm suffered due to delays in receiving UI payments during COVID. The credit card
rate represents the cost to the typical class member of not receiving their benefits, because UI
benefits are typically used for essential expenses. When UI payments disappear, most UI
recipients turn to credit cards to cover those expenses.
13. Because the alternative sources of funds available to most class members are higher
cost than the cost of credit-card borrowing, in my opinion the credit card interest rate is a
conservative measure of the opportunity cost of lost funds to the proposed class members.
The Minimum Wage is a Conservative Measure of the Value of Lost Time for the Customer
Service Class
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14. The harm suffered by members of the Customer Service Class can be calculated using the
California state minimum wage. Economists frequently use wage data to represent the value of
time, and the minimum wage is a conservative estimate of the average value of time for those
waiting for customer service from the Bank.
I.
Use of a Compound Interest Rate is an Appropriate Measure of the Opportunity
Cost of Delayed UI Benefits
15. It is my understanding that, as a result of the Bank’s challenged policies and practices,
class members were denied access to their UI funds in the form of either unauthorized
transaction claims that should have been reimbursed within 10 business days (Claim Denial
Class), rescinded permanent credits on unauthorized-transaction claims that the Bank debited
from class members’ accounts (Credit Rescission Class), UI funds frozen in their accounts
(Account Freeze Class), or delayed payment of continuing UI benefits because EDD was unable
to deposit funds into their frozen accounts (Account Freeze Class).
16. It is my opinion that an appropriate measure of damages should include not only the
principal amounts of the UI funds that class members were due, but also the value of receiving
those UI benefits at the time they were due. The “time value” or “opportunity cost” of money is a
well-established concept in economics. In measuring an appropriate time value or opportunity
cost of UI funds, it is important to consider the purpose for which UI benefits are issued and the
likely consequences of deprivation. For most UI recipients entitled to benefits, a dollar of UI
benefits at the time the benefit is due is far more valuable than a dollar of UI benefits one month,
or six months, or a year later.
17. Based on economic studies about how recipients use UI benefits and what alternative
options are available to recipients who are denied access to their funds, it is my opinion that a
lower bound on the average cost of losing access to UI can be measured by a compound interest
rate that calculates the ongoing harm of being denied benefits over time. The appropriateness of
using this opportunity cost of delayed benefits is supported by my review of the economic
literature that makes clear UI benefits are used for essential expenses, and that individuals face
harm over time when their sources of funds for these expenses are abruptly cut off.
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18. A compound interest rate is an appropriate proxy for the opportunity cost of losing access
to UI.
19. UI is a crucial social safety net in the United States, designed to provide temporary
financial assistance to workers who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own.1 The
program plays a vital role in mitigating the economic and social consequences of unemployment,
which can include lower consumption, increased food insecurity, and reliance on high-cost
borrowing.
20. Job loss leads to a significant decrease in household income, forcing individuals and
families to cut back on essential expenses like food, transportation, and childcare.2 Families
typically prioritize fixed costs such as rent and mortgage, putting additional pressure on items
such as nutrition. UI helps to mitigate this negative cycle by providing partial income
replacement, helping unemployed individuals cover their essential expenses.3
21. One study, which estimated that consumption would fall by 22.2% in the absence of UI,
demonstrates that when individuals experience a loss of income,4 they incur a cost that is greater
than just the loss of the income itself, as they are forced either to cut back on consumption and
1 See generally Pavoni, Nicola, and Giovanni L. Violante, "Optimal Welfare-to-Work Programs," The
Review of Economic Studies 74, no. 1 (2007): 283-318 (providing an overview of UI programs and their
role in social welfare systems),
https://violante.economics.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf5621/files/documents/Optimal%20Welfare-to-
Work%20Programs.pdf.
2 See, e.g., Gruber, Jonathan. "The Consumption Smoothing Benefits of Unemployment Insurance." The
American Economic Review 87, no. 1 (1997): 192-205 (estimating the decline in consumption following
job loss in the absence of UI); Browning, Martin, and Thomas F. Crossley, "The Life-Cycle Model of
Consumption and Saving," Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 3 (2001): 3-22 (analyzing how UI
helps smooth consumption, with effects varying based on replacement rates, benefit duration, and
liquidity constraints), https://www.jstor.org/stable/2950862.
3 See Ganong, Peter, and Pascal Noel. 2019. "Consumer Spending During Unemployment: Positive and
Normative Implications." American Economic Review 109 (7): 2383–2424, at 2404 (finding that UI
benefits have a significant positive effect on consumption, with each additional dollar of UI benefits
leading to an increase in the total bank account outflows by 83 cents),
https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20170537. See Fang, Di, Michael R. Thomsen, Rodolfo
M. Nayga, and Wei Yang. "Food Insecurity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Survey of
Low-Income Americans," Food Security (2022): 165-183 (analyzing how COVID exacerbated food
insecurity among low-income Americans and how UI benefits improve food security),
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34254010/.
4 Gruber, supra note 2 at 195.
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other expenses or to turn to alternative sources of replacement funds, such as credit cards and
other forms of consumer borrowing, that typically impose substantial interest rates. Other
consequences of being denied UI can include eviction, default on mortgage, and missing
payments on other bills5 (which can result in late fees that increase overall debt and can further
damage future job or housing opportunities).6 Unemployed individuals are also more likely to
forego healthcare, which is associated with increased health hardships in the future.7
22. UI can help to ameliorate these harms by providing a temporary source of income for the
unemployed. UI helps individuals cover essential expenses, such as food, housing, and utilities,
and can also help them to avoid incurring credit card debt and other higher-cost borrowing
options, such as payday loans. UI also helps individuals maintain their health insurance and
avoid having to forego necessary medical care.8
23. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of UI in California and elsewhere was even
more important. The pandemic and ensuing economic crisis caused unprecedented job losses and
financial hardship for millions of Americans.9 In this context, the availability of UI benefits
5 See Foote, Christopher L., Kristopher S. Gerardi, and Paul S. Willen, "Negative Equity and Foreclosure:
Theory and Evidence," Journal of Urban Economics 64, no. 2 (2008): 234-45, at 237 (finding that
unemployment is a major risk factor for mortgage default),
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094119008000673.
6 Fellowes, Matt, and Mia Mabanta. “Borrowing to Get Ahead, and Behind: The Credit Boom and Bust in
Lower-Income Markets,” Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program (2007),
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/borrowing-to-get-ahead-and-behind-the-credit-boom-and-bust-in-
lower-income-markets/.
7 Huang, Jin, Birkenmaier, Julie, and Kim, Youngmi, "Job Loss and Unmet Health Care Needs in the
Economic Recession: Different Associations by Family Income," American Journal of Public Health 104,
no. 11 (2014): 178-183.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4202960/#:~:text=Job%20loss%20was%20significantly%20as
sociated,%2D%20and%20higher%2Dincome%20unemployed.
8 Berkowitz, Seth A., & Basu, Sanjay, "Unemployment Insurance, Health-Related Social Needs, Health
Care Access, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic," JAMA Internal Medicine 181, no. 5
(2021): 699-702 (analyzing the impact of UI on health-related social needs, healthcare access, and mental
health during the COVID-19 pandemic),
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2773234.
9 See generally Coibion, Olivier, Gorodnichenko, Yuriy, and Weber, Michael, "Labor Markets During the
COVID-19 Crisis: A Preliminary View," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.
27017 (2020) (documenting widespread job losses and economic disruption caused by the pandemic),
https://www.nber.org/papers/w27017.
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became even more critical in helping mitigate the adverse impacts of the pandemic across
various dimensions, including access to household necessities, payment of bills, food insecurity,
high-cost borrowing, and other financial hardships.
24. To prevent widespread economic devastation during the pandemic, the federal
government made UI more generous than usual.10 From late March to July 2020, the federal
government provided an extra $600 per week on top of normal state UI benefits. Pandemic
Unemployment Assistance was also extended to gig workers and others not normally covered by
UI.11 A crucial goal of UI during this lockdown phase was to encourage people to stay safe at
home and help them afford to pay their bills and purchase food without having to seek a job
outside. For the rest of 2020 through March 2021, UI recipients received an extra $300 per week
on top of normal benefits.12
25. UI benefits were particularly critical for low-income individuals during this time, because
during the first year of the pandemic, adults aged 25 to 64 with low socioeconomic position
(SEP) were less likely to have remote work opportunities and were five times more likely to die
from COVID than their high-SEP counterparts.13
26. The pandemic exacerbated food insecurity among the unemployed.14 Many individuals
were initially forced to make difficult choices between paying for food and other essential
expenses, but UI benefits provided a source of income that could be used to purchase food
10 Petrosky-Nadeau, Nicolas, and Robert G. Valletta, "UI Generosity and Job Acceptance: Effects of the
2020 CARES Act," Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper Series (2021) (documenting
the generosity of UI during COVID and its impact on job acceptance), https://www.frbsf.org/wp-
content/uploads/wp2021-13.pdf.
11 Greig, Fiona, Daniel M. Sullivan, Samantha Anderson, Peter Ganong, Pascal Noel, and Joseph Vavra.
"Lessons Learned from the Pandemic Unemployment Assistance Program during COVID-19," JPMorgan
Chase Institute (2022). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4100569.
12 U.S. Department of Labor, "U.S. Department of Labor Issues Guidance on Federal Pandemic
Unemployment Compensation and Mixed Earner Unemployment Compensation," Jan. 5, 2021,
https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/eta/eta20210105.
13 See Pathak, Elizabeth B., Janelle M. Menard, Rebecca B. Garcia, & Jason L. Salemi, "Joint Effects of
Socioeconomic Position, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender on COVID-19 Mortality Among Working-Age
Adults in the United States," International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no.
9 (2022): 5479 ("During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, low-SEP adults
aged 25–64 years old were five times as likely as high-SEP adults to die from COVID-19…"),
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35564872/.
14 See Fang et al. supra note 3.
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without forcing families to make difficult decisions between food and healthcare, food and
transportation, and food and bills.15 UI benefits reduced food insecurity for many jobless
individuals, and the payments were especially helpful in reducing food insecurity among low-
income households with children during the pandemic.16
27. The ongoing availability of UI benefits during the pandemic was also particularly
valuable because those payments helped individuals maintain health insurance and afford much-
needed health care.17
28. In many other ways, the pandemic exacerbated the financial challenges that ordinarily
come with job loss, such as mortgage default and difficulty paying bills.18 UI benefits
significantly reduced the likelihood of mortgage default and provided families with vital income
support to prevent falling behind on bills.19
15 See id. at 166 (“[o]ur results indicate that losing a job due to the pandemic was associated with the
highest level of food insecurity…"); id. at 174 ("unemployment benefits are helping to alleviate food
insecurity").
16 See id. at 174 ("receipt of unemployment benefits is negatively associated with food insecurity with the
strongest associations and significant associations among those who lost a job due to the pandemic,
households with children, and Black households"); Raifman, J., Bor, J., Venkataramani, A. “Association
Between Receipt of Unemployment Insurance and Food Insecurity Among People Who Lost Employment
During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States,” JAMA Network Open (2021) at 7 (investigating
the association between receiving UI benefits and food insecurity among individuals who lost
employment during the COVID-19 pandemic) (UI reduced food insecurity by 4.3 percentage points, a 35
percent relative decrease, among jobless individuals), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512519/.
17 See Kuka, Elira, "Quantifying the Benefits of Social Insurance: Unemployment Insurance and Health,"
The Review of Economics and Statistics 102, no. 3 (2020): 490-505, at 490 ("The results show that higher
UI generosity increases health insurance coverage and utilization, with stronger effects during periods of
high unemployment rates."), https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article-abstract/102/3/490/96788/Quantifying-the-
Benefits-of-Social-Insurance?redirectedFrom=fulltext; see generally Shafer, Paul R., "Expanded
Unemployment Benefits and Their Implications for Health During the COVID‐19 Pandemic," Health
Services Research 57, no. 1 (2021): 12 (analyzing the impact of expanded UI benefits on health care
spending and social well-being), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8652454/.
18 See Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, "Housing Insecurity and the COVID-19 Pandemic," 1-20,
at 2 (2021) ("In 2020, those who have fallen behind at least three months on their mortgage increased 250
percent to over 2 million households, and is now at a level not seen since the height of the Great
Recession in 2010."), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/research-reports/housing-
insecurity-and-the-covid-19-pandemic/.
19 See Park, JungHo, and Dongha Park, "Racial Disparities in Unemployment Benefits Among U.S.
Mortgage Borrowers During COVID-19," Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 38, no. 3
(2023): 1619-1649, at 1619 ("UI recipients—regardless of race and ethnicity—were less likely to
experience mortgage difficulties…"), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36624828/. See generally Ganong,
Peter, Pascal Noel, and Joseph Vavra, "US Unemployment Insurance Replacement Rates During the
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29. Based on this literature, it is my opinion that the unemployed individuals who received
UI benefits in California during the class periods were less likely to turn to high-cost borrowing
options, less likely to forego healthcare, and less likely to experience eviction, mortgage default,
and lower credit scores. UI recipients with a temporary source of income were more able to
afford household necessities and prevent these harms from occurring. When these benefits were
abruptly withheld, it is my opinion that class members faced an opportunity cost when they
sought other funds to prevent these harms from occurring—or, alternatively, when they incurred
costs related to reducing consumption.
30. A compound interest rate is an appropriate way to measure this opportunity cost because
it can be applied to the principal amount of funds withheld and the length of time benefits were
delayed, which represented the costs incurred over time as the affected individuals either paid to
avoid or incurred these harms.
II.
The Credit Card Interest Rate is a Conservative Measure of the Opportunity
Costs of Depriving UI Recipients of Their Benefits
31. I was asked to opine on what interest rate would be appropriate to use in calculating the
aggregate harm to class members whose access to UI benefit funds was delayed by the Bank’s
challenged actions. It is my opinion that a standard credit card interest rate is a conservative
estimate of the aggregate harm caused by those delays. The credit card interest rate, applied to
the principal amount of delayed funds and the length of time funds were inaccessible, is an
appropriate methodology for measuring class-wide harm and is supported by commonly used
tools in labor economics. This next section describes the opportunity costs faced by individuals
in the absence of UI and explains why the credit card interest rate is a conservative estimate of
this harm.
32. My opinion on the appropriateness of using the credit card interest rate is supported by
research showing demographic and socio-economic features of the average Californian who
receives UI and my analysis of how those individuals are likely to cope with delayed UI
Pandemic." Journal of Public Economics 191 (2020): 104273 (finding that UI benefits significantly
reduced the likelihood of mortgage default during the pandemic),
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272720301377?via%3Dihub.
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payments. Economists have studied the outcomes for unemployed people during COVID. These
results suggest that of those not using a credit card as the source of funds to replace UI payments,
the majority would have been accessing much higher cost sources of funds than the credit card
rate. As a result, it is my opinion that the credit card interest rate is a conservative estimate of the
cost faced by these class members.
33. My review of the academic literature on UI recipients supports the conclusion that the
delay or denial of UI benefits generates a cost for every individual whose benefits were denied.
Because of the research cited above that shows that UI benefits during the pandemic were used
to cover the cost of household necessities, bills, rent, childcare, and healthcare, and because it is
unlikely that many UI recipients during this period had sufficient savings to cover several
months of expenses, every class member who was denied their benefits suffered some harm.
34. It is my opinion that the typical class member was likely to have suffered at least the cost
represented by the credit card interest rate during the time their benefits were denied. This
conclusion is based on my research which shows that most class members would have turned to
credit card borrowing to cover their essential expenses in lieu of UI, and others would have
turned to even higher-cost forms of borrowing.
35. First, it is unlikely that class members could fall back on savings to cover expenses the
whole time their UI benefits were denied. Pre-pandemic data shows that only about 37% of all
adults had at least one month’s worth of expenses in emergency savings, and for several reasons,
it is my opinion that 37% undercounts the percentage of the class in this category.20 First, UI
recipients in general have lower levels of savings than those who are employed: “[t]he workers
most exposed to job losses and wage cuts are some of the same workers least likely to have a
buffer of savings to weather an income shortfall.”21 Second, families with uncertain delays will
20 Caroline Ratcliffe, et al., “Emergency Savings and Financial Security: Insights from the Making Ends
Meet Survey and Consumer Credit Panel” at 36, CFPB Office of Research Data Point No. 2022-01
(2022).
21 Washington Center for Equitable Growth. "What the U.S. Census Household Pulse Survey Reveals
About the First Year of the Coronavirus Recession in Six Charts," Washington Center for Equitable
Growth (April 1, 2021), https://equitablegrowth.org/what-the-u-s-census-household-pulse-survey-reveals-
about-the-first-year-of-the-coronavirus-recession-in-six-charts/; see also Berman, Yonatan, "The
Distributional Short-Term Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on Wages in the United States," City University
of New York Working PAper (2020), https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.08763.pdf (showing impact of COVID-19
on wage cuts).
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not want to deplete all of their savings—especially if they have children or other reasons to be
risk averse. Because Plaintiffs’ counsel has informed me that most UI payments in this class
were delayed by over a month even this small proportion of adults may not have survived the
length of the delay without incurring debt. This research supports my opinion that a large
majority of class members were likely unable to cover the costs of their essential expenses
without borrowing or incurring other costs associated with extreme deprivation.
36. To arrive at a measure of the costs that these individuals who did not rely solely on
savings did face when their benefits were abruptly withheld, I examined the ways in which the
literature shows that class members might have coped with this sudden loss of funds. It is my
opinion that class members whose benefits were denied most commonly coped by borrowing
funds on a credit card, while others sought even higher-cost forms of borrowing like payday
loans, and others still incurred higher costs related to deprivation of food, housing, and medical
care.
37. Most class members whose UI benefits were denied likely incurred credit card debt to
cover their essential expenses. This conclusion is supported by research that shows that by the
end of 2021, 190.6 million adults in the United States (74%) had a credit card.22 An even higher
share of households would have had a credit card at the time of that statistic, and it can be
assumed that if even one line of credit is available to a household, that card will be used for
essential expenses.
38. Studies also show that during the pandemic, recipients of extra government funds most
commonly used those funds to pay off credit card debt. Data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s
Household Pulse Survey indicates that 66% of respondent households at the end of January 2021
who indicated that they were “laid off due to coronavirus pandemic” or whose “employer went
out of business due to the coronavirus pandemic” used their COVID-19 stimulus payment
primarily to pay off debt.23 Indeed, when stimulus relief was delayed in late 2020, many
22 See Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The Consumer Credit Card Market, (October 2023) at 15,
https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/research-reports/the-consumer-credit-card-market/.
23 See “Household Pulse Survey Public Use File: January 20 – February 1, 2021,” U.S. Census Bureau,
https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/datasets/hhp/2021/wk23/HPS_Week23_PUF_CSV.zip,
accessed October 7, 2024. Of the 5,207,469 respondents to the Census Bureau who indicated they were
“laid off due to coronavirus pandemic” or did not work in the past seven days because their employer
“went out of business,” “experienced a reduction in business (including furlough),” or “closed
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households resorted to credit, then used the eventual stimulus checks to pay down that debt.24
For families in this category, who would have used a government transfer to pay off credit card
debt, the opportunity cost of not receiving that transfer is the credit card interest rate.
39. Other class members—especially those who did not have access to credit—would have
turned to even higher cost forms of borrowing. It is well-established that 26% of American adults
had no credit card in their names as of the end of 2021.25 This group includes only 0.2% of all
superprime consumers, 40% of deep subprime, and 95% of those with a thin or stale credit file.26
I expect the unemployed to be over-represented among this group, and it is my opinion that
individuals in this category would have incurred costs even higher than the cost of credit card
debt.
40. Because UI recipients rely on these benefits to cover essential expenses, the loss of those
benefits can push individuals without access to credit towards high-cost borrowing options, such
as payday loans or pawn shops, to make ends meet.27 These types of loans often come with high
interest rates and fees, which can trap borrowers in a cycle of debt.28 The average payday loan
has an annual percentage rate (APR) of 339% according to a report by the Consumer Financial
Protection Bureau (CFPB) in 2013, which is far higher than the average credit card interest
rate.29 Class members who were unbanked may have even turned to high-cost forms of credit,
such as pawn loans, etc. In California, a $1000 pawn loan for 3 months compounds to an annual
temporarily” due to the coronavirus pandemic and received a COVID-19 stimulus payment, 3,417,137
respondents mostly used their payment to pay down debt, and 633,287 respondents mostly used their
payment to increase savings. Responses are weighted by the Census Bureau to reflect differences between
the survey sample and the general population of households.
24 Id.
25 See Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2023), supra note 22, at 15.
26 Id. at 16.
27 See e.g., Bhutta, Neil, Jacob Goldin, and Tatiana Homonoff, "Consumer Borrowing After Payday Loan
Bans," The Journal of Law and Economics 59, no. 1 (2016): 225-59 (examining the use of payday loans
by unemployed individuals, and other high-interest rate borrowing options used by the same consumer
population), https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/686033.
28 Id. at 226.
29 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, "Payday Loans and Deposit Advance Products" at 17 (2013),
https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201304_cfpb_payday-dap-whitepaper.pdf.
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interest rate of around 50%.30 The opportunity cost of delayed UI funds for these individuals far
exceeded the credit card interest rate.
41. Other individuals without access to credit may have been forced to cut back on high-
value spending, and that, too, has extreme opportunity costs. This group includes individuals
who were unable to borrow and those who chose not to borrow because the only options had
extremely high costs or they were not willing to deplete their assets to zero. The latter group is
impacted by the fact that class members here did not know if or when they would receive their
UI payments, so they may have chosen to forego food or incur other high costs to prevent
spending their last dollar.31
42. Individuals who cut back on essential expenses paid costs measured by late fees on
unpaid bills, damage to housing opportunities and credit scores, and human hardship measured in
skipped meals and foregone healthcare.
43. A conservative way to quantify these harms is to use the deep subprime effective interest
rate on credit cards (21%). To arrive at this estimate, I examined research that shows that a
payday loan is likely to be beneficial if (1) the individual has a short-term need for cash and (2)
the individual knows they will be able to repay the loan in a few weeks. In these circumstances,
borrowing $265 (e.g., to be able to buy food or pay rent) and repaying $300 in a few weeks can
30 CAPA - Notice to the Public – Pawn Loan Charges (2016), https://gemsnloans.com/wp-
content/uploads/2021/04/CAPA-Notice-to-Public-2020.pdf.
31 We see the value of precautionary savings in a related context; many families have revolving credit card
debt even when they have savings in the bank, even though credit cards charge much higher interest rates
than banks pay on savings deposits. The Consumer Finance Protection Board reports that 65% of those
with positive savings, but less than a month’s income worth, had positive credit balances after making
their last payment. This share is lower, but still 28%, for those with savings over one month’s income.
Ratcliffe, supra note 20 at 36. Academic studies agree that holding liquid assets does not imply lack of
credit card debt, and those studies also find that a large fraction of households “co-hold” credit card debt
and liquid savings simultaneously. Telyukova emphasizes that precautionary motives (fear of losing
income, unexpected expenses) and liquidity needs can help explain why people don’t simply pay down
high-interest debt with their savings. Telyukova, Irina A., "Household Need for Liquidity and the Credit
Card Debt Puzzle," Review of Economic Studies 80, no. 3 (2013): 1148-1177,
https://academic.oup.com/restud/article/80/3/1148/1571542; see also Gross, D. B., & Souleles, N. S., “Do
Liquidity Constraints and Interest Rates Matter for Consumer Behavior? Evidence from Credit Card
Data,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 149–185 (2002),
https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/117/1/149/1851757; Gorbachev, O., & Luengo-Prado, M. J.,
“The Credit Card Debt Puzzle: The Role of Preferences, Credit Access Risk, and Financial Literacy,”
Review of Economics of the Household, 17(4), 1301–1328 (2019), https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article-
abstract/101/2/294/58511/The-Credit-Card-Debt-Puzzle-The-Role-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
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be beneficial.32 If the second factor (prompt ability to repay) does not occur, payday loans can
cause more harm than good. If class members did not borrow and were instead forced into
extreme deprivation, my assumption is that the uncertainty they faced about if and when their UI
would arrive was so great as to reduce their incentive to use payday lending (the alternative they
would have chosen had they been secure in the knowledge that their UI benefits would soon
arrive to help repay that high-interest loan). As a result, these individuals sacrificed high-value
consumption (such as missing meals or medical care) or failed to pay bills (potentially running
up late fees and harming their credit scores), even when the consequences of these actions were
worse than borrowing for a month at 13% interest (that is, with an annual interest rate greater
than 350%). This supports my conclusion that the deep subprime effective interest rate on credit
cards, 21%, is an extremely conservative measure of the cost faced by this group. The costs they
faced were often much higher—in suffering, instability, and missed meals, in addition to late fees
and damage to credit scores from delinquencies on bills and rent.
44. This research supports my opinion that the credit card interest rate would be a
conservative measure of the average opportunity cost faced by members of the impacted classes.
Those who were denied their UI benefits incurred costs at least as great as the cost of incurring
credit card debt, and the harm to many was far higher. Using the credit card interest rate as a
measure of the average opportunity cost of an impacted class member is extremely conservative
because it undervalues the damage caused to class members who were forced to take out a
payday loan, pawn loan, or other high-cost forms of borrowing, and it also undervalues the
downstream costs of extreme deprivations in food, medical care, and other necessities.
45. I estimate that class members paid an effective interest rate of at least 15.9%. Credit card
rates vary, but I arrived at this conclusion after estimating the effects of two known forces: First,
people with lower credit scores on average pay higher credit card rates than those with higher
credit scores, and those who were unemployed during COVID tended to have lower education,
which predicts lower credit scores; and second, Californians have slightly higher credit scores
32 These figures are merely illustrative. They imply a 13% monthly interest rate, which compounds to
360% per year, approximately matching the California average rate on payday loans. See California
Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, “Annual Report of Payday Lending Activity Under
the California Deferred Deposit Transaction Law,” at 7, Table 2, Department of Financial Protection and
Innovation, https://dfpi.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/DFPI-Annual-Report-CDDTL-2023.pdf.
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Expert Report of David I. Levine
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than the rest of the nation. Due to data limitations, I neglect all other disadvantages the
unemployed had which would have tended to further reduce their credit scores and increase their
cost of borrowing. For the many reasons listed above, this is a conservative lower bound on the
average opportunity cost funds for UI recipients in California during the COVID pandemic.
III. The Minimum Wage is an Appropriate Measure of the Value of Lost Time for the
Customer Service Class
46. In my opinion, the minimum wage is an appropriate measure of the value of time
Customer Service class members spent waiting on hold in pursuit of customer service.
47. I understand that the Customer Service Class is seeking damages for time spent on hold
with the Bank’s Claims call center, waiting for the Bank to answer their calls.
48. Economists frequently measure the value of time, and several studies have found that the
typical value of time is close to the median wage. Economists using very different methodologies
have arrived at this same conclusion.
49. Importantly, the value of time is frequently measured using this methodology even when
the time is not spent at work. For example, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering,
and Medicine reports that leisure travelers' value of waiting in an airport lounge is about the
median wage (even when those travelers can accomplish other leisure tasks during that time, like
reading a book or chatting with friends).33 The U.S. Department of Transportation also measures
the average value of time for infrastructure projects as a percentage of the wage rate (50%).34
Another study examined how much individuals would pay for a rapid pick-up on Lyft, the ride-
share app.35 Again, this study found that the value of time was near the median wage.
33 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, “Passenger Value of Time, Benefit-Cost
Analysis and Airport Capital Investment Decisions, Volume 2: Final Report” at 64 (2015),
https://doi.org/10.17226/22161 (“[T]he median individual income for leisure travelers fell in the $50,000
to $74,999 category.”).
34 U.S. Department of Transportation, “Revised Departmental Guidance on Valuation of Travel Time in
Economic Analysis” at 9-10 (2016), https://www.transportation.gov/office-policy/transportation-
policy/revised-departmental-guidance-valuation-travel-time-economic.
35 See Goldszmidt, Ariel, John A. List, Robert D. Metcalfe, Ian Muir, V. Kerry Smith, and Jenny Wang,
“The Value of Time in the United States: Estimates from Nationwide Natural Field Experiments,”
National Bureau of Economic Research (2020), https://www.nber.org/papers/w28208 (Researchers used
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50. Other studies show that time spent unproductively is of an even higher value to people,
reflecting the frustration with wasted time. A study from the United Kingdom found that people
valued time spent commuting at about $15 per hour, and time spent stuck in traffic at about twice
as much ($31).36 This value of time spent stuck in traffic was substantially above the median
hourly wage (roughly $22/ hour).37
51. A separate body of literature also confirms the unsurprising conclusion that people do not
like waiting on hold for customer service.38 Dissatisfaction with long hold time increases when
the eventual response the caller receives is not informative.39 My understanding is that the Bank
systematically provided unhelpful and/or false information to members of the Customer Service
Class, which would magnify the disutility of the phone call and increase the value of time spent
on hold.
52. Academics have also noted that increased stress can also raise the value of time. For
example, the survey by the National Academies found that the value of an unexpected flight
delay is about five times the median wage.40
data from ridesharing company Lyft, analyzing random variations in wait times and prices across millions
of observations to estimate consumers' value of time.).
36 Krekel, Christian, and George MacKerron, “Back to Edgeworth? Estimating the Value of Time Using
Hedonic Experiences” at 5, CEP Discussion Paper No. 1932, Centre for Economic Performance, London
School of Economics and Political Science (2024), https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1932.pdf.
37 Office for National Statistics, "Employee Earnings in the UK: 2024,” last modified Oct. 29, 2024,
https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/a
nnualsurveyofhoursandearnings/2024 (reporting median hourly earnings, excluding overtime, for full-
time employees to be £17.52 in April 2023, which roughly corresponds to $22).
38 See Taylor, S., "Waiting for Service: The Relationship Between Delays and Evaluations of Service,"
Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 56-69, (1994), https://www.jstor.org/stable/1252269?seq=1. In this peer-
reviewed study, Taylor explores how waiting times affect customers' evaluations of service quality. The
research demonstrates that longer waits significantly decrease customer satisfaction. The findings
highlight that even brief delays can have a notable impact on perceptions of service. See also Chatterjee,
S., “Wait for Service and Customer Specific Service Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis,” Indian Institute of
Management: Bangalore, (2013), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2259403. This
meta-analysis examines the relationship between service wait times and customer-related outcomes. The
author concludes that service delay has a significant negative impact on customer satisfaction.
39 Garcia, Danilo, Trevor Archer, Saleh Moradi, and Bibinaz Ghiabi. "Waiting in Vain: Managing Time
and Customer Satisfaction at Call Centers," Psychology vol. 3, no. 2 (2012): 213-216 at 215.
https://www.scirp.org/pdf/psych20120200012_35892130.pdf.
40 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at 80 supra note 33.
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53. In all of these instances, the median wage (or higher) is used to represent the value of
time. To err on the side of a conservative estimate, it is my opinion that the minimum wage is an
appropriate measure of the value of time UI beneficiaries in the Customer Service Class spent
waiting on hold for the Bank’s assistance.
54. The fact that leisure travelers value their time is an important reminder that time is
money, but time is also time with friends and family, housework, childcare, hobbies, and so
forth. Thus, even unemployed people value their time, and any suggestion to the contrary defies
this widespread research.
55. As a result, my expert opinion is that the minimum wage is a reasonable lower bound on
the average value of the time the Customer Service Class members spent on hold waiting for the
Bank’s Claims call center to answer their calls.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dated: March 4, 2025
David I. Levine
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Appendices
Appendix A: CV
DAVID I. LEVINE
Haas School of Business
+1.925.899.5938
University of California
levine@berkeley.edu
Berkeley CA 94720-1900
http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/levine/
EDUCATION
• 1987 Ph.D. Harvard University: Economics
• 1985 A.M. Harvard University: Economics
• 1982 B.A.
University of California, Berkeley: Economics and Computer Science
EMPLOYMENT
• Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley: Eugene E. and Catherine M.
Trefethen Professor of Business Administration, 2006-present
o Previously Professor 2002-06, Associate Professor 1993-2002, and Assistant
Professor 1987-1993
• Council of Economic Advisers: Senior Economist, 1994-1995
• Office of the American Workplace, U.S. Department of Labor: Senior Research
Economist, 1994
• Sloan School, MIT: Visiting Scholar, Industrial Relations Group, 1991
• Harvard University: Teaching Fellow, 1983-86
• NBER: Research assistant for Professor Lawrence Summers, 1984
• Programmer for Intermetrics (1982), Apple Computer (1979-81) and Intel (1978)
OTHER AFFILIATIONS
• Educate Girls Globally, Board member 2022-present
• Development Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley: Executive
Committee, 2013-present
• Graduate Group in Health Services, University of California, Berkeley: Executive
Committee, 2008-present
• Economic Analysis and Policy Group, Haas School of Business, University of California,
Berkeley: chair, 2008-2011 and 2019-2023
• Haas Undergraduate Program Committee, chair, 2013-15, 2018-19, and 2021-2022.
• Haas Policy and Planning Committee, 2010-12 and 2020-22 (chair, 2021-22)
• WE CARE Solar: Scientific Advisory Board, 2008-2012
• University of California, Berkeley, Campus Undergraduate Committee, 2019-2020
• Panel of Counselors (Faculty committee), University of California, Berkeley, 2017-18
• Goodguide: Scientific Advisory Board, 2007-2012
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Expert Report of David I. Levine
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• Ombudsman Committee, UC Berkeley, 2008-12
• Center for Effective Global Action (CEGA), University of California: Founding chair of
the Advisory Board, 2006-2011
• Center for Responsible Business, Haas School of Business, University of California,
Berkeley: Faculty Advisory Board, 2003-2009. Research Director, 2004-2006
• Center for Health Research, University of California, Berkeley: Chair, 2005-2008
• NERA Economic Consulting: Special consultant, 2005-2008
• Industrial Relations: Editor, 1993-2005
• Institute of Industrial Relations, U.C. Berkeley: Associate Director, 1997-2005
• Center for Labor Research and Education, U.C. Berkeley: Executive Committee and
Advisory Board, 1995-2005
• Institute for Labor and the Economy, University of California: Research Committee,
2001-2003
• Center for Organization and Human Resource Effectiveness: Founding Director of
Research, 1996-2000
• Labor Center Reporter: Faculty Mentor, U.C. Berkeley, 1998-1992
• Dollars and Sense: Editorial Associate, 1985-1990
BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS
Global Challenges in Responsible Business, editor, with CB Bhattacharya, Craig Smith and
David Vogel, Cambridge University Press, 2010
Carve-outs in Workers’ Compensation Programs in California Construction, with Cristian
Echeverria, Frank Neuhauser, Richard Reuben, and Jeffrey S Petersen, Upjohn Institute,
Kalamazoo MI, 2003
How New is the “New” Employment Contract? with Dale Belman, Gary Charness, Erica
Groshen, and KC O’Shaughnessy, Upjohn Institute, Kalamazoo MI, 2002 (Listed as
“Noteworthy” by the Princeton Industrial Relations Section)
The American Workplace: Skills, Pay, and Employee Involvement, editor, with Casey
Ichniowski, Craig Olson, and George Strauss, Cambridge University Press, 2000
Working in the 21st Century: Government Policies to Promote Opportunity, Learning and
Productivity in the New Economy, ME Sharpe, Armonk NY, 1998
Reinventing the Workplace: How Business and Employees Can Both Win, Brookings Institution,
Washington DC, 1995
REFEREED ARTICLES (Most articles are on my web site)
“Vaccination as personal public-good provision,” with J. Lucas Reddinger and Gary
Charness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 224 (2024): 481-499.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268124002336
“Evaluating India’s Intensified Diarrhea Control Fortnight: an analysis of the National Family
Health Survey 2015-2016.” With Xinyu Ren. Journal of Global Health Reports. 2023. 7:
e2023012. doi:10.29392/001c.75428
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“The Effects of Fuel-Efficient Cookstoves on Fuel Use, Particulate Matter, and Cooking
Practices: Results from a Randomized Trial in Rural Uganda,” with Andrew Simons, Theresa
Beltramo, Garrick Blalock, and Stephen Harrell, Energy Journal, 2023.
“Improving Regulatory Effectiveness Through Better Targeting: Evidence from OSHA,” with
Matthew Johnson and Michael Toffel. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 15(4),
30-67. https://papersssrncom/sol3/paperscfm?abstract_id=3443052 (SSRN Top Ten list, Oct 4,
2019, ORG: Regulations, PSN: Bureaucratic behavior, PSN: Labor)
“Can targeted messages reduce COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy? A randomized trial,” with
Jonathan Lucas Reddinger and Gary Charness, Preventive Medicine Reports. 29, 2022..
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335522002108
“Optimal Arrangements for Distribution in Developing Markets: Theory and Evidence” With
William Fuchs and Brett Green. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 14 (1), Feb
2022: 411-50
“Cost Effectiveness of Free Distribution of Diarrhea Treatment by Community Health Workers:
Evidence from Uganda” With Zachary Wagner, John Bosco Asiimwe, and Rushil Zutshi Health
Policy and Planning 37 (1) October 2021
“The Refill Gap: Clean Cooking Fuel Adoption in Rural India” With Bodie Cabiyo and Isha Ray
Environmental Research Letters 16, 1, 2020
“Incentivizing elimination of biomass cooking fuels with a reversible commitment and a spare
LPG cylinder” With Stephen Harrell, Ajay Pillarisetti, Sudipto Roy, Sanjay Juvekar, Rutuja
Patil, and Kirk RSmith Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
“A Marriage-based Pilot Clean Household Fuel Intervention in India for Improved Pregnancy
Outcomes” With Ajay Pillarisetti, Sudipto Roy, Nadia Diamond-Smith, Makarand Ghorpade,
Arun Dhongade, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Sambandam Sankar, Rutuja Patil, Sanjay Juvekar, Kirk
R Smith BMJ Open 10, 10, Oct 2020 https://bmjopenbmjcom/content/10/10/e044127full
“Encouraging fertilizer adoption through risk free sample purchase: A randomized control trial in
Uganda” With Annet Adong, James Tinker, Swaibu Mbowa, and Tony Odokonyero World
Development Perspectives 19 (2020): 100230
“When financial incentives backfire: evidence from a community health worker experiment in
Uganda,” with Zachary Wagner and John Bosco Asiimwe Journal of Development Economics
Volume 144, May 2020 https://authorselseviercom/a/1aPm915DRFs0CP
(https://doiorg/101016/jjdeveco2019102437)
“Effectiveness of a community-based water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention in
reduction of diarrhoea among under-five children: Evidence from a repeated cross-sectional
study (2007–2015) in rural Bangladesh” with Nepal C Dey, Mahmood Parvez, Mir Raihanul
Islam, Sabuj K Mistry International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 20 August
2019 https://doiorg/101016/jijheh201908006
“A community-based health education program using drama and song for increasing knowledge
and prevention of pesticide exposure from Indoor Residual Spraying in Limpopo South Africa”
With Brenda Eskenazi, David I Levine, Stephen Rauch, Muvhulawa Obida, Diana Bahena,
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Riana Bornman, and Jonathan Chevrier Malaria Journal Vol 18, Article number: 199 (June
2019) https://malariajournalbiomedcentralcom/articles/101186/s12936-019-2828-5
“Automation as Part of the Solution,” in “The Future of Jobs in an Increasingly Autonomous
Economy: A Dialog” David Choi, ed, Journal of Management Inquiry, 28, 3, July 2019, pp 316-
318 https://doiorg/101177/1056492619827375
“Promoting LPG usage during pregnancy: A pilot study in rural Maharashtra, India,” with
Pillarisetti, Ajay, Makarand Ghorpade, Sathish Madhav, Arun Dhongade, Sudipto Roy, Kalpana
Balakrishnan, Sambandam Sankar, Rutujua Patil, Sanjay Juvekar, and Kirk RSmith
Environment International 127 (2019): 540-549 https://doiorg/101016/jenvint201904017
“The role of price and convenience in underuse of oral rehydration salts to treat child diarrhea: A
cluster randomized trial in Uganda,” with Zachary Wagner, John Bosco Asiimwe, and William H
Dow PLOS Medicine, January 24, 2019 https://doiorg/101371/journalpmed1002734
“Cross-Subsidies for Improved Sanitation in Low Income Settlements: Assessing the
Willingness to Pay of Water Utility Customers in Kenyan Cities” With Charisma Acey, Joyce
Kisiangani, Patrick Ronoh, Caroline Delaire, Evelyn Makena, Guy Norman, Ranjiv Khush, and
Rachel Peletz World Development Vol 115, March 2019, pp 160-177
https://authorselseviercom/sd/article/S0305750X18304108
“What Impedes Efficient Adoption of Products? Evidence from Randomized Variation in Sales
Offers for Improved Cookstoves in Uganda,” with Theresa Beltramo, Garrick Blalock, Carolyn
Cotterman and Andrew Simons, Journal of the European Economic Association January 2018
https://doiorg/101093/jeea/jvx051
“Sensor data to measure Hawthorne effects in cookstove evaluation,” with Andrew Simons,
Theresa Beltramo, and Garrick Blalock Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,
18, June 2018: 1334-1339 https://doiorg/101016/jdib201804021
“Rapid Prototyping a School-based Health Program in the Developing World,” with Kelsey
Steffen and William Riggs Development Engineering, 2 (2017): 68-81
http://wwwsciencedirectcom/science/article/pii/S2352728516300100#
“What is a ‘meal’? Comparative methods of auditing carbon offset compliance for fuel-efficient
cookstoves,” with Steve Harrell, Theresa Beltramo, Garrick Blalock, Juliet Kyayesimira, and
Andrew Simons, Ecological Economics, v 128 Aug 2016: 8-16
doi:101016/jecolecon201603014
“The Disgust Box: A Novel Approach to Illustrate Water Contamination with Feces” With Kaniz
Jannat, Mahfuzur Rahman and Leanne Unicomb Global Health Promotion 2016: 1-10 DOI:
101177/1757975916658638
“Insuring Health or Insuring Wealth? An Experimental Evaluation of Health Insurance in Rural
Cambodia,” with Rachel Polimeni and Ian Ramage Journal of Development Economics Vol
119, March 2016: 1–15 http://wwwsciencedirectcom/science/article/pii/S0304387815001194
“Design Thinking in Development Engineering,” with Martha A Lesniewski and Alice M
Agogino, International Journal of Engineering Education, special issue 32, 3(B)), May/June
2016: 1396-1406 [Preprint:
https://pdfssemanticscholarorg/8ca6/c89ac1d26b8015908232baae473670aedd56pdf]
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“Disgust, Shame and Soapy Water: Tests of Novel Interventions to Promote Safe Water and
Hygiene,” with Raymond P Guiteras, Stephen P Luby, Thomas H Polley, Kaniz Khatun-e-Jannat
and Leanne Unicomb Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists
3(2) May 2016 321-359 http://wwwjournalsuchicagoedu/doi/pdfplus/101086/684161
“The Pursuit of Balance in Sequential Randomized Trials,” with Raymond P Guiteras and
Thomas H Polley Development Engineering 1 (2016) 12–25 (Preprint at
http://wwwsciencedirectcom/science/article/pii/S2352728515300580)
“The effect of marketing messages and payment over time on willingness to pay for fuel-
efficient cookstoves” With Theresa Beltramo, Garrick Blalock, and Andrew M Simons Journal
of Economic Behavior & Organization 118 (2015): 333-345
http://wwwsciencedirectcom/science/article/pii/S0167268115001353#
“Do Ratings of Firms Converge? Implications for Strategy Research” with Aaron Chatterji,
Rodolphe Durand, and Samuel Touboul Strategic Management Journal 2015 doi:
101002/smj2407 http://onlinelibrarywileycom/doi/101002/smj2407/epdf
“Explaining low rates of sustained use of siphon water filter: Evidence from follow-up of a
randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh, with Nusrat Najin and others, Tropical Medicine &
International Health April 2015 20(4):471-83 doi:101111/tmi12448
“Does Peer Use Influence Adoption of Efficient Cookstoves? Evidence from a Randomized
Controlled Trial in Uganda” With Andrew Simons, Theresa Beltramo and Garrick Blalock
Health Communications, 20, 2015: 55–66 http://dxdoiorg/101080/108107302014994244
“Comparing Methods for Signal Analysis of Temperature Readings from Stove Use Monitors”
With Andrew Simons, Theresa Beltramo and Garrick Blalock Biomass and Bioenergy 2014
(http://authorselseviercom/sd/article/S0961953414003808)
“Nudging to Use: Achieving Safe Water Behaviors in Kenya and Bangladesh,” with Jill Luoto,
Jeff Albert and Stephen Luby, Journal of Development Economics, 110, September 2014: 13–21
(http://authorselseviercom/sd/article/S0304387814000303)
“The Effect of Solar Ovens on Fuel Use, Emissions, and Health: Results from a Randomized
Controlled Trial,” with Theresa Beltramo Journal of Development Effectiveness, 3, 2, June
2013: 178-207 http://wwwtandfonlinecom/doi/full/101080/194393422013775177
“A rapid assessment randomized-controlled trial of improved cookstoves in rural Ghana,” with
Jason Burwen Energy for Sustainable Development 16, 3, September 2012: 328–338
http://wwwsciencedirectcom/science/article/pii/S0973082612000208
“Randomized Government Safety Inspections Reduce Worker Injuries with No Detectable Job
Loss,” with Michael W Toffel and Matthew S Johnson Science 336, May 18, 2012: 907-912
“Learning to Dislike Safe Water Products: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial of the
Effects of Direct and Peer Experience on Willingness to Pay” With Jill Luoto, Minhaj Mahmud,
Jeff Albert, Stephen Luby, Nusrat Najnin, and Leanne Unicomb Environmental Science &
Technology: 46 (11), May 2012: 6244-6251
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“Thermostats for Smart Grid: Models, Benchmarks and Insights” With Yong Liang and Zuo-Jun
Shen Energy Journal 33 (4), 2012 (SSRN's Top Ten download list for: Sustainable Technology
eJournal)
“What Point-of-Use Water Treatment Products do Consumers Use and Value? Evidence from
the Urban Poor in Bangladesh,” with Jill Luoto, Nusrat Najnin, Minhaj Mahmud, Jeff Albert, M
Sirajul Islam, Stephen Luby, Leanne Unicomb PLoS ONE, Oct 20, 2011
[http://dxplosorg/101371/journalpone0026132]
“The Effect of Industrialization on Children’s Education: The Experience of Mexico,” with Ann
Le Brun and Susan Helper, Review of Economics and Institutions, 2, 2, article 1, Spring 2011
“The Economics of International Refugee Law” with Ryan Bubb and Michael Kremer, Journal
of Legal Studies 40, 2, June 2011: 367-404 [http://wwwjstororg/stable/101086/661185]
“Do Race, Age, and Gender Differences Affect Manager-Employee Relations? An Analysis of
Quits, Dismissals, and Promotions at a Large Retail Firm,” with Laura Giuliano and Jonathan
Leonard Journal of Human Resources 46, 1, Winter 2011, 26-52
“End-User Preferences for and Performance of Competing POU Water Treatment Technologies
among the Rural Poor of Kenya,” with Jeff Albert and Jill Luoto, Environmental Science &
Technology, 44 (12), 2010 pp 4426–4432 (Editor’s Choice Award as ES&T’s Best Policy
Analysis Paper of 2010)
“When Is Employee Retaliation Acceptable at Work? Evidence From Quasi-Experiments” With
Gary Charness Industrial Relations 49, 4, October 2010: 499-523
“Quality Management and Job Quality: How the ISO 9001 Standard for Quality Management
Systems Affects Employees and Employers,” with Michael Toffel Management Science 56, 6,
June 2010 (Working paper version was Top Ten download list for MRN Operations Research
Network and OPER, Labor: Public Policy & Regulation eJournal, Law & Society: Private Law,
MRN Production & Operations Management Network and PROD Subject Matter eJournals)
“Customer Discrimination,” with Laura Giuliano and Jonathan Leonard Review of Economics
and Statistics 92, 3, August 2010: 670-678
“Industrialization, Pollution and Infant Mortality” (June 2010) With Maya Environment and
Development Economics, 15, 05, pp 557-584
“Manager Race and the Race of New Hires,” with Laura Giuliano and Jonathan Leonard Journal
of Labor Economics 27, 4, 2009: 589-631
“Do Microfinance Programs Help Families Insure Consumption Against Illness?” with Paul
Gertler and Enrico Moretti Health Economics, 18, 3, 2009: 257-273
“How Well Do Social Ratings Actually Measure Corporate Social Responsibility?” with Aaron
K Chatterji and Michael W Toffel Journal of Economics, Management and Strategy, Spring
2009, 18, 1: 125-169 (Working paper was on SSRN's Top Ten download list for Environmental
Economics, ERPN: Social Responsibility & Public Policy (Topic), ERPN: Social Responsibility,
Sustainability & Environmental Policy (Sub-Topic) and MRN Production & Operations
Management Network)
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“Investment Following a Financial Crisis: Does Foreign Ownership Matter?” with Garrick
Blalock and Paul Gertler Journal of Monetary Economics 55, 3, April 2008: 568-591
“Are measured school effects just sorting? Causality and correlation in the National Education
Longitudinal Survey,” with Gary Painter Economics of Education Review, 27, 4, August 2008:
460-470
“Fairness and the employment contract: North American regions versus Germany,” with Knut
Gerlach, Gesine Stephan, and Olaf Struck Cambridge Journal of Economics 32, 3, May 2008:
421-439.
“Intention and Stochastic Outcomes: An Experimental Study,” with Gary Charness Economic
Journal, 117 July 2007: 1051–1072
“The Growing Importance of Family and Community: An Analysis of Changes in the Sibling
Correlation in Earnings,” with Bhashkar Mazumder Industrial Relations, 46, 1, January 2007: 7-
21
“Growth, Industrialization, and the Intergenerational Correlation of Advantage,” with Jon R
Jellema Industrial Relations, 46, 1, January 2007: 130-170
“Is Social Capital the Capital of the Poor? The Role of Family and Community in Helping Insure
Living Standards Against Health Shocks,” with Paul Gertler and Enrico Moretti CESifo
Economic Studies, no 52, September 2006: 455 - 499
“The Effect of Diversity on Turnover: A Large Case Study,” with Jonathan S Leonard Industrial
and Labor Relations Review, 39, 4, July 2006: 457-572
“Does Trade Affect Health?” with Dov Rothman Journal of Health Economics 25, 2006: 538–
554
“Breaking Down The Wall Of Codes: Evaluating Non-Financial Performance Measurement,”
with Aaron Chatterji, California Management Review, 48, 2, winter 2006: 29-51
“Did Industrialization Destroy Social Capital in Indonesia?” with Paul Gertler and Ted Miguel
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54, 2, winter 2006: 287-318
“Does Social Capital Promote Industrialization? Evidence from a Rapid Industrializer,” with Ted
Miguel and Paul Gertler, Review of Economics and Statistics, 87, 4, November 2005: 754-762
“The Effect of Industrialization on School Enrollment: Evidence from Indonesia,” with Maya
Federman, Contributions to Macroeconomics, BE Journals in Macroeconomics, 5, 1, Article 1,
2005
“Size, Skill and Sorting,” with Dale Belman Labour, 18, 4, Dec 2004: 515-561
“Do Birds of a Feather Shop Together? The Effects of Employees’ Similarity with each Other
and With Customers on Performance,” with Jonathan Leonard and Aparna Joshi, Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 25, 6, August 2004: 731-754
“Daddies, Devotion, and Dollars: How Do They Matter for Youth?” With Gary Painter,
American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 63, 4, October 2004: 813 - 850
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“Schooling and Parental Death,” with Paul Gertler and Minnie Ames Review of Economics and
Statistics, 86, 1, Feb 2004: 211-225
“The Costs of Teenage Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing: Analysis with a Within-School Propensity
Score Matching Estimator,” with Gary Painter, Review of Economics and Statistics, 85, 4, Nov
2003: 884-900
“The Effects of Diversity on Business Performance: Report of a Feasibility Study of the
Diversity Research Network,” with Thomas Kochan, and others Human Resource Management,
42, 1, Spring 2003: 3-23 Winner of the Ulrich & Lake Award for Excellence in HRM
Scholarship, 2004
“Are Investments in Daughters Lower When Daughters Move Away? Evidence from Indonesia,”
with Michael Kevane World Development, 31, 6, June 2003 (SSRN Top Ten download list for
“Other East Asian Studies eJournal- Forthcoming”)
“ ‘Carve-outs’ from the Workers’ Compensation System,” with Jeffrey S Petersen and Frank
Neuhauser The Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21, 3, Summer 2002: 467-483
“Employee Involvement and Pay at American Auto Suppliers,” with Susan Helper and Elliot
Bendoly Journal of Economic Management and Strategy, 11, 2, Summer 2002: 329-377
“Changes in the Employment Contract,” with Gary Charness Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organization Apr 2002, 47, 4: 391-405
“Changes in Managerial Pay Structures 1986-1992: Tests of Human Capital and Other
Explanations,” with KC O’Shaughnessy and Peter Cappelli Oxford Economics Papers, 3 (2001),
482-507
“Family Structure and Youth Outcomes: Which Correlations are Causal?” With Gary Painter,
Summer 2000, Journal of Human Resources, XXXV, 3, pp 524-549
“When are Layoffs Acceptable? Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment,” with Gary Charness
April 2000, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 53, 3, pp 381-400
“The NELS Curve: Replicating The Bell Curve with the National Educational Longitudinal
Survey,” with Gary Painter, Industrial Relations, 38, 3, July 1999, pp 364-406
“Flexibility versus Efficiency? A Case Study of Model Changeovers in the Toyota Production
System,” Organization Science, 10, 1, January-February 1999, pp 43-68
“Computer Mediated Communication as Employee Voice: A Case Study,” with Elizabeth
Bishop, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 52, 2, January 1999, pp 213-233
“Reinventing Regulation: Letting Employees and Employers Solve their Own Problems,” The
California Management Review, 39, 4, September, 1997, pp 98-117
“Institutional Incentives for Employer Training,” with David Finegold, Journal of Education and
Work, 10, 2 June, 1997
“Ergonomics, Employee Involvement, and the Toyota Production System: A Case Study of
NUMMI’s 1993 Model Introduction,” with Paul S Adler and Barbara Goldoftas, Industrial and
Labor Relations Review, 50, 3, April 1997, pp 416-437 Reprinted in The Fordism of Ford and
Modern Management, Huw Beynon, editor, Elgar, 2005
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“What Does it Mean to Be Poor in America,” with Maya Federman, Thesia Garner, Kathleen
Short, John Kiely, Duane McGough, and Marilyn McNillen, Monthly Labor Review, May 1996,
pp 3-17
“A Quality Policy for America,” with Susan Helper, Contemporary Policy Issues, 13, 2, April
1995, pp 26-37
[https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/1795/Imvp068a.pdf?sequence=2
“Work Organization, Employment Security, and Macroeconomic Stability,” with Richard
Parkin, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organizations, 24, 3, August 1994, pp 251-271
“Fairness, Markets and Ability to Pay: Evidence from Compensation Executives,” American
Economic Review, 83, 5, December 1993, pp 1241-1259
“The Effects of Non-Traditional Attitudes on Married Women’s Labor Supply,” Journal of
Economic Psychology, 14, 4, December 1993, pp 665-679
“What Do Wages Buy?” Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 3, September, 1993, pp 462-483
A short version appeared in the Proceedings of the Industrial Relations Research Association,
1993, pp 133-141
“Worth Waiting For? Delayed Compensation, Training and Turnover in the United States and
Japan,” Journal of Labor Economics, 4, 3, September 1993, pp 724-752
“Do Corporate Executives have Rational Expectations?” Journal of Business, 66, 2, April 1993,
pp 271-294
“Long-Term Supplier Relations and Product Market Structure,” with Susan Helper, Journal of
Law, Economics and Organization, 8, 3, October, 1992, pp 561-581
“Can Wage Increases Pay for Themselves? Tests with a Production Function,” Economic
Journal, 102, 414, September 1992, pp 1102-1115
“Piece Rates, Output Restriction, and Cohesiveness,” Journal of Economic Psychology, 13, 3,
September 1992, pp 473-479
“Product Quality and Pay Equity Between Low-Level Employees and Top Management: An
Investigation of Distributive Justice Theory,” with Douglas Cowherd, Administrative Science
Quarterly, 37, 2, June 1992, pp 302-320
“Public Policy Implications of Imperfections in the Market for Worker Participation,” Economic
and Industrial Democracy, 13, 3, May 1992, pp 184-206
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epdf/10.1177/0143831X92132003
“Just Cause Employment Policies in the Presence of Worker Adverse Selection,” Journal of
Labor Economics, 9, 3, July 1991, pp 294-305
“Cohesiveness, Productivity, and Wage Dispersion,” Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organizations, 15, March 1991, pp 237-255
“Just Cause Employment Policies When Unemployment is a Worker Discipline Device,”
American Economic Review, 79, 4, September, 1989, pp 902-905
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“Efficiency Wages in Weitzman’s Share Economy,” Industrial Relations, 28, 3, Fall 1989, pp
321-334 A short version appeared in Economics Letters, 23, 1987, pp 245-249
OTHER ARTICLES AND BOOK CHAPTERS
“Do Multinational Corporations Exploit Foreign Workers?” with Emma Aisbett, Ann E.
Harrison, Jason Scorse and Jed Silver. In JHC Fritz Foley, Global Goliaths: Multinational
Corporations in the 21st Century Economy. Brookings, Washington DC, 2021: 259-300.
“Hygiene Heroes: A dental health intervention for Indian Schools” With SR Samuel and G
Geetha, Journal of Global Oral Health 3, 1, Jan 2020: 34-35 DOI:1025259/JGOH_15_2020
https://jglobaloralhealth.org/hygiene-heroes-a-dental-health-intervention-for-schools/
“Do Multinational Corporations Exploit Their Workers?” with Emma Aisbett, Ann E Harrison,
Jason Scorse, and Jed Silver in Global Goliaths: Multinational Corporations in a Changing
Global Economy, edited by James Hines and David Wessel, Brookings, 2021.
“Toward Universal Health Insurance in Cambodia,” with Virginie Diaz Pedregal, Stéphanie
Pamies-Sumner and Ian Ramage, in Rémi Genevey, Rajendra, KPachauri and Laurence Tubiana,
eds, Reducing Inequalities, TERI, Delhi, 2013, p 133-137
“The New ‘Managerial Misclassification’ Challenge to Old Wage & Hour Law or What is
Managerial Work?” with David Lewin, in Contemporary Issues in Employment Relations, David
Lewin, ed, LERA Research Volume, Cornell University Press, 2006: 189-222
“The Effects of New Work Practices on Workers,” with Michael Handel, in America at Work,
Edward E Lawler III and James O’Toole, editors, Palgrave Macmillan, New York NY: 73-86
(An earlier version appeared in Industrial Relations, 43, 1, January 2004: 1-43)
“Public Policy Implications,” in The American Workplace: Skills, Pay, and Employee
Involvement, edited by Casey Ichniowski and others, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp 273-
282
“The Economics of Works Councils,” with Bruce Kaufman, in Nonunion Forms of Employee
Representation: History, Contemporary Practice, and Policy, Kaufman and Daphne Taras, eds,
M E Sharpe, Armonk NY, 2000, pp 149-175
“The Quality of Incentives and the Incentives of Quality,” with Katherine Shaw, in The Quality
Movement in America: Lessons for Theory and Research, Robert Cole and Richard Scott, eds,
Sage, NY, 2000, pp 367-386
“A Case Study of the Mortgage Application Process,” with Ken Temkin and Diane Levy, in
Mortgage Lending Discrimination: A Review of the Evidence, Margery Austin Turner and
Felicity Skidmore, eds, Urban Institute Press, Washington DC, 1999, pp 137-160
“Stability and Change at NUMMI,” with Paul S Adler and Barbara Goldoftas, in Robert Boyer,
Elsie Charron, Ulrich Jürgens, and Steven Tolliday (eds), Between Imitation and Innovation:
Transfer and Hybridization of Production Models in the International Automobile Industry, New
York: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp 128-160
“(Attempts at) Replication of The Bell Curve,” editor’s introduction to a symposium, Industrial
Relations, July 1999, pp 245-249
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“They Should Solve Their Own Problems: Reinventing Workplace Regulation,” in Government
Regulation of the Employment Relationship: A Critical Appraisal, Industrial Relations Research
Association, Madison WI, 1997
“Team Production,” in The Human Resource Management Handbook, David Lewin, Daniel JB
Mitchell, and Mahmood Zaidi, editors, JAI Press, Greenwich CN, 1997 pp 35-61
“What Works at Work: A Critical Review,” with Casey Ichniowski, Thomas Kochan, Craig
Olson, and George Strauss, Industrial Relations, vol 35, no 3, Summer, 1996, pp 299-333 (A
version appeared in The American Workplace, Cambridge U Press, 2000, pp 1-37)
“The US Labor Market: ‘Institutions’ ≠ Rigid and ‘Unregulated’ ≠ Market-Clearing,”
Proceedings of the Industrial Relations Research Association, 1994
“The Relation between Supplier Participation and Worker Participation,” with Susan Helper,
Proceedings of the Industrial Relations Research Association, 1994, pp 12-25
“Demand Variability and Work Organization,” in Democracy and Markets: Participation,
Accountability, and Efficiency, Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis, and Bo Gufstafsson, eds,
Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp 159-175
“Computer Mediated Communication as Employee Voice: A Case Study,” with Elizabeth
Bishop, Proceedings of the Conference on NetWORKing, IFIP WG 91, 1993
“Participation, Productivity, and the Firm’s Environment,” with Laura D’Andrea Tyson, in
Paying for Productivity, Alan Blinder, ed, Brookings Institution, 1990, pp 183-244 (Selected for
Frontier Issues in Economic Thought series, The Changing Nature of Work, Global Development
and Environment Institute, 1999)
“Employee Participation and Involvement,” with George Strauss, in Investing in People, Report
for the Commission on Workforce Quality and Labor Market Efficiency, Background papers,
Vol II, paper 35b, US Department of Labor, September, 1989, pp 1893-1948
Efficiency Wage Theories: Micro- and Macroeconomic Implications and Empirical Tests, PhD
Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, 1987
Spot and Futures Markets for Natural Gas, Brookhaven National Laboratory Report, 1984
WORKING PAPERS (Most are on my website)
“Large Language Models to Support Community Health Workers” 2024 (listed on SSRN's Top
Ten download list for: Health Communication eJournal)
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4784960
“Estimating how the COVID-19 crisis affects access to water & sanitation” With Xinyu Ren,
Jeff Albert and Ranjiv Khush 2021
“Design for Impact: A Development Engineering Graduate Program at UC Berkeley,” with Alice
M Agogino and Martha A Lesniewski Working paper http://bestberkeleyedu/wp-
content/uploads/2015/07/DE_for-DevEngJournalv9pdf, 2015.
“Mobile Phones, Rent-to-Own Payments & Water Filters: Evidence from Kenya” With Jill
Luoto, RAND Working Paper Series WR-1039, March 19, 2014
http://wwwrandorg/pubs/working_papers/WR1039html
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“Credit Constraints, Discounting and Investment in Health: Evidence from Micropayments for
Clean Water in Dhaka,” with Raymond Guiteras, Thomas Polley and Brian Quistorff, Feb 2104
https://wwweconumdedu/research/papers/648/download/379
“Prices Matter: Comparing Two Tests of Adverse Selection in Health Insurance” with Rachel
Polemini, Working Paper 135-12, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UC
Berkeley, December 2012 http://wwwirleberkeleyedu/workingpapers/135-12pdf
“Losing the Presence and Presents of Parents: How Parental Death Affects Children” with Paul
Gertler, Sebastian Martinez, and Stefano Bertozzi, 2007
PATENT
“Smart Thermostat Design for the Smart Grid,” Patent Application 61/732,911, filed November
8, 2012 (Provisional patent)
BOOK REVIEWS AND NON-TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
“Making Workplaces Safer Through Machine Learning.” With Matthew S. Johnson and Michael
W. Toffel. The Regulatory Review. Feb. 26, 2024.
https://www.theregreview.org/2024/02/26/johnson-levine-toffel-making-workplaces-safer-
through-machine-learning/
“Increasing Use of ORS and Zinc to Treat Child Diarrhea in Uganda.” With Zachary Wagner,
John Bosco Asiimwe and William H Dow. Defeat Diarrheal Disease blog, Aug 24, 2021
https://wwwdefeatddorg/blog/increasing-use-ors-and-zinc-treat-child-diarrhea-uganda
“Increasing Use of ORS and Zinc to Treat Child Diarrhea in Uganda.” With Zachary Wagner
and John Bosco Asiimwe CHWCentralorg blog post August 2021
“Why You Should be Glad the FDA has Resumed Johnson & Johnson Vaccines.” With Bruce
Wydick April 30, 2021 https://wwwacrosstwoworldsnet/why-you-should-be-glad-the-fda-has-
resumed-johnson-johnson-vaccines/
“Our first vaccines can save more lives.” UC Berkeley blog, January 11, 2021
https://blogsberkeleyedu/2021/01/11/17407/
“Monitoring vaccine safety is a crucial first step.” UC Berkeley blog, January 11, 2021
https://blogsberkeleyedu/2021/01/12/monitoring-vaccine-safety-is-a-crucial-first-step
“How gift certificates can help (a little bit) to support local businesses.” UC Berkeley Blog,
March 23, 2020 https://blogsberkeleyedu/2020/03/23/how-gift-certificates-can-help-a-little-bit-
to-support-local-businesses/
“Why Workplace Hygiene Should Be More Than Just Hand-Washing,” Q&A with Jill Cowan,
New York Times California Today, March 11, 2020
https://wwwnytimescom/2020/03/11/us/coronavirus-covid-19-hygienehtml
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“Simple steps to reduce the odds of a global catastrophe” With Warwick J McKibbin, February
19, 2020. Australian Financial Review Also, Brookings Institution, Opinions
https://wwwbrookingsedu/opinions/simple-steps-to-reduce-the-odds-of-a-global-catastrophe/
“A cheaper, easier, more effective way to combat one of Uganda’s deadliest illnesses” The
Center for Effective Global Action blog, with John Bosco Asiimwe and Zachary Wagner, June
26, 2019 [https://mediumcom/center-for-effective-global-action/a-cheaper-easier-more-
effective-way-to-combat-one-of-ugandas-deadliest-illnesses-503c5cdf0eb3]
“Check Cholera Threat,” Daily Monitor [Uganda], with John Bosco Asiimwe and Zachary
Wagner, Feb 12, 2019
“OSHA Inspection Should be Welcome,” with Michael Toffel The Compass, vol 14, no 1 ASSE,
p 4, 2014
Book review of Paying Out-of-Pocket for Drugs, Diagnostics and Medical Services: A Study of
Households in Three Indian States, Journal of Economic Literature June 2014: 549-550
[http://pubsaeaweborg/doi/pdfplus/101257/jel522535]
A Guide to Optimizing Behavior Change in Stove Programs, with Theresa Beltramo, Stephen
Harrell, and Johanna Young Impact Carbon, 2013
http://tractionprojectorg/content/implementation-research-behavior-change-interventions-
improve-acquisition-and-correct-use
Implementation Research on Behavior Change Interventions to Improve the Acquisition and
Correct Use of Improved Cookstoves, with Theresa Beltramo, Stephen Harrell, Caitlyn Toombs
and Johanna Young Final report to USAID, Impact Carbon, 2013
http://tractionprojectorg/content/guide-optimizing-behavior-change-stove-programs
“Improving sales offers for improved stoves,” CEGA blog, January 24, 2013
“Renting Inefficiency,” with Lucas Davis, Energy Economics Exchange, November 26, 2012
[http://energyathaaswordpresscom/2012/11/26/renting-inefficiency/]
“Exorcising phantom power,” Los Angeles Times, November 26, 2012
[http://wwwlatimescom/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-levine-phantom-power-
20121126,0,6297253story]
“Randomized Government Safety Inspections Reduce Worker Injuries with No Detectable Job
Loss,” testimony before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Workforce Protections,
Hearing on “Promoting Safe Workplaces Through Voluntary Protection Programs,” June 28,
2012
[http://democratsedworkforcehousegov/sites/democratsedworkforcehousegov/files/documents/11
2/pdf/statements/62812_Levine-Testimonypdf]
Evaluation of SKY health insurance in Cambodia
• “Results of the Second Health Centre Survey,” with Rachel Gardner, Ian Ramage and Karen
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Zhang, 2011
• “Who Buys SKY Health Insurance?,” with Rachel Polimeni, Ian Ramage, and Patrick Searles,
2011
• “Village Monograph Summary Report,” with Ian Ramage, Kim Hour Ramage, Eisel Mazard,
Mark Kavenagh, and Gabriel Pictet, 2010
• “Health Insurance for the Rural Poor: Evidence from Cambodia,” in Innovations in Insuring
the Poor, Ruth Vargas Hill and Maximo Torero, eds, International Food Policy Research
Institute, Focus 17, Brief 10,Dec 2009
http://wwwifpriorg/sites/default/files/publications/focus17_10pdf
• “Results of the First Health Centre Survey” with Rachel Gardner, Gabriel Pictet, Rachel
Polimeni and Ian Ramage, 2009
• BASIS Brief no 2007-05 Insuring Health: Testing the Effectiveness of Micro-health
Insurance to Promote Economic Wellbeing for the Poor, with Nhong Hema and Ian Ramage
July 2007
“Improving Sales Offers for Improved Stoves,” Stanford Social Innovation Review blog, June
15, 2011 A longer version is on my website: “New Sales Offers for Improved Cookstoves,”
Briefing paper, with CIRCODU
“Do SMS Text Messaging and SMS Community Forums Improve Outcomes of Adult and
Adolescent Literacy Programs? Evidence from the Jokko Initiative in Senegal” With Theresa
Beltramo Final report to TOSTAN and UNICEF, September 2010
http://tostanorg/data/images/project%20jokko%20final%20report%20september%202010pdf
“Quality Management and Job Quality: How the ISO 9001 Standard for Quality Management
Systems Affects Employees and Employers,” (Executive Summary) with Michael Toffel,
Quality Progress, American Society for Quality, March 2010
“A New Era,” in Obama Reflections from Election Day to Presidency: Social Justice Thought
Leaders Speak Out, Kirwan Institute, Ohio State University, 2009: 7
“A Note on the Impact of Local Rainfall on Rice Output in Indonesian Districts,” with Dean
Yang, 2006 http://www-personalumichedu/~deanyang/papers/levineyang_ricerainpdf
“Perspectives on Corporate Governance: Executive Compensation” Case in Point Concept Paper,
Caseplaceorg, May 2007
[http://wwwcaseplaceorg/references/references_showhtm?doc_id=484244#Attachment_anchor],
last accessed June 5, 2007
“Social Security Panel,” with Reuel Schiller, Peter Edelman and Thomas Davidoff, Race and
Poverty Law Journal, 3 (2), Spring 2006: 185-202
“Our opportunity to end poverty -- or fail to even try,” San Francisco Chronicle, Sunday, May
21, 2006: E3
“The Wheels of Washington: Groupthink and Iraq,” San Francisco Chronicle, Thursday,
February 5, 2004, p A23
[sfgatecom/articlecgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/02/05/EDGV34OCEP1DTL]
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31
Book review of The New Relationship: Human Capital in the American Corporation, Journal of
Economic Literature, 40 (2), June 2002: 547-549
Book review of Manufacturing Advantage, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 55 (1),
October 2001: 175-176
“Gilding the Ghetto,” Across the Board, Oct 1999, 36 (9): 10
“Knowledge Transfer: Managerial Practices Underlying One Piece of the Learning
Organization,” with April Gilbert, COHRE briefing paper,
[http://socratesberkeleyedu/~iir/cohre/ knowledgehtml], 1998
“Editorial: Overt Discrimination by Multinational Firms,” Industrial Relations, 37, 2, April
1998, pp 121-125 [http://facultyhaasberkeleyedu/levine/discedit2html]
“Brave New Work” interview with Josh Clark, Mother Jones, July/Aug 1997
“The OECD’s Role in Measuring Human Capital,” background paper for the OECD,
DEELSA/CERI//HCI (96) 6, 1996
“A Deficit of Clear Thinking,” with Brad DeLong, CalBusiness, Fall 1996, p 6
“Dole Tax Cuts Ignore Deficits, Investment, Education, Future,” with Brad DeLong, San Jose
Mercury News, August 26, 1996, p 5E
“Model Changes at NUMMI (A) and (B),” with Paul S Adler and Barbara Goldoftas, teaching
cases, USC, 1995
“Government Should Take Lead in Quantifying Workplace Skills,” San Jose Mercury News,
December 25, 1995, p 3F
“Not Such a Capital Idea,” with Brad DeLong, San Francisco Chronicle, December 5, 1995, p
A23
“Welfare Reform that Makes Poor Kids Poorer Will Never Pay Off,” with Brad DeLong, Los
Angeles Times, Sunday Forum, October 15, 1995, p D2
Book review of Darcy D’Art, Economic Democracy and Financial Participation, Journal of
Economic Behavior and Organization, 1993
“The Quality Movement,” Dollars and Sense, September 1992, pp 20-22 A short version
appeared in Cal Business, June 1992
“Management Education is an Oxymoron,” Cal Business Weekly, May 1992
Book review of Tom Korver, The Fictitious Commodity: A Study of the US Labor Market 1880-
1940 for, Journal of Labor History, 32, 4, Fall 1991, pp 624-625
“Participation, Productivity, and the Firm’s Environment,” California Management Review,
Summer 1990, pp 86-100
“Japan’s Other Export,” Dollars and Sense, September 1990, pp 18-21
“No Voice For Workers,” with Laura D’Andrea Tyson, Dollars and Sense, no 152, December
1989, pp 20-22 Reprinted in Microeconomics 91/92, Don Cole, ed, Dushkin Publishing Group,
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Guilford CN, 1990; Real World Macro, seventh and eighth editions, and Real World Micro, third
edition Economic Affairs Bureau, Somerville MA, 1990, 1991, and 1992
“Sweden: Full Employment in a Free Market Economy,” Labor Center Reporter, no 251,
November 1988
“Capitalism, Swedish Style,” Dollars and Sense, no 140, October 1988, pp 20-22 Reprinted in
Real World Macro, sixth edition, Economic Affairs Bureau, Somerville MA, 1989
“Why Comparable Worth Won’t Upset the Marketplace,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 7,
1988, p C6
EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ABOUT HEALTH
(Materials available at http://hygieneheroesberkeleyedu)
Curriculum
• Unit 1: Handwashing curriculum and teacher training
• Unit 2: Safe Water curriculum and teacher training
• Unit 3: Sanitation curriculum
• Unit 4: Preventing colds and flu curriculum
• Unit 5: Avoiding malaria curriculum
• Unit 6: Dental Hygiene curriculum and teacher training
• Unit 7: Preventing COVID
Each unit contain vivid demonstrations, experiments, class participation stories, games, and
activities for students to engage and educate their families
Stories, games, scripts and videos
• Preventing COVID
o Cory the Coronavirus: Illustrated book
Connie the COVID, Participation Story for Younger Children
o “How leaders can reopen schools safely,” editorial
o COVID prevention curriculum and teacher training
• Handwashing
o Gerry the Germ goes to School: Class participation story
o Baby is Happy: Early reader
o Gerry the Germ goes to School: Comic book
o The Bully and Why did T Rex go Extinct?: Comics
o Chhota Bheem meets the Robot and The Robot: Comics and script
o Tenali Rama gets in Trouble, illustrated by Jacqueline Zhou: Illustrated story
o The Winning Sports Team: Online game
o Uncle Silly Washes Hands Video
o Handwashing curriculum and teacher training
• Safe water
o Little Monkey, with Echo Yupan Lu, illustrated by Nazia Rahman: Story
o Little Monkey Puppet show video
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o Gerry the Germ gets Wet, with Benji Levine, illustrated by Jennifer Kotler Story
o The Disgusting Box (with Kaniz Janat): Video
o Safe water curriculum and teacher training
• Sanitation
o Gerry the Germ, with Benji Levine, illustrated by Jennifer Kotler: Illustrated story
o Grandma wants you to eat cookies, illustrated by Bernadette Justine McVerry:
Board game
o The Germ Race Board game
o Sanitation curriculum and teacher training
• Preventing cold and flu
o The Returns of Gerry the Germ, with Echo Yupan Lu, illustrated by Charlotte
Passot: Illustrated story
o The Cold & Flu Germ Race Board game
o The New Bride: Soap opera illustrated story about safe cookstoves
• Preventing malaria
o General Trouble gets Sprayed: Script about indoor residual spraying
o Baby Sleeps: An early reader about anti-mosquito bed nets
• Dental hygiene
o The Sad Tooth: Early reader
o Will Chhota Bheem miss his own party? Illustrations by Divya Lagisetti
• Nutrition
o The Race Story about anemia, with Dan Besilu Illustrations by Kaavya Venkat
• Safety
o Monster Maruti: Class participation story about traffic safety
o Munching Maruti, with Padma Priya: Story about traffic safety
o Street smarts for teens Handout
• Women’s health
o The Red Fairy, with Rawan AbuShaban: Story about menstrual hygiene
management
o Womb with a View: 3-panel comics about antenatal care
HONORS
• Earl Cheit Outstanding Teaching Award, Haas School of Business, 1990, 2022
(undergraduate), 2000 (Evening MBA)
• Listed in Who’s Who in Economics, a selection based on citation count
• Listed in Who’s Who of Professionals
• Member Haas School “60” Teaching Honor Society (for mean or median, depending on
the year,of 6 out of 7) several dozen times since 1988
• Phi Beta Kappa
• Omicron Delta Epsilon Economics Honor Society
• University of California Alumni Scholar
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GRANTS
• “An intervention to improve sexual and reproductive health among Indian self-help group
members.” Center for Growth Markets, 2022-2023.
• “Selling health-related goods in smalls shops in Kenya,” MasterCard Foundation, 2018-
19
• “Replication grant” BITSS, 2015 ($3000)
• CEGA EASST, “Working with Village Health Teams to Increase ORS Use in Uganda: A
Randomized Controlled Trial,” with Will Dow; John BoscoAsiimwe; Zachary Wagner,
University of Makere, Uganda, EASST Collaborative, 2014-2017 ($49,000)
• “Randomized control trial of a risk-free sample purchase for inorganic fertilizer in
Uganda” with Annet Adong, EPRC, Uganda, EASST Collaborative, 2014-2017
($49,000)
• “Distribution to the Rural Poor,” co-PI with Joseph Arineitwe Ndemere, EASST
Collaborative, CEGA, 2012-13 ($25,000)
• Travel grant, CEGA, 2012 ($3000)
• “Cookstoves in Uganda”, CEGA, 2012 ($8000)
• “Behavior Change Interventions to Improve the Acquisition and Correct Use of Improved
Cookstoves,” (co-PI, with Impact Carbon), USAID TRAction, 2011-2013
• “Piloting Novel Sales Contracts,” Goggio Family Foundation, 2009-11
• “Courting Safe Behaviors: Testing Courtyard-based Safe Water and Hygiene
Interventions in Urban Bangladesh” (with ICDDR,B), International Initiative for Impact
Evaluation (3ie), 2010-2012
• “Improved Cookstoves in the Tumu Region of Ghana” (with CSIR and Plan-Ghana),
International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2009-2011
• “Preferences for Point-of-Use Water Treatment” (with ICDDR,B), Swedish International
Development Agency (SIDA), 2008-9
• “Evaluating a Telecommunications Intervention to Promote Literacy and Fight Poverty in
Senegal” (with TOSTAN), UNICEF, 2009-10
• “Identification of Appropriate Postharvest Technologies for Improving Market Access
and Incomes for Small Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia,” (with UC Davis
and the World Food and Logistics Organization), Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
2009-10
• “Roundtable on safe stoves,” Berkeley Institute on the Environment, UC Berkeley, 2008-
9
• “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Solar Ovens in Senegal,” Sustainable Products and
Services, UC Berkeley, 2008-9
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• “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Micro-Health Insurance in Cambodia,” grants from
BASIS Assets and Market Access Collaborative Research Support (USAID) 2007-2010;
AFD (Agence français pour development) 2007-2010, and the Coleman Fung Foundation
2007-2009
• “Choosing and Using Safe Water Products,” (with Jeff Alert of Aquayaorg), The P&G
Fund of The Greater Cincinnati Foundation and The Blum Center for Developing
Economies, 2007-8
• “Evaluating The Hunger Project’s Scaling-up of Epicenter Strategy in Ghana,” (with
Chris Udry, Dean Karlan and John Anarfi), Robertson Foundation, 2007-2015
• “How Industrialization in China has affected the Elderly,” Center on the Economics and
Demography of Aging, University of California at Berkeley, 2003-2004
• “Measuring Corporate Responsibility,” Haas Family Fund, 2004-6
• “The Effects of Age Diversity in the Workplace,” Center on the Economics and
Demography of Aging, University of California at Berkeley, 2003-2004
• “Diversity at Work: Effects on Workers, Customers and Employers,” Russell Sage
Foundation, 2003-4
• “Diversity and Performance,” Sloan Foundation and BOLD, with Jonathan Leonard,
2001
• “A Follow-up Evaluation of the Progresa Child Welfare Program,” National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 2001-2006, with Paul Gertler and
others
• “The Effects of Industrialization on Children,” Center on the Economics and
Demography of Aging, University of California at Berkeley, 2001-2002
• “Financial and Social Capital as Protection Against Health Shocks in Indonesia,” Center
for Health Research, UC Berkeley, 2001-02
• “Investments in Children in Indonesia: Lessons to be Learned from the Economic Crisis,”
Research Bridging Grant from the Committee on Research, UC Berkeley, 1999-2000
• Subcontractor on Mortgage Lending Discrimination: What Do We Know? Urban Institute
grant from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1998
• COHRE, “Causes and Consequences of Employee Turnover,” with Jonathan Leonard,
1998-99Sage Foundation, “Perceptions of the Fair Employment Contract: Evidence from
a Quasi-Experiment,” with Gary Charness, 1998-99
• Upjohn Institute, “Changes in Careers, Compensation and Internal Labor Markets at
Large American Employers,” with Dale Belman and KC O’Shaughnessy, 1998-99
• California Commission on Health and Safety and Workers’ Compensation, “Evaluation
of Workers’ Compensation Programs Established Pursuant to Labor-Management
Agreements in the Construction Industry,” 1997-8
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• Committee On Teaching, Office of Educational Development, UC Berkeley, Classroom
Technologies Grant: 1995-1996
• Sloan Foundation, “What Works at Work,” with the National Center for the Workplace,
1993-5
• Sloan Foundation, “Employee Involvement and Total Quality Management in the
1990’s,” with Edward E Lawler III, Gerald Ledford, and Susan Mohrman, 1992-4
• Consortium on Competition and Cooperation, “Human Resource Policies and Corporate
Performance in the United States and Japan,” 1991-92
• Consortium on Competition and Cooperation, “Cooperative Supplier Relations: An Exit-
Voice Approach,” 1990-91
COURSES TAUGHT
• Design, Evaluate and Scale Development Technologies (MBA, joint with Engineering &
Alice Agogino – new course)
• Macroeconomics in the Global Economy (Undergraduate, MBA, and executive MBA)
• Business Strategies for Emerging Markets (MBA – new course)
• Freshman seminars (new courses):
o Behavior change in global public health: Can games and stories help?
o The New Employment Contract
o Films about Work
• Bargaining and Negotiation (Undergraduate)
• Human Resource Strategies (MBA – new course)
• Industrial Relations (Undergraduate and PhD)
• Research Methods (PhD)
CONSULTANT
• Government
o US Dept of Labor
▪ Mathematica (subcontract from US Dept of Labor)
▪ Summit Consulting (subcontracts from US Dept of Labor)
▪ Abt Associates (subcontract from US Dept of Labor)
o World Bank
o Berkeley Planning Associates (subcontract from US Dept of Health and Human
Services)
o Urban Institute (subcontract from US Dept of Housing and Urban Development)
o CalTrans
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o OECD
• Nonprofit sector
o Workers Compensation Insurance Rating Board (WCIRB)
o Emerson College
o RAND (subcontract to USAID on “Increasing uptake and use of safe water filters
at scale”)
o Aquaya
o Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
o UNICEF
o Filene Research Institute
o American Automobile Association
• Private sector
o UBS
o Conoco
o San Francisco Electrical Contractors Association
o NERA
o BPI
o Korean Human Resources Study Group
• Legal consultant
o Goldman and Goldman
o Morgenstein & Jubelirer LLP
• Expert / Expert Witness
o Leonard Carder, LLP (Roberts, et al, v Best Buy Co, Inc)
o Gradstein, Luskin & Van Dalsem (Adams v Home Depot USA, Inc)
o Quisenberry Law Firm (Daniel Sepulveda, Anita Perez and Antonio Prangner v
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc)
o Keker & Van Nest LLP (Tjian v Westamerica Bancorporation)
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Appendix B: Materials Considered
Case Materials
Expert Report of Greg Regan dated August 29, 2024
Expert Report of Victor Stango dated October 24, 2024
Expert Report of Greg Regan dated November 21, 2024
Research
•
Agarwal, S., Chomsisengphet, S., & Liu, C. (2010). "Consumer Bankruptcy and Default:
The Role of Credit Supply and Financial Literacy." Journal of Monetary Economics.
•
Allegretto, Sylvia A., & Liedtke, B. (2020). “Workers and the COVID-19 Recession:
Trends in UI Claims & Benefits, Jobs, and Unemployment.” Center on Wage and
Employment Dynamics, Center for Labor Research and Education, University of
California, Berkeley.
•
Bhutta, N., & Keys, B. J. (2016). "Interest Rates and Equity Extraction During the
Housing Boom." American Economic Review.
•
California State Auditor. (2020). “Employment Development Department (EDD)’s Poor
Planning and Ineffective Management Left It Unprepared to Assist Californians
Unemployed by COVID-19 Shutdowns.” Auditor of the State of California.
•
Chetty, R. (2008). “Moral Hazard Versus Liquidity and Optimal Unemployment
Insurance.” Journal of Political Economy.
•
Congressional Research Service (2022). “How Did COVID-10 Unemployment Insurance
Benefits Impact Consumer Spending and Unemployment?”
•
Cox, N. & Ganong, P. et al. (2020). “Initial Impacts of the Pandemic on Consumer
Behavior.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.
•
Desmond, M. (2016). Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City. New York:
Crown.
•
Desmond, M. & Gershenson, C. (2016). “Housing and Unemployment Insecurity Among
the Working Poor.” Social Problems.
•
Federal Reserve Bank of New York. (2021). "Household Debt and Credit Report."
•
Gorbachev, O., & Luengo-Prado, M. J. (2019). "The Credit Card Debt Puzzle and
Noncognitive Ability." Review of Economics and Statistics.
•
Gundersen, C., & Ziliak, J. P. (2015). "Food Insecurity and Health Outcomes." Health
Affairs.
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Expert Report of David I. Levine
39
•
Keys, B. J. (2018). “The Credit Market Consequences of Job Displacement.” The Review
of Economics and Statistics.
•
Lusardi, A., Schneider, D., & Tufano, P. (2011). "Financially Fragile Households:
Evidence and Policy Implications." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.
•
Martinchek, K. et al. (2022). “Credit Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” The
Urban Institute.
•
McConnell, K.E., et al. (2017). “A Strategy for Evaluating the Opportunity Cost of Time
Estimates From New Choice Margins.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working
Paper.
•
Mian, A., Rao, K., & Sufi, A. (2013). "Household Balance Sheets, Consumption, and the
Economic Slump." Quarterly Journal of Economics.
•
Parker, J. A., & Souleles, N. S. (2006). "Consumer Spending and the Economic Stimulus
Payments of 2001." American Economic Review.
•
Quinn, T. (2022). “Deep Dive into Distribution of the FICO Score Across the US.” FICO
Blog.
•
Smith, C., McGill, B., & Medalia, C. (2019). "The Role of Informal Borrowing in
Financial Distress." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization.
•
Stolba, S. L. (2021). “Fewer Subprime Consumers Across U.S. in 2021.” Experian.
Case 3:21-md-02992-GPC-MSB Document 593-1 Filed 10/20/25 PageID.43210
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