Court filing

First Amended Class Action Complaint — Norris v. Stanley

Filed November 5, 2021 in Norris v. Stanley; one of 25 filings from this case.

Record facts

Court	U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan
Filed	2021-11-05

Full text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

JEANNA NORRIS, KRAIG EHM,
)
and D’ANN ROHRER,

)

Plaintiffs,

)

)
CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT

SAMUEL L. STANLEY, JR.,

)
FOR DECLARATORY AND

in his official capacity as President of
)
INJUNCTIVE RELIEF
Michigan State University; DIANNE )

BYRUM, in her official capacity as Chair )
JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
of the Board of Trustees, DAN KELLY, )
in his official capacity as Vice Chair )

of the Board of Trustees; and RENEE
)
JEFFERSON, PAT O’KEEFE,
)

BRIANNA T. SCOTT, KELLY TEBAY,
)
and REMA VASSAR, in their official
)
capacities as Members of the Board of
)

Trustees of Michigan State University,
)
and JOHN and JANE DOES 1-10,
)

)
Defendants.
)

Plaintiffs and those similarly situated, by and through their attorneys at the New Civil
Liberties Alliance (“NCLA”), hereby complain and allege the following:
INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT
a.
By the spring of 2020, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which can cause the
disease COVID-19, had spread across the globe. Since then, and because of the federal
government’s “Operation Warp Speed,” three separate coronavirus vaccines have been developed
and approved more swiftly than any other vaccines in our nation’s history. The Food and Drug
Administration (“FDA”) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (“EUA”) for the Pfizer-
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1190 Filed 11/05/21 Page 1 of 59

BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (“BioNTech Vaccine”) on December 11, 2020.1 Just one week
later, FDA issued a second EUA for the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (“Moderna Vaccine”).2
FDA issued its most recent EUA for the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine (“Janssen
Vaccine”) on February 27, 2021 (the only EUA for a single-shot vaccine).3
b.
FDA fully approved the Pfizer Comirnaty Vaccine (“Comirnaty Vaccine”) on
August 23, 2021. Though both are affiliated with Pfizer, the BioNTech Vaccine and the Comirnaty
Vaccines are legally distinguishable. Upon information and belief, they are also factually
distinguishable.
c.
The EUA statute, 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3, explicitly states that anyone to whom an
EUA product is administered must be informed of the option to accept or to refuse it, as well as
alternatives to receiving the product and the risks and benefits of receiving it.
d.
Michigan State University (“MSU”) announced “COVID directives” for the Fall
2021 semester by email and on its website on July 30, and then provided an expanded version via
its website on August 5, 2021. The directives include a “Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccine” (“the
Directive”).
e.
According to the Directive, all faculty, staff, and students must either be fully
vaccinated or have received one of a two-dose series by August 31, 2021, unless they obtain a
religious or medical exemption, both of which are limited in nature and application. The Directive
specifically excludes natural immunity as a basis for a medical exemption. Even employees who
work remotely are subject to the Directive.

1 Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine FAQ, FDA, bit.ly/3i4Yb4e (last visited August 26, 2021).
2 Moderna, About Our Vaccine, bit.ly/2Vl4lUF (last visited August 26, 2021).
3 EUA for Third COVID-19 Vaccine, FDA, bit.ly/3xc4ebk (last visited August 26, 2021).
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f.
MSU’s Directive recognizes all vaccines currently approved by the World Health
Organization (“WHO”), including the Janssen Vaccine and others which the FDA has not
approved, such as the Sinovac and Sinopharm Vaccines.
g.
Those who do not comply with the Directive face potential disciplinary action,
including termination of employment, as demonstrated by Plaintiff Ehm’s recent termination.
h.
Plaintiffs have already contracted and fully recovered from COVID-19. As a result,
they have naturally acquired immunity, confirmed unequivocally by recent SARS-CoV-2 antibody
tests. Immunologist Dr. Hooman Noorchashm has advised them that it is medically unnecessary
to undergo a vaccination procedure at this point (which fact also renders the procedure and any
attendant risks medically unethical).
i.
Yet, if Plaintiffs follow Dr. Noorchashm’s advice and elect not to take the vaccine,
they face adverse disciplinary consequences. Indeed, Plaintiffs Ehm and Rohrer are undergoing
disciplinary proceedings due to remaining unvaccinated, culminating in Ehm’s termination just
yesterday. In short, the Directive is unmistakably coercive and cannot reasonably be considered
anything other than an unlawful mandate. Furthermore, it represents an unconstitutional condition
being applied to Plaintiffs’ constitutional and statutory rights to bodily integrity and informed
consent, respectively.
j.
Plaintiffs bring this action on behalf of a class of similarly situated individuals –
employees of MSU who have naturally acquired immunity to COVID-19 and for whom the
Directive represents a violation of their constitutional rights to bodily autonomy and to decline
medical treatment.
k.
Given their naturally acquired immunity, MSU cannot establish a compelling
governmental interest in overriding the personal autonomy and constitutional rights of Plaintiffs
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and those who are similarly situated by forcing them either to be vaccinated or to suffer adverse
professional consequences.
l.
Naturally acquired immunity is at least as robust and durable as that attained
through the most effective vaccines, and it is significantly more protective than some of the inferior
vaccines that MSU accepts. Studies further indicate that naturally acquired immunity is
significantly longer lasting than that acquired through the best vaccines. As a result, MSU’s
Directive is designed to nullify informed consent and infringes upon Plaintiffs’ rights, and the
rights of those who are similarly situated, under the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution.
m.
For similar reasons, the Directive constitutes an unconstitutional condition, because
it is poorly calibrated to protect the public health, yet it imposes disproportionate risks on some of
its targets. That renders the Directive an unlawful condition insufficiently germane to its purported
purpose. Furthermore, the disciplinary action that MSU is using to leverage ostensibly voluntary
compliance with its Directive is not proportional to MSU’s purported public health aims.
n.
Even beyond its constitutional defects, MSU’s unlawful Directive is irreconcilable
with and frustrates the objectives of the statute governing administration of medical products
authorized for emergency use only. Pursuant to the Supremacy Clause of the United States
Constitution, federal law overrides conflicting state law and action by agents of the State of
Michigan. Accordingly, the Directive is preempted by the EUA statute and must be enjoined.
o.
In a highly publicized opinion recently made public, the U.S. Department of
Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel (“OLC”) argues that public and private entities can lawfully
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mandate that their employees receive one of the EUA vaccines.4 The opinion is silent on
preemption, however, and thus cannot be read to prevent the EUA statute from having its ordinary
preemptive effect. This is especially true in light of the fact that Congress never assigned any role
to OLC to administer the EUA statute. The OLC Opinion, as explained in detail in Count III
below, is also deeply flawed on multiple additional legal grounds.
p.
Regardless of whether Pfizer recently received full FDA approval for the
Comirnaty Vaccine, the remaining vaccines “approved” for use by MSU have not. As Pfizer itself
acknowledges, the Comirnaty Vaccine is not widely available in the United States. And despite
its attempts to create equivalence between its BioNTech and Comirnaty Vaccines, the two are
legally distinguishable (and, on information and belief, are factually distinguishable as well). And,
as the federal government has acknowledged, many individuals cannot be guaranteed access to a
specific COVID-19 vaccine. Thus, even after the Comirnaty Vaccine’s approval, the Directive
still essentially forces individuals, including Plaintiffs and those who are similarly situated, to take
an EUA vaccine.
q.
In sum, the Directive violates both the constitutional and federal statutory rights of
Plaintiffs and those who are similarly situated because it undermines their bodily integrity and
autonomy and conditions their employment on their willingness to take a medically unnecessary
vaccine. Forcing Plaintiffs and others to take this vaccine will provide no discernible, let alone
compelling, benefit either to Plaintiffs or to the MSU community. Although obtaining the vaccine
could elevate Plaintiffs’ antibody levels, their levels are already high enough to be equivalent to
most vaccinated people, so any augmented benefit is negligible and does not translate into a clinical

4 Evan Perez & Tierney Sneed, Federal Law Doesn’t Prohibit COVID-19 Vaccine Requirements,
Justice Department Says, CNN (July 26, 2021), available at https://cnn.it/3iWxH42, last visited
(August 26, 2021).
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benefit. The unconstitutional conditions doctrine exists precisely to prevent government actors
from clothing unconstitutional objectives and policies in the garb of supposed voluntarism when
those actors fully intend and expect that the pressure they are exerting will lead to the targets of
such disguised regulation succumbing to the government’s will. Plaintiffs invoke this Court’s
Article III and inherent powers to insulate them from this pressure and to vindicate their
constitutional and statutory rights.
PARTIES
1.
Plaintiff Jeanna Norris (37 years old) is a supervisory Administrative Associate and
Fiscal Officer at MSU. She resides in Portland, Michigan, which is located in the Western District
of Michigan, Southern Division.
2.
Plaintiff Kraig Ehm (57 years old) is a video producer for MSU and resides in
Laingsburg, Michigan, which is located in the Eastern District of Michigan.
3.
Plaintiff D’Ann Rohrer (51 years old) is an Extension Educator at MSU and resides
in Ludington, Michigan, which is located in the Western District of Michigan.
4.
Defendant Samuel L. Stanley is President of MSU, a public research institution
located in East Lansing, Michigan. He is sued in his official capacity.
5.
Defendant Dianne Byrum is Chair of the Board of Trustees at MSU.5 She is sued
in her official capacity.
6.
Defendant Dan Kelly is Vice Chair of the Board of Trustees. He is sued in his
official capacity.

5 The Board of Trustees “have general supervision over the university and its funds.” “Board of
Trustees,” Michigan State University, available at https://trustees.msu.edu (last visited Aug. 27,
2021).
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7.
Defendants Renee Jefferson, Pat O’Keefe, Brianna T. Scott, Kelly Tebay and Rema
Vassar are Members of the Board of Trustees. They are sued in their official capacities.
8.
John and Jane Does 1-10 are as-yet-unidentified MSU officials involved in setting
the policy embodied in the Directive.
9.
MSU, for whom the Defendants are agents, is principally located in the Western
District of Michigan.
STATUTORY AND NONSTATUTORY JURISDICTION AND VENUE
10.
This Court has jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and
1343(a)(3)-(4) (equitable relief), and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988, as well as under nonstatutory
equitable jurisdiction. That is because the claims here arise under the Constitution and statutes of
the United States and because Plaintiffs seek prospective redress against state actors in their
official capacity to end the deprivation, under state law, of their rights, privileges, and immunities
secured by federal law.
11.
Venue for this action properly lies in this District pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391.
Plaintiff Norris resides in this judicial district, a substantial part of the events, actions, or omissions
giving rise to the claim occurred in this judicial district, and MSU is located in this judicial district.
12.
The Western District of Michigan is comprised of both a Southern and a Northern
Division. MSU is located in the Southern Division. See Civ. L. R. 3.2.
13.
This Court’s equitable powers permit it to issue nonstatutory injunctions to protect
Plaintiff against wayward state actors engaged in unlawful conduct. See Trump v. Vance, 140 S.
Ct. 2412, 2428-29 (2020) (“Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 155–156 (1908) (holding that federal
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courts may enjoin state officials to conform their conduct to federal law).”).6 The only limitation
is that a defendant subject to such an injunction must possess a connection to the establishment
and enforcement of MSU’s vaccine mandate. Defendants in this action have the requisite
connection. See, e.g., Russell v. Lundergan-Grimes, 784 F.3d 1037 (6th Cir. 2015) (finding that,
in action brought by business owners alleging that electioneering statute violated their First
Amendment rights, Attorney General could be sued under Ex parte Young, since he fielded and
investigated complaints of impermissible electioneering and threatened criminal sanctions). See
generally Free Enter. Fund v. PCAOB, 561 U.S. 477, 491 n.2 (2010) (collecting cases in the vein
of Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 684 (1946) (“[I]t is established practice for this Court to sustain the
jurisdiction of federal courts to issue injunctions to protect rights safeguarded by the Constitution”)
(emphasis added)); Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration, and Immigrant
Rights, 572 U.S. 291 (2014) (Board of Trustees was initially named defendant in Equal Protection
claim against Michigan State University).
14.
In addition, this Court may issue declaratory relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201.
“Further necessary or proper relief based on a declaratory judgment may [also] be granted …,”
including via injunction. See Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 499 (1969) (“A declaratory
judgment can then be used as a predicate to further relief, including an injunction. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2202 ….”).

6 See Erwin Chemerinsky, FEDERAL JURISDICTION, 8th ed. (2021) (Ex parte Young “has been
heralded as ‘one of the three most important decisions the Supreme Court of the United States has
ever handed down.’”), quoting Allied Artists Pictures Corp. v. Rhodes, 473 F. Supp. 560, 564 (E.D.
Ohio 1979) (citations omitted).
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STATEMENT OF FACTS
I. BACKGROUND PERTAINING TO THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC AND COVID-19
VACCINES

15.
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which can cause the disease COVID-19, is a
contagious virus spread mainly from person-to-person, including through the air.
16.
It is well settled that the coronavirus presents a significant risk primarily to
individuals aged 70 or older and those with comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes.
Bhattacharya and Kulldorff Joint Decl. ¶¶ 10-14 (“Joint Decl.”) (Attachment A). See Smiriti
Mallapaty, The Coronavirus Is Most Deadly If You Are Older and Male, NATURE (Aug. 28, 2020)
(individuals under 50 face a negligible threat of a severe medical outcome from a coronavirus
infection, akin to the types of risk that most people take in everyday life, such as driving a car).
17.
In fact, a meta-analysis published by the WHO concluded that the survival rate for
COVID-19 patients under 70 years of age was 99.95%. Joint Decl. ¶ 12.
18.
CDC estimates that the survival rate for young adults between 20 and 49 is 99.95%,
and for people ages 50-64 is 99.4%. Joint Decl. ¶ 12.
19.
A seroprevalence study of COVID-19 in Geneva, Switzerland, reached a similar
conclusion, estimating a survival rate of approximately 99.4% for patients between 50 and 64 years
old, and 99.95% for patients between 20 and 49. Joint Decl. ¶ 13.
20.
This past winter, FDA approved three vaccines pursuant to the federal EUA statute,
21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3.
a.
FDA issued an EUA for the BioNTech Vaccine on December 11, 2020.
b.
Just one week later, FDA issued an EUA for the Moderna Vaccine.
c.
FDA issued its most recent EUA, for the Janssen Vaccine, on February 27, 2021.
d.
The Comirnaty Vaccine received full FDA approval on August 23, 2021.
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21.
In a letter to Pfizer, FDA states that “the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine that
uses PBS buffer and COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) have the same formulation.
The products are legally distinct with certain differences that do not impact safety or
effectiveness.” (emphasis added). FDA, “Letter to Pfizer, Inc.” (October 29, 2021), available at
https://www.fda.gov/media/150386/download (last visited Nov. 4, 2021).
a.
The Comirnaty Vaccine is not widely available due to limited supply, as Pfizer also
notes that “there is not sufficient approved vaccine [the Comirnaty] available for
distribution to this population in its entirety at the time of the reissuance of this EUA.” See
id. at p. 9 fn. 7. See also FDA, FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine, (Aug. 23, 2021),
available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-
covid-19-vaccine (last visited Oct. 29, 2021).
b.
Indeed, the Task Force Guidance governing the federal mandate warns that meeting
the deadlines rests exclusively on the shoulders of the employees, availability problems
being no excuse at that point: “Depending on employees’ locations, they may not have all
types of vaccines available to them. Agencies should encourage employees to plan ahead
and allow enough time to receive all required vaccine doses before the November 8
deadline to have their second shot.” See United States Government, “Safer Federal
WorkForce,” available at https://www.saferfederalworkforce.gov/faq/vaccinations/ (last
visited Nov. 3, 2021).
c.
Information regarding the differences between the BioNTech Vaccine and the
Comirnaty Vaccine is not readily available. Generally speaking certain drugs that the
public believes are identical, generic versions of brand name drugs for instance, do not
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need to be formulaically identical in actuality. FDA, “Generic Drugs: questions &
Answers,” available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/questions-answers/generic-drugs-
questions-answers#q5 (last visited Nov. 4, 2021). Despite Pfizers’ proclamations to the
contrary, an analysis of the ingredients in the two indicates they are not, in fact, identical.
22.
The EUA status of the vaccines that are available at present in the United States
means that FDA has not yet fully approved them but permits their conditional use nonetheless due
to exigent circumstances.
23.
The standard for EUA review and approval is lower than that required for full FDA
approval.
24.
Typically, vaccine development includes six stages: (1) exploratory; (2) preclinical
(animal testing); (3) clinical (human trials); (4) regulatory review and approval; (5) manufacturing;
and (6) quality control. See CDC, Vaccine Testing and the Approval Process (May 1, 2014),
available at https://bit.ly/3rGkG2s (last visited August 26, 2021).
25.
The third phase typically takes place over years, because it can take that long for a
new vaccine’s side effects to manifest, and must be followed by a period of regulatory review and
approval, during which data and outcomes are peer-reviewed and evaluated by FDA. Id.
26.
Finally, to achieve full approval, the manufacturer must demonstrate that it can
produce the vaccine under conditions that assure adequate quality control.
27.
FDA must then determine, based on “substantial evidence,” that the medical
product is effective and that the benefits outweigh its risks when used according to the product’s
approved labeling. See CDC, “Understanding the Regulatory Terminology of Potential
Preventions and Treatments for COVID-19” (Oct. 22, 2020), available at bit.ly/3x4vN6s (last
visited August 26, 2021).
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28.
In contrast to this rigorous, six-step approval process that includes long-term data
review, FDA grants EUAs in emergencies to “facilitate the availability and use of medical
countermeasures, including vaccines, during public health emergencies, such as the current
COVID-19 pandemic.” FDA, Emergency Use Authorization for Vaccines Explained (Nov. 20,
2020), available at bit.ly/3x8wImn (last visited August 26, 2021).
29.
EUAs allow FDA to make a product available to the public based on the best
available data, without waiting for all the evidence needed for FDA approval or clearance. See id.
30.
The EUA statute lays out the: “Appropriate conditions designed to ensure that
individuals to whom the product is administered are informed.” This means they must be told:
that the Secretary has authorized the emergency use of the product;
of the significant known and potential benefits and risks of such use, and of
the extent to which such benefits and risks are unknown; and
of the option to accept or refuse administration of the product, of the
consequences, if any, of refusing administration of the product, and of the
alternatives to the product that are available and of their benefits and risks.

21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3(e)(1)(A)(i), (ii).
31.
Studies of immunizations outside of clinical-trial settings began in December 2020,
following the first EUA for a COVID vaccine.
32.
None of the precise EUA vaccines approved for use in the United States has been
tested in clinical trials for its safety and efficacy on individuals who have recovered from COVID-
19. Indeed, trials conducted so far have specifically excluded survivors of previous COVID-19
infections. Noorchashm Decl. ¶ 28 (Attachment B).
33.
Recent research indicates that vaccination presents a heightened risk of adverse side
effects—including serious ones—to those who have previously contracted and recovered from
COVID-19. Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 21-26; Joint Decl. ¶ 28; Decl. of Jayanta Bhattacharya ¶30
(Attachment C).
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34.
The heightened risk of adverse effects results from “preexisting immunity to SARS-
Cov-2 [that] may trigger unexpectedly intense, albeit relatively rare, inflammatory and thrombotic
reactions in previously immunized and predisposed individuals.” Angeli, et al., SARS-CoV-2
Vaccines: Lights and Shadows, 88 EUR. J. INTERNAL MED. 1, 8 (2021).
II. PRIOR INFECTION LEADS TO NATURALLY-ACQUIRED IMMUNITY TO COVID-19 AT
LEAST AS ROBUST AS VACCINE-ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

35.
Naturally acquired immunity developed after recovery from COVID-19 provides
broad protection against severe disease from subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Joint Decl.
¶¶ 15-24.
36.
Multiple extensive, peer-reviewed studies comparing naturally acquired and
vaccine-acquired immunity have concluded overwhelmingly that the former provides equivalent
or greater protection against severe infection than immunity generated by mRNA vaccines
(BioNTech and Moderna). Joint Decl. ¶¶ 18-23.
37.
These studies confirm the efficacy of natural immunity against reinfection with
COVID-19 and show that almost all reinfections are less severe than first-time infections and
almost never require hospitalization. Joint Decl. ¶ 18-24.
38.
A study from Israel released several months ago found that vaccinated individuals
had 13.1 times greater risk of testing positive, 27 times greater risk of symptomatic disease, and
around 8.1 times greater risk of hospitalization than unvaccinated individuals with naturally
acquired immunity. Joint Decl. ¶ 20.
39.
The authors concluded that the “study demonstrated that natural immunity confers
longer lasting and stronger protection against infection, symptomatic disease and hospitalization
caused by the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, compared to the BNT162b2 [BioNTech’s research
name] two-dose vaccine-induced immunity.” Joint Decl. ¶ 20.
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40.
Recent Israeli data found that those who had received the BioNTech Vaccine were
6.72 times more likely to suffer a subsequent infection than those with natural immunity. David
Rosenberg,
Natural
Infection
vs
Vaccination:
Which
Gives
More
Protection?
ISRAELNATIONALNEWS.COM (Jul. 13, 2021), available at https://www.israelnationalnews.com/
News/News.aspx/309762 (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
41.
Israeli data also indicates that the protection BioNTech grants against infection is
short-lived compared to natural immunity and degrades significantly faster. In fact, as of July 2021,
vaccine recipients from January 2021 exhibited only 16% effectiveness against infection and 16%
protection against symptomatic infection, increasing linearly until reaching a level of 75% for
those vaccinated in April. See Nathan Jeffay, Israeli, UK Data Offer Mixed Signals on Vaccine’s
Potency Against Delta Strain, THE TIMES OF ISRAEL (July 22, 2021), available at bit.ly/3xg3uCg
(last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
42.
Those who received a second dose of the BioNTech Vaccine between January and
April of this year were determined to have 39% protection against infection and 41% protection
against symptomatic infection. The large number of breakthrough infections likely was the result
of waning vaccine protection in the face of the Delta variant’s spread. See Carl Zimmer, Israeli
Data Suggests Possible Waning in Effectiveness of Pfizer Vaccine, THE NEW YORK TIMES (July
23, 2021); Kristen Monaco, Pfizer Vax Efficacy Dips at 6 Months, MEDPAGE TODAY (July 29,
2021), available at https://bit.ly/2VheBxw (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
43.
These findings of highly durable natural immunity should not be surprising, as they
hold for SARS-CoV-1 and other respiratory viruses. According to a paper published in Nature in
August 2020, 23 patients who had recovered from SARS-CoV-1 still possess CD4 and CD8 T
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cells, 17 years after infection during the 2003 epidemic.7 A Nature paper from 2008 found that 32
people born in 1915 or earlier still retained some level of immunity against the 1918 flu strain—
some 90 years later.8 Bhattacharya Decl. ¶ 18.
44.
A CDC/IDSA clinician call on July 17, 2021, summarized the current state of the
knowledge regarding the comparative efficacy of natural and vaccine immunity. The presentation
reviewed three studies that directly compared the efficacy of prior infection versus mRNA vaccine
treatment and concluded “the protective effect of prior infection was similar to 2 doses of a
COVID-19 vaccine.”
45.
Given that there is currently more data on the durability of naturally acquired
immunity than there is for vaccine immunity, researchers rely on the expected durability of
naturally acquired immunity to predict that of vaccine immunity. Joint Decl. ¶ 23.
46.
Indeed, naturally and vaccine-acquired immunity utilize the same basic
immunological mechanism—stimulating the immune system to generate an antibody response.
Joint Decl. ¶ 16.
47.
The level of antibodies in the blood of those who have natural immunity was
initially the benchmark in clinical trials for determining the efficacy of vaccines. Joint Decl. ¶ 16.
48.
Studies have demonstrated prolonged immunity with respect to memory T and B
cells, bone marrow plasma cells, spike-specific neutralizing antibodies, and IgG+ memory B cells
following a COVID-19 infection. Joint Decl. ¶ 17.

7 Le Bert, N., Tan, A. T., Kunasegaran, K., Tham, C. Y. L., Hafezi, M., Chia, A., Chng, M. H. Y., Lin, M., Tan,
N., Linster, M., Chia, W. N., Chen, M. I. C., Wang, L. F., Ooi, E. E., Kalimuddin, S., Tambyah, P. A., Low, J. G. H.,
Tan, Y. J. & Bertoletti, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and
uninfected control. Nature, 584, 457-462. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z
8 Yu, X., Tsibane, T., McGraw, P. A., House, F. S., Keefer, C. J., Hicar, M. D., Tumpey, T. M., Pappas, C.,
Perrone, L. A., Martinez, O., Stevens, J., Wilson, I. A., Aguilar, P. V., Altschuler, E. L., Basler, C. F., & Crowe Jr., J.
E. (2008). Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors. Nature, 455, 532-
536. doi: 10.1038/nature07231
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49.
New variants of COVID-19 resulting from the virus’s mutation do not escape the
natural immunity developed by prior infection from the original strain of the virus. Joint Decl.
¶¶ 29-33.
50.
In fact, vaccine immunity only targets the spike-protein of the original Wuhan
variant, whereas natural immunity recognizes the full complement of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and
thus provides protection against a greater array of variants. Noorchashm Decl. ¶ 17.
51.
While the CDC and the media have touted a study from Kentucky as proof that
those with naturally acquired immunity should get vaccinated, that conclusion is unwarranted. As
Drs. Bhattacharya and Kulldorff explain, although individuals with naturally acquired immunity
who received a vaccine showed somewhat increased antibody levels, “[t]his does not mean that
the vaccine increases protection against symptomatic disease, hospitalizations or deaths.” Joint
Decl. ¶ 37; Bhattacharya Decl. ¶¶ 47-48. In other words, higher antibody levels do not necessarily
translate into a clinical benefit.
52.
Similarly, Dr. Noorchashm explains that this study did not actually assess the
appropriate groups. Instead of comparing individuals who had naturally-acquired immunity only
to those who were only vaccinated, the study compared those with naturally-acquired immunity
only to those who had naturally-acquired immunity and received the vaccine. Furthermore, the
study “did not address or attempt to quantify the magnitude of risk and adverse effects in its
comparison groups.” Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 29-31.
53.
The Kentucky study is also problematic because it appears cherry-picked. In other
words, the CDC gathered data on this subject from all 50 states, but seems to have chosen to draw
attention only to the one state that yielded data that arguably supported its position. See Marty
Makary, “Covid Confusion at the CDC,” The Wall Street Journal (Sept. 13, 2021), available at
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1205 Filed 11/05/21 Page 16 of 59

https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-coronavirus-breakthrough-vaccine-natural-immunity-
cdc-fauci-biden-failure-11631548306 (last visited Nov. 3, 2021).
54.
The CDC has also claimed that another study, of several thousand patients
hospitalized with “covid-like illness,” demonstrates the superiority of vaccine-achieved immunity.
“Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19 Like Illness,”
CDC (Oct. 29, 2021), available at https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7044e1.htm
(last visited Nov. 3, 2021).
55.
This study is highly problematic for many reasons experts have pointed out, chief
among them that its design meant that it did not actually address the question of whether the covid
recovered benefit from being vaccinated. See Martin Kulldorff, “A Review and Autopsy of Two
COVID
Immunity
Studies,”
Brownstone
Institute
(Nov.
2,
2021),
available
at
https://brownstone.org/articles/a-review-and-autopsy-of-two-covid-immunity-studies/
(last
visited Nov. 3, 2021).
56.
Rather, “the CDC study answers neither the direct question of whether vaccination
or Covid recovery is better at decreasing the risk of subsequent Covid disease, nor whether the
vaccine rollout successfully reached the frail. Instead, it asks which of these two has the greater
effect size. It answers whether vaccination nor Covid recovery is more related to Covid
hospitalization or if it is more related to other respiratory type hospitalizations.” Id.
57.
Kulldorff explains that the Israeli study discussed above, indicating that naturally
acquired immunity provides significantly better protection against reinfection, produced far more
reliable results due to its design. Id.
58.
Indeed, shortly after publishing the results of the study, the CDC (much more
quietly) conceded that “A systematic review and meta-analysis including data from three vaccine
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1206 Filed 11/05/21 Page 17 of 59

efficacy trials and four observational studies from the US, Israel, and the United Kingdom, found
no significant difference in the overall level of protection provided by infection as compared with
protection provided by vaccination; this included studies from both prior to and during the period
in which Delta was the predominant variant.” “Science Brief: SARA-CoV-2 Infection-induced and
Vaccine-induced
Immunity,”
CDC
(Oct.
29,
2021),
available
at
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/vaccine-induced-
immunity.html (last visited Nov. 3, 2021).
59.
In short, contrary to the claims of the CDC and the media, this study did not
establish a valid reason to vaccinate individuals with naturally-acquired immunity. See Joint Decl.
¶ 37; Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 29-31.
60.
The Janssen Vaccine provides immunity protection of somewhere between 66%
and 85%, far below that conferred by natural immunity. Joint Decl. ¶ 16; Noorchashm Decl. ¶ 15.
61.
The Chinese Sinovac Vaccine has been approved by WHO (making it adequate to
satisfy MSU’s policy), which itself determined that this vaccine prevented symptomatic disease in
just 51% of those who received it. See WHO Validates Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency
Use and Issues Interim Policy Recommendations, WHO.INT (June 1, 2021), available at
bit.ly/3yitIW7 (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
62.
Other clinical studies have found that the Sinovac Vaccine offers even lower levels
of protection against infection. For instance, a study of Brazilian healthcare workers determined
a mere 50.39% efficacy in preventing infection. See Elizabeth de Faria et al., Performance of
Vaccination with Coronavac9 in a Cohort of Healthcare Workers (HCW)—Preliminary Report,

9 Sinovac and Coronavac are the same. See WHO, Who Validates Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccine
For Emergency Use, (June 1, 2021), available at https://www.who.int/news/item/01-06-2021-
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1207 Filed 11/05/21 Page 18 of 59

MEDRXIV
(Apr.
15,
2021),
available
at
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/
2021.04.12.21255308v1 (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
63.
Real-world evidence also suggests that the Sinovac Vaccine provides only minimal
protection against the Delta variant. See Alexander Smith, China on ‘High Alert’ as Variant of
Covid-19 Spreads to 5 Provinces, NBCNEWS.COM (July 30, 2021), available at
nbcnews.to/2VcK3NB (last visited Aug. 27, 2021); Chao Deng, As Delta Variant Spreads, China
Lacks Data on Its Covid-19 Vaccines, WALL ST. J. (July 9, 2021), available at
on.wsj.com/3rMjlXW (last visited Aug. 27, 2021); Matt D.T. Hitchings, et al., Effectiveness of
CoronaVac in the Setting of High SARS-Cov-2 P.1 Variant Transmission in Brazil: A Test-
Negative Case-Control Study, THE LANCET (July 25, 2021), available at bit.ly/3C6F41J (last
visited Aug. 26, 2021).
64.
The Sinopharm Vaccine also is from China and is WHO-approved. Although its
reported level of efficacy against symptomatic infection has been reported as reasonably high
(78%), real-world experience has generated severe doubts about the accuracy of that estimate.
Because of the Sinopharm Vaccine’s poor performance, several countries have stopped using it.
See Yaroslav Trofimov & Summer Said, Bahrain, Facing a Covid Surge, Starts Giving Pfizer
Boosters to Recipients of Chinese Vaccine, WALL ST. J. (June 2, 2021), available at
on.wsj.com/3ljM0lX (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
65.
The COVISHIELD vaccine, manufactured by the Serum Institute of India and
South Korea’s SK Bioscience Co., Ltd., is also WHO-approved and thus recognized as adequate
to satisfy MSU’s Policy. The WHO itself reported a mere 70.42% efficacy against symptomatic

who-validates-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-
recommendations (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1208 Filed 11/05/21 Page 19 of 59

COVID-19 infection, which fell to 62.10% in individuals who received two standard doses. See
Recommendation on Emergency Use Listing on COVISHIELD Submitted by SIIPL, WHO (Feb.
26, 2021), available at bit.ly/3rNjnPo (last visited Aug. 26, 2021); Recommendation for an
Emergency Use Listing of AZD1222 Submitted by AstraZeneca AB and Manufactured by SK
Bioscience Co. Ltd., WHO (Feb. 23, 2021), available at bit.ly/3yiQD3s (last visited Aug. 26,
2021). These vaccines have not been approved by the FDA for use in the United States.
66.
Early data also suggests that naturally acquired immunity may provide greater
protection against both the Delta and Gamma variants than that achieved through vaccination. A
recent analysis of an outbreak among a small group of mine workers in French Guiana found that
60% of fully vaccinated miners suffered breakthrough infections compared to zero among those
with natural immunity. Nicolas Vignier, et al., Breakthrough Infections of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma
Variant in Fully Vaccinate Gold Miners, French Guiana, 2021, 27(10) EMERG. INFECT. DIS. (Oct.
2021), available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/10/21-1427_article (last visited Aug. 26,
2021).
67.
In this vein, the CDC recently reported that “new scientific data” indicated that
vaccinated people who experienced breakthrough infections carried similar viral loads to the
unvaccinated (but not naturally immune), leading the CDC to infer that vaccinated people transmit
the virus at concerning levels. See CDC Reversal on Indoor Masking Prompts Experts to Ask,
“Where’s the Data?”, WASHINGTON POST (July 28, 2021), available at wapo.st/2THpmIQ (last
visited Aug. 26, 2021). For example, 74% of cases in a Cape Cod outbreak occurred in vaccinated
individuals, again demonstrating that the vaccines are inferior to natural immunity when it comes
to preventing infection. See Molly Walker, CDC Alarmed: 74% of Cases in Cape Cod Cluster
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1209 Filed 11/05/21 Page 20 of 59

Were Among the Vaxxed, MEDPAGE TODAY (July 30, 2021), available at bit.ly/2V6X3UP (last
visited Aug. 26, 2021).
68.
As Drs. Bhattacharya and Kulldorff have explained, there is no legitimate public-
health rationale for MSU to require proof of vaccination to participate in activities that do not
involve care for high-risk individuals:
Since the successful vaccination campaign already protects the
vulnerable population, the unvaccinated—especially recovered
COVID patients—pose a vanishingly small threat to the vaccinated.
They are protected by an effective vaccine that dramatically reduces
the likelihood of hospitalization or death after infections to near zero
and natural immunity, which provides benefits that are at least as
strong[.] At the same time, the requirement for … proof of vaccine
undermines trust in public health because of its coercive nature.
While vaccines are an excellent tool for protecting the vulnerable,
COVID does not justify ignoring principles of good public health
practice.

Joint Decl. ¶¶ 50-51.
III. COVID-19 VACCINES CAN CAUSE SIDE EFFECTS, INCLUDING SEVERE ADVERSE
REACTIONS

69.
Though the COVID-19 vaccines appear to be relatively safe at a population level,
like all medical interventions, they carry a risk of side effects. Those side effects include common,
temporary reactions such as pain and swelling at the vaccination site, fatigue, headache, muscle
pain, fever, and nausea. More rarely, they can cause serious side effects that result in
hospitalization or death. Joint Decl. ¶¶ 25-26.
70.
The vaccines could cause other side effects that remain unknown at this time due
to their relatively recent development. Joint Decl.¶¶ 26-27.
71.
Put differently, as a matter of simple logic, one cannot be certain about the long-
term effects of a vaccine that has not been in existence for the long term and thus cannot have been
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1210 Filed 11/05/21 Page 21 of 59

studied over a span of years. For that reason, “[a]ctive investigation to check for safety problems
is still ongoing.” Joint Decl. ¶ 26.
IV. PLAINTIFFS HAVE ROBUST NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY TO COVID-19
72.
Jeanna Norris, age 37, is a supervisory Administrative Associate and Fiscal Officer
at MSU. She has been employed at MSU for eight years. Jeanna Norris Declaration (“Norris
Decl.”) ¶ 1 (Attachment D).
73.
Her duties and responsibilities entail approving expenditures, ensuring compliance
with financial policy, developing financial reports and budgets, and approving personnel actions.
Norris Decl. ¶ 2.
74.
Since March of 2020, Ms. Norris has been working remotely. MSU currently has
no timetable for her to return to work in person. Norris Decl. ¶ 4.
75.
Ms. Norris is the stepmother of her husband’s five children, who range in age from
14 to 22. She is the primary breadwinner for the family. Norris Decl. ¶ 3.
76.
On November 19, 2020, Ms. Norris became ill with a severe headache and dry
cough. The following day she developed body aches and pains that reminded her of the flu. Norris
Decl. ¶ 5.
77.
Ms. Norris received a positive COVID-19 Rapid test on November 21, 2020 at
Ouch Urgent Care in Clinton County, Michigan. Norris Decl. ¶ 6.
78.
After approximately four days, Ms. Norris’s symptoms began to abate and her
health condition improved, but her sense of taste and smell disappeared for a full month. Norris
Decl. ¶ 7.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1211 Filed 11/05/21 Page 22 of 59

79.
Ms. Norris received a positive COVID-19 antibody test on August 17, 2021 at
Sparrow Health System, and a second positive COVID-19 antibody test on August 21, 2021 at
LabCorp. Norris Decl. ¶ 8; Noorchashm Decl. ¶ 7(f); Joint Decl. 44.
80.
The test results confirmed that she contracted and recovered from the SARS-CoV-
2 virus. Her recent semi-quantitative antibodies screening test established that her level of immune
protection remains high. Noorchashm Decl. ¶ 13. Indeed, her “spike antibody level is highly
likely to be above the minimum necessary to provide adequate protection against re-infection from
the SARS-CoV-2 virus.” Noorchashm Decl. ¶ 7(g).
81.
Having consulted with Plaintiff and reviewed her lab results, Dr. Noorchashm
concluded that undergoing a full vaccination course would be medically unnecessary, create a risk
of harm to her, and provide insignificant or no benefit either to her or the MSU community.
Noorchashm Decl. ¶ 12.
82.
Plaintiff Kraig Ehm is a video producer for MSU, where he has been employed for
21 years. Oct. 20, 2021 Declaration of Kraig Ehm (“Ehm Decl.”) ¶ 2 (Attachment E).
83.
He was diagnosed with COVID-19 in April of 2021, and antibody tests from
August 21 and October 8, 2021 confirm that he has naturally acquired immunity to the virus. Ehm
Decl. ¶ 3; Bhattacharya Decl. ¶ 25.
84.
Plaintiff Ehm underwent disciplinary proceedings because he has declined to
receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Ehm Decl. ¶ 6. He was terminated on November 3, 2021.
85.
Plaintiff D’Ann Rohrer is an Extension Educator at MSU, where she has worked
for over 6 years. Declaration of D’Ann Rohrer (“Rohrer Decl.”) ¶ 1 (Attachment F).
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1212 Filed 11/05/21 Page 23 of 59

86.
She was diagnosed with COVID-19 in August of 2021, and a serological test from
October 4, 2021 confirmed that she has naturally acquired immunity to the virus. Rohrer Decl. ¶
4; Bhattacharya Decl. ¶ 25.
87.
She has been placed on unpaid leave because she has declined to receive a vaccine.
88.
Plaintiffs have real, substantial, and legitimate concerns about taking a COVID-19
vaccine in light of their natural immunity and the potential for short- and long-term side effects
and potential adverse reactions from the vaccines themselves. Norris Decl. ¶ 15-17; Rohrer Decl.
¶¶ 9, 10; Ehm Decl. ¶ 9.
89.
Dr. Noorchashm explains that substantial scientific literature demonstrates that,
while the COVID-19 vaccines carry the possibility of side effects, as do all medical procedures,
the risk of harm is greater to those who have recovered from the disease. Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶12
-28.
90.
Accordingly, mandating that Plaintiffs receive a COVID-19 vaccine violates the
rules governing medical ethics. Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 8-35.
91.
There are other MSU employees who are similarly situated, e.g., they previously
contracted COVID-19, they have naturally acquired immunity, and they have real, substantial, and
legitimate concerns about taking the COVID-19 vaccine in light of their naturally acquired
immunity and the potential for short- and long-term side effects and potential adverse reactions
from the vaccines themselves.
92.
MSU’s Directive applies equally to employees working on or off campus and thus
Plaintiffs Norris’s, Ehm’s, and Rohrer’s ability to function as class representatives is not
diminished as to class members working on or off campus. many of whom may, from time to time,
also work from home. See also infra at ¶¶ 92-99.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1213 Filed 11/05/21 Page 24 of 59

V. BACKGROUND AND MSU’S IMPOSITION OF A BLANKET VACCINE REQUIREMENT AS PART
OF ITS REOPENING POLICY
93.
MSU is a public research university located in East Lansing, Michigan, in Ingham
County, in the Western District of Michigan.
94.
MSU announced its “COVID Directives” for the Fall 2021 semester via email and
on its website on July 30, 2021 and, and provided a more detailed version on its website on August
5, 2021, which includes FAQ. (Attachments G-I). MSU’s Directives include a vaccine mandate.
95.
The Directive requires all faculty, staff, and students to be fully vaccinated or to
obtain an approved exemption for the Fall 2021 semester. (Attachments G-I).
96.
By August 31, 2021, all faculty, staff, and students must have completed a full
COVID-19 vaccination course or received at least one dose of a two-dose series. Employees and
students also are required to report their vaccine status using an online form. (Attachments G-I).
97.
Those who have not completed a full vaccine course (but only a partial one) by
August 31, 2021 are subject to various restrictions pursuant to the “Early Detection Policy,”
including testing and quarantining requirements. (Attachment H).
98.
MSU accepts all FDA-authorized as well as all WHO-approved vaccines.
(Attachments G-I).
99.
In order to obtain a medical exemption, an individual must demonstrate:
a. A documented anaphylactic allergic reaction or other severe adverse reaction
to any COVID-19 vaccine;
b. A documented allergy to a component of a COVID-19 vaccine;
c. Another documented medical condition that constitutes a disability under the
Americans with Disabilities Act; or
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1214 Filed 11/05/21 Page 25 of 59

d. A limited-term inability to receive a vaccine such as pregnancy or
breastfeeding. (Attachment H).
100.
In its “FAQs” Section pertaining to the Directive, MSU states that the rationale for
its policy is that, inter alia, “new studies demonstrate[] both unvaccinated and vaccinated
individuals can transmit the disease to those who cannot currently be vaccinated, including
children less than 12 years old and immunocompromised individuals” and “new data reveal[s] the
Delta variant can create breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals.” (Attachment I).
101.
Employees who do not comply with the vaccine requirements are subject to
disciplinary action, including termination from the university. (Attachment I).
102.
One of the questions posed in the FAQ section is “I have had COVID-19 in the past
and have laboratory evidence of antibodies. Do I need to be vaccinated?” The answer is “Even
those who have contracted COVID-19 previously are required to receive a vaccine, which provides
additional protection.” (Attachment I). Hence, there is no doubt that MSU does not recognize
natural immunity as a basis for getting a medical exemption.
103.
In response to the question, “[w]hy should I get a vaccine if the delta variant breaks
through the current vaccines,” the webpage states that: “[t]he current vaccines remain highly
effective in preventing hospitalizations, severe disease and death from the delta variant of COVID-
19.” (Attachment I).
104.
Even employees who have arranged to work remotely during the Fall semester must
either be vaccinated or obtain a religious or medical exemption. (Attachment I).
105.
Plaintiffs were forced to file their lawsuit and motions for a temporary restraining
order (“TRO”) and preliminary injunction on a tight timeline because MSU did not announce the
Directive until a mere month before the August 31, 2021 deadline it set for employees to receive
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1215 Filed 11/05/21 Page 26 of 59

the vaccine. (Attachments H-J). Indeed, the email version contained insufficient data from which
remote workers, including Plaintiff Norris, and others similarly situated could conclude whether
or not they were subject to the mandate. Thus, they were only provided with the final version three
weeks before the deadline to receive the vaccine.
106.
Potential litigation by those not wishing to be vaccinated was a prospect that was
or should have been reasonably foreseeable to the Defendants and other agents of MSU.
VI. PLAINTIFF HAS EXPERIENCED, AND WILL CONTINUE TO EXPERIENCE, CONCRETE AND
PARTICULARIZED HARM AS A DIRECT CONSEQUENCE OF MSU’S VACCINE POLICY
107.
Plaintiffs either must receive a COVID-19 vaccine or face disciplinary action,
including loss of employment. Plaintiff Rohrer is in the midst of such disciplinary proceedings,
and Plaintiff Ehm has been terminated. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ personal autonomy is being
infringed, and their constitutional rights violated.
108.
By threatening adverse professional and personal consequences, MSU’s Directive
not only directly and palpably harms Plaintiffs’ bodily autonomy and dignity, but it forces them to
endure the stress and anxiety of choosing between their employment and their health.
109.
Should they give in and get the vaccine due to financial pressure or other concerns
that accompany loss of a job, they will also suffer irreparable harm. As an Illinois court recently
determined:
But what of the December 31, 2021 vaccination requirement? "Obey now,
grieve later" is not possible. If every union member complied and was
vaccinated by December 31 (or otherwise exempt), they would have no
grievance to pursue and there would be no remedy an arbitrator could
award. An award of back pay or reinstatement cannot undo a vaccine.
Nothing can. If that aspect of the City's policy was found to violate the
collective bargaining agreements, the arbitral process could not restore the
parties to their original positions. An award in favor of the police unions
would be an "empty victory." "Obey now, grieve later" would be
transformed into "obey now and forever" -without a meaningful
opportunity to arbitrate. That constitutes irreparable injury.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1216 Filed 11/05/21 Page 27 of 59

Fraternal Order of Police Chicago Lodge No. 7, et. al v. City of Chicago, Case No. 2021 CH
5276, at 3 (Circuit Court of Cook County, Ill.) (Nov. 1, 2021) (internal citations omitted),
available at bit.ly/3mHqCaK (last visited Nov. 3, 2021).
110.
The risk-avoidance benefits that the Directive provides, compared to the
restrictions and intrusive options offered to Plaintiffs, are disproportionate. Similarly, given that
naturally acquired immunity confers equal or greater protection than that provided by the vaccines
(especially with respect to some of the WHO-approved vaccines that MSU considers adequate to
fulfill the Directive’s requirements), the Directive is arbitrary and irrational. There is no indication
that the Directive is tailored to account for its impact on those who have acquired natural immunity.
In fact, official MSU explanations of the Directive specifically refuse to recognize those with
natural immunity as posing different issues and requiring different treatment as compared to
unvaccinated individuals who lack natural immunity.
CLASS ACTION ALLEGATIONS
111.
Class Definition. Plaintiff brings this action on behalf of herself and all others
similarly situated (“the Class”), pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. The Class is
defined as follows:
(i) All MSU employees employed by the University (ii) on or after
August 31, 2021 (the deadline for those employees to become
vaccinated against COVID-19), including employees newly hired,
whether or not they work on campus, at home, or both (iii) who have
naturally acquired immunity demonstrable by antibody testing and
where (iv) application of the Directive will invade their rights of
bodily integrity, coerce or significantly burden their choices, or deny
their rights of informed consent.
112.
For purposes of this Complaint, references to Plaintiffs, because this suit is being
brought as a class action, should be construed as applying to class members even where not
explicitly so stated.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1217 Filed 11/05/21 Page 28 of 59

113.
Numerosity. The exact size of the class is unknown. However, by the end of March
2020, 23% of New Yorkers had COVID-19 antibodies and by February of 2021, 45% of Los
Angeles residents did. See Marty Makary, The Power of Natural Immunity, THE WALL STREET
JOURNAL (June 8, 2015), available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-power-of-natural-
immunity-11623171303 (last visited August 26, 20210). MSU has around 7,365 staff members
and 5,703 faculty, meaning that the size of the class is likely large. Hence, the numerosity
requirement in Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1) is met here.
114.
Commonality. There are multiple questions of law and fact common to the class,
including but not limited to:
a. Whether MSU’s Directive constitutes an unconstitutional infringement on
Plaintiffs’ rights to bodily autonomy and to decline medical treatment under the
Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution;
b. Whether MSU’s Directive creates an unconstitutional condition on the exercise
of Plaintiffs’ constitutionally protected rights; and
c. Whether MSU’s Directive violates Plaintiffs’ federal statutory rights under the
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) statute.
As a result, the commonality requirement of Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2) is met here.
115.
Typicality. Plaintiffs’ claims are typical of the Class, as she has naturally acquired
immunity to COVID-19, as verified by two recent antibodies tests, she is an employee of MSU,
and she objects to the Directive on the grounds that it violates her constitutional and statutory
rights as described above. As a result, the typicality requirement of Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3) is met
here.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1218 Filed 11/05/21 Page 29 of 59

116.
Adequacy of Representation. Plaintiffs will fairly and adequately protect the
interests of the members of the Class. Plaintiffs’ interests are aligned with, and not antagonistic
to, those of the other members of the Class. Additionally, Plaintiffs are seeking identical
declaratory and injunctive relief that would benefit all putative class members. Plaintiffs have also
retained counsel competent and experienced in the prosecution of class-action litigation to
represent herself and the Class. As a result, the adequacy-of-representation requirement of Fed.
R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4) is met here.
117.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2) Class Type. Certification for injunctive and declaratory
relief is appropriate under Rule 23(b)(2) because Defendants have both acted (principally by
mandating that MSU employees receive the vaccines) and refused to act (via their refusal to
recognize natural immunity) on grounds that generally apply to the whole class. This also makes
temporary, preliminary, and permanent injunctive relief appropriate “respecting the class as a
whole.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2).
118.
Class Action Superiority & Efficiency. Additionally, though it is not necessary to
plead as part of a Rule 23(b)(2) class action, class-wide treatment of the common issues presented
by this suit against MSU in a single forum represents a superior means of determining Defendants’
liability to each Class Member than potentially hundreds or thousands of individual lawsuits. As
a result, class-wide adjudication of Defendants’ liability followed by the grant of undifferentiated
declaratory and injunctive relief is the most efficient means of adjudication.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1219 Filed 11/05/21 Page 30 of 59

CLAIMS FOR RELIEF

COUNT I: VIOLATION OF THE RIGHT TO REFUSE UNWANTED
AND MEDICALLY UNNECESSARY CARE

119.
Plaintiffs reallege and incorporate by reference the foregoing allegations as if fully
set forth herein.
120.
MSU’s Directive requires Plaintiffs to take a vaccine without their consent—and
against the expert medical advice of an immunologist—thereby depriving them of their ability to
refuse unwanted medical care.
121.
The Supreme Court has recognized that the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments
protect an individual’s right to privacy. A “forcible injection … into a nonconsenting person’s
body represents a substantial interference with that person’s liberty[.]” Washington v. Harper, 494
U.S. 210, 229 (1990). The common law baseline is also a relevant touchstone out of which grew
the relevant constitutional law. See, e.g., Cruzan v. Dir., Mo. Dep’t of Public Health, 497 U.S. 261,
278 (1990) (“‘At common law, even the touching of one person by another without consent and
without legal justification was a battery’”). See W. Keeton, D. Dobbs, R. Keeton, & D. Owen,
PROSSER AND KEETON ON LAW OF TORTS § 9, pp. 39-42 (5th ed. 1984).); Schloendorff v. Society
of N.Y. Hosp., 211 N.Y. 125, 129-130, 105 N.E. 92, 93 (1914) (Cardozo, J.) (“Every human being
of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body; and
a surgeon who performs an operation without his patient’s consent commits an assault, for which
he is liable in damages.”).
122.
Subsequent Supreme Court decisions have made explicit that the Constitution
protects a person’s right to “refus[e] unwanted medical care.” Cruzan, 497 U.S. at 278; King v.
Rubenstein, 825 F.3d 206, 222 (4th Cir. 2016) (recognizing same).
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1220 Filed 11/05/21 Page 31 of 59

123.
This right is “so rooted in our history, tradition, and practice as to require special
protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.” Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 722 n.17
(1997).
124.
The Court has explained that the right to refuse medical care derives from the “well-
established, traditional rights to bodily integrity and freedom from unwanted touching.” Vacco v.
Quill, 521 U.S. 793, 807 (1997).
125.
To the extent that some courts, including this one, have held otherwise in denying
preliminary injunctions for COVID-19 vaccine mandates, it is worth noting that none have made
it to Courts of Appeals, let alone the Supreme Court. See, e.g., Norris v. Stanley, 1:21 cv 756
(W.D. Mich. Oct. 8, 2021); Kheriaty v. Regents, No. 8:21-cv-01367 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2021).
126.
Furthermore, Jacobson typically is relied upon for the proposition that rational
basis level analysis only applies – generally leading to findings in favor of the Government -- this
is the wrong standard, because Jacobson differed in crucial respects. First of all, as the Court itself
stated, one of the reasons it applied a low level of scrutiny was that the law at issue was the product
of legislative action. See Jacobson, 197 U.S. at 37.
127.
Second, the Court considered the deadliness of smallpox to be pertinent to the
inquiry (and presumably its holding), as it was “an epidemic threatening the safety of all.” Id. at
28. Though COVID-19 is of course a serious disease, it does not present a significant risk to the
vast majority of individuals. That is even more true now that those who wish to do so can get
immunized.
128.
Third, naturally-acquired immunity was not an issue in Jacobson: there was no
contention that Jacobson had survived smallpox and consequently had immunity to it. Finally,
Jacobson was determined during an era in which schools often were segregated and states could
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1221 Filed 11/05/21 Page 32 of 59

ban interracial marriage. It served as one of the justifications for the decision in Buck v. Bell,
allowing the forced sterilization of mentally ill women. Clearly, our concepts of bodily autonomy
have changed since Jacobson, making blind reliance upon it misguided.
129.
Coercing employees to receive a vaccine (whether approved under an EUA or fully
by the FDA) for a virus that presents a near-zero risk of illness or death to them and which they
are exceedingly unlikely to pass on to others because those employees already possess natural
immunities to the virus, violates the liberty and privacy interests that the Ninth and Fourteenth
Amendments protect.
130.
“Government actions that burden the exercise of those fundamental rights or liberty
interests [life, liberty, property] are subject to strict scrutiny, and will be upheld only when they
are narrowly tailored to a compelling governmental interest.” Does v. Munoz, 507 F.3d 961, 964
(2007).
131.
Defendants cannot show that they have a compelling interest in coercing Plaintiffs
or others similarly situated into taking a COVID-19 vaccine, because MSU has no compelling
interest in treating employees with natural immunity any differently from employees who obtained
immunity from a vaccine.
132.
Substantial research establishes that a COVID-19 infection creates immunity to the
virus at least as robust, durable, and long-lasting as that achieved through vaccination.
Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 14-17; Joint Decl. at ¶¶ 15-24; Nabin K. Shrestha, et al., Necessity of
COVID-19 Vaccination In Previously Infected Individuals, MEDRXIV (June 5th, 2021), available
at https://bit.ly/2TFBGcA (last visited Aug. 26, 2021); see also Yair Goldberg, et al., Protection
of Previous SARS-Cov-2 Infection Is Similar to That of BNT162b2 Vaccine Protection: A Three-
Month Nationwide Experience from Israel, MEDRXIV (Apr. 20, 2021), available at
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1222 Filed 11/05/21 Page 33 of 59

https://bit.ly/3zMV2fb (last visited Aug. 26, 2021); Michael Smerconish, Should Covid Survivors
and the Vaccinated Be Treated the Same?: CNN Interview with Jay Bhattacharya, Professor of
Medicine at Stanford University (June 12, 2021), available at https://cnn.it/2WDurDn (last visited
Aug. 26, 2021); Marty Makary, The Power of Natural Immunity, WALL STREET JOURNAL (June 8,
2021), available at https://on.wsj.com/3yeu1Rx (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
133.
In recognition of the highly protective character of natural immunity, the European
Union has recognized “a record of previous infection” as a substitute for any vaccine passport
requirements. Noorchashm Decl. ¶ 38. Even France’s controversial new restrictive mandate on
the ability to participate in daily life focuses on a person’s immunity rather than their vaccine
status—treating natural immunity and vaccine immunity equally. See, e.g., Clea Callcutt, France
Forced to Soften Rules After Coronavirus Green Pass Backlash, POLITICO (July 20, 2021),
available at https://politi.co/3f9AZzS (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
134.
Similarly, the United States requires everyone, including its citizens, to provide
proof of a negative COVID-19 test before returning to the country from abroad. Yet,
documentation of recovery suffices as a substitute, although proof of vaccination does not. See
Requirement of Proof of Negative COVID-19 Test or Recovery from COVID-19 for All Air
Passengers Arriving in the United States, CDC (July 6, 2021), available at https://bit.ly/3yfcJDM
(last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
135.
Recent data from Israel suggests that individuals who receive the BioNTech
Vaccine can pass the virus onto others a mere few months after receiving it, casting doubt on any
claim that the vaccine prevents spread of the virus, or at least any claim that it does so to a greater
extent than natural immunity.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1223 Filed 11/05/21 Page 34 of 59

136.
The blithe statement on MSU’s FAQ page to the effect that vaccinating a naturally
immune individual provides “additional protection”—without citation to any scientific data—does
not establish the validity of a vaccine mandate. As Drs. Bhattacharya, Kulldorff, and Noorchashm
attest, the study from Kentucky that the CDC has touted as substantiating MSU’s proposition has
been both wrongly interpreted and incorrectly portrayed by the media. See Joint Decl. ¶ 37;
Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 29-31; Bhattacharya Decl. ¶¶ 47-48. Furthermore, the study “did not address
or attempt to quantify the magnitude of risk and adverse effects in its comparison groups,”
Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 29-31, as it did not compare vaccinated individuals to COVID-recovered
individuals.
137.
Moreover, the study did not establish that vaccinating the naturally immune confers
a discernable benefit. Although vaccinating naturally immune individuals may raise their antibody
levels, that does not necessarily translated into a clinical benefit either for themselves or for third
parties. “[t]his does not mean that the vaccine increases protection against symptomatic disease,
hospitalizations or deaths.” Joint Decl. ¶ 37. In other words, there is no evidence that vaccinating
naturally immune individuals makes them safer either in terms of their personal health or potential
for infecting others.
138.
Assuming arguendo that vaccinating the naturally immune provides some marginal
benefit, that is not a justification for a mandate that overrides individuals’ rights to make choices
about their own medical care, particularly one that accepts as sufficient to fulfill its requirements
several inferior vaccines such as the Sinovac and Sinopharm. See infra at ¶ 143.
139.
This is particularly so given that vaccines can cause injury, and that the risk is even
greater to those who are COVID-recovered. Put otherwise, the risk-benefit analysis at that point
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1224 Filed 11/05/21 Page 35 of 59

ought to be left to the individual and his or her doctor. Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 21-26; Joint Decl. ¶
28; Decl. of Jayanta Bhattacharya ¶30.
140.
The CDC has also claimed that another study, of several thousand patients
hospitalized with “covid-like illness,” demonstrates the superiority of vaccine-achieved immunity.
“Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19 Like Illness,”
CDC (Oct. 29, 2021), available at https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7044e1.htm
(last visited Nov. 3, 2021). This study is highly problematic for many reasons experts have pointed
out, chief among them that its design meant that it did not actually address the question of whether
the COVID-19 recovered benefit from being vaccinated. See Martin Kulldorff, “A Review and
Autopsy of Two COVID Immunity Studies,” Brownstone Institute (Nov. 2, 2021), available at
https://brownstone.org/articles/a-review-and-autopsy-of-two-covid-immunity-studies/
(last
visited Nov. 3, 2021). Rather, “the CDC study answers neither the direct question of whether
vaccination or Covid recovery is better at decreasing the risk of subsequent Covid disease, nor
whether the vaccine rollout successfully reached the frail. Instead, it asks which of these two has
the greater effect size. It answers whether vaccination nor Covid recovery is more related to Covid
hospitalization or if it is more related to other respiratory type hospitalizations.” Id.
141.
Indeed, shortly after publishing the results of the study, the CDC (much more
quietly) conceded that: “A systematic review and meta-analysis including data from three vaccine
efficacy trials and four observational studies from the US, Israel, and the United Kingdom, found
no significant difference in the overall level of protection provided by infection as compared with
protection provided by vaccination; this included studies from both prior to and during the period
in which Delta was the predominant variant.” “Science Brief: SARA-CoV-2 Infection-induced and
Vaccine-induced
Immunity,”
CDC
(Oct.
29,
2021),
available
at
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1225 Filed 11/05/21 Page 36 of 59

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/vaccine-induced-
immunity.html (last visited Nov. 3, 2021). In short, contrary to (some of) the claims made by the
CDC and the media, these studies do not establish a valid reason to mandate vaccination of
individuals with naturally acquired immunity. See Joint Decl. ¶ 37; Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 29-31.
142.
The State of Michigan’s public policy, as established by the state legislature, has
also traditionally reflected that it lacks any interest in vaccinating persons for a disease to which
they carry antibodies. For instance, the law mandating vaccination of school children explicitly
exempts from the requirements those who can demonstrate existing immunity through serological
testing that measures protective antibodies. MICH. ADMIN. CODE r. 325.176 (2021).
143.
MSU simply has no compelling interest in departing from the State’s typical public
policy in this case. There is no question that Plaintiffs possess natural immunity, given their recent
antibodies screening tests and as confirmed by Drs. Noorchashm and Bhattacharya. Joint Decl. ¶
44; Noorchashm Decl. ¶¶ 7(f), (g), 13; Bhattacharya Decl. ¶ 25.
144.
In addition to MSU’s lack of a valid governmental interest in requiring that already
immune employees get vaccinated, Defendants cannot show that the Directive is narrowly tailored
to a compelling governmental interest.
145.
Any interest that MSU may have in promoting immunity on campus does not
extend to those employees who already have natural immunity—particularly those who can
demonstrate such immunity through antibody screenings. Naturally immune MSU employees are
already as safe to themselves and to other people on campus as vaccinated individuals are, so there
is no justification to force vaccinations on them. Doing so does not make anyone else safer, but it
does subject naturally immune employees to a disproportionate risk of adverse side effects.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1226 Filed 11/05/21 Page 37 of 59

146.
Hence, MSU is trying to exert control over individuals’ personal health decisions,
rather than attempting to promote a legitimate public health aim.
147.
Indeed, MSU’s Directive—likely inadvertently—acknowledges that it lacks a valid
public health basis for its vaccine policy. In explicating the reasoning underlying the Directive on
its “FAQ” page, MSU states that the vaccines are “highly effective in preventing hospitalizations,
severe disease and death from the delta variant of COVID-19.” (Attachment G). Of course, all of
these effects are exclusively individual benefits and not public health benefits.
148.
In other words, MSU does not even pretend that the mandate is truly about
protecting others, since natural immunity also prevents hospitalizations, severe disease and death.
Thus, the Directive infringes on Plaintiffs’ bodily autonomy with no public health justification.
149.
Another ground MSU provides for its Directive is that “new studies demonstrate[]
both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals can transmit the disease to those who cannot
currently be vaccinated, including children less than 12 years old and immunocompromised
individuals” and that “new data reveal[s] the Delta variant can create breakthrough infections in
vaccinated individuals.” (Attachment G).
150.
However, if vaccinated people can also transmit the disease, as MSU concedes, that
only further undercuts any public health rationale for a vaccine mandate. It certainly drives home
the arbitrary, nonsensical nature of MSU’s position that robust, naturally acquired immunity
should not be recognized, while more limited immunity acquired through vaccination should be.
151.
Nor does MSU provide any sound reasoning for the claim that its Directive will
protect those who cannot be vaccinated.
a. First, college campuses are rarely frequented by individuals under 12 years of
age. And vaccinations are now available to children 5-11.
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b. Second, MSU has not provided any information about or otherwise provided
any assurance that it has analyzed the number of immunocompromised people
living and working on campus, rendering this justification flimsy.
c. Finally, as MSU acknowledges, vaccinated individuals can also spread
COVID-19. It is thus unclear just how a vaccine mandate will protect
immunocompromised individuals. Presumably, anyone who cannot receive the
vaccine and is at risk from severe illness already takes measures to protect him
or herself, most likely by working or attending school remotely.
152.
In sum, MSU’s justifications for its Directive are not only speculative, but logically
incoherent.
153.
Another reason the Directive lacks any constitutional validity is that many of the
vaccines that MSU accepts, such as the Janssen, Sinovac, and Sinopharm vaccines are much less
effective in preventing infection, compared to natural immunity. That renders Plaintiffs
significantly less likely to contract or spread the virus than their colleagues who have been
immunized with these inferior vaccines. Yet they are subject to termination while their similarly
situated colleagues, who have received these subpar vaccines, are not.
154.
By failing to tailor its Directive to only those employees who lack immunity, MSU
forces employees like Plaintiffs (and those similarly situated), who have naturally acquired
immunity, to choose between their health, their personal autonomy and their careers.
155.
Plaintiffs have suffered and will continue to suffer damage from Defendants’
conduct. There is no adequate remedy at law, as there are no damages that could compensate
Plaintiffs for the deprivation of her constitutional rights. They will suffer irreparable harm unless
this Court enjoins Defendants from enforcing their Directive against employees with natural
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1228 Filed 11/05/21 Page 39 of 59

immunity. Plaintiffs will also suffer irreparable harm if coerced to in fact take the vaccine, because
there is no way to undo the effects of a vaccine once it has been administered. Any adverse side
effects could be permanent at that point.
156.
Plaintiffs are entitled to a judgment declaring that the Directive violates their
constitutional rights to refuse medical treatment and an injunction restraining Defendants’
enforcement of the Directive.
COUNT II: VIOLATION OF THE UNCONSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS DOCTRINE AND THE
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT’S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS

157.
Plaintiffs reallege and incorporate by reference the foregoing allegations as if fully
set forth herein.
158.
The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides: “nor shall any
state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law … .” U.S. Const.,
amend. XIV, sec. 1.
159.
Unconstitutional conditions case law often references the existence of varying
degrees of coercion. According to that body of law, MSU cannot impair Plaintiffs’ rights to refuse
medical care through subtle forms of coercion any more than it could through an explicit mandate.
See, e.g., Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Mgmt. Dist., 570 U.S. 595 (2013) (“[U]nconstitutional
conditions doctrine forbids burdening the Constitution’s enumerated rights by coercively
withholding benefits from those who exercise them”); Memorial Hosp. v. Maricopa Cty., 415 U.S.
250 (1974) (finding that state residency requirement impinged on the constitutionally guaranteed
right to interstate travel, while lacking a compelling state interest, and thus was unconstitutional).
160.
Plaintiffs possess a liberty interest in their bodily integrity, a property interest in
their careers, and statutory interests in informed consent.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1229 Filed 11/05/21 Page 40 of 59

161.
Unconstitutional conditions claims do not need to establish that a challenged
government policy amounts to coercion. Instead, it is sufficient that the state policy burdens a
constitutional right by imposing undue pressure on an otherwise voluntary choice with a nexus to
the exercise of a constitutional right.
162.
In other words, the presence of some remaining voluntarism after new conditions
are imposed on the exercise of a constitutional right does not stand as a barrier to establishing a
successful unconstitutional conditions claim.
163.
MSU similarly possesses no compelling interest that could justify its defective
Directive that will inevitably result in at least some unwarranted medical intrusions into the bodies
of members of the MSU community.
164.
In Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513 (1958), the Court invalidated a loyalty oath
imposed as a condition for veterans to obtain a state property tax exemption, even though (a)
California citizens were not required to own real property, of course; (b) California veterans could
freely opt not to seek the exemption and simply pay the unadorned tax; (c) California was not even
obligated to provide veterans with the exemption but rather the exemption was a mere privilege.
165.
Here, the analogue of the criminal defendant rights of “transcending value”
referenced in Speiser are the liberty rights of all persons to be free of unconsented-to bodily
intrusions and medical interventions. This means that unconstitutional conditions doctrine and
due process rights combine to invalidate the Directive. That result occurs because MSU has not
and cannot show that the school’s forcing Plaintiffs and those similarly situated to take the vaccine
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1230 Filed 11/05/21 Page 41 of 59

reduces any risk that they will become infected with and spread the virus to MSU students and
personnel.
166.
The Speiser Court found the oath condition a violation of procedural due process,
in part because the burden to establish qualification for the exemption was placed on applicants.
See id. at 522. The question the Supreme Court saw itself deciding was “whether this allocation
of the burden of proof, on an issue concerning freedom of speech, falls short of the requirements
of due process.” Id. at 523.
167.
The Court addressed this question by stating the guiding principle that
Where one party has at stake an interest of transcending value—as
a criminal defendant his liberty—this margin of error is reduced as
to him by the process of placing on the other party the burden of
producing a sufficiency of proof in the first instance …. [But] Due
process commands that no man shall lose his liberty unless the
Government has borne the burden of producing the evidence and
convincing the factfinder of his guilt.

Id. at 525-26.

168.
This is especially true when a government actor couples an unconstitutional
condition with a procedural system stacked against the right-holder, creating a procedural Due
Process violation.
169.
Similar to the California law in Speiser “creat[ing] the danger that … legitimate
utterance will be penalized,” 357 U.S. at 526, the process MSU has established in relation to taking
COVID-19 vaccines poses dangers to Plaintiffs’ health (and thus to their liberty interests) as well
as threatening them with penalties if they do not comply.
170.
Indeed, more so than in Speiser, the factual issues involved in this case are complex.
“How can a claimant … possibly sustain the burden of proving the negative of these complex
factual elements? In practical operation, therefore, this procedural device must necessarily
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1231 Filed 11/05/21 Page 42 of 59

produce a result which the State could not command directly.” Id. There is perhaps no better
encapsulation than the preceding sentence by the Supreme Court of how unconstitutional
conditions doctrine and Due Process can and do intersect and reinforce one another. See also id.
at 529 (“The State clearly has no such compelling interest at stake as to justify a short-cut
procedure which must inevitably result in suppressing protected speech.”).
171.
For these reasons, MSU cannot by means of its Directive effectively flip the burden
of proof and require Plaintiffs and others similarly situated to prove that it is safe for them to
perform their respective jobs while unvaccinated. And setting up such a process, which is what
MSU’s directive does, thereby represents a concurrent procedural due process of law violation
and an unconstitutional condition burdening their liberty interests to be free of unwanted medical
interventions.
172.
Speiser also rests on the mismatch between the loyalty oath California required and
the grant of a property tax exemption to veterans. “[T]he State is powerless to erase the service
which the veteran has rendered his country; though he be denied a tax exemption, he remains a
veteran.” Id. at 528.
173.
In this situation, there is an equally jarring logical incongruity. MSU’s Directive is
terse. It offers no justifications for why the penalties and other restrictions it establishes are
appropriate and tailored to members of the University community who have acquired robust
natural immunity. And the rationales it does offer are not logically coherent. Whatever MSU is
trying to decree through its unconstitutional-conditions sleight of hand, Plaintiff remains a
community member with natural immunity as a matter of pre-Directive fact (just as the Speiser
veterans remained veterans as a matter of pre-tax-law fact), and the existence of such immunity
fully serves the supposed purposes of the public-health protection that MSU says that it is pursuing.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1232 Filed 11/05/21 Page 43 of 59

174.
The proportionality of the Directive is also deficient because it does not seek to
assess the current antibody levels of its targets, something that it is now feasible for medical
science to test.10
175.
The Directive is not a mere initial presumption that vaccination is superior to
natural immunity (a contention that would have to be borne out by the science in any event or else
MSU had no business adopting its Directive) that Plaintiffs can try to overcome.
176.
The Directive is, in essence, a conclusive presumption (and thus a procedural due
process of law violation) that vaccination is required (even as to vaccines of far-lesser efficacy),
unless the risks of the vaccine to a particular recipient warrant a special exception.
177.
But Plaintiffs and others with natural immunity possess equal or higher degrees of
protection than those who took one or more of the various inferior vaccines that MSU accepts and
equivalent levels to those who took the mRNA vaccines approved by the FDA.
178.
MSU has deemed all vaccines to be equally protective in the fictitious presumption
it has established. There is no scientific basis for the suppositions that MSU has built into its
Directive.
179.
For the foregoing reasons, the de facto presumptions the Directive establishes
become another part of MSU’s procedural due process of law violations that run afoul of
unconstitutional conditions doctrine. In short, by allocating burden of proof responsibility to those
with natural immunity like Plaintiffs, coupled with MSU stacking the process deck with

10 Such antibody testing was not possible more than a century ago when Jacobson v. Massachusetts
was decided, as diagnostic antibody testing was not invented until the 1970’s. 197 U.S. 11 (1905)
(upholding a city regulation fining individuals $5 if they refused to take Smallpox vaccine). See
The History of ELISA from Creation to COVID-19 Research, MOLECULAR DEVICES, available at
https://www.moleculardevices.com/lab-notes/microplate-readers/the-history-of-elisa (last visited
Aug. 1, 2021).
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1233 Filed 11/05/21 Page 44 of 59

presumptions that Plaintiffs have shown are scientifically unwarranted, MSU contravenes the Due
Process Clause. See Perry v. Sinderman, 408 U.S. 592, 597 (1972) (holding that the government
“may not deny a benefit to a person on a basis that infringes his constitutionally protected
interests”); Wieman v. Updegraff, 344 U.S. 183, 192 (1952) (“We need not pause to consider
whether an abstract right to public employment exists. It is sufficient to say that constitutional
protection does extend to the public servant whose exclusion pursuant to a statute is patently
arbitrary or discriminatory”).
COUNT III: VIOLATION OF THE SUPREMACY CLAUSE

180. Plaintiffs reallege and incorporate by reference all the foregoing allegations as
though fully set forth herein.
A. The EUA Statute Preempts MSU’s Directive
181. Defendants’ Directive requires Plaintiffs and others similarly situated to receive a
vaccine in order to continue working for MSU without regard to their natural immunity or the
advice of their doctors.
182. Plaintiffs and others must also divulge personal medical information by uploading
it into an online form and are threatened with disciplinary action if they decline to comply with
these arbitrary mandates.
183. The Directive thus coerces or, at the very least, unduly pressures, Plaintiffs and
others like her into getting vaccines that FDA approved only for emergency use.
184. The United States Constitution and federal laws are the “Supreme Law of the Land”
and supersede the constitutions and laws of any state. U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1234 Filed 11/05/21 Page 45 of 59

185. “State law is pre-empted to the extent that it actually conflicts with federal law.”
English v. General Elec. Co., 496 U.S. 72, 79 (1990) (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted).
186. Federal law need not contain an express statement of intent to preempt state law for
a court to find any conflicting state action invalid under the Supremacy Clause. See Geier v.
American Honda, 520 U.S. 861, 867-68 (2000).
187. Rather, federal law preempts any state law that creates “an obstacle to the
accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.” Arizona v. United
States, 567 U.S. 387, 399-400 (2012).
188. The EUA statute mandates informed and voluntary consent. See John Doe No. 1
v. Rumsfeld, No. Civ. A. 03-707(EGS), 2005 WL 1124589, *1 (D.D.C. Apr. 6, 2005) (allowing
use of anthrax vaccine pursuant to EUA “on a voluntary basis”). See also 21 U.S.C.
§ 360bbb-3(e)(1)(A)(ii).
189. It expressly states that recipients of products approved for use under it be informed
of the “option to accept or refuse administration,” and of the “significant known and potential
benefits and risks of such use, and of the extent to which such benefits and risks are unknown.”
Id.
190. Since MSU’s Directive (a state program) coerces Plaintiffs by making enjoyment
of their constitutionally and statutorily protected consent rights contingent upon receiving an
experimental vaccine, it cannot be reconciled with the letter or spirit of the EUA statute. See 21
U.S.C. § 360bbb-3.
191. The conflict between the Directive and the EUA statute is particularly stark given
that the statute’s informed consent language requires that recipients be given the “option to refuse”
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1235 Filed 11/05/21 Page 46 of 59

the EUA product. That is at odds with the Directive effectively forcing Plaintiffs to sustain
significant injury to their career if they do not want to take the vaccine.
192. Put differently, the Directive frustrates the objectives of the EUA process. See
Geier, 520 U.S. at 873 (citing Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67 (1941)).
B. The OLC Opinion Cannot Save MSU’s Directive from Preemption
193. As noted above, OLC made a memorandum available to the public on July 27, 2021
(dated July 6, 2021) opining that the EUA status of a medical product does not preclude vaccine
mandates that might be imposed by either the public or private sectors. See “Memorandum
Opinion for the Deputy Counsel to the President,” Whether Section 564 of the Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act Prohibits Entities from Requiring the Use of a Vaccine Subject to an Emergency Use
Authorization
(July
6,
2021)
(OLC
Op.)
at
7-13,
available
at
https://www.justice.gov/olc/file/1415446/download (last visited Aug.1, 2021).
194. Of course, the separation of powers dictates that this Court is not bound by the OLC
Opinion—an advisory opinion written by the Executive Branch for the Executive Branch. See
Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. Office of Admin., 249 F.R.D. 1 (D.C. Cir. 2008)
(“OLC opinions are not binding on the courts[; though] they are binding on the executive branch
until withdrawn by the Attorney General or overruled by the courts[.]”) (cleaned up).
195. Relatedly, the Justice Department until only recently took a very different approach.
See Attorney General Memorandum, Balancing Public Safety with the Preservation of Civil Rights
(Apr. 27, 2020), available at https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1271456/download (last
visited Aug. 26, 2021, 2021) (“If a state or local ordinance crosses the line from an appropriate
exercise of authority to stop the spread of COVID-19 into an overbearing infringement of
constitutional and statutory protections, the Department of Justice may have an obligation to
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1236 Filed 11/05/21 Page 47 of 59

address that overreach in federal court.”). See also Kevin Liptak, CNN, Biden Jumps Into Vaccine
Mandate Debate as VA Requires Health Workers to Get Vaccinated (July 26, 2021) (“The [new
OLC] opinion marks a reversal from the previous administration. Last year, Attorney General
William Barr used the Justice Department’s legal power to try to fight certain Covid restrictions,
including joining some businesses that sought to overturn state mask mandates.”), available at
cnn.it/37bwAbl (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
196. Moreover, the OLC Opinion is entirely silent on the issue of preemption. As such,
it cannot be read even as offering a potentially persuasive legal view on whether the MSU Policy
is preempted by the EUA statute or not. In light of what this Count pleads, the OLC opinion is a
legal non sequitur.
197. The OLC Opinion is also premised on faulty reasoning. While recognizing that
EUA products have “not yet been generally approved as safe and effective,” and that recipients
must be given “the option to accept or refuse administration of the product,” the Opinion
nevertheless maintains that the EUA vaccines can be mandated. OLC Op. at 3-4, 7.
198. According to OLC, the requirement that recipients be “informed” of their right to
refuse the product does not mean that an administrator is precluded from mandating the vaccine.
All that an administrator must do, in OLC’s view, is tell the recipient they have the option to refuse
the vaccine. Id. at 7-13.11 That facile interpretation sidesteps the fact that the Directive’s (or other
similar policies’) employment consequences effectively coerce or at least unconstitutionally

11 The OLC opinion is as irrelevant to the constitutional questions in this case posed by Counts I
and II as it is to the preemption questions in Count III. For it was no answer in Speiser to the due
process and unconstitutional conditions problems created by California’s property tax exemption
and oath system for the courts to breathe a sigh of relief when the state’s tax authorities could
simply tell veterans applying for the tax exemption that they could just go away and forgo the tax
exemption. The Constitution and the text of congressional statutes cannot be so easily dodged.
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1237 Filed 11/05/21 Page 48 of 59

leverage the MSU community into taking the vaccine, reducing to nothingness both the
constitutional and statutory rights of informed consent. This approach of stating the obvious but
ignoring competing arguments is likely why the Opinion remained mum on the doctrine of
preemption.
199. Recognizing the illogic of the Opinion and its inability to square its construction
with the text of the EUA statute, OLC admits that its “reading … does not fully explain why
Congress created a scheme in which potential users of the product would be informed that they
have ‘the option to accept or refuse’ the product.” Id. at 10. This understatement would be droll
but for the serious rights at stake, especially given that the elephant in the room—which the OLC
Opinion ignores—is the Supremacy Clause and the preemption doctrine that Clause powers. In
truth, Congress called for potential vaccine recipients to be informed precisely so that they could
decide whether to refuse to receive an EUA product. OLC’s obtuse reading of the statute blinks
reality.
200. In other words, nothing in the OLC Opinion addresses the fact that if it were taken
as a blanket authorization for state and local governments to impose vaccine mandates, a vital
portion of the EUA statute’s text would be rendered superfluous. See, e.g., TRW Inc. v. Andrews,
534 U.S. 19, 31 (2001) (“It is a cardinal principle of statutory construction that a statute ought,
upon the whole, to be so construed that, if it can be prevented, no clause, sentence, or word shall
be superfluous, void, or insignificant.”) (cleaned up).
201. Yet, OLC turns around and claims that Congress would have explicitly stated if it
intended to prohibit mandates for EUA products. Id. at 8-9. But Congress did say so. The plain
language states that the recipient of an EUA vaccine must be informed “of the option to accept or
refuse the product.” 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3(e)(1)(A)(ii). Especially when read against the backdrop
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of what the Constitution requires and against the common law rules from which the constitutional
protections for informed consent arose, Congress’s intent to protect informed consent is pellucid.
And Congress “is understood to legislate against a background of common-law … principles,”
Astoria Fed. Sav. & Loan Assn. v. Solimino, 501 U.S. 104, 108 (1991).
202. The EUA statute’s prohibition on mandating EUA products is reinforced by a
corresponding provision that allows the President, in writing, to waive the option of those in the
U.S. military to accept or refuse an EUA product if national security so requires. 10 U.S.C.
§ 1107a(a)(1). That provision would be redundant if consent could be circumvented merely by
telling a vaccine recipient that he or she is free to refuse the vaccine but nonetheless must suffer
various adverse employment consequences violating the unconstitutional conditions doctrine.
203. To circumvent the statutory text about the military waiver, OLC spins out a tortured
argument under which the President’s waiver would merely deprive military members of their
rights to know that they can refuse the EUA product—rather than waiving their rights to actually
refuse the product. OLC Op. at 14-15.
204. Unsurprisingly, OLC’s strained reading runs counter to the Department of
Defense’s understanding of this statutory provision. As the OLC Opinion acknowledges, “DOD
informs us that it has understood section 1107a to mean that DOD may not require service
members to take an EUA product that is subject to the condition regarding the option to refuse,
unless the President exercises the waiver authority contained in section 1107a.” Id. at 16 (citing
DOD Instruction 6200.02, § E3.4 (Feb. 27, 2008)).
205. OLC even acknowledges that its opinion is belied by the congressional conference
report, which also contemplated that 10 U.S.C. § 1107a(a)(1) “would authorize the President to
waive the right of service members to refuse administration of a product if the President
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determines, in writing, that affording service members the right to refuse a product is not
feasible[.]” Id. (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 108-354, at 782 (2003) (Conf. Rep.)).
206. Unlike OLC, this Court must not ignore the plain statutory prohibition on
mandating EUA products. Though released to much fanfare in the media, the Court should
discount the severely flawed OLC Opinion in its entirety, affording it no weight in this litigation.
C. The FDA’s Approval of the Comirnaty Vaccine Does Not Save MSU’s Directive
from Preemption
207. The other defense that we anticipate MSU mounting is premised on the recent FDA
approval of the Comirnaty Vaccine.
208. That the Comirnaty Vaccine has received full FDA approval does not foreclose the
preemption argument presented in this Count, since this approval does not extend to the BioNTech
Vaccine, which is actually available. Indeed, even Pfizer acknowledges that the two vaccines are
“legally distinct.” (Attachment C).
209. The two Pfizer vaccines are legally distinct and include differences. For example,
the two vaccines have different number of ingredients: Comirnaty has eleven (11) ingredients
while Pfizer-BioNTech has just ten (10) ingredients. FDA, Vaccine Information Fact Sheet for
Recipients and Caregivers about COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) and Pfizer-
BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine to Prevent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Aug. 23,
2021), available at https://www.fda.gov/media/151733/download (last viewed Nov. 4, 2021).
210. The approval announcement posted on the FDA’s website reads, “On August 23,
2021, the FDA approved the first COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccine has been known as the
PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, and will now be marketed as Comirnaty, for the prevention
of COVID-19 disease in individuals 16 years of age and older.”
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211. While Pfizer’s Comirnaty approval letter states that its two vaccines share the same
formulation, the FDA concedes that “the products are legally distinct with certain differences . . .”
Id. (emphasis added).
212. To date, no entity has revealed, nor have Plaintiffs been able to obtain, any evidence
indicating what those “certain differences” may be. Despite this, the FDA asserts that the two
formulations can be used interchangeably.
213. For example, in the FDA’s fact sheet for recipients and caregivers, for example, it
reads, “The FDA-approved COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) and the FDA authorized
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) have the same
formulation and can be used interchangeably to provide the COVID-19 vaccination series.” Id.
214. In a press release announcing Pfizer’s collaboration with Brazil’s Eurofarma to
manufacture COVID-19 vaccine doses, Pfizer wrote, “COMIRNATY® (COVID-19 Vaccine,
mRNA) is an FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccine made by Pfizer for BioNTech” and
“PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine has received EUA from FDA.” The press release continued,
stating, “This emergency use of the product has not been approved or licensed by FDA, but has
been authorized by FDA under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) to prevent Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) . . .” Pfizer, Pfizer and BioNTech Announce Collaboration with
Brazil’s Eurofarma to Manufacture COVID-19 Vaccine Doses for Latin America (Aug. 26, 2021),
available at https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-
announce-collaboration-brazils (last visited Nov. 3, 2021).
215. Then, in a September 6, 2021, press release announcing a submittal to a request by
the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to update its Conditional Marketing Authorization
(CMA) for a booster dose, BioNTech–Pfizer’s co-partner in the production of the Pfizer-BioNTech
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1241 Filed 11/05/21 Page 52 of 59

COVID-19 vaccine–clearly states, “The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine has not been
approved or licensed by [FDA]” but has been authorized under an EUA. Press Release, Pfizer
and BioNTech Submit a Variation to EMA with the Data in Support of a Booster Dose of
COMIRNATY®,
BIONTECH
(Sept.
6,
2021),
available
at
https://investors.biontech.de/node/10581/pdf (last visited Nov. 3, 2021).
216. The claim that the two vaccines are interchangeable comes from a Guidance
document, which does not carry force of law and is contradicted by Pfizer’s own reissuance letter.
See Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 587-88 (2000) (“Interpretations such as those in
opinion letters—like interpretations contained in policy statements, agency manuals, and
enforcement guidelines, all of which lack the force of law—do not warrant Chevron-style
deference.”); Appalachian Power v. EPA, 208 F.3d 1015, 1028 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (guidance
documents that agencies treat as de facto law are void because they did not run the notice-and-
comment gauntlet) (setting aside an agency guidance document in its entirety); see also Maple
Drive Farms Ltd. v. Vilsack, 781 F.3d 837, 857 (6th Cir. 2015) (instructing USDA to carefully
consider on remand whether its approach to the term “prior-converted wetlands” ran afoul of
Appalachian Power).
217. The FDA cannot convert a legally distinct product that is available (the BioNTech
vaccine) into a fully approved vaccine (Comirnaty) that is not yet widely available. The FDA, via
a mere guidance document, is improperly trying to establish equivalence between what are two
legally distinct vaccines. That is improper as a general matter of administrative law. It is yet more
improper since it is a maneuver conducted to override federal statutory rights to informed medical
consent.
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218. MSU cannot be permitted to rely on mere FDA-issued guidance documents,
especially not where doing so would vitiate clear statutory rights.
219. Moreover, specifically referring to the Comirnaty Vaccine, Pfizer has admitted that
there “is not sufficient approved vaccine available for distribution to this population in its entirety
at the time of the reissuance of this EUA.” (Attachment C).
220. Since the Comirnaty Vaccine, being the only FDA-approved vaccine, is not
widely available, and certainly is not available to all members of the population, per the
manufacturer’s own admission, the EUA statute’s sphere of preemption continues to apply to
override MSU’s Directive. Worse yet, no publicly released documents from MSU indicate that
MSU has even considered the issue of federal preemption and whether the full approval granted
to the unavailable Comirnaty Vaccine has any significance to the rights of Plaintiffs and the
Class.The federal government, in issuing its own mandate, acknowledges that “Depending on
employees’ locations, they may not have all types of vaccines available to them. Agencies should
encourage employees to plan ahead and allow enough time to receive all required vaccine doses
before the November 8 deadline to have their second shot.” Id.
221. Thus, even if the Comirnaty and BioNTech are factually identical—which it should
be the Government’s burden to establish and which it has not done—MSU cannot show that MSU
employees have access to the Comirnaty. Therefore, they may be forced to take only EUA-
approved vaccines, contravening the informed consent provision of the EUA statute.
D. The Supremacy Clause, the Nuremburg Code, and Related Sources of Law
222. Just as Congress prohibited the federal government from mandating EUA products,
the state governments cannot do so, for the Supremacy Clause dictates that the EUA statute must
prevail over conflicting state law or policy.
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223. Defendants’ Directive is thus preempted by federal law. See U.S. Const. art. VI,
cl. 2; see also Kindred Nursing Ctrs. Ltd P’ship v. Clark, 137 S. Ct. 1421 (2017) (holding that
Federal Arbitration Act preempted incompatible state rule); Hughes v. Talen Energy Marketing,
LLC, 136 S. Ct. 1288, 1297 (2016) (“federal law preempts contrary state law,” so “where, under
the circumstances of a particular case, the challenged state law stands as an obstacle to the
accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress” the state law
cannot survive).
224. For similar reasons, the Directive violates the 1947 Nuremberg Code, a multilateral
agreement between the United States, USSR, France, and the United Kingdom, governing human
experimentation and inspired, of course, by events that took place during the Holocaust. The
Nuremberg Code expressly states that “[t]he voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely
essential” and prohibits experimental treatments on anyone using “force, fraud, deceit, duress,
overreaching, or other ulterior forms of constraint or coercion.” United States Holocaust Museum,
Nuremburg Code, https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-
focus/doctors-trial/nuremberg-code (last visited Aug. 26, 2021) (emphasis added).
225. Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations part 46 is to similar effect. As is the
Helsinki Declaration and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by the
United Nations, to which the United States is a party. See International Covenant on Civil and
Political
Rights,
pt
III,
art.
7,
available
at
https://www.ohchr.org/en/
professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx (last visited Aug. 26, 2021); World Medical Association,
WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human
Subjects, available at https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-
principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/ (last visited Aug. 26, 2021).
Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1244 Filed 11/05/21 Page 55 of 59

226. Defendants’ Directive is invalid pursuant to Article VI, Cl. 2 of the United States
Constitution, and must be enjoined and set aside.

ADDITIONAL LEGAL CLAIMS
227. Plaintiffs have suffered and will continue to suffer damage from Defendants’
conduct. There is no adequate remedy at law, as there are no damages that could compensate
Plaintiffs or class members for the deprivation of their constitutional and statutory rights. They
will suffer irreparable harm—both to their constitutional rights and to their physical well-being if
coerced into taking the vaccine—unless this Court enjoins Defendants from enforcing their
Directive.
228. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides a civil right of action for deprivations of constitutional
protections taken under color of law.
229. Plaintiffs (and those similarly situated) are entitled to declaratory and injunctive
relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because they are being deprived of “rights, privileges, or
immunities secured by the Constitution and laws.” Section 1983 thus supports both Plaintiffs’
constitutional and statutory causes of action against MSU defendants because Section 1983
protects rights “secured by the Constitution and laws.” 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (emphasis added).
230. Likewise, Plaintiffs are entitled to injunctive relief pursuant to Ex parte Young’s
nonstatutory equitable right of action. See Verizon Md., Inc. v. Public Serv. Comm’n of Md., 535
U.S. 635, 648 (2002) (“We conclude that 28 U.S.C. § 1331 provides a basis for jurisdiction over
Verizon’s claim that the Commission’s order requiring reciprocal compensation for ISP-bound
calls is pre-empted by federal law. We also conclude that the doctrine of Ex parte Young permits
Verizon’s suit to go forward against the state commissioners in their official capacities.”).
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231. In sum, Plaintiffs are entitled to a judgment declaring that the Directive violates the
Supremacy Clause and an injunction restraining Defendants’ enforcement of the Directive, since
it is preempted by federal law.
RELIEF REQUESTED
WHEREFORE, Plaintiffs respectfully request that the Court find the Defendants have
committed the violations alleged and described above, and issue in response the following:
A. A declaratory judgment that MSU’s Directive infringes upon Plaintiffs’ constitutionally
protected rights to protect their bodily integrity and autonomy and to refuse unnecessary medical
treatment.
B. A declaratory judgment that MSU’s Directive represents an unconstitutional condition,
especially in light of a set of explicit and implicit procedures that violate the Due Process Clause
of the Fourteenth Amendment.
C. A declaratory judgment that MSU’s Directive is preempted under the Supremacy
Clause because the Policy, a state program, conflicts with the federal EUA Statute; AND

D. Temporary, preliminary and permanent injunctive relief restraining and enjoining
Defendants, their agents, servants, employees, attorneys, and all persons in active concert or
participation with them (see Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)(2)), and each of them, from enforcing coercive
or otherwise pressuring policies or conditions similar to those in the Directive that act to compel
or try to exert leverage on MSU employees with natural immunity to get a COVID-19 vaccine.
E. Plaintiffs seek nominal damages of $1.

Case 1:21-cv-00756-PLM-SJB ECF No. 55, PageID.1246 Filed 11/05/21 Page 57 of 59

JURY DEMAND

Plaintiffs herein demands a trial by jury of any triable issues in the present matter.
November 5, 2021

Respectfully submitted,

/s/ Jenin Younes
Jenin Younes*
Litigation Counsel
Jenin.Younes@ncla.legal
Admitted in this Court
* Admitted only in New York. DC practice
limited to matters and proceedings before
United States courts and agencies.
Practicing under members of the District of
Columbia Bar.

/s/ Harriet Hageman
Harriet Hageman
Senior Litigation Counsel
Harriet.Hageman@ncla.legal
Admitted in this Court

/s/ John Vecchione
John Vecchione
Senior Litigation Counsel
John.Vecchione@ncla.legal
Admitted in this Court

NEW CIVIL LIBERTIES ALLIANCE
1225 19th Street NW, Suite 450
Washington, DC 20036
Telephone: (202) 869-5210
Facsimile: (202) 869-5238

Attorneys for Plaintiff

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First Amended Class Action Complaint — Norris v. Stanley

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