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Home Interactives 91,448 businesses drew from more than one federal relief program

Cross-program matching

91,448 businesses drew from more than one federal relief program

The overlap dataset matches entities across four programs — PPP, EIDL, the Restaurant Revitalization Fund and Shuttered Venue grants. 51,492 of those matched entities touched two programs; 39,956 touched three. Overlap here is an eligibility-and-matching signal recorded in the data, not a claim of fraud about any business.

Search the underlying database: all 91,448 matched recipients, row by row.

Where the overlaps concentrate

Every matched entity by the exact combination of programs it drew from. PPP paired with the Restaurant Revitalization Fund is by far the largest pair; the three-program PPP + RRF + EIDL group is close behind. The last bar is one entity — the only entity in the file that received both a Restaurant Revitalization Fund grant and a Shuttered Venue grant, graded probable rather than high, across three separate ZIP codes. Read it as an unconfirmed match, not a settled one.

Two programs, or three

Of the 91,448 matched entities, most appear in exactly two programs; a large minority appear in three. No entity in the master file matched all four.

Two programs

51,492

56.3% of matched entities

Three programs

39,956

43.7% of matched entities

Grant recipients in the overlap file by the loan programs they were also matched to, drawn to scaleTwo Venn diagrams on one scale. Restaurant Revitalization Fund grantees, 82,885: 42,749 also matched to PPP but not EIDL, 36,927 to both, 3,209 to EIDL but not PPP. Shuttered Venue grantees, 8,562: 4,470 PPP but not EIDL, 3,028 both, 1,064 EIDL but not PPP.Two programsThree programsRRF grantees: 82,885PPPEIDL42,74936,9273,209SVOG grantees: 8,562PPPEIDL4,4701,0643,028

Each circle’s area is proportional to the number of grantees in it, and both diagrams use the same scale. The top diagram is the Restaurant Revitalization Fund grantees in the file, the bottom one the Shuttered Venue grantees; the circles mark which of them were also matched to a PPP loan and to an EIDL loan. The overlap is the three-program group, the rest of each circle a two-program group. Every grantee sits inside at least one circle, because the file contains only entities matched to two or more programs. The one entity matched to both grant programs (PPP + SVOG + RRF) is in neither diagram.

Chart as text
RegionRRF granteesSVOG grantees
PPP, not EIDL (two programs)42,7494,470
PPP and EIDL (three programs)36,9273,028
EIDL, not PPP (two programs)3,2091,064
PPP circle79,6767,498
EIDL circle40,1364,092
All grantees in the diagram82,8858,562
What overlap does and does not mean. Appearing in this file means an entity was matched to another program’s records on normalized business name and state — it does not by itself indicate ineligibility or wrongdoing. Many businesses were lawfully eligible for more than one program. The file is built outward from Restaurant Revitalization Fund and Shuttered Venue grant awardees, so a business that took only PPP and EIDL is not in it — a floor for program stacking, not a full count of it. Matches carry a confidence grade: of the 91,448 rows, 77,155 are graded high, 9,013 probable and 5,280 weak. High means the ZIP codes agreed as well as the name; weak means the name was too short or generic to be distinctive.

In the archive

Sources. Counts recompute from the program-overlap dataset (91,448 matched entities): split by program count, 51,492 / 39,956, the program-combination breakdown and the two drawn-to-scale diagrams. Program names: PPP (Paycheck Protection Program), EIDL (COVID-19 Economic Injury Disaster Loan), RRF (Restaurant Revitalization Fund), SVOG (Shuttered Venue Operators Grant). Overlap is a matching and eligibility signal, per the archive source note, not an adjudicated fraud count. Dataset built through 2026-07-10 and published in the archive’s data releases.

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