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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF GEORGIA
MACON DIVISION
AIR FORCE OFFICER, AIR FORCE NCO,
AIR FORCE SPECIAL AGENT, and AIR
FORCE ENGINEER, on behalf of themselves
and all others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs,
v.
LLOYD J. AUSTIN, III, individually and in
his official capacity as Secretary of Defense;
FRANK KENDALL, III, individually and his
official capacity as Secretary of the Air Force;
and
ROBERT I. MILLER, individually and his
official capacity as Surgeon General of the Air
Force,
Defendants.
CIVIL ACTION NO.
5:22-cv-00009-TES
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER ON MOOTNESS
It’s not likely you’ll be able to find anyone who’s unfamiliar with any of the three
major components that underlie this case and several others like it: religion, the need for
a healthy and ready military force, and the COVID-19 pandemic.
The vaccination mandates put in place by the Secretary of Defense and the
Secretaries of the Military Departments to combat COVID-19 pitted the sincerely held
religious beliefs for some members of the Armed Forces against that second component.
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When these religious beliefs and a healthy and ready military force seemed at odds and
no longer compatible, lawsuits challenging these COVID-19 vaccination mandates
based on protections of the First Amendment and other federal laws began to pop up
on district court dockets across the country. This case is one of them. And, although it
never made its way up to the Supreme Court, the high Court nevertheless addressed an
entanglement of the exact same components in other cases, but now, something’s
different. Now, the Secretary of Defense (albeit a product of explicit legislative direction
from Congress) has rescinded the vaccination mandates. That recission has resulted in
these cases filtering back down to district courts to address whether challenges to them
are moot. Let’s start at the beginning.
BACKGROUND
With the rates of COVID-19 infection continuing to rise around the world and
across the United States, former President Donald Trump declared the COVID-19
outbreak in the United States a national emergency on March 13, 2020. Declaring a
National Emergency Concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak, 85
Fed. Reg. 15,337 (March 13, 2020). On August 24, 2021, in response to COVID-19, the
Secretary of Defense, Lloyd J. Austin, III, issued a mandate requiring vaccination for all
active duty or Ready Reserve members of the Military Departments. [Doc. 38-3]. Ten
days later, the Secretary of the Air Force, Frank Kendall, III, issued a memorandum
directing all Service members in the Department of the Air Force to be fully vaccinated
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by November 2, 2021, “[u]nless exempted.” [Doc. 38-7]. By “September 2021, COVID-19
deaths ha[d] declined by 93 percent, and new COVID-19 hospitalizations ha[d] declined
by 86 percent.” Exec. Order No. 14099, Moving Beyond COVID-19 Vaccination
Requirements for Federal Workers § 1, 88 Fed. Reg. 30,891 (May 9, 2023) (“Revocation
EO”). Still though, not only did the Secretary of the Air Force hold firm in his
responsibility to provide guidance on COVID-19 vaccinations and ensure the full
vaccination of those under his authority, but President Joe Biden issued Executive
Order 14043 directing certain Executive Agencies to “require COVID-19 vaccination for
all Federal [civilian] employees, subject to such exceptions as required by law.” [Doc.
38-8]; [Doc. 2-5]. Candidly, there were Service members actively participating in
COVID-19 clinical trials that were exempt from mandatory vaccination until their
clinical trial’s completion, but the exemptions to vaccination on religious grounds
seemed, for the most part, nothing more than rubber-stamp denials. [Doc. 38-8, p. 6]; see
Air Force Officer v. Austin, 588 F. Supp. 3d 1338, 1343–44, 1348 (M.D. Ga. 2022). Those
seeking a religious exemption had to resort to litigation to protect their religious
liberties.
A month after Robert I. Miller, the Surgeon General of the Air Force, denied
Plaintiff Air Force Officer’s request for religious accommodation, she filed this lawsuit
on January 6, 2022, asking this Court to enjoin enforcement of the COVID-19
vaccination mandates against her. [Doc. 1, ¶ 70]; [Doc. 1, p. 31]; [Doc. 2]; [Doc. 2-16]. On
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February 15, 2022, the Court granted Air Force Officer’s Motion for Temporary
Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction [Doc. 2], and after considering some
scholarly back-and-forth between the parties about Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15’s
allowances, a Second Amended Class Action Complaint [Doc. 84] adding three more
plaintiffs to this lawsuit became the operative pleading. [Doc. 51]; see also [Doc. 83];
[Doc. 133, pp. 12–13]; [Doc. 134, p. 3]. Defendants appealed the preliminary injunction
order to the Eleventh Circuit and soon after moved to dismiss the operative pleading on
numerous grounds under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b) or, alternatively, sever
the newly added plaintiffs under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21. [Doc. 71]; [Doc.
92].
Before the Court could decide those issues, other district courts granted class-
wide relief as to both the military, Doster v. Kendall, No. 1:22-cv-84, 2022 WL 2974733
(S.D. Ohio July 27, 2022), and civilian, Feds for Med. Freedom v. Biden, 581 F. Supp. 3d 826
(S.D. Tex. 2022), vaccination mandates. [Doc. 124, pp. 1–2]; [Doc. 133, p. 13]; see also Feds
for Med. Freedom v. Biden, 63 F.4th 366 (5th Cir. 2023). So, on August 5, 2022, after
discussion with the parties in this case via Telephone Conference, the Court stayed it
unless and until “the protections currently afforded in [Doster] and Feds for Medical
Freedom [were] vacated, reversed, stayed, or significantly altered to interfere with the
relief Plaintiffs contend they are entitled.” [Doc. 124, p. 3]. It wasn’t long until the
Eleventh Circuit did the same thing with Defendants’ appeal of this Court’s preliminary
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injunction order. On August 24, 2022, the Eleventh Circuit stayed the appeal until “after
exhaustion of all appeal rights as to class-wide relief in Doster . . . .” Air Force Officer &
Air Force NCO v. Austin, No. 22-11200 (11th Cir. Aug. 24, 2022), ECF No. 27.
During the pendency of Defendants’ appeal to the Eleventh Circuit, Congress
passed Section 525 of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2023 (“NDAA”) requiring “the Secretary of Defense [to] rescind the mandate that
members of the Armed Forces be vaccinated against COVID-19 pursuant to the
memorandum dated August 24, 2021.” Pub. L. No. 117-263, § 525, 136 Stat. 2395, 2571–
72 (2022). Then, in May 2023, the United States Department of Health and Human
Services determined that based upon the sharp decline in COVID-19 deaths and
hospitalizations, COVID-19 wasn’t “the disruptive force it once was.” See, e.g., U.S.
Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., Fact Sheet: End of the COVID-19 Public Health
Emergency (May 9, 2023), https://perma.cc/VFR4-MLT9. With COVID-19 no longer
presenting a national emergency, President Biden issued Executive Order 14099 on May
9, 2023, revoking the vaccination requirement that had been put in place for the
Department of Defense’s civilian employees. Exec. Order No. 14099, Moving Beyond
COVID-19 Vaccination Requirements for Federal Workers § 1, 88 Fed. Reg. 30,891 (May 9,
2023). Based on these events, the defendants in Doster filed a petition for certiorari
requesting that the Supreme Court essentially unwind the preliminary injunctions as
moot under United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U.S. 36 (1950). See Doster v. Kendall, 54
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F.4th 398, 406 (6th Cir. 2022), reh’g denied, 65 F.4th 792 (6th Cir. 2023) (en banc). The
Supreme Court ordered the requested relief, and in time, the district court in Doster
dismissed the case in its entirety on mootness grounds. Kendall v. Doster, 144 S. Ct. 481
(2023); Doster v. Kendall, No. 1:22-CV-84, 2024 WL 1156426, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 18,
2024). Feds for Med. Freedom is taking a similar course. 144 S. Ct. 480 (2023).
Hopefully by now, you’re starting to see how the trajectory of this case made its
way back to this Court. On June 12, 2024, the Eleventh Circuit found Defendants’
appeal to be moot and remanded Plaintiffs’ case “for further proceedings.” [Doc. 128].
Before turning to the mootness inquiry, the Court pauses to lay out some specifics from
the operative pleading. As the Court briefly mentioned above, when Air Force Officer
filed the Second Amended Class Action Complaint, she added three new plaintiffs—Air
Force NCO, Air Force Special Agent, and Air Force Engineer. See [Doc. 84, ¶¶ 67–90].
Then, collectively, Plaintiffs moved to certify a class for a class-wide preliminary
injunction, but the Court never reached that issue due to the stay put in place on
August 5, 2022. [Doc. 88]; [Doc. 124].
Yes, all of that is important in understanding this case’s long procedural history.
What’s more important, though, is understanding the relief sought by the Second
Amended Class Action Complaint and whether the Court can still award Plaintiffs’
requested relief. In their prayer for relief, Plaintiffs seek prospective remedies through
two main avenues. First, they want a declaratory judgment from the Court that the
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vaccination mandates are—well, “were”—unlawful and violated the First Amendment,
the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and the Administrative Procedures Act. [Doc.
84, pp. 47–48]. And second, they want the Court to enjoin the Secretary of Defense and
the Air Force from enforcing the vaccination mandates or taking any adverse action
against them or any member of their proposed class. [Id.]. Aside from that prospective
relief, Plaintiffs also seek reasonable attorneys’ fees pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988 and 28
U.S.C. § 2412. [Id. at p. 48]. With that, let’s get to the mootness issue.
DISCUSSION
Defendants vehemently contend that the rescission of the COVID-19 vaccination
mandates rendered Plaintiffs’ claims for prospective injunctive relief moot. [Doc. 133,
pp. 16–18]. As Congress directed in passing the NDAA, the Secretary of Defense issued
a memorandum rescinding his catalytic mandate that required COVID-19 vaccination
for all active duty and Ready Reserve members of the Military Departments. Pub. L.
No. 117-263, § 525, 136 Stat. 2395, 2571–72 (2022); see [Doc. 38-3] in connection with [Doc.
126-1]. In his rescission memorandum, issued on January 10, 2023, Secretary Austin
wrote:
Section 525 of the NDAA . . . requires me to rescind the mandate that
members of the Armed Forces be vaccinated against COVID-19, issued in
my August 24, 2021 memorandum, “Mandatory Coronavirus Disease 2019
Vaccination of Department of Defense Members.” I hereby rescind that
memorandum. . . .
No individuals currently serving in the Armed Forces shall be
separated solely on the basis of their refusal to receive the COVID-19
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vaccination if they sought an accommodation on religious, administrative,
or medical grounds. The Military Departments will update the records of
such individuals to remove any adverse actions associated with denials of
such requests, including letters of reprimand. The Secretaries of the Military
Departments will further cease any ongoing reviews of current Service
member religious, administrative, or medical accommodation requests
solely for exemption from the COVID-19 vaccination or appeals of denials
of such requests.
[Doc. 126, p. 2]. This, along with subsequent guidance from the Air Force, the Air Force
Reserve, and the Deputy Secretary of Defense, as well as congressional testimony from
the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel & Readiness, confirms that “there is no
COVID-19 vaccination requirement for Service members or any other Department of
Defense personnel.” See [Doc. 133-1]; [Doc. 133-2, p. 7 (emphasis added)]; Deputy Sec’y
of Def. Memo., Guidance for Implementing Rescission of August 24, 2021 and November 30,
2021 Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Requirements for Members of the Armed Forces at
1 (Feb. 24, 2023), https://perma.cc/8K63-NSSW (“Deputy Sec’y of Def. Memo.”). In short,
the fact that the military and civilian vaccination mandates have been rescinded and no
longer exist serves as the foundation for Defendants’ position that any challenges to
their enforcement are moot. [Doc. 133, 13].
Not so, say Plaintiffs. They argue that their Second Amended Class Action
Complaint paints with a much broader brush—so broad that it actually challenges not
only the COVID-19 vaccine mandates but the broader accommodations policy as it
relates to any vaccine. [Doc. 134, p. 3]. Plaintiffs argue that they “make numerous
allegations challenging the accommodation process itself.” [Id. at p. 6]. As an example,
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Plaintiffs point to their allegation that they “challenge Defendants’ orders, policies, and
actions detailed below, facially for lack of exception for any religious exercise,” but
that’s only half of their allegation. [Id. (quoting [Doc. 84, ¶ 10])]. A more complete
representation of Plaintiffs’ allegation is that they “challenge Defendants’ orders,
policies, and actions detailed below, facially for lack of exception for any religious
exercise, and as applied to [them] in denying their particular requests for religious
accommodation.” [Doc. 84, ¶ 10 (emphasis added)]. Taking what Plaintiffs really alleged
and squaring it against their prayer for relief in their Second Amended Class Action
Complaint, the Court’s not so sure that their operative pleading paints with the broad
brush they hope.
Plaintiffs’ prayer for relief clearly states that their requested relief goes to their
positions that “the [m]andates violate . . . the First Amendment,” that “the [m]andates
violate . . . the Religious Freedom Restoration Act,” that “the [m]andates violate . . . the
Administrative Procedures Act,” and that Defendants should be prohibited “from
enforcing the [m]andates against” them or “taking any adverse action against [them] on
the basis of this lawsuit or any member’s request for religious accommodation related to
the [m]andates.” [Id. at pp. 47–48 (emphasis added)]. To say that Plaintiffs’ Second
Amended Class Action Complaint has all along sought relief with respect to a religious
accommodation for a vaccine other than the ones available for COVID-19 can’t be
squared with any reasonable interpretation. Sure, Plaintiffs make several allegations
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about the Military Departments’ and, more specifically, the Air Force’s existing policies
on religious accommodations and offer their opinion that the existing procedures aimed
at upholding “religious rights protected by federal law and the Constitution [are] both
illusory and insincere.” [Id. at ¶¶ 10–11, 31, 104–06, 183, 192–93, 196, 199, 236, 275, 278];
see also [Doc. 134, pp. 3–4]. Not once, though, in all the allegations and arguments that
led the Court to grant the preliminary injunction in this case did Plaintiffs mention or
whisper—or even hint—that they sought some broader protection from the religious
accommodations policy as it related to anything other than the COVID-19 vaccine.
Clear as a bell, Plaintiffs’ declaratory relief speaks directly to “the [m]andates challenged
in this Complaint.” [Doc. 84, p. 48 (emphasis added)].
Just as Defendants argue, “Plaintiffs do not allege that they have ever sought or
been denied, or that they imminently intend to seek, a religious accommodation for any
other vaccine besides COVID-19.” [Doc. 136, p. 3]. And, even if Plaintiffs (as they argue
they’ve done all along) were challenging the accommodations policy as it applies to
anything other than the COVID-19 vaccine, they failed to explain how any non-COVID-
19 claims are ripe. Again, Plaintiffs have never indicated to this Court that they’ve
asked for a religious accommodation for anything other than the COVID-19 vaccine.
Had Plaintiffs intended to challenge the accommodations process on a broader
spectrum as it relates to some other vaccine, then they would’ve set forth appropriate,
well-pled allegations in the Second Amended Class Action Complaint about that
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vaccine and their specific requests for religious accommodation for it. However, they
limited their Second Amended Class Action Complaint to the COVID-19 vaccination
mandates.
When it comes to why Air Force Officer initiated this lawsuit and why the other
Plaintiffs joined it (because their requests for COVID-19 religious accommodations had
essentially been denied without anyone “considering particular circumstances” as they
relate “to the person”), the Second Amended Class Action Complaint unquestionably
limits relief to religious accommodations “related to the [m]andates.” [Doc. 84, ¶¶ 196,
236]; [Doc. 84, p. 48 (emphasis added)]. What are these mandates, you ask? Well, the
Second Amended Class Action Complaint tells us, quite clearly, that they’re: Secretary
Austin’s mandate “to receive a COVID-19 vaccine”; Secretary Kendall’s mandate “for
all active duty [S]ervice members of the Air Force . . . to be fully vaccinated”; Executive
Order 14043 issued by President Biden; an order from a Deputy Commander of the Air
Force ordering Air Force Officer and Air Force NCO “to receive an initial dose of a
COVID-19 vaccine”; an order from a Commander of the Air Force ordering Air Force
Special Agent “to receive an initial dose of a COVID-19 vaccine”; a mandate issued by
the Deputy Secretary of Defense “for all Department of Defense civilian employees to
be fully vaccinated”; and, finally, another mandate from Secretary Kendall “for all
civilian employees of the Air Force to be fully vaccinated.” [Doc. 84, ¶¶ 30, 38, 40, 42–45,
47]. Yes, that’s a fair number of mandates, but they only related to one thing—
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vaccination against the one virus that’s mentioned more than 100 times in Plaintiffs’
Second Amended Class Action Complaint: COVID-19. See generally [id.].
Plaintiffs’ intent at the outset of this lawsuit was aimed at obtaining court
intervention that would block Defendants from forcing them to receive the COVID-19
vaccine over their sincerely held religious beliefs. In time, they hit their target. And, by
no stretch of the imagination was it a quick or easy target to hit. Plaintiffs had to make
their religious beliefs known to Defendants through the accommodation process, and
that undoubtedly took some time. Nevertheless, the accommodation process of concern
in the Second Amended Class Action Complaint “related to the [m]andates” just
discussed and a Religious Accommodation Request for Immunization Waiver provided
by the Air Force in September 2021. [Id. at ¶ 104]; [Doc. 84, p. 48]. Yes, that waiver may
have “reference[d]” previously existing policies and procedures used by the Air Force
and other Military Departments, but in no uncertain terms within the operative
pleading, Plaintiffs alleged that that “they sincerely believe that the exercise of their
religion prevents them from submitting to injection of any of the presently available
COVID-19 vaccines.” [Doc. 84, ¶¶ 31, 106]; [Doc. 84, ¶ 215 (emphasis added)]; [Doc. 84, ¶
236 (allegation concerning denial of “all religious accommodations” in connection with
“the [m]andates”) (emphasis added)]. On top of that, Plaintiffs go so far as to even allege
that they “do not oppose all vaccinees.” [Doc. 84, ¶ 96]. To say there’s some surprise
vaccine in play that Plaintiffs now oppose and seek another religious accommodation
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just isn’t supported by any of the allegations in their operative pleading.
Of course, Defendants don’t quarrel with Plaintiffs’ allegations about their
sincerely held religious beliefs, but no other vaccine is or has ever been in dispute in this
case. [Id. at ¶¶ 217, 218]; see Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 573 U.S. 682, 686 (2014)
(“The Court’s ‘narrow function . . . is to determine’ whether [a] plaintiff[’s] asserted
religious belief reflects ‘an honest conviction[.]’”) (citation omitted). Therefore, absent
any allegation that Plaintiffs are seeking a religious accommodation for some other
vaccine, there’s no “ripe” basis to assess the Department of Defense’s existing policies
and procedures as they relate to religious accommodations on a broader scale. See
Graham v. Att’y Gen., State of Ga., 110 F.4th 1239, 1245 (11th Cir. 2024) (discussing the
necessity of “concrete allegations” when it comes to whether a court “can give meaning
relief”).
Stating a claim for which relief can be granted requires a plaintiff to assert
“enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory
statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. As Defendants point out, “Plaintiffs
fail to even identify any particular live policy (or other agency action) that they purport
to challenge—either in the [Second Amended Class Action Complaint] or [within] their
mootness briefing.” [Doc. 136, p. 7]. Instead, “Plaintiffs merely refer vaguely to some
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alleged, unidentified ‘broader vaccine accommodations policy.’” [Id. (quoting [Doc. 134,
p. 3])]; see also [Doc. 84, ¶¶ 10–11, 31, 104–06, 183, 192–93, 196, 199, 236, 275, 278]. Set
against the well-known pleading requirements from Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8,
Twombly, and Iqbal, Plaintiffs allegations simply aren’t enough to morph their lawsuit
into something more now that the COVID-19 vaccination mandates have been
rescinded.
To escape any potential adverse effects from how their Second Amended Class
Action Complaint is currently drafted, Plaintiffs requested leave to amend. [Doc. 134, p.
8 n.2]. However, because Plaintiffs “embedded [their] request in [a] brief and did not
file a motion for leave to amend, [their] request for leave to amend [is] not properly
before the [C]ourt.” Advance Tr. & Life Escrow Servs., LTA v. Protective Life Ins. Co., 93
F.4th 1315, 1338 (11th Cir. 2024); Rosenberg v. Gould, 554 F.3d 962, 967 (11th Cir. 2009)
(quoting Posner v. Essex Ins. Co., 178 F.3d 1209, 1222 (11th Cir. 1999)) (“Where a request
for leave to file an amended complaint simply is imbedded within an opposition
memorandum, the issue has not been raised properly.”). The Eleventh Circuit has
consistently affirmed that “[f]iling a motion is the proper method to request leave to
amend a complaint,” and time and time again this Court has strictly held to that
requirement. Advance Tr. & Life Escrow Servs., 93 F.4th at 1338 (citing Chabad Chayil, Inc.
v. Sch. Bd. of Mia.-Dade Cnty., 48 F.4th 1222, 1236 (11th Cir. 2022)); My24HourNews.com,
Inc. v. AT&T Corp., 791 F. App’x 788, 802 (11th Cir. 2019); see, e.g., Blash v. City of
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Hawkinsville and Pulaski Cnty., No 5:17-cv-00380-TES, 2018 WL 3150346, at *11 (M.D. Ga.
June 27, 2018); Adam v. Med. Ctr. of Navicent Health, No. 5:18-cv-00084-TES, 2018 WL
4760502, at *5 (M.D. Ga. Oct. 2, 2018); Gibson v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, No. 5:18-cv-
00465-TES, 2019 WL 4731957, at *5 (M.D. Ga. July 2, 2019); Spivey v. Humphrey, No. 5:21-
cv-00467-TES, 2022 WL 2919272, at *3 n.2 (M.D. Ga. July 25, 2022); Johnson v. Oconee Ctr.
Cmty. Serv. Bd., No. 5:24-cv-00208-TES, 2024 WL 4392378, at *7 (M.D. Ga. Oct. 3, 2024).
Had Plaintiffs properly moved to amend their Second Amended Class Action
Complaint to assert any allegations that there might be some other vaccine that they
don’t want for religious reasons, that could’ve potentially altered the Court’s analysis
and veered its impending discussion on mootness in a different direction. See Fed. R.
Civ. P. 15(a)(2). But, that’s not the course Plaintiffs took.
Thus, there’s no reason for the Court to address whether some completely
unspecified, unforeseen, or unidentified vaccination requirement taken together with
“existing policies and procedures” lurks as a latent violation of Plaintiffs’ sincerely held
religious beliefs. See [Doc. 84, ¶ 31]. Rest assured, the Court is aware of Plaintiffs’
insistence that the similarities between their Second Amended Class Action Complaint
and the operative pleading from a case in another circuit keeps this one alive. [Doc. 134,
pp. 6–10]; First Amended Class Action Complaint, U.S. Navy SEALs 1–26 v. Austin, No.
4:21-cv-01236-O (N.D. Tex. Jan. 24, 2022), ECF No. 84. The Court has thoroughly and
carefully sifted through the SEALs’ operative complaint, but given what’s required in
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the Eleventh Circuit, it finds Plaintiffs’ arguments unpersuasive considering their
Second Amended Class Action Complaint. Even though the court, in a very well-
reasoned opinion, found the SEALs’ claims for injunctive relief to be moot, it also found
that the broader accommodations policy could still “impact issues related to their
service.” See Order, U.S. Navy SEALs 1–26 v. Austin, No. 4:21-cv-01236-O (N.D. Tex.
Feb. 14, 2024), ECF No. 262 at pp. 1, 4–6, 8. However, from the standpoint of a
straightforward application of Eleventh Circuit precedent, the SEALs’ operative
pleading (as well as Plaintiffs’ in this case) lacks an imminent, non-speculative
allegation concerning a non-COVID-19 vaccine mandate that is tied to the broader
accommodations process.
In the Eleventh Circuit, Plaintiffs must present some “reasonable, non-
speculative explanation that the allegedly unlawful action will happen again,” and
“‘allegations of ‘possible future injury’ are not sufficient.” Health Freedom Def. Fund v.
President of United States, 71 F.4th 888, 893 (11th Cir. 2023); Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA,
568 U.S. 398, 409 (2013) (alteration adopted). Binding precedent in the Eleventh Circuit
is clear: “[F]or an injury to suffice for prospective relief, it must be imminent.” Elend v.
Basham, 471 F.3d 1199, 1207 (11th Cir. 2006). Plaintiffs have not made—or properly
moved to make—any allegation that they’re going to be forced to receive some other
vaccine that is an afront to their sincerely held religious beliefs. Thus, there isn’t any
impending injury before this Court. See Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 158 (1990)
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(“A threatened injury must be ‘certainly impending’ to constitute injury in fact.”)
(citations omitted) (cleaned up). What is before the Court, though, is whether Plaintiffs’
concerns about them being forced to receive an available COVID-19 vaccine in
contravention to their sincere religious beliefs are now moot.
“The limited authority vested in federal courts to decide cases and controversies
means that they may no more pronounce on past actions that do not have any
‘continuing effect’ in the world than they may shirk decision on those that do.” FBI v.
Fikre, 601 U.S. 234, 241 (2024) (quoting Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 18 (1998)). It
shouldn’t come as a shock that Plaintiffs and Defendants disagree on whether Plaintiffs’
claims for prospective injunctive relief are moot. Still, because of the preliminary
injunction previously granted by the Court, this case’s procedural history, and the
recission of the vaccination mandates, the Court wants to make clear that two things are
unequivocally certain—still unvaccinated, Plaintiffs never received any dose of a
COVID-19 vaccine and none of their official personnel records contain any adverse
action related to the vaccination mandates. See [Doc. 133-3, Cammon Decl., ¶ 3]. While
such a quick rundown of what’s transpired since before and throughout this case may
be broad and general in nature, Defendants take the position that Plaintiffs’ requested
relief has become moot. [Doc. 133, p. 14].
As the party asserting mootness, Defendants “bear[ ] the burden to establish that
a once-live case has become moot,” and (unrelated to that burden) it is of critical note
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that a plaintiff’s personal interest in the dispute must be maintained at all stages of
litigation. West Virginia v. EPA, 597 U.S. 697, 719 (2022); TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594
U.S. 413, 431 (2021). “Mootness demands that there be something about the case that
remains alive, present, real, and immediate so that a federal court can provide redress
in some palpable way.” Gagliardi v. TJCV Land Tr., 889 F.3d 728, 733 (11th Cir. 2018). If
there are events that take place “subsequent to the filing of a lawsuit or an appeal [that]
deprive [a] court of the ability to give . . . meaningful relief, then the case is moot and
must be dismissed.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 273 F.3d 1330, 1335–36 (11th Cir. 2001).
With that in mind, the Court would simply ask: Since the national emergency is
gone and there are no longer COVID-19 vaccination mandates in place “for Service
members or any other Department of Defense personnel,” what meaningful relief can
the Court really give? [Doc. 133-2, p. 7]. The answer, like the question, is also simple.
None. With no active COVID-19 vaccination mandates, there’s nothing for the Court to
enjoin. Plaintiffs’ efforts to secure prospective injunctive relief “related to the [m]andates”
are moot. See [Doc. 84, pp. 47–48 (emphasis added)]; see City of L.A. v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95,
102, 111 (1983). The national health emergency ended over a year ago and because of
the changed public-health conditions surrounding COVID-19, each and every mandate
requiring vaccination for Plaintiffs has been walked back. Consequently, the specific
relief requested by Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Class Action Complaint no longer
presents redressable claims. Such a conclusion, of course, ushers in the curious thought
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of whether Defendants rescinded those mandates just to avoid litigation on whether
they violated Plaintiffs’ rights under the First Amendment, the Religious Freedom
Restoration Act, or the Administrative Procedures Act.
This brings the Court to Plaintiffs’ argument that just because a party voluntary
ceases a challenged practice, its cessation “does not deprive a federal court of its power
to determine the legality of the practice.” [Doc. 134, p. 6 (quoting City of Mesquite v.
Aladdin’s Castle, Inc., 455 U.S. 283, 289 (1982))]. Stated differently, does an about-face by
a defendant that suspends its challenged conduct after it is sued “automatically moot a
case?” Fikre, 601 U.S. at 241 (quoting Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 568 U.S. 85, 91 (2013)).
No, it doesn’t. See id. That said, where “[t]he only conceivable basis for a finding of
mootness” rests upon a defendant’s voluntary conduct, the burden as to mootness has
been characterized as one that is heavy, stringent, and formidable—but not impossible.
West Virginia, 597 U.S. at 719; Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.,
528 U.S. 167, 189–90 (2000). “[V]oluntary cessation of offensive conduct will only moot
litigation if it is clear that [a] defendant has not changed course simply to deprive [a]
court of jurisdiction.” Sheely v. MRI Radiology Network, P.A., 505 F.3d 1173, 1188 (11th
Cir. 2007) (quoting Nat’l Advert. Co. v. City of Mia., 402 F.3d 1329, 1333 (11th Cir. 2005)).
Where voluntary cessation lends to mootness, “[t]he key inquiry” becomes
whether Plaintiffs can show a “reasonable expectation”—or, as the Eleventh Circuit has
phrased it, a “substantial likelihood”—that Defendants “will reverse course and
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reenact” the rescinded mandates if this lawsuit is terminated. Keohane v. Fla. Dep’t of
Corr. Sec’y, 952 F.3d 1257, 1268 (11th Cir. 2020). This inquiry is examined through three
useful, but non-exclusive factors. Id.; see also Flanigan’s Enters., Inc. of Ga. v. City of Sandy
Springs, 868 F.3d 1248, 1257 (11th Cir. 2017) (en banc)). First, does “the change in
conduct result[ ] from substantial deliberation or is [it] merely an attempt to manipulate
[a court’s] jurisdiction[?]” Keohane, 952 F.3d at 1268 (quoting Flanigan’s Enters., 868 F.3d
at 1257). Within this first factor, it’s important to look at when Defendants rescinded the
mandates and “any explanations . . . which may have motivated” that recission. See id.
Second, courts look to whether Defendants’ “decision to [rescind] the challenged
[mandates] was ‘unambiguous’”—which, in turn, entails an inquiry into whether the
[about-face] is fairly viewed as being ‘permanent and complete.’” Id. And third, have
Defendants consistently maintained their commitment to keeping the COVID-19
vaccination mandates rescinded? Id.
As applied to this case, the fact that Defendants voluntarily rescinded the
COVID-19 vaccination mandates “does not moot [this] case” unless it is “absolutely
clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur.”
Fikre, 601 U.S. at 241; Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 190. The Supreme Court has
emphasized that is a high, high burden, but, again, it’s not impossible to meet. While not
completely dispositive of the issue, Defendants argue that because this case deals with a
government-driven repeal on a nation-wide scale, it’s “almost surely moot.” [Doc. 133,
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p. 15 (quoting Colonel Fin. Mgmt. Officer v. Austin, No. 8:21-CV-2429-SDM-TGW, 2023
WL 2764767, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 3, 2023) (“CFMO”))].
That, of course, goes to the level of deference given to government defendants in
situations like this. Relying on binding Eleventh Circuit precedent, Defendants argue
that because they are government defendants, they can meet the heavy burden of
persuading the Court that their challenged conduct is moot because they formally
rescinded a challenged policy. Keohane, 952 F.3d at 1267–68 (adding that “the repeal of a
challenged statute—or other similar pronouncement” ordinarily “makes it absolutely
clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior . . . could not reasonably be expected to
recur”). If, like here, the challenged policy—or, to put it in terms of this case—
challenged “mandates” are rescinded, then government defendants are given
considerably more leeway than private parties in the presumption that they are unlikely
to resume or resurrect practices that caused them to get sued in the first place. Flanigan’s
Enters., 868 F.3d at 1255, abrogated on other grounds by Uzuegmunam v. Preczewski, 592 U.S.
797 (2021); Troiano v. Supervisor of Elections in Palm Beach Cnty., Fla., 382 F.3d 1276, 1283
(11th Cir. 2004) (“When government laws or policies have been challenged, the
Supreme Court has held almost uniformly that cessation of the challenged behavior
moots the suit.”); Keister v. Bell, 29 F.4th 1239, 1250 (11th Cir. 2022) (“Government
defendants receive the benefit of the doubt in voluntary-cessation cases: When they
voluntarily stop the challenged conduct, a rebuttable presumption arises that they will
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not reengage in it.”), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 1020 (2023); see also Cambridge Christian Sch.,
Inc. v. Fla. High Sch. Athletic Assoc., Inc., --- F.4th ----, 2024 WL 4018866, at *10 (11th Cir.
Sept. 3, 2024) (noting that “government defendants are ‘more likely than private
defendants to honor a professed commitment to changed ways’”).
The Court recognizes Plaintiffs’ position that the Supreme Court’s recent
decision in Fikre secures them a windfall victory that their claims are not moot and that
concerns surrounding governmental deference have evaporated. [Doc. 135, pp. 5–6].
Under their interpretation of Fikre, government defendants are “entitled to no deference
at all.” [Id. at p. 6]. Whether Fikre unwound, abrogated, or disturbed longstanding
binding Eleventh Circuit precedent with respect to governmental deference seems a bit
elusive given the Supreme Court’s narrow focus on what it wants and confirms the
standard for mootness to be. 601 U.S. at 241. Regardless, absent an explicit decision that
clearly overrules binding precedent, this Court is bound to apply binding Eleventh
Circuit precedent as it currently stands. This remains the case “unless and until [any
binding precedent] is [explicitly] overruled or undermined to the point of abrogation by
the Supreme Court or [an] en banc” sitting of the Eleventh Circuit. United States v.
Archer, 531 F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 2008). A district court can’t decide if a Supreme
Court case overruled or abrogated binding circuit precedent—that task rests with the
circuit courts. Until that happens, district courts must apply the current precedent to
which they are bound. It’s that simple.
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With that out of the way, whether governmental deference is waning when it
comes to the voluntary cessation doctrine, the end-all-be-all inquiry is this: “To show
that a case is truly moot, a defendant must prove no reasonable expectation remains that it
will return to its old ways.” Fikre, 601 U.S. at 241 (citations omitted) (emphasis added)
(cleaned up). Parallel that alongside the Eleventh Circuit’s binding precent that “the
repeal of a challenged [mandate]” ordinarily “makes it absolutely clear that the
allegedly wrongful behavior . . . could not reasonably be expected to recur,” and it’s clear
that Fikre underscores what the Eleventh Circuit has long-since held when it comes to
mootness. Keohane, 952 F.3d at 1267–68 (emphasis added). Is the challenged practice
reasonably expected to recur? See Fikre, 601 U.S. at 243. That’s it. That’s the question.
Applying Fikre, Plaintiffs ardently contend that the congressional testimony
relied upon by Defendants works against a mootness finding. [Doc. 135, pp. 5–6]. Yes,
“[t]he future course of the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown” and the Department of
Defense “must maintain its flexibility to adjust policies as needed,” but given the fervor
with which Defendants heeded and obeyed what Congress required through the
NDAA, Defendants have met their admittedly high burden that the mandates of concern
in this case for COVID-19 are not reasonably expected to be reinstated. See Fikre, 601 U.S.
at 243; [Doc. 133-2, p. 8]. Further, to satisfy its heavy burden, Defendants point to not
only the current state of COVID-19 but to the fact that Congress itself required the
rescission when it passed the NDAA. [Doc. 133, p. 25]. Few could reasonably argue that
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the passage of any statute—much less one that eliminated the military’s COVID-19
vaccination requirements—doesn’t demonstrate “substantial deliberation,” showing
that neither the Air Force nor any of the other Military Departments rescinded their
mandates in order to manipulate jurisdiction. Keohane, 952 F.3d at 1268.
Understandably so, Plaintiffs and Defendants just disagree whether there is no
reasonable expectation that “the same kind of COVID-19 vaccination requirement will
be reinstated,” but it can’t be overlooked that “for almost two years now” there hasn’t
been any indication that the COVID-19 vaccination mandates will be reinstated. In this
Court’s opinion, that’s quite persuasive. See Fikre, 601 U.S. at 241; [Doc. 133, pp. 24–25];
[Doc. 142, p. 5]. “The Secretary of Defense . . . complied with Congress’s directive, and
in the months following the rescission memorandum each branch has dutifully
rescinded the COVID-19 vaccination requirement and implemented procedures to
eliminate adverse administrative actions attending a [S]ervice member’s earlier decision
to decline COVID-19 vaccination.” CFMO, 2023 WL 2764767, at *2. More than that,
Defendants point out that “no [C]ommander is authorized to implement . . . a narrower
COVID-19 vaccination requirement without clearance from the Assistant Secretary for
Health Affairs, and any request will only be granted ‘when justified by compelling
operational needs and will be as narrowly tailored as possible.’” [Doc. 133, p. 24];
Deputy Sec’y of Def. Memo. at 2, https://perma.cc/8K63-NSSW. At bottom,
circumstances have (thankfully) changed. And, because of these changes, it’s clear that
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when Congress required agencies of the executive branch to rescind their COVID-19
mandates, Defendants were not attempting to manipulate or evade review by the courts
of the judiciary. See Keohane, 952 F.3d at 1268; see also CFMO, 2023 WL 2764767, at *2
(explaining that voluntary cessation exception does not apply because “[t]he rescission
is ‘unambiguous,’ results from Congress’s constitutional authority and not from an
attempt by the Secretary of Defense to ‘manipulate jurisdiction,’ [and] has resulted in
consistent application . . . .”); Couture v. Austin, --- F. Supp. 3d ----, 2024 WL 1075279, at
*5 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 12, 2024) (finding the lack of new COVID-19-related vaccination
requirements since the recission of the mandates persuasive on the issue of mootness).
“Sometimes, events in the world overtake those in the courtroom, and . . .
complaining part[ies] manage[ ] to secure outside of litigation all the relief [they] might
have won in it. When that happens, a federal court must dismiss the case as moot.”
Fikre, 601 U.S. at 240. That is precisely what has happened here, and the law compels
that exact outcome. Plaintiffs’ claims for prospective injunctive relief as they relate to
the now-rescinded COVID-19 vaccination mandates are moot because Plaintiffs “cannot
be subject to a vaccine requirement that no longer exists.” Robert v. Austin, 72 F.4th 1160,
1164 (10th Cir. 2023). Not to be blunt, but, again, there “is nothing for this Court to
enjoin” as to Plaintiffs or to members of their proposed class. Murray v. Fid. Nat. Fin.,
Inc., 594 F.3d 419, 421 (5th Cir. 2010) (citing Zeidman v. J. Ray McDermott & Co., 651 F.2d
1030, 1045 (5th Cir. 1981) (“As a general principle, a purported class action becomes
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moot when the personal claims of all named plaintiffs are satisfied and no class has
been certified.”); see also Bd. of Sch. Comm’rs of City of Indianapolis v. Jacobs, 420 U.S. 128,
129 (1975) (explaining that “[b]ecause the class action was never properly certified nor
the class properly identified” the decision that the claims of the purported
representative were moot dictated dismissal of the uncertified “class” action as well);
[Doc. 133, p. 19]. And, while “[p]ast exposure to [challenged] conduct does not in itself
show a pending case or controversy regarding injunctive relief if unaccompanied by any
continuing, present injury or real and immediate threat of repeated injury,” that doesn’t
necessarily mean that Plaintiffs’ rights under the First Amendment, the Religious
Freedom Restoration Act, and the Administrative Procedures Act were not violated at
some point. Stanley v. Broward Cnty. Sheriff, 773 F. App’x 1065, 1069 (11th Cir. 2019)
(quoting Cotterall v. Paul, 755 F.2d 777, 780 (11th Cir. 1985)) (emphasis added).
Although it’s since been vacated on mootness grounds by the Eleventh Circuit,
Plaintiffs—for a while—had a temporary (but by no means final) victory when it comes
to injunctive relief. Air Force Officer v. Austin, No. 5:22-cv-00009-TES, 2022 WL 1240856,
at *3 (M.D. Ga. Apr. 27, 2022) (citing Vital Pharms., Inc. v. Alfieri, 23 F.4th 1282, 1298 (11th
Cir. 2022) (W. Pryor, C.J., concurring)); [Doc. 128, p. 2]. So, looking at Plaintiffs’ prayer
for relief, all that remains is their requests for declaratory judgments and reasonable
attorneys’ fees. [Doc. 84, pp. 47–48]. Quickly, to Plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees, if
they believe they are prevailing parties under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 or 28 U.S.C. § 2412, based
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on the Court granting the now-vacated preliminary injunction, they may file an
appropriate motion within the time permitted by this Court’s Local Rules. Common
Cause/Georgia v. Billups, 554 F.3d 1340, 1355–56 (11th Cir. 2009). With that, what’s left?
Not just once, but several times Defendants note that Plaintiffs’ Second Amended
Class Action Complaint speaks purely to declaratory and injunctive relief, making no
mention of a specific request for any type of damages. [Doc. 133, p. 21 (citing [Doc. 84,
pp. 47–48])]. To be sure, Defendants are right, but in Cambridge Christian School, Inc. v.
Florida High School Athletic Association, Inc., the Eleventh Circuit recently confirmed that
“a plaintiff need not plead nominal damages in a First Amendment case to be entitled to
them.” 2024 WL 4018866, at *12 (quoting Familias Unidas v. Briscoe, 619 F.2d 391, 397, 402
(5th Cir. 1980)) (holding that where a plaintiff sought declaratory and injunctive relief
and compensatory damages for a violation of her First Amendment right of association
but could not prove compensable injury, she was “entitled to receive nominal damages”
based on the First Amendment violation alone). In other words, “nominal damages
[may be] appropriate in the context of a First Amendment violation,” even where a
plaintiff “suffers no compensable injury,” and a “violation of a legal right” can “save[ ]
a matter from becoming moot.” KH Outdoor, LLC v. City of Trussville, 465 F.3d 1256, 1261
(11th Cir. 2006) (first quoting Familias Unidas, 619 F.3d at 402; and then quoting Kelly v.
Curtis, 21 F.3d 1544, 1557 (11th Cir. 1994)); cf. Moms for Liberty – Brevard Cnty., Fla. v.
Brevard Pub. Schs., --- F.4th ----, 2024 WL 4441302, at *7 (11th Cir. Oct. 8, 2024) (quoting
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Keister, 29 F.4th at 1251).
That said, however, an award of even nominal damages would mean that the
Court had to rule on whether the mandates that required COVID-19 vaccination over
Plaintiffs’ sincerely held religious beliefs were unlawful. Now, with the COVID-19
vaccination mandates rescinded, any opinion as to their constitutionality would be
impermissible. “If a lawsuit is mooted by subsequent developments, any decision a
federal court might render on the merits of [the] case would constitute an
[impermissible] advisory opinion.” Nat’l Advert. Co., 402 F.3d at 1332. As tempting as it
may be for the Court to author a lengthy missive detailing its many thoughts on what
appeared to be nothing more than a sham of a religious accommodations process for the
mandates requiring vaccination against COVID-19, it must suppress the urge. After all,
such a missive would be nothing more than one concerning moot issues. See St. Pierre v.
United States, 319 U.S. 41, 42 (1943) (“A federal court is without power to decide moot
questions or to give advisory opinions which cannot affect the rights of the litigants in
the case before it.”).
Even assuming the Court could speak to the constitutionality or legality of the
mandates that once required vaccination (absent an approved accommodation) for all
active duty or Ready Reserve members of the Military Departments and, in turn, award
nominal damages against Defendants, Plaintiffs face clear sovereign immunity hurdles.
Plaintiffs appear to concede these hurdles as they offered nothing in response to
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Defendants’ arguments on the topic—opting instead to only discuss their many well-
reasoned positions for why their claims aren’t moot. See, e.g., [Doc. 38-3]; see also [Doc.
135]; [Doc. 140]. The Court just sees it differently. Still, though, “[u]nder settled
principles of sovereign immunity, the United States, as sovereign, is immune from suit,
save as it consents to be sued,” and, as Defendants contend, Plaintiffs have failed to
plead any waiver of sovereign immunity that would allow them to collect damages
against them. United States v. Dalm, 494 U.S. 596, 608 (1990); [Doc. 133, p. 21].
With respect to the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment there is no
“implied damages remedy.” [Doc. 133, p. 21 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675)]. “In Bivens
[v.Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971)]—
proceeding on the theory that a right suggests a remedy—[the Supreme Court]
‘recognized for the first time an implied private action for damages against federal
officers alleged to have violated a citizen’s constitutional rights.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675
(quoting Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 66 (2001)). However, the Supreme
Court has long-since “declined to extend Bivens to a claim sounding in the First
Amendment,” and, in their Second Amended Class Action Complaint, Plaintiffs set
forth no other conduit through which relief could’ve been provided for Defendants’
alleged constitutional misstep. Id. (citation omitted); see also Ivey v. Paulson, 222 F. App’x
815, 820 (11th Cir. 2007) (“[T]he Constitution does not waive sovereign immunity in a
suit for damages.”); Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 19–20 (1980) (noting that Congress, in
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amending the Federal Tort Claims Act, “made it crystal clear that [it] views” the Federal
Tort Claims Act and Bivens “as parallel, complementary causes of action”).
As for the Religious Freedom Restoration Act and the Administrative Procedures
Act, neither waive sovereign immunity when it comes to a plaintiff’s efforts in seeking
money damages against the United States. See Davila v. Gladden, 777 F.3d 1198, 1210
(11th Cir. 2015); see also 5 U.S.C. § 702. “Congress did not unequivocally waive its
sovereign immunity in passing” the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and the
Administrative Procedures Act only provides “judicial review” of “agency action” in
“actions . . . seeking relief other than money damages.” Davila, 777 F.3d at 1210; 5 U.S.C. §
702 (emphasis added). Again, considering the recission of the COVID-19 vaccination
mandates and the sovereign immunity issues in this case with respect to even nominal
damages, there’s nothing left for the Court to consider or determine to award some
form of meaningful relief. See Al Najjar, 273 F.3d at 1335–36.
CONCLUSION
The recission of the mandates requiring vaccination against COVID-19 based on
“th[e] progress” made against the surge of COVID-19 removes from this Court’s
consideration any live, justiciable claim on which it may pass. See Revocation EO § 1; see
also [Doc. 126, p. 2]. Further, without any glimmer of a reasonable expectation that
Defendants will revive the rescinded COVID-19 vaccination mandates or enact similar
ones, there’s no relief available to Plaintiffs or to the members of their uncertified,
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putative class members. Therefore, Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Class Action Complaint
[Doc. 84] is DISMISSED as moot and all pending motions are DENIED for that reason
as well. See [Doc. 88]. Plaintiffs are reminded that if they believe they’re entitled to
reasonable attorneys’ fees, an appropriate motion must be filed within 14 days from the
entry of judgment by the Clerk of Court “unless otherwise provided by statute.” LR.
54.1, MDGa. The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to ENTER Judgment and CLOSE this
case.
SO ORDERED, this 11th day of October, 2024.
S/ Tilman E. Self,
TILMAN E. SELF, III, JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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