Court filing
Change of plea hearing transcript — U.S. v. Butziger (D.R.I.)
Filed May 24, 2022 in U.S. v. Butziger; one of 4 filings from this case.
Record facts
| Court | U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island |
|---|---|
| Filed | 2022-05-24 |
U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island · No. 1:20-cr-00072-MSM-LDA · Doc. 48 · 2022-05-24 · Docket on CourtListener
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF RHODE ISLAND
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C.R. NO. 20-72-MSM
*
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA *
*
VS. *
SEPTEMBER 18, 2020
*
10:00 A.M.
DAVID BUTZIGER *
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
VIA VIDEOCONFERENCE
BEFORE THE HONORABLE MARY S. McELROY,
DISTRICT JUDGE
(Arraignment and Change of Plea Hearing)
APPEARANCES:
FOR THE GOVERNMENT: LEE VILKER, AUSA
U.S. Attorney's Office
50 Kennedy Plaza
Providence, RI 02903
FOR THE DEFENDANT: JOHN L. CALCAGNI, III, ESQ.
Law Office of John L. Calcagni, III
72 Clifford Street, Ste. 300
Providence, RI 02903
Court Reporter:
Karen M. Wischnowsky, RPR-RMR-CRR
One Exchange Terrace
Providence, RI 02903
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18 SEPTEMBER 2020 -- 10:00 A.M.
VIA VIDEOCONFERENCE
THE COURT: I apologize for starting a little
bit late this morning. I had a few difficulties
logging on, as I at times do. So I apologize. But
we're here this morning in the criminal action of the
United States of America versus David Butziger, and
it's criminal -- it's Criminal Action 20-72.
Can I have counsel identify themselves for the
record.
MR. VILKER: Yes. Good morning, your Honor.
Lee Vilker for the United States.
MR. CALCAGNI: Good morning. John Calcagni on
behalf of David Butziger.
THE COURT: And good morning, Mr. Butziger.
THE DEFENDANT: Good morning.
THE COURT: Have you discussed with your
attorney what we're doing here today?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I have.
THE COURT: Okay. And you understand why you're
here?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do.
THE COURT: Okay. I am going to proceed now to
the arraignment on your one-count Indictment. Okay?
And that's dated August 26th, 2020. Have you looked
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over that with your attorney and discussed it with him?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I have.
THE COURT: Okay. And before I tell you about
the charge in that Indictment, I'm going to tell you
about some of the rights that you have. And they're
important, so if you have a question or a concern, let
me know; and you can speak to your attorney at any time
in a separate, private room if you have any questions.
Okay?
THE DEFENDANT: Okay.
THE COURT: All right. First, you have the
right to remain silent, and that means that you're not
required to make any statements or say anything to
anyone in this matter. Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do.
THE COURT: But if you choose to make a
statement or you start to make a statement, you also
have the right to stop at any time.
THE DEFENDANT: Okay.
THE COURT: And if you do speak, anything that
you say could be used against you. Do you understand
that right to remain silent as I've explained it to
you?
THE DEFENDANT: I do.
THE COURT: All right. You also have the right
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to counsel at every step of the proceedings. You have
the right to hire counsel of your own choice or, if you
cannot afford counsel, you may apply to the Court and
the Court will appoint counsel for you. Do you
understand that right?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do.
THE COURT: Is Mr. Calcagni Court appointed in
this matter?
THE DEFENDANT: No, he's not.
THE COURT: Okay. So you've retained
Mr. Calcagni.
THE DEFENDANT: I have.
THE COURT: Okay. And in speaking to
Mr. Calcagni, have you discussed the fact that you're
appearing here remotely as opposed to in person?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, he's explained it to me.
THE COURT: Okay. And do you understand that
this is -- obviously, you know, we're in the middle of
a pandemic. I think unless you've lived under a rock,
you know that; but the Court is doing things in a way
that it wouldn't necessarily do them under, you know,
normal conditions.
And some of the things we're doing is we're
doing hearings like this remotely; but you have the
right to be present in court, in person, to be
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arraigned and enter a plea. Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: I do.
THE COURT: And have you discussed that with
Mr. Calcagni?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I have.
THE COURT: And under the Court's emergency
orders, we're allowing people to waive that right to be
present to protect you, to protect the court staff, to
protect the attorneys and the public. Do you
understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do.
THE COURT: And have you discussed with
Mr. Calcagni your right to appear in person, and have
you decided to give that up or waive it and appear here
via Zoom?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, that is correct.
THE COURT: Okay. Mr. Calcagni, any concern or
objection to him appearing and handling this proceeding
remotely?
MR. CALCAGNI: No.
THE COURT: Thank you. Okay. So Mr. Calcagni
is here to give you advice at every critical stage.
Okay? Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: And you also have the right to have
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him present any time a representative of the Government
is questioning you. To exercise that right, you simply
say, "I want my lawyer," or "my attorney." Do you
understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: I do.
THE COURT: So you understand your right to
counsel?
THE DEFENDANT: Uh-huh.
THE COURT: Okay. So you're here because the
United States has brought an Information against you
charging you with conspiracy to commit bank fraud. Is
that correct?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: And that's how you understand that;
right?
THE DEFENDANT: Yeah.
THE COURT: Okay. Mr. Calcagni, have you and
your client each received a copy of the Information?
MR. CALCAGNI: Yes, we have.
THE COURT: Okay. And have you reviewed the
charges and the elements of those charges with your
client?
MR. CALCAGNI: Yes, I have, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. And do you believe that he
understands the nature of those charges?
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MR. CALCAGNI: Yes.
THE COURT: Okay. Mr. Butziger, do you have any
questions about those charges?
THE DEFENDANT: No, I do not, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. And you understand that the
Government is charging you with one count of conspiracy
to commit bank fraud, and they're indicating that --
hang on -- that beginning on or about April 26th, 2020,
and continuing through April 27th, 2020, in the
District of Rhode Island and elsewhere, that you, David
Butziger, together with David Staveley, knowingly and
unlawfully combined, conspired and agreed together with
each other to commit bank fraud by knowingly executing
and attempting to execute a scheme, an artifice, to
defraud Bank Newport and to obtain money, funds, assets
and other property owned by and under the custody and
control of Bank Newport by false representations,
presentations, pretenses and promises.
Do you understand that?
MR. VILKER: Your Honor, before that -- I think
the beginning day of the conspiracy is April 6th. I
think your Honor may have misspoken.
THE COURT: What did I say? I apologize.
MR. VILKER: I think you said April 26th, if I
heard you correctly.
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THE COURT: I apologize. So do you understand
with that caveat that it's April 6th through the 27th?
Do you understand that that's the allegation that the
Government has brought against you?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: And do you have any questions about
the charge?
THE DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: Okay. So I understand from the plea
agreement that you have decided to waive your right to
a grand jury presentation of this case; and I have a
copy of your signed Waiver of Indictment, which I'm
going to kind of hold up to the camera so that you can
see it. Can you see that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I can.
THE COURT: Okay. Sometimes it's easier to see
on Zoom than it is in the big courtroom, frankly, for
those of us who are a little older.
Okay. Has your attorney, Mr. Calcagni,
explained the right to Indictment by grand jury to you?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. And has he answered any
questions that you have?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, he has.
THE COURT: Do you understand that you would, in
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any criminal case, have the right to be indicted by a
grand jury, which is a group of 12 citizens who --
which is a group of citizens, more than 12, of whom 12
must find probable cause to believe a crime has been
committed in order for you to be indicted? Do you
understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. And that if you -- if they
don't find that, if they find there's not enough
evidence or fewer than 12 find that, then there
wouldn't be a charge against you; but if you waive your
Indictment, you give up the chance that the grand jury
would not return an Indictment. Do you understand
that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. And based on my explanation
but, more importantly, your discussion with
Mr. Calcagni, is it still your decision that you wish
to give up your right to be indicted by a grand jury in
this case?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. And apart from the plea
agreement, did anyone make any threats or promises to
induce you to waive your right to Indictment by the
grand jury?
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THE DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: Okay. So I find your waiver of
right to Indictment by grand jury is made voluntarily
and knowingly. I have the waiver form, and I accept
the written waiver, and I will sign it and enter it
into the case file.
I understand that you entered into a plea
agreement with the Government which states your intent
to pled guilty; is that correct?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: So we're now going to proceed to the
change of plea, and I believe that Ms. Potter will
swear you in. Okay? So this is done under oath. Do
you understand that, Mr. Butziger?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: Do you have any questions?
THE DEFENDANT: No, I do not.
THE COURT: Okay.
(Defendant sworn)
THE CLERK: Please state your name and spell
your last name for the record.
THE DEFENDANT: David Butziger, B-U-T-Z-I-G-E-R.
THE COURT: Mr. Butziger, you are now under
oath. Do you understand what that means?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do, your Honor.
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THE COURT: Okay. And so in a simple, you know,
form, it means that anything that you say from this
point forward is something that you're swearing to the
truth of.
And so when you do that, if you are later found
to be -- to have been lying, then you could be charged
with a separate crime for a false statement or perjury.
Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. You understand that the
charge against you as I just went over it is the one
charge that the Government is presenting; correct?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: Okay. And -- I'm sorry. Okay. And
you have certain obligations under the plea agreement
which your attorney has -- has your attorney gone over
this with you, the plea agreement in this case?
Again, I'm going to hold it up to the camera so
you can see it.
THE DEFENDANT: Yes. Yes, he has.
THE COURT: It's multiple pages, but it appears
to have your signature at the end. Do you understand
that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do, your Honor.
THE COURT: And is that the document that you
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went over and discussed with your attorney?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: Okay. And you have some obligations
under this agreement as does the Government. Did
Mr. Calcagni discuss that with you?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, he did, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. And so you already did the
first thing, which is waiving or giving up your right
to presentation of this case to the grand jury and
agreeing to the filing of the one-count Information
which charges you under 18 U.S.C. Section 1349 with
conspiracy to commit bank fraud. Okay?
And then the second part of that is that you're
agreeing to plead guilty to that charge. Do you
understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. And I'm going to ask the
Government -- do you understand what it means to give
up the -- to plead guilty to a charge?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. Has anybody threatened you in
any way or made any promises that are not contained in
this to get you to plead guilty to this charge?
THE DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: Okay. So by pleading guilty to this
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charge, do you -- let me go back. How old are you,
Mr. Butziger?
THE DEFENDANT: Fifty-two.
THE COURT: And how far did you go in school?
THE DEFENDANT: Some college.
THE COURT: Okay. Have you been treated
recently for any mental illness or addiction to
narcotic drugs?
THE DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: And are you currently under the
influence of any drugs or alcohol of any kind?
THE DEFENDANT: No, I'm not.
THE COURT: And do you feel that you understand
the charge and the nature of the charge that the
Government has brought against you?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Was Mr. Calcagni able to answer any
questions that you had and address any concerns that
you had?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, thoroughly.
THE COURT: And are you fully satisfied with the
representation that Mr. Calcagni has provided in this
case?
THE DEFENDANT: Absolutely.
THE COURT: Okay. So is it your decision to
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plead guilty because you think that is in your best
interest?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. Mr. Vilker, what are the
maximum penalties in this case? You're muted,
Mr. Vilker.
MR. VILKER: Sorry about that, your Honor.
THE COURT: That's okay.
MR. VILKER: The maximum penalties for the one
count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud are 30 years'
imprisonment, five years of supervised release, a
$1 million fine and a $100 special assessment.
THE COURT: Okay. Do you understand that,
Mr. Butziger, those are the maximum penalties that the
Court could impose in sentencing you on this charge?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: And you discussed that with your
attorney as well?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I did.
THE COURT: Okay. And did you talk to
Mr. Calcagni about the Federal Sentencing Guidelines
generally, how they work and how the Court goes about
determining a sentence in any given case?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I have.
THE COURT: Okay. I want you to -- I'm going to
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ask Mr. Vilker to place the facts that the Government
would prove on the record, and I'm going to ask you to
listen very carefully because at the end I'm going to
ask if you agree and admit to those facts. Okay?
THE DEFENDANT: Okay.
MR. VILKER: Thank you, your Honor. This
Defendant, David Butziger, and his co-conspirator,
David Staveley, conspired to defraud Bank Newport and
the Small Business Administration by submitting false
and fraudulent loan applications under the federal
Paycheck Protection Program, which is known as the PPP.
The PPP was enacted by Congress in March of this
year as part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and
Economic Security Act designed to provide emergency
financial assistance to millions of Americans who are
suffering the economic effects caused by the COVID-19
pandemic.
The PPP program authorized billions of dollars
in forgivable loans, that is, loans that would be
repaid to the banks by the Government instead of being
repaid by the borrower, to small businesses for the
purposes of job retention.
Mr. Butziger and Mr. Staveley conspired to
submit four different PPP loan applications to Bank
Newport in April of 2020. In each of these
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applications, Mr. Butziger and Mr. Staveley falsely
represented that different businesses had significant
numbers of employees and large monthly payrolls when
they did not.
First, on or about April 6th of 2020,
Mr. Staveley, in the name of his brother, Greg Sanborn,
submitted a loan application under the PPP to Bank
Newport on behalf of Oakland Beach Restaurant Group
LLC, doing business as Top of the Bay.
The loan application was in the amount of
$185,750 and fraudulently represented that Oakland
Beach Restaurant Group had 26 employees and an average
monthly payroll of $53,000 at the Top of the Bay
restaurant in Warwick.
In truth, although Mr. Staveley had been in
negotiations to purchase the Top of the Bay restaurant,
he never did so and he had no -- neither he nor
Mr. Butziger had any employees there or any payroll
whatsoever.
On or about April 14th of 2020, Mr. Staveley
submitted to Bank Newport an IRS Form 941 in support of
the PPP application of Oakland Beach Restaurant Group.
That form fraudulently listed wages for Oakland Beach
Restaurant Group to be $158,723.52 for the first
quarter of 2020 when, in truth and in fact, no wages
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were paid whatsoever in this period.
Mr. Butziger knowingly created this false and
fraudulent 941 form that Mr. Staveley then submitted to
Bank Newport.
On April 6th, 2020, Mr. Staveley, in the name of
his brother, Greg Sanborn, submitted a loan application
under the PPP to Bank Newport on behalf of Apponaug
Restaurant Group LLC, doing business as Remington
House.
The loan application was in the amount of
$144,050 and fraudulently represented that Apponaug
Restaurant Group LLC had 18 employees and an average
monthly payroll of $46,000 at the Remington House
restaurant in Warwick.
In truth and in fact, the Remington House
restaurant had been closed since November of 2018 and
Apponaug Restaurant Group LLC had no employees
whatsoever.
On April 10th of 2020, Mr. Staveley submitted to
Bank Newport a 941 form in support of a PPP application
for Apponaug Restaurant Group. That form fraudulently
listed the wages for Apponaug Restaurant Group LLC to
be $138,000 for the first quarter of 2020 when, in
truth, no wages were paid whatsoever in this period.
Mr. Butziger knowingly created this false and
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fraudulent 941 form, and Mr. Staveley submitted it to
Bank Newport.
Also on October -- excuse me, also on or about
April 6th of 2020, this Defendant, David Butziger,
submitted a loan application under the PPP to Bank
Newport in his own name on behalf of an unincorporated
entity that he called Dock Wireless.
That loan application was in the amount of
$105,381.50 and fraudulently represented that Dock
Wireless had seven employees and an average monthly
payroll of $42,152.50. In truth and in fact, Dock
Wireless had no employees whatsoever and no wages were
paid by Dock Wireless.
On April 13th, 2020, this Defendant, David
Butziger, submitted to Bank Newport an IRS Form 941 in
support of his PPP application for Dock Wireless. That
form fraudulently provided that Dock Wireless had paid
six employees a total of $126,500 during the first
quarter of 2020 when, in truth and in fact, no wages
were paid.
Finally, on April 6th of 2020, Mr. Staveley, in
the name of his brother, Greg Sanborn, submitted a loan
application under the PPP to Bank Newport on behalf of
New Flat Penny LLC, doing business as On the Trax,
which was a restaurant that was operating in Berlin,
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Massachusetts.
The loan application was in the amount of
$108,777.50 and fraudulently represented that New Flat
Penny LLC had 22 employees and an average monthly
payroll of $36,000. In truth and in fact, although New
Flat Penny did own and operate the On the Trax
restaurant in 2019 and the beginning of 2020, the On
the Trax restaurant was closed permanently on or about
March 10th, 2020, after its liquor license was revoked.
New Flat Penny LLC had no employees at all when the PPP
application was submitted.
Those are the facts of the case, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. Thank you, Mr. Vilker.
Mr. Butziger, did you hear everything that
Mr. Vilker just put on the record?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I did.
THE COURT: And did you understand everything
that he said?
THE DEFENDANT: I did.
THE COURT: Okay. You did or you did not?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I did.
THE COURT: Oh, okay. Before I ask you for your
plea, there's a couple more things we need to go over
with you.
First, I'm going to go through the rights that
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you as a Defendant have, and I want to make sure that
you understand those rights because you're giving them
up when you plead guilty. Okay?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: So if you have any questions or
don't understand something, please let me know. This
is important. Okay? All right.
You have the right to plead not guilty and
persist in that plea to trial. You have the right to a
trial before a jury or by a judge sitting without a
jury if you chose to do that. Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. At trial you'd be presumed
innocent of the charges against you; and the
Government, Mr. Vilker, would be required to prove your
guilt by a standard that we call proof beyond a
reasonable doubt, which is a fairly high standard. Do
you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. At the trial you'd have the
right to be represented by counsel. Mr. Calcagni would
be there, and you would have the right to see and hear
all of the witnesses who would testify against you and
have them cross-examined by your attorney. Do you
understand that?
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THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Now, at a trial you'd also have the
right to testify on your own behalf or -- if you wanted
to do that or to not testify, and the fact that you
chose not to testify could never be used against you.
Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: You'd also have the right to call
witnesses, use the power of the Court to obtain
documents or other items to present in your defense;
and by pleading guilty, entering a plea of guilty in
this case, you're giving up all of those rights. Do
you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Do you have any questions about
those rights?
THE DEFENDANT: No, I do not.
THE COURT: Okay. One of the things that I did
not ask you or did not tell you is that when you plead
guilty to a felony case in Federal Court, you could
have potential immigration consequences if you're not a
citizen of the United States.
Have you discussed any of that with
Mr. Calcagni, and do you have any concerns about that
at this time?
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THE DEFENDANT: I have discussed it, and I have
no concerns.
THE COURT: Okay. The Federal Sentencing
Guidelines are something that the Court uses to begin
its analysis to determine sentencing. Have you
discussed that with Mr. Calcagni?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. So they are advisory, which
means that they make recommendations that the Court
needs to consult, but they're not mandatory. So the
Court doesn't have to follow them exactly. Do you
understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. That means I'm required to
give them some consideration, and that means that the
sentence that you receive could be within those
guidelines or it could be higher or lower. Do you
understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. If the sentence is higher
than you thought it was going to be or higher than the
guideline range that you expected, you can't take back
your plea of guilty once you enter it today. Do you
understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
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THE COURT: Okay. And in this case we don't
know the guideline range. I'm sure Mr. Calcagni has
given you an estimate, but probation will go through a
presentencing process and do an analysis of your
guidelines which Mr. Calcagni and the Government will
have an opportunity to review and determine if they
agree with and object to; but the Court ultimately
decides what guidelines are appropriate in your case.
Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. Now, in some circumstances
the Government or you can appeal a sentence that's
given. In this case, in your plea agreement you've
given up your right or waived your right to appeal the
sentence if it's within or below the guideline range,
whatever that is. Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. Is there anything else
that -- anything else from the Government?
MR. VILKER: I didn't think that Mr. Butziger --
I wasn't sure that he actually admitted the facts. I
knew you would get to that.
THE COURT: Because I did it backwards,
Mr. Vilker. That's my apology. We will get to that.
Mr. Butziger, so a couple minutes ago Mr. Vilker
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went through a rendition of the facts for the record in
this case, and you acknowledged that you had heard them
and understood them.
Do you agree and admit that those are the facts
that the Government could prove if this case were to go
to trial?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. How do you wish to plead to
the charge against you in this case, guilty or not
guilty?
THE DEFENDANT: Guilty, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. It's the finding of this
Court in the case of the United States versus Butziger
that the Defendant is fully competent and capable of
entering an informed plea and that he is aware of the
nature of the charges against him and the consequences
of his plea.
His plea of guilty is knowing and voluntary and
supported by an independent basis in fact containing
each of the essential elements of the plea -- of the
offense. His plea is, therefore, accepted; and he's
hereby adjudged guilty of that offense.
We're going to schedule sentencing for
December 18th at --
THE CLERK: 10 a.m.
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THE COURT: -- 10 a.m. And between now and
then, Mr. Butziger, you will have an opportunity to
speak with probation, to review their probation --
probation's sentencing report and to discuss it with
your attorney.
I wish I could tell you that we would either be
in person or on Zoom, but I just don't know at this
time. Okay? So we'll figure it out between now and
then.
There's no change in bail status, I'm assuming.
Correct?
MR. VILKER: That's correct, your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. So I wish you well. Stay
well, everyone, stay healthy, and we will see you one
way or another somewhere around December 18th.
Is there anything else, Mr. Calcagni?
MR. CALCAGNI: No, your Honor. Thank you very
much.
THE COURT: Thank you. Okay.
(Adjourned)
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C E R T I F I C A T I O N
I, Karen M. Wischnowsky, RPR-RMR-CRR, do
hereby certify that the foregoing pages are a true and
accurate transcription of my stenographic notes in the
above-entitled case.
May 23, 2022
Date
/s/ Karen M. Wischnowsky________________
Karen M. Wischnowsky, RPR-RMR-CRR
Federal Official Court Reporter
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