Exhibit 13: WHO Essential Medicines List (Ivermectin) — Apter v. HHS (S.D. Tex.)

Record facts

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas (Galveston Division) · No. 3:22-cv-00184 · Doc. 12-13 · 2022-08-08 · Docket on CourtListener

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Exhibit 13
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WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 
© World Health Organization 2021  
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Suggested citation. World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List, 2021. Geneva: World 
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
Explanatory notes 
The core list presents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health-care system, listing the most 
efficacious, safe and cost–effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the 
basis of current and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and cost-effective 
treatment. 
 
Where the [c] symbol is placed next to an individual medicine or strength of medicine on the core list it 
signifies that there is a specific indication for restricting its use to children. 
 
The complementary list presents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic 
or monitoring facilities, and/or specialist medical care, and/or specialist training are needed. In case of 
doubt medicines may also be listed as complementary on the basis of consistent higher costs or less 
attractive cost-effectiveness in a variety of settings.  
 
Where the [c] symbol is placed next to an individual medicine or strength of medicine on the 
complementary list it signifies that the medicine(s) require(s) specialist diagnostic or monitoring facilities, 
and/or specialist medical care, and/or specialist training for their use in children. 
 
The square box symbol () is intended to indicate therapeutic alternatives to the listed medicine that may 
be considered for selection in national essential medicines lists. Alternatives may be individual medicines, 
or multiple medicines within a pharmacological class or chemical subgroup, defined at the 4th level of the 
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, which have similar clinical effectiveness and safety. 
The listed medicine should be the example of the class or subgroup for which there is the best evidence 
for effectiveness and safety. In some cases, this may be the first medicine that is licensed for marketing; in 
other instances, subsequently licensed compounds may be safer or more effective. Where there is no 
difference in terms of efficacy and safety data, the listed medicine should be the one that is generally 
available at the lowest price, based on international drug price information sources. Not all square box 
listings are applicable to medicine selection for children. A square box is not used to indicate alternative 
generic brands of the same small molecule medicines, nor alternative biosimilars of biological medicines. 
However, the selection and use of quality-assured generics and biosimilars of essential medicines at 
country level is recommended. 
 
National lists should not use a similar symbol and should be specific in their final selection, which would 
depend on local availability and price.  
 
The a symbol indicates that there is an age or weight restriction on use of the medicine; details for each 
medicine can be found in Table 1.1. 
 
The presence of an entry on the Essential Medicines List carries no assurance as to pharmaceutical 
quality. It is the responsibility of the relevant national or regional drug regulatory authority to ensure that 
each product is of appropriate pharmaceutical quality (including stability) and that, when relevant, different 
products are interchangeable. 
 
For recommendations and advice concerning all aspects of the quality assurance of medicines see the 
WHO website https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/standards-and-
specifications/norms-and-standards-for-pharmaceuticals/guidelines/quality-assurance  
 
Medicines and dosage forms are listed in alphabetical order within each section and the order of listing 
does not imply preference for one form over another. Standard treatment guidelines should be consulted 
for information on appropriate dosage forms. 
 
The main terms used for dosage forms in the Essential Medicines List can be found in Table 1.2. 
 
Definitions of many of these terms and pharmaceutical quality requirements applicable to the different 
categories are published in the current edition of The International Pharmacopoeia. 
https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-
standards-for-pharmaceuticals/pharmacopoeia.  
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
page 1 
1. ANAESTHETICS, PREOPERATIVE MEDICINES AND MEDICAL GASES 
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen 
1.1.1 Inhalational medicines 
halothane  
Inhalation. 
isoflurane  
Inhalation. 
nitrous oxide 
Inhalation. 
oxygen 
Inhalation (medical gas).  
1.1.2 Injectable medicines 
ketamine 
Injection: 50 mg/mL (as hydrochloride) in 10 mL vial. 
 propofol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- thiopental 
Injection: 10 mg/mL; 20 mg/mL. 
1.2 Local anaesthetics 
 bupivacaine 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Injection: 0.25%; 0.5% (hydrochloride) in vial.  
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 0.5% (hydrochloride) in 
4 mL ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution. 
 lidocaine 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) in vial. 
Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 5% (hydrochloride) in  
2 mL ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution. 
Topical forms: 2% to 4% (hydrochloride). 
lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline)  
Dental cartridge: 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:80 000. 
Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride or sulfate) + epinephrine 1:200 000 
in vial. 
Complementary List 
ephedrine 
Injection: 30 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 1 mL ampoule. 
(For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension). 
1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures 
atropine 
Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1 mL ampoule. 
 midazolam 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Injection: 1 mg/mL. 
Oral liquid: 2 mg/mL [c]. 
Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg. 
morphine 
Injection: 10 mg (sulfate or hydrochloride) in 1 mL ampoule. 
 
 
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
page 2 
1.4 Medical gases 
oxygen* 
Inhalation  
For use in the management of hypoxaemia. 
*No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of 
neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation. 
2. MEDICINES FOR PAIN AND PALLIATIVE CARE 
2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) 
acetylsalicylic acid 
Suppository: 50 mg to 150 mg. 
Tablet: 100 mg to 500 mg. 
ibuprofen a 
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL. 
Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg. 
a Not in children less than 3 months. 
paracetamol* 
Oral liquid: 120 mg/5 mL; 125 mg/5 mL. 
Suppository: 100 mg. 
Tablet: 100 mg to 500 mg. 
*Not recommended for anti-inflammatory use due to lack of proven 
benefit to that effect. 
2.2 Opioid analgesics 
codeine 
Tablet: 30 mg (phosphate). 
fentanyl* 
Transdermal patch: 12 micrograms/hr; 25 micrograms/hr; 50 
micrograms/hr; 75 micrograms/hr; 100 micrograms/hr 
*For the management of cancer pain 
 morphine  
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- hydrormorphone 
- oxycodone 
Granules (slow release; to mix with water): 20 mg to 200 mg 
(morphine sulfate). 
Injection: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate) in 1 mL 
ampoule. 
Oral liquid:  
Tablet (slow release): 10 mg to 200mg (morphine hydrochloride or 
morphine sulfate).  
Tablet (immediate release): 10 mg (morphine sulfate). 
Complementary list 
methadone* 
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg (hydrochloride) 
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL; 10 mg/5 mL (hydrochloride) 
Concentrate for oral liquid: 5 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL (hydrochloride) 
*For the management of cancer pain. 
 
 
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
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2.3 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care 
amitriptyline 
Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg; 75 mg.  
cyclizine [c]  
Injection: 50 mg/mL. 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
dexamethasone  
Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 mL.  
Tablet: 2 mg [c]; 4 mg. 
diazepam  
Injection: 5 mg/mL. 
Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 mL. 
Rectal solution: 2.5 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg. 
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg. 
docusate sodium 
Capsule: 100 mg.  
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. 
fluoxetine a  
Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg (as hydrochloride). 
a > 8 years. 
haloperidol 
Injection: 5 mg in 1 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 2 mg/mL. 
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 2mg; 5 mg. 
hyoscine butylbromide 
Injection: 20 mg/mL. 
hyoscine hydrobromide [c]  
Injection: 400 micrograms/mL; 600 micrograms/mL. 
Transdermal patches: 1 mg/72 hours. 
lactulose [c]  
Oral liquid: 3.1 to 3.7 g/5 mL. 
loperamide  
Solid oral dosage form: 2 mg. 
metoclopramide 
Injection: 5 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL. 
Solid oral form: 10 mg (hydrochloride). 
midazolam 
Injection: 1 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL. 
Oral liquid: 2mg/mL [c]. 
Solid oral dosage form: 7.5 mg; 15 mg. 
 ondansetron  a 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- dolasetron 
- granisetron 
- palonosetron 
- tropisetron 
Injection: 2 mg base/mL in 2 mL ampoule (as hydrochloride). 
Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 mL. 
Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base. 
a > 1 month. 
senna 
Oral liquid: 7.5 mg/5 mL.  
 
 
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
page 4 
3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS 
dexamethasone 
Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule. 
epinephrine (adrenaline) 
Injection: 1 mg/mL (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1 mL 
ampoule. 
hydrocortisone 
Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial. 
 loratadine* 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- cetirizine 
- fexofenadine 
Oral liquid: 1 mg/mL. 
Tablet: 10 mg. 
*There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications 
(EMLc). 
 prednisolone 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- prednisone 
 
Oral liquid: 5 mg/mL [c]. 
Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg. 
4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS 
4.1 Non-specific 
charcoal, activated 
Powder. 
4.2 Specific 
acetylcysteine 
Injection: 200 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 10% [c]; 20% [c]. 
atropine 
Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1 mL ampoule. 
calcium gluconate 
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 
methylthioninium chloride  
(methylene blue) 
Injection: 10 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 
naloxone 
Injection: 400 micrograms (hydrochloride) in 1 mL ampoule. 
penicillamine 
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg. 
potassium ferric hexacyano-ferrate(II) -2H2O 
(Prussian blue) 
Powder for oral administration. 
sodium nitrite 
Injection: 30 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 
sodium thiosulfate 
Injection: 250 mg/mL in 50 mL ampoule. 
Complementary List 
deferoxamine 
Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial. 
dimercaprol 
Injection in oil: 50 mg/mL in 2 mL ampoule. 
fomepizole 
Injection: 5 mg/mL (sulfate) in 20 mL ampoule or 1 g/mL (base) in 
1.5 mL ampoule. 
sodium calcium edetate  
Injection: 200 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule. 
succimer 
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg. 
 
 
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
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5. ANTICONVULSANTS/ANTIEPILEPTICS 
carbamazepine 
Oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL. 
Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 200 mg. 
Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg. 
diazepam 
Gel or rectal solution: 5 mg/mL in 0.5 mL; 2 mL; 4 mL tubes. 
lamotrigine* 
Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg. 
Tablet (chewable, dispersible): 2 mg; 5 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg; 
200 mg. 
*For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or 
generalized seizures. 
 lorazepam 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- diazepam (injection) 
- midazolam (injection) 
 
Injection: 2 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule; 4 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule.  
magnesium sulfate* 
Injection: 0.5 g/mL in 2 mL ampoule (equivalent to 1 g in 2 mL; 50% 
weight/volume); 0.5 g/mL in 10 mL ampoule (equivalent to 5 g in 10 
mL; 50% weight/volume). 
*For use in eclampsia and severe pre-eclampsia and not for other 
convulsant disorders. 
midazolam 
Solution for oromucosal administration: 5 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL. 
Ampoule*: 1 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL. 
*For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal 
administration is not available. 
phenobarbital  
Injection: 200 mg/mL (sodium). 
Oral liquid: 15 mg/5 mL. 
Tablet: 15 mg to 100 mg. 
phenytoin 
Injection: 50 mg/mL (sodium) in 5 mL vial. 
Oral liquid: 25 mg to 30 mg/5 mL.* 
Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (sodium). 
Tablet (chewable): 50 mg. 
*The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the 
same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and 
should be avoided. 
valproic acid (sodium valproate)*  
*Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-
bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are 
ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of 
birth defects and developmental disorders in children 
exposed to valproate in the womb. 
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL. 
Tablet (crushable): 100 mg. 
Tablet (enteric-coated): 200 mg; 500 mg. 
 
 
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
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Complementary List 
ethosuximide 
Capsule: 250 mg. 
Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL. 
valproic acid (sodium valproate)* 
*Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls 
of child-bearing potential, unless alternative 
treatments are ineffective or not tolerated 
because of the high risk of birth defects and 
developmental disorders in children exposed to 
valproate in the womb. 
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 4 mL ampoule; 100 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 
6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES 
6.1 Anthelminthics 
6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics 
albendazole 
Tablet (chewable): 400 mg. 
ivermectin 
Tablet (scored): 3 mg. 
levamisole 
Tablet: 50 mg; 150 mg (as hydrochloride). 
mebendazole 
Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg. 
niclosamide 
Tablet (chewable): 500 mg. 
praziquantel 
Tablet: 150 mg; 600 mg. 
pyrantel 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/mL (as embonate or pamoate). 
Tablet (chewable): 250 mg (as embonate or pamoate). 
6.1.2 Antifilarials 
albendazole 
Tablet (chewable): 400 mg. 
diethylcarbamazine 
Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg (dihydrogen citrate). 
ivermectin 
Tablet (scored): 3 mg. 
6.1.3 Antischistosomals and other antitrematode medicines 
praziquantel 
Tablet: 600 mg. 
triclabendazole 
Tablet: 250 mg. 
Complementary List 
oxamniquine* 
Capsule: 250 mg. 
Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL. 
*For use when praziquantel treatment fails. 
6.1.4 Cysticidal medicines 
Complementary List 
albendazole 
Tablet (chewable): 400 mg. 
mebendazole 
Tablet (chewable): 500 mg. 
praziquantel 
Tablet: 500 mg; 600 mg. 
 
 
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
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6.2 Antibacterials 
To assist in the development of tools for antibiotic stewardship at local, national and global levels and to reduce antimicrobial 
resistance, the Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics was developed – where antibiotics are classified 
into different groups to emphasize the importance of their appropriate use. 
ACCESS GROUP ANTIBIOTICS  
This group includes antibiotics that have activity against a wide range of commonly encountered susceptible pathogens while 
also showing lower resistance potential than antibiotics in the other groups. Selected Access group antibiotics are 
recommended as essential first or second choice empiric treatment options for infectious syndromes reviewed by the EML 
Expert Committee and are listed as individual medicines on the Model Lists to improve access and promote appropriate use. 
They are essential antibiotics that should be widely available, affordable and quality assured. 
 
WATCH GROUP ANTIBIOTICS  
This group includes antibiotic classes that have higher resistance potential and includes most of the highest priority agents 
among the Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine and/or antibiotics that are at relatively high risk of selection 
of bacterial resistance. These medicines should be prioritized as key targets of stewardship programs and monitoring. 
Selected Watch group antibiotics are recommended as essential first or second choice empiric treatment options for a limited 
number of specific infectious syndromes and are listed as individual medicines on the Model Lists. 
RESERVE GROUP ANTIBIOTICS  
This group includes antibiotics and antibiotic classes that should be reserved for treatment of confirmed or suspected 
infections due to multi-drug-resistant organisms. Reserve group antibiotics should be treated as “last resort” options. 
Selected Reserve group antibiotics are listed as individual medicines on the Model Lists when they have a favourable risk-
benefit profile and proven activity against “Critical Priority” or “High Priority” pathogens identified by the WHO Priority 
Pathogens List, notably carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae. These antibiotics should be accessible, but their use 
should be tailored to highly specific patients and settings, when all alternatives have failed or are not suitable. These 
medicines could be protected and prioritized as key targets of national and international stewardship programs involving 
monitoring and utilization reporting, to preserve their effectiveness.  
 
 
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6.2.1 Access group antibiotics 
amikacin 
Injection: 250 mg/mL (as sulfate) in 2 mL vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− High-risk febrile neutropenia  
− Pyelonephritis or prostatitis (severe)  
SECOND CHOICE 
− Sepsis in neonates and children [c] 
amoxicillin 
 
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium) in vial. 
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL (as trihydrate) [c]. 
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1g (as trihydrate). 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Community acquired pneumonia (mild 
to moderate) 
− Community acquired pneumonia 
(severe) [c] 
− Complicated severe acute 
malnutrition [c] 
− Exacerbations of COPD 
− Otitis media 
− Pharyngitis 
− Progressive apical dental abscess 
− Sepsis in neonates and children [c] 
− Sinusitis 
− Uncomplicated severe acute 
malnutrition [c] 
 
SECOND CHOICE  
− Acute bacterial meningitis 
 
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid  
 
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as sodium) + 100 mg (as potassium salt); 1000 mg (as 
sodium) + 200 mg (as potassium salt) in vial. 
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (as trihydrate)+ 31.25 mg (as potassium salt)/5 mL; 
250 mg (as trihydrate) + 62.5 mg (as potassium salt)/5mL [c]. 
Tablet: 500 mg (as trihydrate) + 125 mg (as potassium salt); 875 mg (as trihydrate) + 
125 mg (as potassium salt). 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Community acquired pneumonia 
(severe) [c] 
− Complicated intraabdominal 
infections (mild to moderate) 
− Exacerbations of COPD 
− Hospital acquired pneumonia 
− Low-risk febrile neutropenia 
− Lower urinary tract infections  
− Sinusitis 
− Skin and soft tissue infections  
SECOND CHOICE 
− Bone and joint infections 
− Community-acquired pneumonia (mild to 
moderate)  
− Community acquired pneumonia (severe) 
− Otitis media 
− Surgical prophylaxis 
 
 
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
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ampicillin 
Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium) in vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Community acquired pneumonia 
(severe) [c] 
− Complicated intraabdominal 
infections [c] 
− Complicated severe acute 
malnutrition [c] 
− Sepsis in neonates and children [c] 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Acute bacterial meningitis 
 
 
benzathine benzylpenicillin 
 
Powder for injection: 1.2 million IU (≈ 900 mg) in vial [c]; 2.4 million IU (≈ 1.8 g) in vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Syphilis 
SECOND CHOICE 
benzylpenicillin 
 
Powder for injection: 600 mg (= 1 million IU); 3 g (= 5 million IU) (sodium or potassium 
salt) in vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Community acquired pneumonia 
(severe) [c] 
− Complicated severe acute 
malnutrition [c] 
− Sepsis in neonates and children [c] 
− Syphilis 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Acute bacterial meningitis [c] 
 
 
cefalexin  
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL (anhydrous).  
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg; 500 mg (as monohydrate). 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Skin and soft tissue infections  
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Exacerbations of COPD 
− Pharyngitis 
cefazolin a 
Powder for injection: 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial. 
a > 1 month. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Surgical prophylaxis 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Bone and joint infections 
 
chloramphenicol 
Capsule: 250 mg. 
Oily suspension for injection*: 0.5 g/mL (as sodium succinate) in 2 mL ampoule. 
*Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than 2 years 
and in adults. 
Oral liquid: 150 mg/5 mL (as palmitate). 
Powder for injection: 1 g (sodium succinate) in vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Acute bacterial meningitis 
 
 
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
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clindamycin 
Capsule: 150 mg (as hydrochloride). 
Injection: 150 mg/mL (as phosphate); 600 mg/4 mL (as phosphate); 900 mg/6 mL (as 
phosphate). 
Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 mL (as palmitate)  [c]. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Necrotizing fasciitis 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Bone and joint infections 
 cloxacillin* 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup 
(J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant 
penicillins) 
Capsule: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium). 
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as sodium) in vial. 
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL (as sodium). 
*cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to 
better bioavailability. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Bone and joint infections  
− Skin and soft tissue infections  
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Sepsis in neonates and children [c] 
 
doxycycline a 
Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 mL [c]; 50 mg/5 mL (anhydrous) [c]. 
Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial. 
Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg [c]; 100 mg (as hyclate).  
a Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Cholera  
− Sexually transmitted infection due to 
Chlamydia trachomatis 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Cholera [c] 
− Community acquired pneumonia (mild to 
moderate)  
− Exacerbations of COPD 
 
gentamicin 
Injection: 10 mg/mL (as sulfate); 40 mg/mL (as sulfate) in 2 mL vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Acute bacterial meningitis in neonates 
[c] 
− Community acquired pneumonia 
(severe) [c] 
− Complicated intraabdominal 
infections [c] 
− Complicated severe acute 
malnutrition [c] 
− Sepsis in neonates and children [c] 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Gonorrhoea 
− Surgical prophylaxis 
 
 
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metronidazole  
Injection: 500 mg in 100 mL vial. 
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL (as benzoate). 
Suppository: 500 mg; 1 g. 
Tablet: 200 mg to 500 mg. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− C. difficile infection 
− Complicated intraabdominal 
infections (mild to moderate) 
− Complicated intrabdominal infections 
(severe) 
− Necrotizing fasciitis 
− Surgical prophylaxis 
− Trichomoniasis 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Complicated intraabdominal infections 
(mild to moderate) 
 
nitrofurantoin 
Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Tablet: 100 mg. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Lower urinary tract infections 
SECOND CHOICE 
phenoxymethylpenicillin 
Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL (as potassium). 
Tablet: 250 mg; 500 mg (as potassium). 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Community acquired pneumonia (mild 
to moderate) 
− Pharyngitis 
− Progressive apical dental abscess 
SECOND CHOICE 
procaine benzylpenicillin* 
Powder for injection: 1 g (=1 million IU); 3 g (=3 million IU) in vial.  
*Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis 
except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in 
cases where hospital care is not achievable. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Syphilis (congenital) [c] 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Syphilis  
spectinomycin 
Powder for injection: 2 g (as hydrochloride) in vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Gonorrhoea 
 
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim  
Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule; 80 mg + 16 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 mL. 
Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg; 800 mg + 160 mg. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Lower urinary tract infections 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Acute invasive diarrhoea / bacterial 
dysentery  
 
 
 
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trimethoprim 
Tablet: 100 mg; 200 mg. 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL [c]. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Lower urinary tract infections 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
6.2.2 Watch group antibiotics 
azithromycin 
 
Capsule: 250 mg; 500 mg (anhydrous). 
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Cholera [c] 
− Enteric fever 
− Gonorrhoea 
− Sexually transmitted infection due to 
Chlamydia trachomatis 
− Trachoma 
− Yaws 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / 
dysentery  
− Gonorrhoea 
 
cefixime 
 
Powder for oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 400 mg (as trihydrate). 
FIRST CHOICE 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / 
dysentery  
− Gonorrhoea 
 
cefotaxime*  
 
Powder for injection: 250 mg (as sodium) in vial. 
*3rd generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Acute bacterial meningitis 
− Community acquired pneumonia 
(severe)  
− Complicated intraabdominal 
infections (mild to moderate) 
− Complicated intraabdominal 
infections (severe) 
− Hospital acquired pneumonia 
− Pyelonephritis or prostatitis (severe)  
SECOND CHOICE 
− Bone and joint infections 
− Pyelonephritis or prostatitis (mild to 
moderate) 
− Sepsis in neonates and children [c] 
 
 
 
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ceftriaxone* a  
 
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 1 g; 2 g (as sodium) in vial. 
*Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinaemia. 
a > 41 weeks corrected gestational age. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Acute bacterial meningitis 
− Community acquired pneumonia 
(severe)  
− Complicated intraabdominal 
infections (mild to moderate) 
− Complicated intrabdominal infections 
(severe) 
− Endophthalmitis  
− Enteric fever 
− Gonorrhoea 
− Hospital acquired pneumonia 
− Necrotizing fasciitis 
− Pyelonephritis or prostatitis (severe)  
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / 
dysentery  
− Bone and joint infections 
− Pyelonephritis or prostatitis (mild to 
moderate) 
− Sepsis in neonates and children [c] 
 
 
 
cefuroxime 
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 750 mg; 1.5 g (as sodium) in vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Surgical prophylaxis 
 
ciprofloxacin 
 
Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL (anhydrous) [c]. 
Solution for IV infusion: 2 mg/mL (as hyclate) [c]. 
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg; 500 mg (as hydrochloride). 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / 
dysentery  
− Enteric fever 
− Low-risk febrile neutropenia 
− Pyelonephritis or prostatitis (mild to 
moderate) 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Cholera  
− Complicated intraabdominal infections 
(mild to moderate) 
 
 clarithromycin†  
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- erythromycin* 
*as second choice treatment for 
pharyngitis in children (EMLc only) 
Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL. 
Powder for injection: 500 mg in vial. 
Solid oral dosage form: 500 mg. 
†clarithromycin is also listed for use in combination regimens for eradication of H. pylori 
in adults. 
FIRST CHOICE 
Community acquired pneumonia 
(severe)  
SECOND CHOICE 
− Pharyngitis 
 
 
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piperacillin + tazobactam 
 
Powder for injection: 2 g (as sodium) + 250 mg (as sodium); 4 g (as sodium) + 500 mg 
(as sodium) in vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Complicated intraabdominal 
infections (severe) 
− High-risk febrile neutropenia 
− Hospital acquired pneumonia 
− Necrotizing fasciitis 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
 
vancomycin 
Capsule: 125 mg; 250 mg (as hydrochloride). 
FIRST CHOICE 
SECOND CHOICE 
− C. difficile infection 
Complementary List 
ceftazidime 
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 1 g (as pentahydrate) in vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Endophthalmitis  
SECOND CHOICE 
 
 meropenem* a 
 
Therapeutic alternatives*: 
- imipenem + cilastatin 
 
*complicated intraabdominal 
infections and high-risk febrile 
neutropenia only. Meropenem is the 
preferred choice for acute bacterial 
meningitis in neonates. 
 
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as trihydrate); 1 g (as trihydrate) in vial. 
a > 3 months. 
FIRST CHOICE 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− Acute bacterial meningitis in neonates [c]  
− Complicated intraabdominal infections 
(severe) 
− High-risk febrile neutropenia 
 
vancomycin 
Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as hydrochloride) in vial. 
FIRST CHOICE 
− Endophthalmitis  
− Necrotizing fasciitis 
 
SECOND CHOICE 
− High-risk febrile neutropenia 
 
6.2.3 Reserve group antibiotics 
Complementary List  
cefiderocol 
Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate toxylate) in vial. 
ceftazidime + avibactam 
Powder for injection: 2 g + 0.5 g in vial. 
colistin  
Powder for injection: 1 million IU (as colistemethate sodium) in vial. 
fosfomycin 
Powder for injection: 2 g; 4 g (as sodium) in vial. 
linezolid 
Injection for intravenous administration: 2 mg/mL in 300 mL bag. 
Powder for oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL. 
Tablet: 400 mg; 600 mg. 
meropenem + vaborbactam 
Powder for injection: 1 g (as trihydrate) + 1 g in vial. 
plazomicin 
Injection: 500 mg/10 mL. 
polymyxin B 
Powder for injection: 500,000 IU in vial. 
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6.2.4 Antileprosy medicines 
Medicines used in the treatment of leprosy should never be used except in combination. Combination therapy is essential to prevent the 
emergence of drug resistance. Colour-coded blister packs (MDT blister packs) containing standard two-medicine (paucibacillary leprosy) or 
three-medicine (multibacillary leprosy) combinations for adult and childhood leprosy should be used. MDT blister packs can be supplied free 
of charge through WHO. 
clofazimine 
Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg. 
dapsone 
Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. 
rifampicin 
Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg. 
6.2.5 Antituberculosis medicines 
WHO recommends and endorses the use of fixed-dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed-dose combinations, 
including modified dosage forms, non-refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms of assured pharmaceutical quality.  
ethambutol 
Oral liquid: 25 mg/mL [c]. 
Tablet: 100 mg; 400 mg (hydrochloride). 
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg [c] 
ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + 
rifampicin  
Tablet: 275 mg + 75 mg + 400 mg + 150 mg. 
ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin 
Tablet: 275 mg + 75 mg + 150 mg. 
isoniazid 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Tablet: 100 mg; 300 mg. 
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg [c]. 
isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin  
Tablet (dispersible): 50 mg + 150 mg + 75 mg [c].  
isoniazid + rifampicin  
Tablet: 75 mg + 150 mg; 150 mg + 300 mg. 
Tablet (dispersible): 50 mg + 75 mg [c].  
isoniazid + rifapentine 
Tablet (scored): 300 mg + 300 mg. 
moxifloxacin 
Tablet: 400 mg. 
pyrazinamide 
Oral liquid: 30 mg/mL [c]. 
Tablet: 400 mg; 500 mg 
Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg. 
rifabutin 
Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg.* 
*For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors.  
rifampicin 
Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL [c]. 
Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg. 
rifapentine 
Tablet: 150 mg; 300 mg. 
 
 
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Complementary List 
Medicines for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) should be used in specialized centres adhering to WHO standards 
for TB control.  
amikacin 
Injection: 100 mg/2 mL (as sulfate) in 2 mL vial; 250 mg/mL (as sulfate) in 
2 mL vial. 
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid* 
Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg (as trihydrate) + 62.5 mg (as potassium 
salt)/5mL [c]. 
Tablet: 500 mg (as trihydrate) + 125 mg (as potassium salt). 
*For use only in combination with meropenem or imipenem+cilastatin. 
bedaquiline a  
Tablet: 20 mg [c]; 100 mg. 
a ≥ 5 years 
clofazimine 
Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg. 
 cycloserine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- terizidone 
Solid oral dosage form: 125 mg [c]; 250 mg. 
delamanid a  
Tablet (dispersible): 25 mg [c]. 
a ≥ 3 years 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
a ≥ 6 years  
 ethionamide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- protionamide 
Tablet: 125 mg; 250 mg. 
Tablet (dispersible): 125 mg [c]. 
levofloxacin 
Tablet: 250mg; 500 mg; 750 mg. 
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg [c]. 
linezolid 
Powder for oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL. 
Tablet: 600 mg. 
Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg [c]. 
 meropenem 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- imipenem + cilastatin 
Powder for injection: 500 mg (as trihydrate); 1 g (as trihydrate) in vial. 
moxifloxacin 
Tablet: 400 mg. 
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg [c]. 
p-aminosalicylic acid 
Granules: 4 g in sachet. 
streptomycin [c] 
Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial. 
 
 
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6.3 Antifungal medicines 
amphotericin B 
Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium deoxycholate or liposomal 
complex) in vial. 
clotrimazole 
Vaginal cream: 1%; 10%. 
Vaginal tablet: 100 mg; 500 mg. 
fluconazole 
Capsule: 50 mg. 
Injection: 2 mg/mL in vial. 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. 
flucytosine 
Capsule: 250 mg. 
Infusion: 2.5 g in 250 mL. 
griseofulvin 
Oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Solid oral dosage form: 125 mg; 250 mg. 
itraconazole* 
Capsule: 100 mg. 
Oral liquid: 10 mg/mL. 
*For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, 
sporotrichosis, paracoccidiodomycosis, mycoses caused by T. marneffei 
and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and 
infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients. 
nystatin 
Lozenge: 100 000 IU. 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL [c]; 100 000 IU/mL [c]. 
Pessary: 100 000 IU. 
Tablet: 100 000 IU; 500 000 IU. 
voriconazole* 
Tablet: 50 mg; 200 mg 
Powder for injection: 200 mg in vial 
Powder for oral liquid: 40 mg/mL 
*For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive 
aspergillosis. 
Complementary List 
 micafungin 
Therapeutic alternatives:  
- anidulafungin 
- caspofungin 
Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium); 100 mg (as sodium) in vial. 
potassium iodide 
Saturated solution. 
 
 
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6.4 Antiviral medicines 
6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines 
 aciclovir 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- valaciclovir (oral) 
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Powder for injection: 250 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. 
Tablet: 200 mg. 
6.4.2 Antiretrovirals 
Based on current evidence and experience of use, medicines in the following classes of antiretrovirals are included as essential medicines for 
treatment and prevention of HIV (prevention of mother-to-child transmission, pre-exposure prophylaxsis (where indicated) and post-exposure 
prophylaxis). WHO emphasizes the importance of using these products in accordance with global and national guidelines. WHO recommends 
and endorses the use of fixed-dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed-dose combinations, including modified 
dosage forms, non-refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms of assured pharmaceutical quality. 
Scored tablets can be used in children and therefore can be considered for inclusion in the listing of tablets, provided that adequate quality 
products are available. 
6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors 
abacavir 
Tablet: 300 mg (as sulfate). 
lamivudine 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Tablet: 150 mg. 
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate†  
Tablet: 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate – equivalent to 245 mg 
tenofovir disoproxil). 
†also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis. 
zidovudine 
Capsule: 250 mg. 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. 
Solution for IV infusion: 10 mg/mL in 20 mL vial. 
Tablet: 300 mg. 
6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 
efavirenz 
Tablet: 600 mg. 
nevirapine a  
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. 
Tablet: 50 mg (dispersible); 200 mg. 
a > 6 weeks 
6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors 
Selection of protease inhibitor(s) from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international and 
national treatment guidelines and experience. Ritonavir is recommended for use in combination as a pharmacological booster, and not as an 
antiretroviral in its own right. All other protease inhibitors should be used in boosted forms (e.g. with ritonavir). 
atazanavir + ritonavir  
Tablet (heat stable): 300 mg (as sulfate) + 100 mg. 
darunavira 
Tablet: 75 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg; 800 mg 
a > 3 years 
lopinavir + ritonavir  
Solid oral dosage form: 40 mg + 10 mg [c]. 
Tablet (heat stable): 100 mg + 25 mg; 200 mg + 50 mg. 
ritonavir 
Tablet (heat stable): 25 mg; 100 mg.  
 
 
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6.4.2.4 Integrase inhibitors 
dolutegravir a  
Tablet (dispersible, scored): 10 mg [c]. 
a ≥ 4 weeks and ≥ 3 kg 
Tablet: 50 mg  
a ≥ 25 kg  
raltegravir* 
Granules for oral suspension: 100 mg in sachet. 
Tablet (chewable): 25 mg. 
Tablet: 400 mg. 
*For use in pregnant women and in second-line regimens in 
accordance with WHO treatemnt guidelines. 
6.4.2.5 Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines 
abacavir + lamivudine 
Tablet (dispersible, scored): 120 mg (as sulfate) + 60 mg. 
dolutegravir + lamivudine + tenofovir 
Tablet: 50 mg + 300 mg + 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate – 
equivalent to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil) 
efavirenz +  emtricitabine + tenofovir  
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- lamivudine (for emtricitabine) 
Tablet: 600 mg + 200 mg + 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate – 
equivalent to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil). 
efavirenz + lamivudine + tenofovir 
Tablet: 400 mg + 300 mg + 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate – 
equivalent to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil) 
 emtricitabine + tenofovir†  
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- lamivudine (for emtricitabine) 
Tablet: 200 mg + 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate – equivalent 
to 245 mg tenofovir disoproxil). 
† combination also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis 
lamivudine + zidovudine 
Tablet: 30 mg + 60 mg [c]; 150 mg + 300 mg. 
6.4.2.6 Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections 
isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + 
trimethoprim 
Tablet (scored): 300 mg + 25 mg + 800 mg + 160 mg 
6.4.3 Other antivirals 
ribavirin* 
Injection for intravenous administration: 800 mg and 1 g in 10 mL 
phosphate buffer solution. 
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg. 
*For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers  
valganciclovir* 
Tablet: 450 mg. 
*For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr). 
 
 
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Complementary list 
oseltamivir* 
Capsule: 30 mg; 45 mg; 75 mg (as phosphate). 
*Severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus 
infection in critically ill hospitalized patients 
valganciclovir*[c] 
Powder for oral solution: 50 mg/mL 
Tablet: 450 mg. 
*For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr). 
6.4.4 Antihepatitis medicines 
6.4.4.1 Medicines for hepatitis B 
6.4.4.1.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors 
entecavir 
Oral liquid: 0.05 mg/mL 
Tablet: 0.5 mg; 1 mg 
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate  
Tablet: 300 mg (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate – equivalent to 245 mg 
tenofovir disoproxil). 
6.4.4.2 Medicines for hepatitis C  
Pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals should be considered as therapeutic alternatives for the purposes of selection and procurement at 
national level. 
6.4.4.2.1 □ Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations 
daclatasvir* 
Tablet: 30 mg; 60 mg (as hydrochloride). 
*Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir 
daclatasvir + sofosbuvir  
Tablet: 60 mg + 400 mg. 
glecaprevir + pibrentasvir 
Tablet: 100 mg + 40 mg. 
Granules: 50 mg + 20 mg in sachet [c]. 
sofosbuvir*  
Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg. 
*Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir 
sofosbuvir + velpatasvir 
Tablet: 200 mg + 50 mg [c]; 400 mg + 100 mg. 
6.4.4.2.2 Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations 
dasabuvir 
Tablet: 250 mg. 
ledipasvir + sofosbuvir  
Tablet: 90 mg + 400 mg. 
ombitasvir + paritaprevir + ritonavir  
Tablet: 12.5 mg + 75 mg + 50 mg. 
 
 
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6.4.4.2.3 Other antivirals for hepatitis C 
ribavirin* 
Injection for intravenous administration: 800 mg and 1 g in 10 mL 
phosphate buffer solution. 
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg. 
*For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with direct acting 
anti-viral medicines 
Complementary list 
pegylated interferon alfa (2a or 2b) * 
Vial or pre-filled syringe:  
180 micrograms (peginterferon alfa-2a).  
80 micrograms, 100 micrograms (peginterferon alfa-2b).  
*To be used in combination with ribavirin.  
6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines 
6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines 
diloxanide a  
Tablet: 500 mg (furoate). 
a > 25 kg. 
 metronidazole 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- tinidazole 
Injection: 500 mg in 100 mL vial. 
Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL (as benzoate). 
Tablet: 200 mg to 500 mg. 
6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines 
amphotericin B 
Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial (as sodium deoxycholate or 
liposomal complex). 
miltefosine 
Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 50 mg. 
paromomycin 
Solution for intramuscular injection: 750 mg of paromomycin base 
(as sulfate). 
sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate 
Injection: 100 mg/mL, 1 vial = 30 mL or 30%, equivalent to 
approximately 8.1% antimony (pentavalent) in 5 mL ampoule.  
6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines 
6.5.3.1 For curative treatment 
Medicines for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases should be used in combination. The list currently recommends combinations 
according to treatment guidelines. WHO recognizes that not all of the fixed dose combinations (FDCs) in the WHO treatment guidelines exist, 
and encourages their development and rigorous testing. WHO also encourages development and testing of rectal dosage formulations. 
amodiaquine* 
Tablet: 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride). 
*To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg. 
artemether* 
Oily injection: 80 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule. 
*For use in the management of severe malaria. 
artemether + lumefantrine* 
Tablet: 20 mg + 120 mg. 
Tablet (dispersible): 20 mg + 120 mg [c]. 
*Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children 
below 5 kg. 
 
 
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artesunate* 
Injection: ampoules, containing 60 mg anhydrous artesunic acid with 
a separate ampoule of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution. 
For use in the management of severe malaria. 
Rectal dosage form: 50 mg [c]; 100 mg [c]; 200 mg capsules (for 
pre-referral treatment of severe malaria only; patients should be 
taken to an appropriate health facility for follow-up care) [c]. 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
*To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or 
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine. 
artesunate + amodiaquine* 
Tablet: 25 mg + 67.5 mg; 50 mg + 135 mg; 100 mg + 270 mg. 
*Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 
153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be 
alternatives. 
artesunate + mefloquine 
Tablet: 25 mg + 55 mg; 100 mg + 220 mg. 
artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate a  
Granules: 20 mg + 60 mg [c]. 
Tablet: 60 mg + 180 mg. 
a > 5 kg 
chloroquine* 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL (as phosphate or sulfate). 
Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate). 
*For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection. 
dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate a  
Tablet: 20 mg + 160 mg; 40 mg + 320 mg. 
a > 5 kg 
doxycycline* 
Capsule: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or hyclate). 
Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg (as monohydrate). 
*For use only in combination with quinine. 
mefloquine* 
Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride).  
*To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg. 
primaquine* 
Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg (as diphosphate). 
*Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and 
Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days. 
quinine* 
Injection: 300 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. 
Tablet: 300 mg (sulfate) or 300 mg (bisulfate). 
*For use only in the management of severe malaria and should be 
used in combination with doxycycline. 
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine* 
Tablet: 500 mg + 25 mg. 
*Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg. 
 
 
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6.5.3.2 For chemoprevention 
amodiaquine – sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine [c] 
Co-packaged dispersible tablets:  
amodiaquine 76.5 mg (as hydrochloride) [3] and sulfadoxine + 
pyrimethamine 250 mg + 12.5 mg [1];  
amodiaquine 153 mg (as hydrochloride) [3] and sulfadoxine 
+ pyrimethamine 500 mg + 25 mg [1]. 
chloroquine* 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL (as phosphate or sulfate). 
Tablet: 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate). 
*For use only in central American regions, for Plasmodium vivax 
infections. 
doxycycline a  
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or hyclate). 
a > 8 years. 
mefloquine a  
Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride). 
a > 5 kg or > 3 months. 
proguanil* 
Tablet: 100 mg (as hydrochloride). 
*For use only in combination with chloroquine. 
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine 
Tablet: 250 mg + 12.5 mg [c]; 500 mg + 25 mg.  
6.5.4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines 
pyrimethamine 
Tablet: 25 mg. 
sulfadiazine 
Tablet: 500 mg. 
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim 
Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule; 80 mg + 16 mg/mL in 
10 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg [c]; 800 mg + 160 mg 
Complementary List 
pentamidine 
Tablet: 200 mg; 300 mg (as isethionate). 
6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines 
6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis 
fexinidazole* 
Tablet: 600 mg 
*For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage of human African 
trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection. 
Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis 
pentamidine* 
Powder for injection: 200 mg (as isetionate) in vial. 
*To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense 
infection. 
suramin sodium* 
Powder for injection: 1 g in vial. 
*To be used for the treatment of the initial phase ofTrypanosoma 
brucei rhodesiense infection. 
 
 
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Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis 
eflornithine* 
Injection: 200 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 100 mL bottle. 
*To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense 
infection. 
melarsoprol 
Injection: 180 mg/5 mL in 5 mL ampoule (3.6% solution). 
nifurtimox * 
Tablet: 120 mg. 
*Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of 
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection. 
Complementary List  
melarsoprol [c] 
Injection: 180 mg/5 mL in 5 mL ampoule (3.6% solution). 
6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis 
benznidazole 
Tablet: 12.5 mg [c];100 mg. 
Tablet (scored): 50 mg. 
nifurtimox 
Tablet: 30 mg; 120 mg; 250 mg. 
6.6 Medicines for ectoparasitic infections 
ivermectin 
Tablet (scored): 3 mg 
7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES 
7.1 For treatment of acute attack 
acetylsalicylic acid 
Tablet: 300 mg to 500 mg. 
ibuprofen [c] 
Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg. 
paracetamol 
Oral liquid: 120 mg/5 mL [c]; 125 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Tablet: 300 mg to 500 mg. 
sumatriptan 
Tablet: 50 mg 
7.2 For prophylaxis 
 propranolol 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
 
Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg (hydrochloride). 
 
 
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8. IMMUNOMODULATORS AND ANTINEOPLASTICS  
8.1 Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease 
 Complementary List 
 adalimumab* 
Therapeutic alternatives*:  
- certolizumab pegol 
- etanercept 
- golimumab 
- infliximab 
 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection: 40 mg/0.8 mL; 40 mg/0.4 mL. 
azathioprine 
Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. 
Tablet (scored): 50 mg. 
ciclosporin 
Capsule: 25 mg. 
Concentrate for injection: 50 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule.  
tacrolimus 
Capsule (immediate-release): 0.5 mg; 0.75 mg; 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg. 
Granules for oral supsension: 0.2 mg; 1 mg. 
Injection: 5 mg/mL in 1 mL vial.  
8.2 Antineoplastics and supportive medicines  
Medicines listed below should be used according to protocols for treatment of the diseases. 
8.2.1 Cytotoxic medicines 
Complementary List 
arsenic trioxide 
Concentrate for solution for infusion: 1 mg/mL 
− Acute promyelocytic leukaemia 
asparaginase* 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Powder for injection: 10 000 IU in vial. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. 
bendamustine 
Injection: 45 mg/0.5 mL; 180 mg/2 mL. 
− Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia  
− Follicular lymphoma  
bleomycin 
Powder for injection: 15 mg (as sulfate) in vial. 
− Hodgkin lymphoma 
− Kaposi sarcoma 
− Ovarian germ cell tumour 
− Testicular germ cell tumour 
calcium folinate 
 
Injection: 3 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 
Tablet: 5 mg; 15 mg; 25 mg. 
− Burkitt lymphoma  
− Early stage colon cancer 
− Early stage rectal cancer 
− Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 
− Metastatic colorectal cancer 
− Osteosarcoma 
 
 
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capecitabine 
Tablet: 150 mg; 500 mg. 
− Early stage colon cancer 
− Early stage rectal cancer 
− Metastatic breast cancer 
− Metastatic colorectal cancer 
carboplatin 
Injection: 50 mg/5 mL; 150 mg/15 mL; 450 mg/45 mL; 
600 mg/60 mL. 
− Cervical cancer  
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Epithelial ovarian cancer 
− Head and neck cancer (as a radio-sensitizer) 
− Low-grade glioma 
− Nasopharyngeal cancer 
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) 
− Non-small cell lung cancer 
− Osteosarcoma 
− Ovarian germ cell tumour 
− Retinoblastoma 
− Testicular germ cell tumour 
chlorambucil 
Tablet: 2 mg. 
− Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 
cisplatin 
Injection: 10 mg/10 mL; 20 mg/20 mL; 50 mg/50 mL; 
100 mg/100 mL. 
− Cervical cancer  
− Head and neck cancer (as a radio-sensitizer) 
− Low-grade glioma 
− Nasopharyngeal cancer (as a radio-sensitizer) 
− Non-small cell lung cancer 
− Osteosarcoma 
− Ovarian germ cell tumour 
− Testicular germ cell tumour 
cyclophosphamide 
Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g; 2 g in vial. 
Tablet: 25 mg, 50 mg. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Burkitt lymphoma 
− Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Ewing sarcoma 
− Follicular lymphoma  
− Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 
− Hodgkin lymphoma 
− Low-grade glioma 
− Metastatic breast cancer 
− Multiple myeloma 
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) 
− Rhabdomyosarcoma 
cytarabine 
Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Acute myeloid leukaemia 
− Acute promyelocytic leukaemia 
− Burkitt lymphoma. 
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dacarbazine 
Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial. 
− Hodgkin lymphoma 
dactinomycin 
 
Powder for injection: 500 micrograms in vial. 
− Ewing sarcoma  
− Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) 
− Rhabdomyosarcoma 
daunorubicin 
Powder for injection: 50 mg (hydrochloride) in vial. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Acute myeloid leukaemia 
− Acute promyelocytic leukaemia 
docetaxel 
Injection: 20 mg/mL; 40 mg/mL. 
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Metastatic breast cancer 
− Metastatic prostate cancer 
doxorubicin 
Powder for injection: 10 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride) in vial. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Burkitt lymphoma 
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Ewing sarcoma 
− Follicular lymphoma 
− Hodgkin lymphoma 
− Kaposi sarcoma 
− Metastatic breast cancer 
− Multiple myeloma  
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) 
− Osteosarcoma 
etoposide 
Capsule: 50 mg, 100 mg. 
Injection: 20 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Acute myeloid leukaemia  
− Burkitt lymphoma 
− Ewing sarcoma 
− Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 
− Hodgkin lymphoma 
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) 
− Non-small cell lung cancer 
− Osteosarcoma 
− Ovarian germ cell tumour 
− Retinoblastoma 
− Testicular germ cell tumour 
fludarabine 
Powder for injection: 50 mg (phosphate) in vial. 
Tablet: 10 mg 
− Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. 
 
 
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fluorouracil 
Injection: 50 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule. 
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Early stage colon cancer 
− Early stage rectal cancer 
− Metastatic colorectal cancer 
− Nasopharyngeal cancer 
gemcitabine 
Powder for injection: 200 mg; 1 g in vial. 
− Epithelial ovarian cancer 
− Non-small cell lung cancer 
hydroxycarbamide 
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 250 mg; 300 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg; 
1 g. 
− Chronic myeloid leukaemia 
ifosfamide 
Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g; 2 g in vial. 
− Burkitt lymphoma 
− Ewing sarcoma 
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) 
− Ovarian germ cell tumour 
− Osteosarcoma 
− Rhabdomyosarcoma 
− Testicular germ cell tumour  
irinotecan 
Injection: 40 mg/2 mL in 2 mL vial; 100 mg/5 mL in 5 mL vial; 
500 mg/25 mL in 25 mL vial. 
− Metastatic colorectal cancer 
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) 
− Rhabdomyosarcoma 
melphalan 
Tablet: 2 mg 
Powder for injection: 50 mg in vial 
− Multiple myeloma. 
mercaptopurine 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Acute promyelocytic leukaemia. 
methotrexate 
Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. 
Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt). 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Acute promyelocytic leukaemia 
− Burkitt lymphoma 
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 
− Osteosarcoma 
oxaliplatin 
Injection: 50 mg/10 mL in 10 mL vial; 100 mg/20 mL in 20 mL vial; 
200 mg/40 mL in 40 mL vial. 
Powder for injection: 50 mg; 100 mg in vial.  
− Early stage colon cancer 
− Metastatic colorectal cancer 
 
 
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paclitaxel 
Injection: 6 mg/mL in vial. 
− Cervical cancer  
− Epithelial ovarian cancer 
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Metastatic breast cancer 
− Kaposi sarcoma 
− Nasopharyngeal cancer 
− Non-small cell lung cancer 
− Ovarian germ cell tumour 
pegaspargase* 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection: 3,750 units/5 mL in vial. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
procarbazine [c] 
Capsule: 50 mg (as hydrochloride). 
− Hodgkin lymphoma  
realgar-Indigo naturalis formulation 
Tablet: 270 mg (containing tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide 30 mg). 
− Acute promyelocytic leukaemia 
tioguanine [c] 
Solid oral dosage form: 40 mg. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
vinblastine 
Injection: 10 mg/10 mL (sulfate) in vial. 
Powder for injection: 10 mg (sulfate) in vial. 
− Hodgkin lymphoma 
− Kaposi sarcoma 
− Low-grade glioma  
− Ovarian germ cell tumour 
− Testicular germ cell tumour 
vincristine 
Injection: 1 mg/mL (sulfate); 2 mg/2 mL (sulfate) in vial. 
Powder for injection: 1 mg; 5 mg (sulfate) in vial. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Burkitt lymphoma 
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 
− Ewing sarcoma 
− Follicular lymphoma 
− Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 
− Hodgkin lymphoma 
− Kaposi sarcoma 
− Low-grade glioma  
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) 
− Retinoblastoma 
− Rhabdomyosarcoma 
vinorelbine 
Capsule: 20 mg; 30 mg; 80 mg. 
Injection: 10 mg/mL in 1 mL vial; 50 mg/5 mL in 5 mL vial. 
− Non-small cell lung cancer 
− Metastatic breast cancer 
− Rhabdomyosarcoma  
 
 
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8.2.2 Targeted therapies  
Complementary List 
all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) 
Capsule: 10 mg. 
− Acute promyelocytic leukaemia. 
bortezomib 
Powder for injection: 3.5 mg in vial. 
− Multiple myeloma  
dasatinib 
Tablet: 20 mg; 50 mg; 70 mg; 80 mg; 100 mg; 140 mg. 
− Imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia  
 erlotinib 
Therapeutic alternatives:  
- afatinib 
- gefitinib 
Tablet: 100 mg, 150 mg. 
− EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer 
everolimus  
Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg; 7.5 mg; 10 mg. 
Tablet (dispersible): 2 mg; 3 mg; 5 mg. 
− Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma 
ibrutinib 
Capsule: 140 mg. 
− Relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 
imatinib 
Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 400 mg. 
− Chronic myeloid leukaemia 
− Gastrointestinal stromal tumour 
− Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic 
leukaemia  
nilotinib 
Capsule: 150 mg; 200 mg. 
− Imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia  
rituximab* 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection (intravenous): 100 mg/10 mL in 10 mL vial; 500 mg/50 mL 
in 50 mL vial. 
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 
− Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 
− Follicular lymphoma 
trastuzumab* 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Powder for injection: 60 mg; 150 mg; 440 mg in vial. 
− Early stage HER2 positive breast cancer 
− Metastatic HER2 positive breast cancer  
 
 
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8.2.3 Immunomodulators 
Complementary List 
filgrastim* 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection: 120 micrograms/0.2 mL; 300 micrograms/0.5 mL; 
480 micrograms/0.8 mL in pre-filled syringe. 
Injection: 300 micrograms/mL in 1 mL vial; 480 micrograms/1.6 mL 
in 1.6 mL vial. 
− Primary prophylaxis in patients at high risk for developing 
febrile neutropenia associated with myelotoxic chemotherapy. 
− Secondary prophylaxis for patients who have experienced 
neutropenia following prior myelotoxic chemotherapy 
− To facilitate administration of dose dense chemotherapy 
regimens 
lenalidomide 
Capsule: 25 mg. 
− Multiple myeloma 
 nivolumab* 
Therapeutic alternatives*:  
- pembrolizumab 
 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Concentrate solution for infusion: 10 mg/mL. 
− Metastatic melanoma 
thalidomide 
Capsule: 50 mg. 
− Multiple myeloma 
8.2.4 Hormones and antihormones 
Complementary List 
 abiraterone 
Therapeutic alternatives:  
- enzalutamide 
Tablet: 250 mg; 500 mg. 
− Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer 
 anastrozole 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (L02BG 
Aromatase inhibitors) 
Tablet: 1 mg. 
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Metastatic breast cancer 
 bicalutamide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- flutamide 
- nilutamide 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
− Metastatic prostate cancer 
dexamethasone 
Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Tablet: 2 mg [c]; 4 mg. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Burkitt lymphoma  
− Multiple myeloma 
hydrocortisone 
Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Burkitt lymphoma 
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 leuprorelin  
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- goserelin 
- triptorelin 
Injection: 7.5 mg; 22.5 mg in pre-filled syringe. 
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Metastatic prostate cancer. 
methylprednisolone [c] 
Injection: 40 mg/mL (as sodium succinate) in 1 mL single-dose vial 
and 5 mL multi-dose vials; 80 mg/mL (as sodium succinate) in 1 mL 
single-dose vial. 
− 
Acute lymphoblastic leukamia 
− 
Burkitt lymphoma 
 prednisolone 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- prednisone 
Oral liquid: 5 mg/mL [c]. 
Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg. 
− Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
− Burkitt lymphoma 
− Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 
− Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 
− Follicular lymphoma 
− Hodgkin lymphoma 
− Metastatic castration-resitsant prostate cancer 
− Multiple myeloma 
tamoxifen 
Tablet: 10 mg; 20 mg (as citrate). 
− Early stage breast cancer 
− Metastatic breast cancer. 
8.2.5 Supportive medicines 
Complementary List 
allopurinol [c]  
Tablet: 100 mg; 300 mg. 
− Tumour lysis syndrome 
mesna 
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 4 mL and 10 mL ampoules. 
Tablet: 400 mg; 600 mg. 
− Burkitt lymphoma 
− Ewing sarcoma 
− Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) 
− Ovarian germ cell tumour 
− Osteosarcoma 
− Rhabdomyosarcoma 
− Testicular germ cell tumour 
rasburicase 
Powder and solvent for solution for infusion: 1.5 mg; 7.5 mg in vial 
− Tumour lysis syndrome 
zoledronic acid 
Concentrate solution for infusion: 4 mg/5 mL in 5 mL vial. 
Solution for infusion: 4 mg/100 mL in 100 mL bottle. 
− Malignancy-related bone disease 
 
 
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9. ANTIPARKINSONISM MEDICINES 
 biperiden 
Therapeutic alternatives:  
− trihexyphenidyl 
Injection: 5 mg (lactate) in 1 mL ampoule. 
Tablet: 2 mg (hydrochloride). 
levodopa +  carbidopa  
Therapeutic alternatives:  
− benserazide (for carbidopa) 
Tablet: 100 mg + 10 mg; 100 mg + 25 mg; 250 mg + 25 mg.  
10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD 
10.1 Antianaemia medicines 
ferrous salt 
Oral liquid: equivalent to 25 mg iron (as sulfate)/mL. 
Tablet: equivalent to 60 mg iron. 
ferrous salt + folic acid  
Tablet: equivalent to 60 mg iron + 400 micrograms folic acid. 
 
*nutritional supplement for use during pregnancy 
folic acid 
Tablet: 400 micrograms*; 1 mg; 5 mg. 
*periconceptual use for prevention of first occurrence of neural tube 
defects 
hydroxocobalamin 
Injection: 1 mg/mL (as acetate, as hydrochloride or as sulfate) in 
1 mL ampoule. 
Complementary List 
 erythropoiesis-stimulating agents* 
Therapeutic alternatives:  
- epoetin alfa, beta and theta 
- darbepoetin alfa 
- methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta 
 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
 
Injection:  pre-filled syringe 
1000 IU/0.5 mL; 2000 IU/0.5 mL; 3000 IU/0.3 mL; 4000 IU/0.4 mL; 
5000 IU/0.5 mL; 6000 IU/0.6 mL; 8000 IU/0.8mL; 10 000 IU/1 mL; 
20 000 IU/0.5 mL; 40 000 IU/1 mL.  
10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation 
 dabigatran 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- apixaban 
- edoxaban 
- rivaroxaban 
 
Capsule: 110 mg; 150 mg. 
 enoxaparin* 
Therapeutic alternatives*: 
- dalteparin 
- nadroparin 
 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection: ampoule or pre-filled syringe 
20 mg/0.2 mL; 40 mg/0.4 mL; 60 mg/0.6 mL; 80 mg/0.8 mL; 
100 mg/1 mL; 120 mg/0.8 mL; 150 mg/1 mL. 
heparin sodium 
Injection: 1000 IU/mL; 5000 IU/mL; 20 000 IU/mL in 1 mL ampoule. 
phytomenadione 
Injection: 1 mg/mL [c]; 10 mg/mL in ampoule. 
Tablet: 10 mg. 
protamine sulfate 
Injection: 10 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule. 
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tranexamic acid 
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 
 warfarin 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
 
Tablet: 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium). 
Complementary List  
desmopressin[c] 
Injection: 4 micrograms/mL (as acetate) in 1 mL ampoule. 
Nasal spray: 10 micrograms (as acetate) per dose. 
heparin sodium [c] 
Injection: 1000 IU/mL; 5000 IU/mL in 1 mL ampoule. 
protamine sulfate [c] 
Injection: 10 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule. 
 warfarin [c] 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Tablet: 0.5 mg; 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium). 
10.3 Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies 
Complementary List 
 deferoxamine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- deferasirox  (oral) 
Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial. 
hydroxycarbamide 
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 500 mg; 1 g. 
11. BLOOD PRODUCTS OF HUMAN ORIGIN AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES 
11.1 Blood and blood components 
In accordance with the World Health Assembly resolution WHA63.12, WHO recognizes that achieving self-sufficiency, unless special 
circumstances preclude it, in the supply of safe blood components based on voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation, and the security 
of that supply are important national goals to prevent blood shortages and meet the transfusion requirements of the patient population. All 
preparations should comply with the WHO requirements. 
fresh-frozen plasma  
 
platelets  
 
red blood cells  
 
whole blood  
 
11.2 Plasma-derived medicines 
All human plasma-derived medicines should comply with the WHO requirements.  
11.2.1 Human immunoglobulins 
anti-D immunoglobulin  
Injection: 250 micrograms in single-dose vial. 
anti-rabies immunoglobulin  
Injection: 150 IU/mL in vial. 
anti-tetanus immunoglobulin 
Injection: 500 IU in vial. 
 
 
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Complementary List 
 
normal immunoglobulin 
Intramuscular administration: 16% protein solution.* 
Intravenous administration: 5%; 10% protein solution.** 
Subcutaneous administration: 15%; 16% protein solution.* 
*Indicated for primary immune deficiency. 
**Indicated for primary immune deficiency and Kawasaki disease. 
11.2.2 Blood coagulation factors 
Complementary List 
 coagulation factor VIII  
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
 
Powder for injection: 500 IU/vial. 
 coagulation factor IX  
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Powder for injection: 500 IU/vial, 1000 IU/vial. 
11.3 Plasma substitutes 
 dextran 70 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
 
- Polygeline injectable solution 3.5% 
Injectable solution: 6%. 
12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES 
12.1 Antianginal medicines 
 bisoprolol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- carvedilol 
- metoprolol 
 
Tablet: 1.25 mg; 5 mg. 
glyceryl trinitrate 
Tablet (sublingual): 500 micrograms. 
isosorbide dinitrate 
Tablet (sublingual): 5 mg. 
verapamil 
Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride). 
12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines 
 bisoprolol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- carvedilol 
- metoprolol 
 
Tablet: 1.25 mg; 5 mg. 
digoxin 
Injection: 250 micrograms/mL in 2 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/mL.  
Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms. 
epinephrine (adrenaline) 
Injection: 100 micrograms/mL (as acid tartrate or hydrochloride) in 
10 mL ampoule. 
lidocaine 
Injection: 20 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 5 mL ampoule. 
verapamil 
Injection: 2.5 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. 
Tablet: 40 mg; 80 mg (hydrochloride). 
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Complementary List 
 
amiodarone 
Injection: 50 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 3 mL ampoule. 
Tablet: 100 mg; 200 mg; 400 mg (hydrochloride). 
12.3 Antihypertensive medicines 
 amlodipine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine 
derivatives) 
Tablet: 5 mg (as maleate, mesylate or besylate). 
 bisoprolol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- atenolol* 
- carvedilol 
- metoprolol 
Tablet: 1.25 mg; 5 mg. 
*atenolol should not be used as a first-line agent in uncomplicated 
hypertension in patients > 60 years 
 enalapril 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, 
plain) 
Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg (as hydrogen maleate). 
hydralazine* 
Powder for injection: 20 mg (hydrochloride) in ampoule. 
Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride). 
*Hydralazine is listed for use only in the acute management of severe 
pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential 
hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater 
efficacy and safety of other medicines. 
 hydrochlorothiazide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- chlorothiazide 
- chlorthalidone 
- indapamide 
 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. 
Solid oral dosage form: 12.5 mg; 25 mg. 
 lisinopril +  amlodipine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, 
plain) (for lisinopril) 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine 
derivatives) (for amlodipine) 
Tablet: 10 mg + 5 mg; 20 mg + 5 mg; 20 mg + 10 mg. 
 lisinopril +  hydrochlorothiazide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, 
plain) (for lisinopril) 
- chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for 
hydrochlorothiazide) 
Tablet: 10 mg + 12.5 mg; 20 mg + 12.5 mg; 20 mg + 25 mg. 
 losartan 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II 
receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) 
Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. 
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methyldopa* 
Tablet: 250 mg. 
*Methyldopa is listed for use only in the management of pregnancy-
induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential 
hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater 
efficacy and safety of other medicines. 
 telmisartan +  amlodipine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II 
receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine 
derivatives) (for amlodipine) 
Tablet: 40 mg + 5 mg; 80 mg + 5 mg; 80 mg + 10 mg. 
 telmisartan +  hydrochlorothiazide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II 
receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) 
- chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for 
hydrochlorothiazide) 
Tablet: 40 mg + 12.5 mg; 80 mg + 12.5 mg; 80 mg + 25 mg. 
Complementary List 
sodium nitroprusside 
Powder for infusion: 50 mg in ampoule. 
12.4 Medicines used in heart failure 
 bisoprolol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- carvedilol 
- metoprolol 
Tablet: 1.25 mg; 5 mg. 
digoxin 
Injection: 250 micrograms/mL in 2 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/mL. 
Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 250 micrograms. 
 enalapril 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, 
plain) 
Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg (as hydrogen maleate). 
 furosemide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- bumetanide 
- torasemide 
 
Injection: 10 mg/mL in 2 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Tablet: 40 mg. 
 hydrochlorothiazide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- chlorothiazide 
- chlorthalidone 
- indapamide 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. 
Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg. 
 losartan 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II 
receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) 
Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. 
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spironolactone 
Tablet: 25 mg. 
Complementary List 
dopamine 
Injection: 40 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 5 mL vial. 
12.5 Antithrombotic medicines 
12.5.1 Anti-platelet medicines 
acetylsalicylic acid  
Tablet: 100 mg. 
clopidogrel  
Tablet: 75 mg; 300 mg 
12.5.2 Thrombolytic medicines 
Complementary List 
alteplase 
Powder for injection: 10 mg; 20 mg; 50 mg in vial 
streptokinase 
Powder for injection: 1.5 million IU in vial. 
12.6 Lipid-lowering agents 
 simvastatin* 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- atorvastatin 
- fluvastatin 
- lovastatin 
- pravastatin 
 
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg. 
*For use in high-risk patients. 
13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES (topical) 
13.1 Antifungal medicines 
 miconazole 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and 
triazole derivatives) excluding combinations 
 
Cream or ointment: 2% (nitrate). 
selenium sulfide 
Detergent-based suspension: 2%. 
sodium thiosulfate 
Solution: 15%. 
terbinafine 
Cream or ointment: 1% (hydrochloride). 
 
 
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13.2 Anti-infective medicines 
mupirocin 
Cream: 2% (as calcium). 
Ointment: 2%. 
potassium permanganate 
Aqueous solution: 1:10 000. 
silver sulfadiazine a  
Cream: 1%. 
a > 2 months. 
13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines 
 betamethasone a  
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, 
potent (group III)) 
Cream or ointment: 0.1% (as valerate). 
a Hydrocortisone preferred in neonates. 
calamine  
Lotion. 
 hydrocortisone 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AA Corticosteroids, 
weak (group I)) 
Cream or ointment: 1% (acetate). 
13.4 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation 
benzoyl peroxide 
Cream or lotion: 5%. 
 calcipotriol 
Therapeutic alternatives:  
- calcitriol 
- tacalcitol 
Cream or ointment: 50 micrograms/mL (0.005%). 
Lotion: 50 micrograms/mL (0.005%). 
coal tar 
Solution: 5%. 
fluorouracil 
Ointment: 5%. 
 podophyllum resin 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- podophyllotoxin 
Solution: 10% to 25%. 
salicylic acid 
Solution: 5%. 
urea 
Cream or ointment: 5%; 10%. 
13.5 Scabicides and pediculicides 
 benzyl benzoate a  
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- precipitated sulfur topical ointment 
Lotion: 25%. 
a > 2 years. 
permethrin 
Cream: 5%. 
Lotion: 1%. 
 
 
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14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS 
14.1 Ophthalmic medicines 
fluorescein 
Eye drops: 1% (sodium salt). 
 tropicamide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- atropine 
- cyclopentolate 
 
Eye drops: 0.5%. 
14.2 Radiocontrast media 
 amidotrizoate 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Injection: 140 mg to 420 mg iodine/mL (as sodium or meglumine 
salt) in 20 mL ampoule. 
barium sulfate 
Aqueous suspension. 
 iohexol 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Injection: 140 mg to 350 mg iodine/mL in 5 mL; 10 mL; 20 mL 
ampoules. 
Complementary List 
 
barium sulfate [c] 
Aqueous suspension. 
 meglumine iotroxate 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Solution: 5 g to 8 g iodine in 100 mL to 250 mL. 
15. ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS 
15.1 Antiseptics 
 chlorhexidine 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Solution: 5% (digluconate). 
 ethanol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- propanol 
Solution: 70% (denatured). 
 povidone iodine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- iodine 
Solution: 10% (equivalent to 1% available iodine). 
15.2 Disinfectants 
alcohol based hand rub 
Solution: containing ethanol 80% volume/volume.  
Solution: containing isopropyl alcohol 75% volume/volume. 
chlorine base compound 
Liquid: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution.  
Powder: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution. 
Solid: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution. 
 
 
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 chloroxylenol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and 
derivatives) 
Solution: 4.8%. 
glutaral 
Solution: 2%. 
16. DIURETICS 
amiloride 
Tablet: 5 mg (hydrochloride). 
 furosemide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- bumetanide 
- torasemide 
Injection: 10 mg/mL in 2 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Tablet: 10 mg [c]; 20 mg [c]; 40 mg. 
 hydrochlorothiazide 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- chlorothiazide 
- chlortalidone 
- indapamide 
 
Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg. 
mannitol 
Injectable solution: 10%; 20%. 
spironolactone 
Tablet: 25 mg. 
Complementary List  
 hydrochlorothiazide[c] 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- chlorothiazide 
- chlortalidone 
Tablet (scored): 25 mg. 
mannitol [c] 
Injectable solution: 10%; 20%. 
spironolactone[c] 
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL; 10 mg/5 mL; 25 mg/5 mL. 
Tablet: 25 mg. 
17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES 
Complementary List  
pancreatic enzymes[c] 
Age-appropriate formulations and doses including lipase, protease 
and amylase. 
17.1 Antiulcer medicines 
 omeprazole 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump 
inhibitors) excluding combinations  
Powder for injection: 40 mg in vial 
Powder for oral liquid: 20 mg; 40 mg sachets. 
Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg. 
 ranitidine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor 
antagonists) excluding combinations 
Injection: 25 mg/mL (as hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 mL (as hydrochloride). 
Tablet: 150 mg (as hydrochloride). 
 
 
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17.2 Antiemetic medicines 
dexamethasone 
Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 0.5 mg/5 mL; 2 mg/5 mL. 
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 0.75 mg; 1.5 mg; 4 mg. 
metoclopramide a  
Injection: 5 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL [c]. 
Tablet: 10 mg (hydrochloride). 
a Not in neonates. 
 ondansetron a 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- dolasetron 
- granisetron 
- palonosetron 
- tropisetron 
Injection: 2 mg base/mL in 2 mL ampoule (as hydrochloride). 
Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 mL. 
Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base; Eq 24 mg 
base. 
a > 1 month. 
Complementary list 
aprepitant 
Capsule: 80 mg; 125 mg; 165 mg 
Powder for oral susupension: 125 mg in sachet 
17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines 
 sulfasalazine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- mesalazine 
Retention enema. 
Suppository: 500 mg. 
Tablet: 500 mg. 
Complementary List 
hydrocortisone 
Retention enema: 100 mg/60 mL. 
Suppository: 25 mg (acetate). 
prednisolone 
Retention enema: 20 mg/100 mL (as sodium phosphate). 
17.4 Laxatives 
 senna 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- bisacodyl 
Tablet: 7.5 mg (sennosides) (or traditional dosage forms). 
17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea 
oral rehydration salts – zinc sulfate [c] 
Co-package containing: 
ORS powder for dilution (see Section 17.5.1) – zinc sulfate solid oral 
dosage form 20 mg (see Section 17.5.2) 
 
 
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17.5.1 Oral rehydration 
oral rehydration salts 
Powder for dilution in 200 mL; 500 mL; 1 L. 
 
glucose:  
 
 
75 mEq  
sodium:  
 
 
75 mEq or mmol/L  
chloride:  
 
 
65 mEq or mmol/L 
potassium:  
 
 
20 mEq or mmol/L  
citrate:   
 
 
10 mmol/L  
osmolarity:  
 
 
245 mOsm/L  
glucose:  
 
 
13.5 g/L  
sodium chloride:  
 
2.6 g/L 
potassium chloride: 
 
1.5 g/L  
trisodium citrate dihydrate*: 
2.9 g/L  
*trisodium citrate dihydrate may be replaced by sodium hydrogen 
carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) 2.5 g/L. However, as the stability of 
this latter formulation is very poor under tropical conditions, it is 
recommended only when manufactured for immediate use.  
17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea 
zinc sulfate* 
Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg. 
*In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral 
rehydration salts. 
18. MEDICINES FOR ENDOCRINE DISORDERS 
18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes 
fludrocortisone  
Tablet: 100 micrograms (acetate). 
hydrocortisone  
Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg. 
18.2 Androgens 
Complementary List 
testosterone 
Injection: 200 mg (enanthate) in 1 mL ampoule. 
18.3 Estrogens  
18.4 Progestogens 
 medroxyprogesterone acetate 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- norethisterone 
Tablet: 5 mg. 
 
 
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18.5 Medicines for diabetes 
18.5.1 Insulins 
insulin injection (soluble)* 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection: 40 IU/mL in 10 mL vial; 100 IU/mL in 10 mL vial.  
intermediate-acting insulin*  
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection: 40 IU/mL in 10 mL vial; 100 IU/mL in 10 mL vial (as 
compound insulin zinc suspension or isophane insulin). 
 long-acting insulin analogues* 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- insulin degludec 
- insulin detemir 
- insulin glargine 
 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection: 100 IU/mL in 3 mL cartridge or pre-filled pen.  
18.5.2 Oral hypoglycaemic agents 
 empagliflozin 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- canagliflozin 
- dapagliflozin 
Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg. 
 gliclazide* 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A10BB Sulfonylureas) 
Solid oral dosage form: (controlled-release tablets) 30 mg; 60 mg; 
80 mg. 
*glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years. 
metformin 
Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride). 
Complementary List  
metformin [c] 
Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride). 
18.6 Medicines for hypoglycaemia 
glucagon 
Injection: 1 mg/mL. 
Complementary List  
diazoxide [c] 
Oral liquid: 50 mg/mL. 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
18.7 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines 
levothyroxine 
Tablet: 25 micrograms [c]; 50 micrograms; 100 micrograms (sodium 
salt). 
potassium iodide 
Tablet: 60 mg. 
 methimazole 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- carbimazole (depending on local availability) 
Tablet: 5mg, 10mg, 20mg. 
propylthiouracil* 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
*For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or 
available; and in patients during the first trimester of pregnancy.  
 
 
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Complementary List  
Lugol's solution [c] 
Oral liquid: about 130 mg total iodine/mL. 
 methimazole [c] 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- carbimazole (depending on local availability) 
Tablet: 5mg, 10mg, 20mg. 
potassium iodide  [c] 
Tablet: 60 mg. 
propylthiouracil* [c] 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
*For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or 
available  
19. IMMUNOLOGICALS 
19.1 Diagnostic agents 
All tuberculins should comply with the WHO requirements for tuberculins.  
tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD) 
Injection. 
19.2 Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies 
All plasma fractions should comply with the WHO requirements. 
anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies* 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection: 40 IU/mL in 1.25 mL, 2.5 mL vial; 100 IU/mL in 2.5 mL vial 
(human). 
Injection: 300 IU/mL in 10 mL vial; 600 IU/mL in 1 mL, 2.5 mL and 
5 mL vial (murine). 
antivenom immunoglobulin* 
Injection. 
*Exact type to be defined locally. 
diphtheria antitoxin 
Injection: 10 000 IU; 20 000 IU in vial. 
equine rabies immunoglobulin 
Injection: 150 IU/mL; 200 IU/mL; 300 IU/mL; 400 IU/mL in vial. 
 
 
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19.3 Vaccines 
WHO immunization policy recommendations are published in vaccine position papers based on recommendations made by the Strategic 
Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE).  
WHO vaccine position papers are updated three to four times per year. The list below details the vaccines for which there is a recommendation 
from SAGE and a corresponding WHO position paper as at September 2020. The most recent versions of the WHO position papers, reflecting 
the current evidence related to a specific vaccine and the related recommendations, can be accessed at any time on the WHO website at: 
https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/position-papers  
Vaccine recommendations may be universal or conditional (e.g., in certain regions, in some high-risk populations or as part of immunization 
programmes with certain characteristics). Details are available in the relevant position papers, and in the Summary Tables of WHO Routine 
Immunization Recommendations available on the WHO website at: 
https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/who-recommendations-for-routine-immunization---summary-
tables  
Selection of vaccines from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international recommendations, 
epidemiology and national priorities.  
All vaccines should comply with the WHO requirements for biological substances.  
WHO noted the need for vaccines used in children to be polyvalent. 
Recommendations for all 
 
BCG vaccine 
 
diphtheria vaccine 
 
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine 
 
hepatitis B vaccine 
 
human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine 
 
measles vaccine 
 
pertussis vaccine 
 
pneumococcal vaccine 
 
poliomyelitis vaccine  
 
rotavirus vaccine 
 
rubella vaccine  
 
tetanus vaccine  
 
 
 
Recommendations for certain regions 
 
Japanese encephalitis vaccine 
 
tick-borne encephalitis vaccine 
 
yellow fever vaccine 
 
 
 
Recommendations for some high-risk populations 
cholera vaccine 
 
dengue vaccine 
 
hepatitis A vaccine 
 
meningococcal meningitis vaccine 
 
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rabies vaccine  
 
typhoid vaccine  
 
 
 
Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics 
influenza vaccine (seasonal) 
 
mumps vaccine  
 
varicella vaccine 
 
 
20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS 
 atracurium  
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Injection: 10 mg/mL (besylate). 
neostigmine 
Injection: 500 micrograms/mL (methylsulfate) in 1 mL ampoule; 
2.5 mg/mL (methylsulfate) in 1 mL ampoule. 
Tablet: 15 mg (bromide). 
suxamethonium 
Injection: 50 mg/mL (chloride) in 2 mL ampoule. 
Powder for injection: (chloride), in vial. 
 vecuronium [c] 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial. 
Complementary List 
pyridostigmine 
Injection: 1 mg in 1 mL ampoule. 
Tablet: 60 mg (bromide). 
 vecuronium 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial. 
21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 
21.1 Anti-infective agents 
aciclovir 
Ointment: 3% W/W. 
azithromycin 
Solution (eye drops): 1.5%. 
− Trachoma 
erythromycin 
Ointment: 0.5% [c] 
− Infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria 
gonorrhoea. 
 gentamicin 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- amikacin 
- kanamycin 
- netilmicin  
- tobramycin 
Solution (eye drops): 0.3% (sulfate). 
− Bacterial blepharitis  
− Bacterial conjunctivitis 
 
 
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natamycin 
Suspension (eye drops): 5% 
− Fungal keratitis 
 ofloxacin 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE 
Fluoroquinolones) 
Solution (eye drops): 0.3%. 
− Bacterial conjunctivitis 
− Bacterial keratitis 
 tetracycline 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- chlortetracycline 
- oxytetracycline 
Eye ointment: 1% (hydrochloride). 
− Bacterial blepharitis 
− Bacterial conjunctivitis 
− Bacterial keratitis 
− Trachoma 
21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents 
 prednisolone 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (sodium phosphate). 
21.3 Local anaesthetics 
 tetracaine a  
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local 
anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations 
Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (hydrochloride). 
a Not in preterm neonates. 
21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines 
acetazolamide 
Tablet: 250 mg. 
latanoprost 
Solution (eye drops): 50 micrograms/mL 
 pilocarpine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- carbachol 
Solution (eye drops): 2%; 4% (hydrochloride or nitrate). 
 timolol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01ED Beta blocking 
agents) excluding combinations 
Solution (eye drops): 0.25%; 0.5% (as hydrogen maleate). 
21.5 Mydriatics 
 atropine a  
Therapeutic alternatives*: 
- cyclopentolate hydrochloride 
- homatropine hydrobromide 
*EMLc only 
Solution (eye drops): 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% (sulfate). 
a > 3 months. 
Complementary List 
epinephrine (adrenaline) 
Solution (eye drops): 2% (as hydrochloride). 
21.6 Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations 
Complementary List 
bevacizumab* 
*including quality-assured biosimilars 
Injection: 25 mg/mL. 
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22. MEDICINES FOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND PERINATAL CARE 
22.1 Contraceptives 
22.1.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives 
 ethinylestradiol +  levonorgestrel  
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Tablet: 30 micrograms + 150 micrograms. 
 ethinylestradiol +  norethisterone  
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Tablet: 35 micrograms + 1 mg. 
levonorgestrel 
Tablet: 30 micrograms; 750 micrograms (pack of two); 1.5 mg. 
ulipristal  
Tablet: 30 mg (as acetate) 
22.1.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives 
estradiol cypionate + medroxyprogesterone acetate  
Injection: 5 mg + 25 mg. 
medroxyprogesterone acetate 
Injection (intramuscular): 150 mg mL in 1 mL vial. 
Injection (subcutaneous): 104 mg/0.65 mL in pre-filled syringe or 
single-dose injection delivery system. 
norethisterone enantate 
Oily solution: 200 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule. 
22.1.3 Intrauterine devices 
copper-containing device 
 
levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system 
Intrauterine system: with reservoir containing 52 mg of levonorestrel 
22.1.4 Barrier methods 
condoms 
 
diaphragms 
 
22.1.5 Implantable contraceptives 
etonogestrel-releasing implant 
Single-rod etonogestrel-releasing implant: containing 68 mg of 
etonogestrel. 
levonorgestrel-releasing implant 
Two-rod levonorgestrel-releasing implant: each rod containing 75 mg 
of levonorgestrel (150 mg total). 
22.1.6 Intravaginal contraceptives 
ethinylestradiol + etonogestrel 
Vaginal ring: containing 2.7 mg + 11.7 mg  
progesterone vaginal ring* 
Progesterone-releasing vaginal ring: containing 2.074 g of 
micronized progesterone. 
*For use in women actively breastfeeding at least 4 times per day  
22.2 Ovulation inducers 
Complementary List 
clomifene 
Tablet: 50 mg (citrate). 
 
 
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22.3 Uterotonics 
carbetocin 
Injection (heat stable): 100 micrograms/mL 
 ergometrine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- methylergometrine 
Injection: 200 micrograms (hydrogen maleate) in 1 mL ampoule.  
mifepristone – misoprostol 
Where permitted under national law and 
where culturally acceptable. 
 
Tablet 200 mg – tablet 200 micrograms. 
Co-package containing:  
mifepristone 200 mg tablet [1] and misoprostol 200 micrograms 
tablet [4] 
misoprostol 
Tablet: 200 micrograms. 
− Management of incomplete abortion and miscarriage; 
− Prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage where 
oxytocin is not available or cannot be safely used 
Vaginal tablet: 25 micrograms.* 
*Only for use for induction of labour where appropriate facilities are 
available. 
oxytocin 
Injection: 10 IU in 1 mL. 
22.4 Antioxytocics (tocolytics) 
nifedipine 
Immediate-release capsule: 10 mg. 
22.5 Other medicines administered to the mother 
dexamethasone 
Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule. 
multiple micronutrient supplement* 
Tablet containing:  
Vitamin A (retinol acetate) 
800 micrograms retinol activity 
equivalent 
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 
70 mg 
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) 
5 micrograms (200 IU) 
Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol succinate) 
10 mg alpha tocopherol equivalent 
Vitamin B1 (thiamine mononitrate) 
1.4 mg 
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 
1.4 mg 
Vitamin B3 (niacinamide) 
18 mg niacin equivalent 
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) 
1.9 mg 
Folic acid (folic acid) 
680 micrograms dietary folate equivalent 
(400 micrograms) 
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 
2.6 micrograms 
Iron (ferrous fumarate) 
30 mg 
Iodine (potassium iodide) 
150 micrograms 
Zinc (zinc oxide) 
15 mg 
Selenium (sodium selenite) 
65 micrograms 
Copper (cupric oxide)  
2 mg 
 
*For use in specific contexts. Refer to current WHO 
recommendations. 
tranexamic acid  
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule 
22.6 Medicines administered to the neonate [c] 
caffeine citrate [c] 
Injection: 20 mg/mL (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/mL). 
Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/mL). 
chlorhexidine [c] 
Solution or gel: 7.1% (digluconate) delivering 4% chlorhexidine (for 
umbilical cord care).  
 
 
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Complementary List 
 ibuprofen [c] 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- indometacin 
Solution for injection: 5 mg/mL. 
 prostaglandin E1 [c] 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- prostaglandin E2 
Solution for injection: 0.5 mg/mL in alcohol. 
surfactant [c] 
Suspension for intratracheal instillation: 25 mg/mL or 80 mg/mL. 
23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION 
Complementary List 
intraperitoneal dialysis solution 
(of appropriate composition) 
Parenteral solution. 
24. MEDICINES FOR MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS 
24.1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders 
 chlorpromazine 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Injection: 25 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 mL (hydrochloride). 
Tablet: 100 mg (hydrochloride). 
 fluphenazine 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Injection: 25 mg (decanoate or enantate) in 1 mL ampoule. 
 haloperidol 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Injection: 5 mg in 1 mL ampoule. 
Tablet: 2 mg; 5 mg. 
 paliperidone 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- risperidone injection  
Injection (prolonged-release): 25 mg; 50 mg; 75 mg; 100 mg; 
150 mg (as palmitate) in pre-filled syringe 
risperidone  
Solid oral dosage form: 0.25 mg to 6.0 mg. 
Complementary List 
chlorpromazine [c] 
Injection: 25 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 mL (hydrochloride). 
Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (hydrochloride). 
clozapine 
Solid oral dosage form: 25 to 200 mg. 
haloperidol [c] 
Injection: 5 mg in 1 mL ampoule. 
Oral liquid: 2 mg/mL. 
Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg. 
 
 
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24.2 Medicines used in mood disorders 
24.2.1 Medicines used in depressive disorders 
 amitriptyline 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Tablet: 25 mg; 75mg. (hydrochloride).  
 fluoxetine 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- citalopram 
- escitalopram 
- fluvoxamine 
- paroxetine 
- sertraline 
 
Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg (as hydrochloride). 
Complementary List  
fluoxetine a [c] 
Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg (as hydrochloride). 
a > 8 years. 
24.2.2 Medicines used in bipolar disorders 
carbamazepine 
Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg. 
lithium carbonate 
Solid oral dosage form: 300 mg. 
valproic acid (sodium valproate)* 
*avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-
bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are 
ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth 
defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to 
valproate in the womb. 
Tablet (enteric-coated): 200 mg; 500 mg. 
24.3 Medicines for anxiety disorders  
 diazepam 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Tablet (scored): 2 mg; 5 mg. 
24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders 
clomipramine 
Capsule: 10 mg; 25 mg (hydrochloride). 
24.5 Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use 
bupropion  
Tablet (sustained-release): 150 mg (hydrochloride) 
nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)  
Chewing gum: 2 mg; 4 mg (as polacrilex). 
Transdermal patch: 5 mg to 30 mg/16 hrs; 7 mg to 21 mg/24 hrs. 
varenicline 
Tablet: 0.5 mg, 1 mg 
Complementary List 
 methadone* 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- buprenorphine 
Concentrate for oral liquid: 5 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL (hydrochloride). 
Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL; 10 mg/5 mL (hydrochloride). 
*The medicines should only be used within an established support 
programme. 
 
 
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25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 
25.1 Antiasthmatic medicines and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 
 budesonide  
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- beclometasone 
- ciclesonide  
- flunisolide 
- fluticasone 
- mometasone 
 
Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms per dose; 200 micrograms per 
dose. 
 budesonide +  formoterol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- beclometasone + formoterol  
- budesonide + salmeterol 
- fluticasone + formoterol 
- fluticasone furoate + vilanterol 
- mometasone + formoterol 
 
Dry powder inhaler: 100 micrograms + 6 micrograms per dose; 
200 micrograms + 6 micrograms per dose 
epinephrine (adrenaline) 
Injection: 1 mg/mL (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1 mL 
ampoule. 
ipratropium bromide 
Inhalation (aerosol): 20 micrograms/metered dose. 
 salbutamol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- terbutaline 
 
Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms (as sulfate) per dose. 
Injection: 50 micrograms/mL (as sulfate) in 5 mL ampoule. 
Metered dose inhaler (aerosol): 100 micrograms (as sulfate) per 
dose. 
Respirator solution for use in nebulizers: 5 mg/mL (as sulfate). 
 tiotropium 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- aclidinium 
- glycopyrronium 
- umeclidinium 
 
Powder for inhalaton, capsule: 18 micrograms  
Inhalation solution: 1.25 micrograms; 2.5 micrograms per actuation 
26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID–BASE DISTURBANCES 
26.1 Oral 
oral rehydration salts  
See section 17.5.1.  
potassium chloride 
Powder for solution. 
26.2 Parenteral 
glucose 
Injectable solution: 5% (isotonic); 10% (hypertonic); 
50%  (hypertonic). 
glucose with sodium chloride 
Injectable solution: 4% glucose, 0.18% sodium chloride  
(equivalent to Na+ 30 mmol/L, Cl- 30 mmol/L). 
Injectable solution: 5% glucose, 0.9% sodium chloride (equivalent to 
Na+ 150 mmol/L and Cl- 150 mmol/L); 5% glucose, 0.45% sodium 
chloride (equivalent to Na+ 75 mmol/L and Cl- 75 mmol/L) [c]. 
 
 
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potassium chloride 
Solution: 11.2% in 20 mL ampoule 
(equivalent to K+ 1.5 mmol/mL, Cl- 1.5 mmol/mL). 
Solution for dilution: 7.5% (equivalent to K 1 mmol/mL and Cl 
1 mmol/mL) [c]; 15% (equivalent to K 2 mmol/mL and Cl 2 mmol/mL) 
[c]. 
sodium chloride 
Injectable solution: 0.9% isotonic (equivalent to Na+ 154 mmol/L, Cl- 
154 mmol/L). 
sodium hydrogen carbonate 
Injectable solution: 1.4% isotonic (equivalent to Na+ 167 mmol/L, 
HCO3- 167 mmol/L). 
Solution: 8.4% in 10 mL ampoule (equivalent to Na+ 1000 mmol/L, 
HCO3-1000 mmol/L). 
sodium lactate, compound solution 
Injectable solution. 
26.3 Miscellaneous 
water for injection 
2 mL; 5 mL; 10 mL ampoules. 
27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS 
ascorbic acid 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
calcium 
Tablet: 500 mg (elemental). 
 colecalciferol [c] 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- ergocalciferol 
Oral liquid: 400 IU/mL. 
Solid oral dosage form: 400 IU; 1000 IU. 
 ergocalciferol 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- colecalciferol 
 
Oral liquid: 250 micrograms/mL (10 000 IU/mL). 
Solid oral dosage form: 1.25 mg (50 000 IU). 
iodine  
Capsule: 190 mg. 
Iodized oil: 1 mL (480 mg iodine); 0.5 mL (240 mg iodine) in ampoule 
(oral or injectable); 0.57 mL (308 mg iodine) in dispenser bottle. 
multiple micronutrient powder [c] 
Sachets containing: 
- iron (elemental) 12.5 mg (as coated ferrous fumarate) 
- zinc (elemental) 5 mg 
- vitamin A 300 micrograms 
- with or without other micronutrients at recommended daily values 
nicotinamide 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
pyridoxine 
Tablet: 25 mg (hydrochloride). 
retinol 
Capsule: 50 000 IU; 100 000 IU; 200 000 IU (as palmitate). 
Oral oily solution: 100 000 IU/mL (as palmitate) in multidose 
dispenser. 
Tablet (sugar-coated): 10 000 IU (as palmitate). 
Water-miscible injection: 100 000 IU (as palmitate) in  
2 mL ampoule. 
riboflavin 
Tablet: 5 mg. 
thiamine 
Tablet: 50 mg (hydrochloride). 
 
 
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Complementary List 
calcium gluconate 
Injection: 100 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 
28. EAR, NOSE AND THROAT MEDICINES  
acetic acid [c] 
Topical: 2%, in alcohol. 
 budesonide  [c] 
 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Nasal spray: 100 micrograms per dose. 
 ciprofloxacin [c] 
Therapeutic alternatives: 
- ofloxacin 
Solution (ear drops): 0.3% (as hydrochloride). 
 xylometazoline a  [c] 
 
Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed (2023) 
Nasal spray: 0.05%.  
a Not in children less than 3 months. 
29. MEDICINES FOR DISEASES OF JOINTS  
29.1 Medicines used to treat gout 
allopurinol 
Tablet: 100 mg. 
29.2 Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) 
chloroquine 
Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate). 
Complementary List 
azathioprine 
Tablet: 50 mg. 
hydroxychloroquine  
Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg (as sulfate). 
methotrexate 
Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium salt). 
penicillamine 
Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg. 
sulfasalazine 
Tablet: 500 mg. 
29.3 Juvenile joint diseases 
Complementary List 
acetylsalicylic acid* (acute or chronic use) 
Suppository: 50 mg to 150 mg. 
Tablet: 100 mg to 500 mg. 
*For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease. 
30. DENTAL PREPARATIONS  
fluoride 
Paste, cream or gel: containing between 1000 and 1500 ppm 
fluoride (any type). 
In other appropriate topical formulations. 
glass ionomer cement 
Single-use capsules: 0.4 g powder + 0.09 mL liquid. 
Multi-use bottle: powder + liquid. 
Powder (fluoro-alumino-silicate glass) contains: 25-50% silicate, 20-40% 
aluminium oxide, 1-20% fluoride, 15-40% metal oxide, 0-15% phosphate, 
remainder are polyacrylic acid powder and metals in minimal quantities. 
Liquid (aqueous) contains: 7-25% polybasic carboxylic acid, 45-60% 
polyacrylic acid. 
silver diamine fluoride 
Solution: 38% w/v. 
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Table 1.1: Medicines with age or weight restrictions 
 
artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate 
> 5 kg 
atropine 
> 3 months 
bedaquiline 
≥ 5 years 
benzyl benzoate 
>2 years 
betamethasone topical preparations 
hydrocortisone preferred in neonates 
cefazolin 
> 1 month 
ceftriaxone 
> 41 weeks corrected gestational age 
darunavir 
> 3 years 
delamanid 
≥ 3 years (25 mg dispersible tablet) 
≥ 6 years (50 mg tablet) 
dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate 
> 5 kg 
diloxanide 
>25 kg  
dolutegravir 
≥ 4 weeks and ≥ 3 kg (10 mg dispersible tablet) 
≥ 25 kg (50 mg tablet) 
doxycycline 
> 8 years (except for serious infections e.g. cholera) 
fluoxetine 
> 8 years  
ibuprofen 
> 3 months (except IV form for patent ductus arteriosus) 
mefloquine 
> 5 kg or > 3 months 
metoclopramide 
Not in neonates 
nevirapine 
> 6 weeks 
ondansetron 
> 1 month 
silver sulfadiazine 
> 2 months 
tetracaine 
Not in preterm neonates 
xylometazoline 
> 3 months 
 
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Table 1.2: Explanation of dosage forms 
 
A. Principal dosage forms used in EML – oral administration 
 
 
Term 
 
 
Definition 
 
Solid oral dosage form 
Refers to tablets or capsules or other solid dosage forms such as 'melts' 
that are immediate-release preparations. It implies that there is no 
difference in clinical efficacy or safety between the available dosage forms, 
and countries should therefore choose the form(s) to be listed depending 
on quality and availability.  
 
The term 'solid oral dosage form' is never intended to allow any type of 
modified-release tablet. 
 
Tablets  
Refers to:  
 
• 
uncoated or coated (film-coated or sugar-coated) tablets that are 
intended to be swallowed whole;  
• 
unscored and scored*;  
• 
tablets that are intended to be chewed before being swallowed;  
• 
tablets that are intended to be dispersed or dissolved in water or 
another suitable liquid before being swallowed;  
• 
tablets that are intended to be crushed before being swallowed. 
 
The term 'tablet' without qualification is never intended to allow any type of 
modified-release tablet. 
 
Tablets (qualified) 
Refers to a specific type of tablet: 
chewable - tablets that are intended to be chewed before being swallowed;  
dispersible - tablets that are intended to be dispersed in water or another 
suitable liquid before being swallowed;  
soluble - tablets that are intended to be dissolved in water or another 
suitable liquid before being swallowed;  
crushable - tablets that are intended to be crushed before being 
swallowed;  
scored - tablets bearing a break mark or marks where sub-division is 
intended in order to provide doses of less than one tablet; 
sublingual - tablets that are intended to be placed beneath the tongue. 
 
The term 'tablet' is always qualified with an additional term (in parentheses) 
in entries where one of the following types of tablet is intended: gastro-
resistant (such tablets may sometimes be described as enteric-coated or 
as delayed-release), prolonged-release or another modified-release form. 
 
 
 
* Scored tablets may be divided for ease of swallowing, provided that dose is a whole number of tablets. 
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Capsules  
Refers to hard or soft capsules.  
 
The term 'capsule' without qualification is never intended to allow any type 
of modified-release capsule. 
 
Capsules (qualified) 
The term 'capsule' with qualification refers to gastro-resistant (such 
capsules may sometimes be described as enteric-coated or as delayed-
release), prolonged-release or another modified-release form. 
 
Granules 
Preparations that are issued to patient as granules to be swallowed without 
further preparation, to be chewed, or to be taken in or with water or 
another suitable liquid. 
 
The term 'granules' without further qualification is never intended to allow 
any type of modified-release granules. 
 
Oral powder 
Preparations that are issued to patient as powder (usually as single-dose) 
to be taken in or with water or another suitable liquid. 
 
Oral liquid  
Liquid preparations intended to be swallowed i.e. oral solutions, 
suspensions, emulsions and oral drops, including those constituted from 
powders or granules, but not those preparations intended for oromucosal 
administration e.g. gargles and mouthwashes. 
 
Oral liquids presented as powders or granules may offer benefits in the 
form of better stability and lower transport costs. If more than one type of 
oral liquid is available on the same market (e.g. solution, suspension, 
granules for reconstitution), they may be interchanged and in such cases 
should be bioequivalent. It is preferable that oral liquids do not contain 
sugar and that solutions for children do not contain alcohol. 
 
 
B. Principal dosage forms used in EML – parenteral administration 
 
Term 
Definition 
Injection 
Refers to solutions, suspensions and emulsions including those constituted 
from powders or concentrated solutions. 
Injection (qualified) 
Route of administration is indicated in parentheses where relevant. 
Injection (oily) 
The term `injection’ is qualified by `(oily)’ in relevant entries. 
Intravenous infusion 
Refers to solutions and emulsions including those constituted from powders 
or concentrated solutions. 
 
C. Other dosage forms 
 
Mode of administration 
Term to be used 
To the eye 
Eye drops, eye ointments. 
Topical 
For liquids: lotions, paints. 
For semi-solids: cream, ointment. 
Rectal  
Suppositories, gel or solution. 
Vaginal 
Pessaries or vaginal tablets. 
Inhalation 
Powder for inhalation, pressurized inhalation, nebulizer. 
 
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Index 
abacavir 
18 
abacavir + lamivudine 
19 
abiraterone 
31 
acetazolamide 
48 
acetic acid 
55 
acetylcysteine 
4 
acetylsalicylic acid 
2, 24, 38, 55 
aciclovir 
18, 47 
adalimumab 
25 
albendazole 
6 
alcohol based hand rub 
40 
allopurinol 
32, 55 
all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) 
30 
alteplase 
38 
amidotrizoate 
40 
amikacin 
8, 16 
amiloride 
41 
amiodarone 
36 
amitriptyline 
3, 52 
amlodipine 
36 
amodiaquine 
21 
amodiaquine – sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine 
23 
amoxicillin 
8 
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 
8, 16 
amphotericin B 
17, 21 
ampicillin 
9 
anastrozole 
31 
anti-D immunoglobulin 
34 
anti-rabies immunoglobulin 
34 
anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies 
45 
anti-tetanus immunoglobulin 
34 
antivenom immunoglobulin 
45 
aprepitant 
42 
arsenic trioxide 
25 
artemether 
21 
artemether + lumefantrine 
21 
artesunate 
22 
artesunate + amodiaquine 
22 
artesunate + mefloquine 
22 
artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate 
22 
ascorbic acid 
54 
asparaginase 
25 
atazanavir + ritonavir 
18 
atracurium 
47 
atropine 
1, 4, 48 
azathioprine 
25, 55 
azithromycin 
12, 47 
barium sulfate 
40 
BCG vaccine 
46 
bedaquiline 
16 
bendamustine 
25 
benzathine benzylpenicillin 
9 
benznidazole 
24 
benzoyl peroxide 
39 
benzyl benzoate 
39 
benzylpenicillin 
9 
betamethasone 
39 
bevacizumab 
48 
bicalutamide 
31 
biperiden 
33 
bisoprolol 
35, 36, 37 
bleomycin 
25 
bortezomib 
30 
budesonide 
53, 55 
budesonide + formoterol 
53 
bupivacaine 
1 
bupropion 
52 
caffeine citrate 
50 
calamine 
39 
calcipotriol 
39 
calcium 
54 
calcium folinate 
25 
calcium gluconate 
4, 55 
capecitabine 
26 
carbamazepine 
5, 52 
carbetocin 
50 
carboplatin 
26 
cefalexin 
9 
cefazolin 
9 
cefiderocol 
14 
cefixime 
12 
cefotaxime 
12 
ceftazidime 
14 
ceftazidime + avibactam 
14 
ceftriaxone 
13 
cefuroxime 
13 
charcoal, activated 
4 
chlorambucil 
26 
chloramphenicol 
9 
chlorhexidine 
40, 50 
chlorine base compound 
40 
chloroquine 
22, 23, 55 
chloroxylenol 
41 
chlorpromazine 
51 
cholera vaccine 
46 
ciclosporin 
25 
ciprofloxacin 
13, 55 
cisplatin 
26 
clarithromycin 
13 
clindamycin 
10 
clofazimine 
15, 16 
clomifene 
49 
clomipramine 
52 
clopidogrel 
38 
clotrimazole 
17 
cloxacillin 
10 
clozapine 
51 
coagulation factor IX 
35 
coagulation factor VIII 
35 
coal tar 
39 
codeine 
2 
colecalciferol 
54 
colistin 
14 
condoms 
49 
copper-containing device 
49 
cyclizine 
3 
cyclophosphamide 
26 
cycloserine 
16 
cytarabine 
26 
dabigatran 
33 
dacarbazine 
27 
daclatasvir 
20 
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daclatasvir + sofosbuvir 
20 
dactinomycin 
27 
dapsone 
15 
darunavir 
18 
dasabuvir 
20 
dasatinib 
30 
daunorubicin 
27 
deferoxamine 
4, 34 
delamanid 
16 
dengue vaccine 
46 
desmopressin 
34 
dexamethasone 
3, 4, 31, 42, 50 
dextran 70 
35 
diaphragms 
49 
diazepam 
3, 5, 52 
diazoxide 
44 
diethylcarbamazine 
6 
digoxin 
35, 37 
dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate 
22 
diloxanide 
21 
dimercaprol 
4 
diphtheria antitoxin 
45 
diphtheria vaccine 
46 
docetaxel 
27 
docusate sodium 
3 
dolutegravir 
19 
dolutegravir + lamivudine + tenofovir 
19 
dopamine 
38 
doxorubicin 
27 
doxycycline 
10, 22, 23 
efavirenz 
18 
efavirenz + emtricitabine + tenofovir 
19 
efavirenz + lamivudine + tenofovir 
19 
eflornithine 
24 
empagliflozin 
44 
emtricitabine + tenofovir 
19 
enalapril 
36, 37 
enoxaparin 
33 
entecavir 
20 
ephedrine 
1 
epinephrine (adrenaline) 
4, 35, 48, 53 
equine rabies immunoglobulin 
45 
ergocalciferol 
54 
ergometrine 
50 
erlotinib 
30 
erythromycin 
47 
erythropoiesis-stimulating agents 
33 
estradiol cypionate + medroxyprogesterone acetate 
49 
ethambutol 
15 
ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin 
15 
ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin 
15 
ethanol 
40 
ethinylestradiol + etonogestrel 
49 
ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel 
49 
ethinylestradiol + norethisterone 
49 
ethionamide 
16 
ethosuximide 
6 
etonogestrel-releasing implant 
49 
etoposide 
27 
everolimus 
30 
fentanyl 
2 
ferrous salt 
33 
ferrous salt + folic acid 
33 
fexinidazole 
23 
filgrastim 
31 
fluconazole 
17 
flucytosine 
17 
fludarabine 
27 
fludrocortisone 
43 
fluorescein 
40 
fluoride 
55 
fluorouracil 
28, 39 
fluoxetine 
3, 52 
fluphenazine 
51 
folic acid 
33 
fomepizole 
4 
fosfomycin 
14 
fresh-frozen plasma 
34 
furosemide 
37, 41 
gemcitabine 
28 
gentamicin 
10, 47 
glass ionomer cement 
55 
glecaprevir + pibrentasvir 
20 
gliclazide 
44 
glucagon 
44 
glucose 
53 
glucose with sodium chloride 
53 
glutaral 
41 
glyceryl trinitrate 
35 
griseofulvin 
17 
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine 
46 
haloperidol 
3, 51 
halothane 
1 
heparin sodium 
33, 34 
hepatitis A vaccine 
46 
hepatitis B vaccine 
46 
human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine 
46 
hydralazine 
36 
hydrochlorothiazide 
36, 37, 41 
hydrocortisone 
4, 31, 39, 42, 43 
hydroxocobalamin 
33 
hydroxycarbamide 
28, 34 
hydroxychloroquine 
55 
hyoscine butylbromide 
3 
hyoscine hydrobromide 
3 
ibrutinib 
30 
ibuprofen 
2, 24, 51 
ifosfamide 
28 
imatinib 
30 
influenza vaccine 
47 
insulin injection (soluble) 
44 
intermediate-acting insulin 
44 
intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate 
composition) 
51 
iodine 
54 
iohexol 
40 
ipratropium bromide 
53 
irinotecan 
28 
isoflurane 
1 
isoniazid 
15 
isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin 
15 
isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
 
19 
isoniazid + rifampicin 
15 
isoniazid + rifapentine 
15 
isosorbide dinitrate 
35 
itraconazole 
17 
ivermectin 
6, 24 
Japanese encephalitis vaccine 
46 
ketamine 
1 
Case 3:22-cv-00184   Document 12-13   Filed on 08/08/22 in TXSD   Page 64 of 67

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
page 61 
lactulose 
3 
lamivudine 
18 
lamivudine + zidovudine 
19 
lamotrigine 
5 
latanoprost 
48 
ledipasvir + sofosbuvir 
20 
lenalidomide 
31 
leuprorelin 
32 
levamisole 
6 
levodopa + carbidopa 
33 
levofloxacin 
16 
levonorgestrel 
49 
levonorgestrel-releasing implant 
49 
levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system 
49 
levothyroxine 
44 
lidocaine 
1, 35 
lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline) 
1 
linezolid 
14, 16 
lisinopril + amlodipine 
36 
lisinopril + hydrochlorothiazide 
36 
lithium carbonate 
52 
long-acting insulin analogues 
44 
loperamide 
3 
lopinavir + ritonavir 
18 
loratadine 
4 
lorazepam 
5 
losartan 
36, 37 
Lugol's solution 
45 
magnesium sulfate 
5 
mannitol 
41 
measles vaccine 
46 
mebendazole 
6 
medroxyprogesterone acetate 
43, 49 
mefloquine 
22, 23 
meglumine antimoniate 
21 
meglumine iotroxate 
40 
melarsoprol 
24 
melphalan 
28 
meningococcal meningitis vaccine 
46 
mercaptopurine 
28 
meropenem 
14, 16 
meropenem + vaborbactam 
14 
mesna 
32 
metformin 
44 
methadone 
2, 52 
methimazole 
44, 45 
methotrexate 
28, 55 
methyldopa 
37 
methylprednisolone 
32 
methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) 
4 
metoclopramide 
3, 42 
metronidazole 
11, 21 
micafungin 
17 
miconazole 
38 
midazolam 
1, 3, 5 
mifepristone – misoprostol 
50 
miltefosine 
21 
misoprostol 
50 
morphine 
1, 2 
moxifloxacin 
15, 16 
multiple micronutrient powder 
54 
multiple micronutrient supplement 
50 
mumps vaccine 
47 
mupirocin 
39 
naloxone 
4 
natamycin 
48 
neostigmine 
47 
nevirapine 
18 
niclosamide 
6 
nicotinamide 
54 
nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) 
52 
nifedipine 
50 
nifurtimox 
24 
nilotinib 
30 
nitrofurantoin 
11 
nitrous oxide 
1 
nivolumab 
31 
norethisterone enantate 
49 
normal immunoglobulin 
35 
nystatin 
17 
ofloxacin 
48 
ombitasvir + paritaprevir + ritonavir 
20 
omeprazole 
41 
ondansetron 
3, 42 
oral rehydration salts 
43, 53 
oral rehydration salts – zinc sulfate 
42 
oseltamivir 
20 
oxaliplatin 
28 
oxamniquine 
6 
oxygen 
1, 2 
oxytocin 
50 
paclitaxel 
29 
paliperidone 
51 
p-aminosalicylic acid 
16 
pancreatic enzymes 
41 
paracetamol 
2, 24 
paromomycin 
21 
pegaspargase 
29 
pegylated interferon alfa 2a 
21 
penicillamine 
4, 55 
pentamidine 
23 
permethrin 
39 
pertussis vaccine 
46 
phenobarbital 
5 
phenoxymethylpenicillin 
11 
phenytoin 
5 
phytomenadione 
33 
pilocarpine 
48 
piperacillin + tazobactam 
14 
platelets 
34 
plazomicin 
14 
pneumococcal vaccine 
46 
podophyllum resin 
39 
poliomyelitis vaccine 
46 
polymyxin B 
14 
potassium chloride 
53, 54 
potassium ferric hexacyano-ferrate(II) -2H20 (Prussian 
blue) 
4 
potassium iodide 
17, 44, 45 
potassium permanganate 
39 
povidone iodine 
40 
praziquantel 
6 
prednisolone 
4, 32, 42, 48 
primaquine 
22 
procaine benzylpenicillin 
11 
procarbazine 
29 
progesterone vaginal ring 
49 
proguanil 
23 
propofol 
1 
propranolol 
24 
Case 3:22-cv-00184   Document 12-13   Filed on 08/08/22 in TXSD   Page 65 of 67

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
 
 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 22nd List (2021) 
page 62 
propylthiouracil 
44, 45 
prostaglandin E1 
51 
protamine sulfate 
33 
pyrantel 
6 
pyrazinamide 
15 
pyridostigmine 
47 
pyridoxine 
54 
pyrimethamine 
23 
quinine 
22 
rabies vaccine 
47 
raltegravir 
19 
ranitidine 
41 
rasburicase 
32 
realgar-Indigo naturalis formulation 
29 
red blood cells 
34 
retinol 
54 
ribavirin 
19, 21 
riboflavin 
54 
rifabutin 
15 
rifampicin 
15 
rifapentine 
15 
risperidone 
51 
ritonavir 
18 
rituximab 
30 
rotavirus vaccine 
46 
rubella vaccine 
46 
salbutamol 
53 
salicylic acid 
39 
selenium sulfide 
38 
senna 
3, 42 
silver diamine fluoride 
55 
silver sulfadiazine 
39 
simvastatin 
38 
sodium calcium edetate 
4 
sodium chloride 
54 
sodium hydrogen carbonate 
54 
sodium lactate 
54 
sodium nitrite 
4 
sodium nitroprusside 
37 
sodium stibogluconate 
21 
sodium thiosulfate 
4, 38 
sofosbuvir 
20 
sofosbuvir + velpatasvir 
20 
spectinomycin 
11 
spironolactone 
38, 41 
streptokinase 
38 
streptomycin 
16 
succimer 
4 
sulfadiazine 
23 
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine 
22, 23 
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim 
11, 23 
sulfasalazine 
42, 55 
sumatriptan 
24 
suramin sodium 
23 
surfactant 
51 
suxamethonium 
47 
tacrolimus 
25 
tamoxifen 
32 
telmisartan + amlodipine 
37 
telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide 
37 
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 
18, 20 
terbinafine 
38 
testosterone 
43 
tetanus vaccine 
46 
tetracaine 
48 
tetracycline 
48 
thalidomide 
31 
thiamine 
54 
tick-borne encephalitis vaccine 
46 
timolol 
48 
tioguanine 
29 
tiotropium 
53 
tranexamic acid 
34, 50 
trastuzumab 
30 
triclabendazole 
6 
trimethoprim 
12 
tropicamide 
40 
tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD) 
45 
typhoid vaccine 
47 
ulipristal 
49 
urea 
39 
valganciclovir 
19, 20 
valproic acid (sodium valproate) 
5, 6, 52 
vancomycin 
14 
varenicline 
52 
varicella vaccine 
47 
vecuronium 
47 
verapamil 
35 
vinblastine 
29 
vincristine 
29 
vinorelbine 
29 
voriconazole 
17 
warfarin 
34 
water for injection 
54 
whole blood 
34 
xylometazoline 
55 
yellow fever vaccine 
46 
zidovudine 
18 
zinc sulfate 
43 
zoledronic acid 
32 
Case 3:22-cv-00184   Document 12-13   Filed on 08/08/22 in TXSD   Page 66 of 67

 
 
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