U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations in the 116th Congress (R46711, Version 1)

Summary

A Congressional Research Service report, R46711, dated March 11, 2021 and coordinated by Kavya Sekar, on COVID-19 supplemental appropriations for the U.S. Public Health Service agencies and the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund (PHSSEF) in the 116th Congress. Across five measures, from P.L. 116-123 enacted March 6, 2020 to the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 enacted December 27, 2020, a total of $305.6 billion was provided, much of it available for multiple years. The PHSSEF, used for one-time and pass-through emergency funding, paid for items such as vaccines and syringes and support for health care providers. By agency, the CDC received a total of $15.3 billion, ATSDR $12.5 million and FDA $196 million.

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U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19
Supplemental Appropriations in the 116th
Congress

March 11, 2021

Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R46711
SUMMARY

R46711
U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19
March 11, 2021
Supplemental Funding in the 116th Congress
Kavya Sekar, Coordinator
Within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), eight agencies and two Analyst in Health Policy
offices are designated components of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). Some of
these agencies and offices—for example, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Agata Bodie
Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)—have played a Analyst in Health Policy
major role in the federal response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic. Ada S. Cornell
Senior Research Librarian
PHS agencies are funded primarily by annual discretionary appropriations. As such,
many of these agencies have received additional supplemental discretionary Johnathan H. Duff
appropriations for pandemic-related activities. In addition, one-time appropriations have Analyst in Health Policy
been made to the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund (PHSSEF)
account, which funds emergency preparedness and response activities and is often used Elayne J. Heisler
for one-time and pass-through funding to address health emergencies. As part of the Specialist in Health
federal response to the pandemic, PHSSEF appropriations have been used to fund Services
activities such as purchasing medical products and supplies (e.g., vaccines and syringes)
and supporting health care providers. Isaac A. Nicchitta
Research Assistant
This CRS report summarizes COVID-19 supplemental funding for the public health
service agencies and to PHSSEF in the 116th Congress. It also includes resources to track
COVID-19 supplemental spending provided across five supplemental appropriations
measures:

 First Measure: Division A of the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental
Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-123), enacted on March 6, 2020.
 Second Measure: Division A of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA, P.L. 116-
127), enacted on March 18, 2020.
 Third Measure: Division B of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES
Act, P.L. 116-136), enacted on March 27, 2020.
 Fourth Measure: Division B of the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement
Act (PPPHCEA, P.L. 116-139), enacted on April 24, 2020.
 Fifth Measure: Division M of Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), enacted on
December 27, 2020.
Across the five measures, a total of $305.6 billion has been provided to the PHS agencies and PHSSEF, much of
which is available for multiple years or until expended. In some cases, amounts were appropriated to one account
with instructions to transfer a portion of the funds to another account or agency. Except as noted, amounts shown
in the tables and figures throughout this report typically present funds in the account to which they were
appropriated, as final data on transfers are not universally available for all accounts. The following amounts were
appropriated to each PHS agency:

 CDC, the federal government’s lead public health agency, received a total of $15.3 billion.
 The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), which is headed by the CDC
director and investigates the public health impact of exposure to hazardous substances, received a
total of $12.5 million.
 FDA, which regulates medical products such as vaccines, treatments, and tests, received a total of
$196 million.

Congressional Research Service
U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19 Supplemental Funding in the 116th Congress

 The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), which funds programs and
systems that provide health care services to the uninsured and medically underserved, received a
total of $1.3 billion.
 The Indian Health Service (IHS), which supports a health care delivery system for Native
Americans, received a total of $1.1 billion.
 The National Institutes of Health (NIH), the nation’s lead medical and health research agency,
received a total of $3.0 billion.
 The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), which funds
mental health and substance abuse prevention and treatment services, received a total of $4.7
billion.
PHSSEF received a total of $280 billion (including amounts directed as transfers to the above agencies) for a
broad set of purposes. Some of the funded activities are carried out by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for
Preparedness and Response (ASPR; a component of the Public Health Service). In particular, the account funds
the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) which supports the development and
procurement of medical countermeasures (e.g., vaccines, treatments), as well as the deployment of certain
operational response assets such as the Strategic National Stockpile and medical workforce assistance to states .
Some PHSSEF funding has since been transferred from PHSSEF or administered by other agencies, in addition to
the transfers directed by the laws. HHS transfer authorities allow for transfers between accounts as specified in
each law.

Some of the supplemental funding has been provided broadly, “to prevent, prepare for and respond to coronavirus,
domestically or internationally.” Other funding was provided for specific purposes, for example, for testing and
vaccine distribution. Further, appropriations in different laws are available for different time periods. This report
summarizes appropriations by agency, account, availability, and purpose as directed across the measures.

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U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19 Supplemental Funding in the 116th Congress

Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
Understanding PHS COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations .......................................... 2
PHS Agency and PHSSEF Appropriations: A Snapshot ................................................... 3
Report Roadmap ....................................................................................................... 4
Agency Overview ........................................................................................................... 5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ......................................................... 6
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).................................................................... 8
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)................................................. 10
Indian Health Service (IHS) ...................................................................................... 12
Funding for Tribal Entities ................................................................................... 14
National Institutes of Health (NIH)............................................................................. 15
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)........................ 16
Office of the Secretary.............................................................................................. 19
Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund................................................. 19
Funding Overview......................................................................................................... 22
Resources for Tracking PHS Spending ............................................................................. 34
USAspending.gov.................................................................................................... 34
Pandemic Response Accountability Committee ............................................................ 34
GAO Reports .......................................................................................................... 35
PHS Agency Websites .............................................................................................. 35
Nongovernment Sources ........................................................................................... 36

Figures
Figure 1. PHS Agencies: COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations ......................................... 5
Figure 2. PHSSEF: Major Categories of COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations .................. 19

Tables
Table 1. Summary of COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations to Public Health Service ......... 23
Table 2. Detailed COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations to Public Health Service ............... 25

Contacts
Author Information ....................................................................................................... 37

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U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19 Supplemental Funding in the 116th Congress

Introduction
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to have a significant impact on
communities throughout the United States and around the world. The federal response to this
crisis has included multiple waves of supplemental appropriations for various agencies, programs,
and accounts to help prevent, prepare for, and respond to the pandemic.
Within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), eight agencies and two offices are
designated components of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). 1 Some of these agencies and
offices—such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA)—have played a major role in the federal public health response
to the COVID-19 pandemic. Others have played a role in providing community health support
services, for example, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) and the
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
PHS agencies are primarily funded by annual discretionary appropriations. As such, many of
these agencies have received additional supplemental discretionary appropriations for pandemic -
related activities. In addition, one-time appropriations have been made to the Public Health and
Social Services Emergency Fund (PHSSEF) account, which funds emergency preparedness and
response activities and is often used for one-time and pass-through funding to address health
emergencies. As part of the federal response to the pandemic, PHSSEF appropriations have been
made to fund activities such as purchasing medical products and supplies (e.g., vaccines and
syringes) and supporting health care providers. Some of these activities are carried out by the
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR, a PHS component).
PHSSEF appropriations also include a number of transfers to PHS agencies, as directed in the
response measures.
This report summarizes coronavirus supplemental funding for the public health service agencies
and to the PHSSEF in the 116th Congress. It also includes resources for tracking spending.
Funding has been provided across five supplemental appropriations measures:
 First Measure: Division A of the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-123), enacted on March 6,
2020.
 Second Measure: Division A of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act
(FFCRA, P.L. 116-127), enacted on March 18, 2020.
 Third Measure: Division B of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic
Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136), enacted on March 27, 2020.2
 Fourth Measure: Division B, of the Paycheck Protection Program and Health
Care Enhancement Act (PPPHCEA, P.L. 116-139 ), enacted on April 24, 2020.

1 T he two HHS offices that are a part of the Public Health Service (PHS) include the Office of the Assistant Secretary

for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) and the Office of Global Affairs (OGA). T he Office of the Assistant Secretary
for Health (OASH) has responsibilities for leadership and coordination of the Public Health Service. Other HHS
operating divisions that are not a part of PHS include the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the
Administration for Community Living (ACL), and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). See HHS,
“HHS Organizational Chart,” https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/orgchart/index.html.
2 In addition, Division A of the CARES Act provides the supplemental mandatory funding for HRSA that is included in

the budgetary calculations in this report. Information on this mandatory funding is included to provide a more complete
account of the additional funding provided to HRSA for pandemic response.

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 Fifth Measure: Division M of Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-
260), enacted on December 27, 2020.
This report provides an overview of each of the PHS agencies, as well as the PHSSEF. The
funding tables (Table 1 and Table 2) display supplemental funding as appropriated to these
accounts across the measures. In addition, this report provides an overview of resources for
tracking spending; however, it does not provide a comprehensive overview of allocations,
outlays, and awards because available funding data are incomplete.

Understanding PHS COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations
The above appropriations measures provided additional budgetary resources to PHS accounts to
address the pandemic. In these measures, discretionary funding was appropriated to PHS accounts
pursuant to an “emergency requirement” and directed to be used for various pandemic-related
activities. 3 Additionally, the measures directed that certain amounts of appropriations funding be
transferred from one account to another. In several instances, these transfers were directed as “not
less than” or “not more than” a certain amount.
In addition, the measures included several authorities that allow the HHS Secretary to transfer
certain funds between certain accounts, as specified in each measure. This transfer authority is in
addition to the directed transfers specified in the laws.
The first measure broadly allowed for HHS to transfer funds among accounts at CDC, NIH, and
PHSSEF. The third measure allowed for transfers among accounts at CDC, PHSSEF, the
Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration for Community Living
(ACL), and NIH. The fourth measure allowed for transfers among accounts at CDC, NIH,
PHSSEF, and FDA, but limited the amounts available for such transfers (e.g., it excluded from
this authority $75 billion provided to the PHSSEF for the “Provider Relief Fund”). The fifth
measure allowed for transfers among accounts at CDC, NIH, SAMHSA, ACF, and PHSSEF, but
again limited the amounts available for such transfers (e.g., it excluded from this authority $22.4
billion provided to the PHSSEF for COVID-19 testing, contact tracing, surveillance, containment,
and mitigation). The acts require HHS to notify the House and the Senate appropriations
committees 10 days in advance of such transfers.
Moreover, in several instances, one agency administers a program funded by appropriations that
were made to another agency’s or office’s account. Unless otherwise noted, the budgetary figures
in this report do not reflect transfers between accounts pursuant to these authorities, nor do they
reflect allocations and spending of agency appropriations below the level of detail specified in the
supplemental appropriations measures.
Several of the other divisions in the above measures include either regular discretionary
appropriations to these agencies’ accounts or mandatory appropriations to support ongoing
programs and operations. These regular, annual funds are not reflected in this report because they
were not appropriated specifically to address the pandemic. However, this report does include the
mandatory appropriations for the HRSA Health Centers program that were provided in Division A
of the third measure, because these funds were specifically directed as supplemental awards for
pandemic-related activities at HRSA-funded health centers.

3 For further information about the emergency requirements designation, see CRS Report R45778, Exceptions to the

Budget Control Act’s Discretionary Spending Limits.

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A Note About Funding Amounts in This Report
Funding amounts in each section of this report are presented in different ways. The “Agency Overview” section
discusses agency funding accounting for directed transfers to and from the agency accounts in the laws. As a result,
the funding totals based on these CRS calculations differ from Table 1 and Table 2 (in the “Funding Overview”
section), because those tables show funds as appropriated in each account and prior to any transfers. Websites
that track federal spending may include various breakdowns and presentations of funds in these agency accounts
that do not match numbers in this report.
In addition, the report does not include an overview of funding by category, such as funding totals for vaccine,
testing, or contact tracing-related purposes. Questions such as “How much funding was appropriated for testing,
contact tracing, or vaccines?” often defy a clear answer. Several agencies that support related programs and
activities received broad appropriations “to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus,” or similar broad
language. Agencies generally have discretion to allocate such funding for specific purposes and may not do so in
ways that are easy to categorize. For example, CDC has used its approp riations to award several broad and
flexible grants to states and other jurisdictions that can be used for a variety of purposes, including expanding
testing, laboratory, and contact tracing programs, among others. In addition, health care services programs, such
as those administered by HRSA and IHS, provide many kinds of care, including testing and vaccination services.
Further, categories such as “testing” and “vaccines” may include a wide set of activities—research and
development; regulation; testing and vaccination programs and infrastructure; testing, vaccine, and related supply
manufacturing; procurement of tests, vaccines, and related supplies; health education programs about testing and
vaccination; and the provision and financing of testing and vaccination services, among others. Many accounts at
PHS agencies and across the federal government may support similar or related activities.
Some sources, such as reports published by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), provide views of
funding allocations by various categories. GAO uses data provided by HHS and the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB). These reports are inherently subject to categorization choices made by HHS, OMB, and GAO.

PHS Agency and PHSSEF Appropriations: A Snapshot
Across the five measures, a total of $305.6 billion was provided to the PHS agencies and
PHSSEF. Much of this funding is available for multiple years or until expended. These measures
include the following amounts by PHS agency (as appropriated to agency accounts):
 CDC, the federal government’s lead public health agency, received a total of
$15.3 billion.
 The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), which is
headed by the CDC director and investigates the public health impact of exposure
to hazardous substances, received a total of $12.5 million.
 FDA, which regulates medical products such as vaccines, treatments, and tests,
received a total of $196 million.
 HRSA, which funds programs and systems that provide health care services to
the uninsured and medically underserved, received a total of $1.3 billion.
 The Indian Health Service (IHS), which supports a health care delivery system
for Native Americans, received a total of $1.1 billion.
 The National Institutes of Health (NIH), the nation’s lead medical and health
research agency, received a total of $3.0 billion.
 SAMHSA, which funds mental health and substance abuse prevention and
treatment services, received a total of $4.7 billion.
The PHSSEF received a total of $280 billion for a broad set of purposes, including funding
directed as transfers to the above agencies. This funding was generally provided for four main
purposes:

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 Medical Countermeasures and Surge Capacity (approximately $53.4 billion),
including the development, manufacture, and purchase of medical
countermeasures such as tests, treatments, vaccines, and other medical supplies,
as well as supporting a surge in demand for health care (e.g., health care
workforce supports, distribution of medical supplies, and alternative care sites).
 COVID-19 Testing for the Uninsured ($1 billion), provided in the second
measure. Accounting for a transfer in the fourth measure of not more than $1
billion of the amount for COVID-19 Testing, Surveillance, Contact Tracing,
Containment and Mitigation (last bullet below), a total of not more than $2
billion has been provided for this fund.
 Provider Relief Fund ($178 billion) to reimburse eligible health care providers
for health care-related expenses or lost revenues attributable to the pandemic.
 COVID-19 Testing, Surveillance, Contact Tracing, Containment and
Mitigation ($47.4 billion). Much of this funding has been awarded as grants to
states and other jurisdictions by CDC, while other amounts have been transferred
to other PHS agencies or used for related purposes, such as purchasing testing-
related supplies, or transferred to the uninsured fund listed above.
Some of the funded activities are carried out by ASPR, particularly BARDA for medical
countermeasure development and procurement. Some PHSSEF funding has since been
transferred from PHSSEF and is administered by other agencies (though these transfers were not
explicitly directed in the laws).
An eighth PHS agency, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) did not receive
COVID-19 supplemental appropriations in any of the measures.

Report Roadmap
This report provides an overview of COVID-19 supplemental appropriations to PHS accounts in
three main sections:
Agency Overviews. This section provides a high-level overview of each PHS agency and its role
in the pandemic response. The discussion includes total supplemental appropriations and
additional budgetary resources made available to each agency for pandemic response, accounting
for both appropriations made to agency accounts and transfers to the agency directed from other
accounts. The section discusses the purposes for which funds were appropriated, as well as
programs administered by the agency for which funding was appropriated to another account.
Finally, the section discusses PHSSEF, the largest account covered in this report, and the major
categories of its appropriations.
Funding Overview. This section includes two tables of COVID-19 supplemental appropriations
for PHS agencies as appropriated, with information on availability of funds. Table 1 provides a
high-level summary of appropriations by agency and includes information about transfers
specifically directed to another agency account. Table 2 provides a more detailed view of these
appropriations, including overviews of all appropriations for accounts, programs, and specified
purposes within an agency, as well as directed transfers outside of agency accounts. In at least one
case, transfers are directed to “other federal agencies” without specifying the specific agency or
account.
Resources to Track Spending. This section provides an overview of available resources to track
spending from PHS accounts, with a discussion of data limitations and relevant caveats for

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interpreting these sources. The section includes both general federal spending and department and
agency-specific resources.
As a general caveat, the PHS agencies are not the only agencies within the federal government
that have conducted public health activities for pandemic response. The federal public health
response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been “whole-of-government” and has involved
departments and agencies outside of HHS, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), the Department of Defense (DOD), and others. These entities and their appropriations
are outside the scope of this report.

Agency Overview
Seven PHS agencies received COVID-19 supplemental appropriations across the five measures.
As shown in Figure 1, CDC received the largest amount of appropriations at $15.3 billion (59.6%
of all PHS agency appropriations), followed by SAMHSA ($4.7 billion; 18.3%), NIH ($3.0
billion; 11.9%), HRSA ($1.3 billion; 5.2%), IHS ($1.1 billion; 4.3%), FDA ($196.0 million;
0.8%); and ATSDR ($12.5 million; less than 1%).

Figure 1. PHS Agencies: COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations
(Dollars in millions; amounts shown as appropriated)

This section discusses agency funding accounting for directed transfers to and from the agency
accounts in the laws. As such, the funding totals based on these calculations differ from Figure 1,

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as well as Table 1 and Table 2 in the “Funding Overview” section, as those figures and tables
show funds as appropriated in each account and prior to any transfers.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
As the nation’s lead public health agency, CDC’s mission is to “to protect America from health,
safety and security threats, both foreign and in the United States.”4 To fulfill its mission, CDC
supports various activities related to a wide array of illnesses and injuries, including developing
expertise and best practices in disease prevention and control; conducting and supporting public
health research; supporting health education; developing laboratory capacity; and conducting
surveillance (i.e., data collection), among others. A large portion of CDC’s annual budget is
awarded as external financial assistance (typically in the form of grants)—especially to state
health departments. 5
During the COVID-19 pandemic, CDC has played major roles in supporting the nation’s public
health response. The agency has produced and disseminated health information on COVID-19,
conducted research, awarded funding, and provided technical assistance to public health agencies
at the state, local, territorial, and tribal level (SLTT). These activities include (1) supporting
surveillance, epidemiology, and contact tracing; (2) supporting laboratory testing and diagnostics
development; (3) coordinating across public health agencies; (4) providing health education and
guidance for a variety of stakeholders; (5) providing travel health advisories and notices; (6)
supporting international public health responses to the pandemic; and (7) coordinating, setting
requirements, and providing assistance for the COVID-19 vaccination program. 6
Across four of the five supplemental appropriations measures, CDC received appropriations of
nearly $15.3 billion to the CDC-Wide Activities and Program Support account, along with an
additional directed transfer in the fourth measure of not less than $1 billion to CDC from
PHSSEF. In addition, the fifth measure directed a transfer of $210 million from CDC to IHS.
Accounting for transfers, total budgetary resources available to CDC are not less than $16.0
billion. In addition, CDC has administered grants funds for testing-related activities initially
appropriated to the PHSSEF account (as explained in the text box below).
In general, appropriations to CDC have been provided for three major purposes:
Broadly Available Funding. The first and third measures made available a total of $6.5 billion to
CDC “to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus,” including $2.2 billion in the first
measure and $4.3 billion in the third measure, with amounts set aside or transferred for the
following purposes:
 Grants to state, local, territorial, tribal governments, and other tribal health
organizations (SLTT agencies): Not less than $2.45 billion total, including not
less than $950 million in the first measure and not less than $1.5 billion in the
third measure. As specified in the laws, the funding was directed “to carry out
surveillance, epidemiology, laboratory capacity, infection control, mitigation,
communications, and other preparedness and response activities.” CDC has since
awarded the funding through several grant mechanisms and programs (see the

4 CDC, “Mission, Role, and Pledge,” https://www.cdc.gov/about/organization/mission.htm.

5
CDC, “Office of Financial Assistance: FY2019 Assistance Snapshot,” https://www.cdc.gov/funding/documents/
fy2019/fy-2019-ofr-assistance-snapshot-508.pdf.
6 CDC, “CDC in Action: Working 24/7 to the Stop the T hreat of COVID-19,” https://www.cdc.gov/budget/documents/

covid-19/CDC-247-Response-to-COVID-19-fact-sheet.pdf.

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text box below). The measures specify that, at a minimum, every grantee that
received a Public Health and Emergency Preparedness (PHEP) grant for FY2019
must receive no less than 90% of that grant level from the first measure, and no
less than 100% of that grant level from the third measure. 7 A portion of funds in
each measure is designated for tribal entities (as detailed in “Funding for Tribal
Entities” section).
 Global disease detection and emergency response: Not less than $800 million
total is for global disease detection and emergency response, including not less
than $300 million in the first measure and not less than $500 million in the third
measure.
 Public health data modernization: The third measure set aside not less than
$500 million of the total appropriation to CDC for “public health data
surveillance and analytics infrastructure modernization.”
 Transfers to the Infectious Disease Rapid Response Reserve Fund
(IDRRRF): Not less than $600 million total was directed to IDRRRF, including
not less than $300 million in the first measure and not less than $300 million in
the third measure. The IDRRRF is a reserve account for CDC used for infectious
disease emergencies, with funding generally available until expended. 8
Testing-Related Funding. The fourth measure directed a transfer of not less than $1 billion from
PHSSEF to CDC for “surveillance, epidemiology, laboratory capacity expansion, contact tracing,
public health data surveillance and analytics infrastructure modernization, disseminating
information about testing, and workforce support necessary to expand and improve COVID-19
testing.”
In addition, a large portion of the general testing-related funds in the PHSSEF account made
available by the fourth and fifth measures has been administered as CDC grants (see the text box
below).
Vaccine-Related Funding. The fifth measure made available $8.75 billion to CDC for “activities
to plan, prepare for, promote, distribute, administer, monitor, and track coronavirus vaccines to
ensure broad-based distribution, access, and vaccine coverage.” Of this total, at least $4.5 billion
was for SLTT grants (or cooperative agreements), of which $210 million is to be transferred to
the Indian Health Service (IHS) and a separate amount of not less than $300 million is for “high-
risk and underserved populations, including racial and ethnic minority populations and rural
communities.”

Public Health Grant Funding for States, Localities, Territories, and Tribes (SLTTs)
CDC has used funding made available to the CDC-Wide Activities and Program Support account, as well as
several appropriations to the PHSSEF account for “COVID-19 Testing, Surveillance, Contact Tracing,
Containment and Mitigation” to support public health grant programs. CDC has primarily awarded this funding
using some of its existing grant relationships with states, territories, and a few localities and tribal entities. For
some of the funding for tribes, CDC created new grant mechanisms (as explained in the “Funding for Tribal
Entities” section).
According to funding data published by CDC, as of January 8, 2021, CDC has awarded a total of $34.7 billion in
grants to SLTT governments and tribal entities. Of this amount, the three grant mechanisms described below

7 T he Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PHEP) cooperative agreement is a grant program that provides annual

funding to 62 state, territorial, and local grantees. It is authorized by Public Health Service Act, §319C-1 [42 U.S.C.
§247d–3a].
8 42 U.S.C. §247d-4a.

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were used to award most of the funding. Although these grant mechanisms were used to award the funding, the
exact terms of each grant and the purposes for which the awards can be used vary by funding allocation :
 Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity (ELC) Cooperative Agreement. The majority of the
funds ($30.2 billion) have been awarded using the Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity cooperative
agreement mechanism, drawing from appropriations in the first, third, fourth, and fifth measures (from
both CDC and PHSSEF accounts). This program generally awards annual funding to 64 state, local, and
territorial health departments to facilitate capacity for infectious disease control and prevention. For the
pandemic, ELC has been used as a mechanism to support expanding testing capacity (including by
expanding laboratory capacity and supporting public health department testing programs), surveillance,
contact tracing, health communication, and infection control programs in health care and other high-risk
settings (e.g., long-term care facilities, prisons), among other functions.
 Immunization Cooperative Agreements (Section 317 Program). CDC has awarded a total of
$3.3 billion using its Immunization Cooperative agreement (“Section 317” program) funding mechanism,
which annually funds 64 state, territorial, and local jurisdictions for immunization-related programs.
These awards, using funds from the third and fifth measures, support planning and implementation of the
COVID-19 vaccine program, including supporting distribution efforts, data systems, vaccine safety and
effectiveness monitoring, and related health education, among other activities.
 Crisis Response Cooperative Agreement. Initially, CDC used its Crisis Response funding
mechanisms to award a total of $755 million to 65 jurisdictions using funds from the first measure. This
grant mechanism was designed specifically to allow for rapid grant awards to jurisdictions in the event of
a public health emergency.
CDC also awarded several other smaller grant awards using its COVID-19 supplemental funds, as outlined in the
table linked in the source note below.
Sources: Funding Table: CDC COVID-19 State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial (STLT) Funding Update, January 8,
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/php/funding-update.pdf.
CDC, “Budget,” https://www.cdc.gov/budget/index.html. This website includes several factsheets on the agency’s
COVID-19 response funding efforts.

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), which is headed by the CDC
Director, investigates the public health impact of exposure to hazardous substances. The third
measure made available $12.5 million to ATSDR, designated for two purposes:
 $7.5 million for the Geospatial Research, Analysis and Services Program “to
support spatial analysis and Geographic Information System mapping of
infectious disease hot spots, including cruise ships.”
 $5 million to Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units and state health
departments “to provide guidance and outreach on safe practices for disinfection
for home, school, and daycare facilities.”

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
FDA regulates the safety of foods (including dietary supplements), cosmetics, and radiation-
emitting products; the safety and effectiveness of medical products (e.g., drugs, biologics, and
devices); and public health aspects of tobacco products.9
During the pandemic, FDA has engaged in premarket regulatory activities to facilitate the
availability of medical products for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, and diagnosis of
COVID-19, as well as postmarket activities such as monitoring of medical product safety and
supply chain issues. 10 With respect to its premarket work, FDA has granted approval or

9 CRS Report R44576, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Budget: Fact Sheet.

10 CRS Report R46507, FDA’s Role in the Medical Product Supply Chain and Considerations During COVID -19.

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emergency use authorization (EUA) to COVID-19 therapeutics, vaccines, diagnostics, and other
medical devices (e.g., respirators and ventilators). 11 FDA has issued guidance to facilitate
COVID-19 vaccine development, clarifying its expectations for licensure and EUA. 12 As part of
its postmarket work, the agency has monitored medical product shortages and issued polic ies of
enforcement discretion to increase availability of certain medical products, including hand
sanitizer, surgical gowns, and face masks. To further address potential supply chain disruptions,
FDA has worked with the pharmaceutical industry and federal partners to accelerate the adoption
of advanced manufacturing technologies (i.e., technologies that may improve medical product
quality, reduce shortages, and speed time to market).13
Across four of the five measures, FDA has received a total of $218 million, including $196
million to the agencies’ accounts and a directed transfer from the PHSSEF to FDA of $22 million
in the fourth measure. This funding was provided in two categories:
Broadly Available Funding. In the first, third, and fifth measures, funding was made available to
FDA to “prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus domestically and internationally.” The
supplemental funds were to be used for activities such as pre- and postmarket work on medical
countermeasures (e.g., therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics), EUAs, monitoring of medical
product supply chains, advanced manufacturing, and related administrative activities. In the first
and third measures, amounts were not designated for specific activities.
However, the fifth measure specified that FDA was to spend the total supplemental appropriation
of $55 million as follows:
 $9 million for the development of necessary medical countermeasures and
vaccines,
 $30.5 million for advanced manufacturing of medical products,
 $1.5 million for the monitoring of medical product supply chains,
 $7.6 million for other public health research and response investments,
 $1.4 million for data management operation tools, and
 $5 million for after action review activities.
Testing Activities. The fourth measure provided $22 million to FDA, as a transfer from the
PHSSEF account, to support activities associated with “diagnostic, serological, antigen, and other
tests, and related administrative activities.”

11 FDA, Emergency Use Authorization, “ Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) EUA Information,”

https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-
use-authorization#covid19euas. See also CRS Report R46427, Development and Regulation of Medical
Countermeasures for COVID-19 (Vaccines, Diagnostics, and Treatments): Frequently Asked Questions.
12
FDA, “ Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19,” Guidance for Industry, June 2020,
https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download. FDA, “ Emergency Use Authorization for Vaccines to Prevent COVID-
19,” Guidance for Industry, October 2020, https://www.fda.gov/media/142749/download.
13 FDA, “ Accelerating the Adoption of Advanced Manufacturing T echnologies to Strengthen Our Public Health

Infrastructure,” January 15, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/fda-voices/accelerating-adoption-advanced-
manufacturing-technologies-strengthen-our-public-health. See also, FDA, “ Advanced Manufacturing,” updated January
16, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/advanced-manufacturing.

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Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
HRSA provides health care to individuals who are geographically isolated, economically or
medically vulnerable, or both. HRSA programs target specific populations, including pregnant
women and their children and individuals with HIV/AIDS. In addition, HRSA supports the health
care workforce; oversees organ, bone marrow, and cord blood donation; and administers the
National Vaccine Injury Compensation program. HRSA currently awards funding to more than
3,000 grantees, including community-based organizations; colleges and universities; hospitals;
state, local, and tribal governments; and private entities. These funds support health services
projects, such as training health care workers and providing specific health services.14
COVID-19 prevention, treatment, and response has involved a number of HRSA programs. For
example, the health centers program, HRSA’s largest program, provides grants to support more
than 12,000 sites in underserved areas that provide primary care to disadvantaged populations
regardless of their ability to pay. 15 Because of their scope, health centers have been an important
part of COVID-19 response. 16 They have provided testing to underserved and largely minority
populations. The Biden Administration has included health centers in its vaccine program
beginning in February 2021 as a way of reaching underserved populations. 17
The Ryan White HIV/AIDS program (Ryan White) provides HIV/AIDS health care and related
health and social support services to individuals with HIV or AIDS. Individuals with HIV/AIDS
may be particularly vulnerable to serious COVID-19 infections. 18 Ryan White sites have
undertaken prevention efforts and increased certain services (e.g., meal delivery) to facilitate
program participants’ ability to self-isolate to reduce their risk of infection.
During the pandemic, health care providers have increasingly used telehealth services to reduce
the spread of COVID-19 and conserve health care workforce time and supplies (e.g., personal
protective equipment). HRSA has made long-standing investments in increasing telehealth in
rural areas, which may have less access to technology and infrastructure needed to effectively
deliver telehealth, and has increased this support during the pandemic. 19
HRSA received a total of $1.3 billion in COVID-19 supplemental mandatory funding for its
Health Centers program in Division A of the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136). In addition, the first,
third, and fourth measures directed HHS to transfer a combined total of $975 million to HRSA
from PHSSEF. These transfers are estimated to increase HRSA’s total budgetary resources for
pandemic-related activities to nearly $2.3 billion. Moreover, HRSA administers several pandemic
response programs funded by the PHSSEF account: (1) the Uninsured Fund for testing, which
received funds in two of the measures, (2) the Provider Relief Fund, which received funds in

14 See HRSA’s website at http://www.hrsa.gov.

15
See https://data.hrsa.gov/.
16 CRS Insight IN11367, Federal Health Centers and COVID-19.

17
“ President Biden Announces Community Health Centers Vaccination Program to Launch Next Week and Another
Increase in States, T ribes, & T erritories’ Vaccine Supply,” press release, February 9, 2021,
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/02/09/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-
community-health-centers-vaccination-program-to-launch-next-week-and-another-increase-in-states-tribes-territories-
vaccine-supply/, and HRSA, “Ensuring Equity in COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution,” https://www.hrsa.gov/coronavirus/
health-center-program.
18
HIV.gov, “Coronavirus (COVID-19) and People with HIV,” press release, December 30, 2020, https://www.hiv.gov/
hiv-basics/staying-in-hiv-care/other-related-health-issues/coronavirus-covid-19.
19 CRS Report R44437, Telehealth and Telemedicine: Description and Issues.

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three of the measures, and (3) testing programs at rural health clinics, which received funds in one
of the measures. HRSA funding and programs are described in greater detail below.
Health Centers. The Health Centers program received funding in the first, third, and fourth
measures. In the first and fourth measures, funding was provided as transfers from the PHSSEF
account, including $100 million in the first measure and $600 million specified for testing-related
activities in the fourth measure. Funding in the fourth measure was specifically made available to
federally qualified health center look-alikes. 20 Health centers received $1.3 billion as a mandatory
appropriation in the third measure to supplement existing health center grant awards. The law
directed these funds specifically for supplementary awards to health centers for “the detection of
SARS–CoV–2 [the virus that causes COVID-19] or the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of
COVID–19.”21 All told, the Health Centers program has received additional budgetary resources
totaling roughly $2 billion.
Additional Support for Existing HRSA Programs. The third measure included a transfer of
$275 million from the PHSSEF to HRSA to support three agency programs:
 $90 million to supplement grants awarded as part of the Ryan White HIV/AIDS
program to support pandemic response,
 $5 million transfer to “improve the capacity of poison control centers to respond
to increased calls,” and
 $180 million for telehealth and rural health activities, of which not less than $15
million was reserved for Indian Tribes (ITs), Tribal Organizations (TOs), Urban
Indian health organizations (UIOs), and health service providers to tribes. These
funds were provided to support small rural hospitals in their pandemic response
and were awarded to telehealth resource centers to provide technical assistance to
rural areas to aid with pandemic response. 22
New Funds that HRSA Administers. The various measures created two new funding streams,
from PHSSEF funds, to support health care providers in responding to the pandemic:
 The Uninsured Fund: The Uninsured Fund, which was created to pay for health
care expenses of the uninsured during the pandemic, received a total of not more
than $2 billion to pay for costs associated with testing the uninsured. The second
measure appropriated $1 billion to the PHSSEF to reimburse providers for
uninsured testing. Though no administering agency was specified, the language
in the second measure stated that reimbursements were to be made in “in
coordination with the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response and the
Administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.” HHS elected to
have HRSA administer these funds as part of the Uninsured Fund. 23 Uninsured
testing subsequently received an additional not more than $1 billion transfer in
the fourth measure.

20
CRS Report R46325, Fourth COVID-19 Relief Package (P.L. 116-139): In Brief.
21 §3211 of P.L. 116-136.

22 HHS, HRSA, “HHS Awards Nearly $165 Million to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural Communities,” press

release, April 22, 2020, https://public3.pagefreezer.com/content/HHS.gov/31-12-2020T08:51/https://www.hhs.gov/
about/news/2020/04/22/hhs-awards-nearly-165-million-to-combat-covid19-pandemic-in-rural-communities.html.
23 CRS Insight IN11526, COVID-19 and the Uninsured: Federal Funding Options to Pay Providers for Testing and

Treatment. See also CRS Report R46481, COVID-19 Testing: Frequently Asked Questions.

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 Provider Relief Fund: The Provider Relief Fund (PRF), which was created to
reimburse health care providers for lost revenues and increased expenses during
the pandemic, received a total of $178 billion across three measures. The third
measure provided the PHSSEF with $100 billion “to reimburse, through grants or
other mechanisms, eligible health care providers for health care related expenses
or lost revenues that are attributable to coronavirus.” This fund was later termed
the Provider Relief Fund and is administered by HRSA, though the third measure
did not use this term, nor did it specify an administering agency for the fund. 24
Subsequent measures increased PRF to a total of $178 billion—with $75 billion
provided in the fourth measure and $3 billion provided in the fifth measure. The
Trump Administration elected to use an unspecified amount of the third measure
appropriation to reimburse providers for uninsured treatment, which is
administered in conjunction with the appropriation for uninsured testing as the
Uninsured Fund. This fund was subsequently expanded to enable reimbursement
of costs for vaccination services for the uninsured and underinsured. 25
In addition to these larger funds, HRSA administers the $225 million transferred from the
PHSSEF in the fourth measure for testing at rural health clinics (RHCs)—small outpatient clinics
located in rural areas. As directed in the law, funds are to be awarded through grants or other
mechanisms “for building or construction of temporary structures, leasing of properties, and
retrofitting facilities as necessary to support COVID–19 testing.” Although RHCs are similar to
health centers, a dedicated grant program for RHCs did not exist prior to the pandemic. As such,
unlike health centers, where grants can be supplemented, RHCs required a new funding process
to receive funds—a process that was undertaken by HRSA. 26 The law did not specify which
agency is to administer these funds.

Indian Health Service (IHS)
The Indian Health Service (IHS) provides health care to American Indian and Alaska Native
populations. Such health care is provided either directly, by providing funds for Indian Tribes
(ITs) or Tribal Organizations (TOs) to operate health care facilities, or by providing grants to
Urban Indian Health Organizations (UIOs) to provide care to American Indians and Alaska
Natives in urban areas. 27 IHS generally provides services free of charge to approximately 2.6
million eligible American Indians and Alaska Natives in 37 states. 28 More than two-thirds of IHS
facilities are operated by ITs/TOs through contracts or compacts authorized under the Indian Self-
Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDEAA, P.L. 93-638). ITs/TOs generally contract

24 CRS Insight IN11438, The COVID-19 Health Care Provider Relief Fund.

25
CRS communication with CDC, March 1, 2021.
26 HHS, HRSA, “HHS Provides $225 Million for COVID-19 T esting in Rural Communities,” press release, May 20,

2020, https://public3.pagefreezer.com/content/HHS.gov/31-12-2020T08:51/https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/05/
20/hhs-provides-225-million-for-covid19-testing-in-rural-communities.html.
27
T he Indian Health Service (IHS) also provides grants to Urban Indian Organizations (UIOs) that operate smaller
health facilities in urban areas. T hese facilities vary in terms of the services available, with some providing
comprehensive services, whereas others provide information an d referral services. Outside of the grants they receive,
UIOs are generally not eligible for funds from the overall IHS budget, with some exceptions. See CRS Report R43330,
The Indian Health Service (IHS): An Overview.
28 HHS, IHS, Fiscal Year 2021 Indian Health Service Justification of Estimates, https://www.ihs.gov/sites/

budgetformulation/themes/responsive2017/display_objects/documents/FY_2021_Final_CJ-IHS.pdf. Facilities operated
by IHS are prohibited to charge for services; facilities operated by Indian T ribes, T ribal Organizations, or UIOs may
charge for services.

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or compact for services that IHS would have otherwise provided by entering into a funding
agreement that delineates the services funded under the agreement.
Funding has been provided to IHS for COVID-19 pandemic response, in part, because of the
agency’s role as a direct health care provider. In that role, the agency directly supports testing,
treatment, and vaccination services for its service population, which has been disproportionally
affected by the pandemic. A number of IHS areas, including the Navajo area, experienced early
and sustained outbreaks of COVID-19 infections. Data show high COVID-19 mortality rates
among American Indians and Alaska Natives. 29 IHS, like other health systems, experienced
increased demand for intensive COVID-19 related services, while seeing declining revenue from
cancelled or delayed routine and elective care. 30 In addition to providing health services related to
COVID-19, IHS supports certain public health and health education activities (similar to those of
CDC).
Across four of the five measures, IHS received $1.1 billion in supplemental appropriations to the
agency accounts and a total of not less than $1.8 billion in directed transfers and set-asides either
(1) to agency accounts or (2) to be allocated at the discretion of the IHS Director in other
accounts. In total, accounting for transfers and set-asides, budgetary resources of at least $2.8
billion have been made available either to IHS accounts or at the direction of the IHS Director. In
addition, a total of not less than $320 million has been reserved for tribal entities (i.e.,
ITs/TO/UIOs) from funds that were appropriated to other HHS accounts but were not specifically
directed to IHS.
Funding has been provided to IHS in three categories: (1) funding for testing, (2) funding for
health services and infrastructure, and (3) funding for vaccines. In addition, funds have been
provided to tribal entities (i.e., ITs/TO/UIOs), but not specifically to IHS, for public health
activities and telehealth and behavioral health.
Funding for Testing. IHS received funding for testing-related activities in the second, fourth, and
fifth measures. In the second measure, $64 million was provided directly to IHS for COVID-19
testing, test administration, and related items and services. 31 In the fourth measure, of the not less
than $11 billion in that measure set aside for SLTT grants for testing-related activities, not less
than $750 million was provided in the PHSSEF account to be allocated in consultation with the
IHS director. The law did not specify that these funds be transferred to IHS; however, HHS
eventually did so. 32 The fifth measure directed that $790 million be transferred to IHS from the
PHSSEF for testing, contact tracing, surveillance, and containment, among other purposes. The
law specified that funds were to be allocated, at the discretion of the IHS Director, to IT/TOs
through ISDEAA contracts and compacts, and to UIOs through grants or contracts. In total, IHS
has been provided not less than $1.6 billion for testing-related purposes.
Funding for Health Services and Infrastructure. The third measure appropriated $1.032 billion
to the IHS Indian Health Services account. Specifically, funds were provided to

29
Jessica Arrazola et al., COVID-19 Mortality Among American Indian and Alaska Native Persons—14 States,
January–June 2020, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly (69)(49), Atlanta,
GA, December 11, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6949a3.htm?s_cid=mm6949a3_w.
30 See CRS Insight IN11333, COVID-19 and the Indian Health Service.

31
T he law waived cost sharing for testing provided to Indian Health Service (IHS) beneficiaries who receive services
outside of IHS facilities, but authorized payment with IHS funding. For more information, see CRS Report R46316,
Health Care Provisions in the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, P.L. 116 -127.
32 Letter from Michael D. Weahkee, Director, Indian Health Service, to T ribal Leader and Urban Indian Organization

Leader:, May 19, 2020, https://www.ihs.gov/sites/newsroom/themes/responsive2017/display_objects/documents/
2020_Letters/DTLL_DUIOLL_05192020.pdf.

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respond to coronavirus, domestically or internationally, including for public health support,
electronic health record modernization, telehealth and other information technology
upgrades, Purchased/Referred Care, Catastrophic Health Emergency Fund, Urban Indian
Organizations, Tribal Epidemiology Centers, Community Health Representatives, and
other activities to protect the safety of patients and staff.
Purchased/Referred Care and the Catastrophic Health Emergency Fund are both mechanisms
used to pay for care provided to beneficiaries at non-IHS facilities. Tribal Epidemiology Centers
(TEC) and Community Health Representatives perform public health activities for the IHS
system. TECs conduct surveillance and epidemiology activities for IHS service areas.
Community Health Representatives are generally paraprofessionals involved in activities such as
health education and disease prevention. Further, the law specified that not less than $450 million
was for ITs/TOs to supplement their existing ISDEAA contracts and compacts, and that not more
than $125 million was for the Indian Health Facilities account and to be allocated at the discretion
of the IHS Director. 33 The Indian Health Facilities account is used for facility and equipment-
related expenses.
Funding for Vaccine Distribution. In the fifth measure, CDC was directed to transfer $210
million to IHS “for activities to plan, prepare for, promote, distribute, administer, monitor, and
track coronavirus vaccines to ensure broad-based distribution, access, and vaccine coverage.” The
law specified that these funds were to be allocated at the discretion of the IHS Director, to IT/TOs
through ISDEAA contracts and compacts, and to UIOs through grants or contracts.

Funding for Tribal Entities
As discussed elsewhere in this report, some of the measures directed that funding in certain
accounts (e.g., CDC, SAMHSA) be made available to tribal entities (ITs, TOs, UIOs, and health
service providers to tribes); however, the measures did not specify that these funds be transferred
to IHS.
Funding for Public Health Activities. Several CDC appropriations have been directed to tribal
entities in the first and third measures. The first and third measure required that not less than $40
million and not less than $125 million, respectively, in CDC funds for SLTT grants be made
available to ITs/TOs, UIOs, and health providers to Indian Tribes for “surveillance, epidemiology,
laboratory capacity, and other preparedness and response activities.” CDC awarded much of this
funding using new noncompetitive grant mechanisms to tribal nations, consortia, and
organizations, as well as through some of its existing grant relationships with regional tribal
organizations. 34 As noted above, some of the funds provided directly to the Indian Health
Services account in the third measure were to be used for public health activities conducted by
IHS.
Funding for Telehealth and Behavioral Health. The third and fifth measures included set-aside
funding for tribal entities in both HRSA and SAMHSA appropriations. For HRSA, the third
measure specified that of the amount transferred from PHSSEF to HRSA’s Office of Rural Health
for telehealth and rural health activities, not less than $15 million was to be allocated to ITs/TOs,
UIOS, or health service providers to tribes. These funds were subsequently provided to facilitate

33
For more information about IHS’s budget accounts, see CRS Report R46490, Indian Health Service (IHS) FY2021
Budget Request and Funding History: In Brief.
34 CDC, “CDC COVID-19 Funding for T ribes,” https://www.cdc.gov/budget/documents/covid-19/CDC-COVID-19-

Funding-for-T ribes-508.pdf.

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the ability of ITs/TOs to provide telehealth to their service populations. 35 In addition, SAMHSA
appropriations included set-asides for tribal entities for behavioral health activities in two of the
measures, specifically not less than $15 million in the third measure and not less than $125
million in the fifth measure. As directed in the measures, these appropriations were to be
allocated to ITs/TOs/UIOS and to behavioral health service providers to tribes.

National Institutes of Health (NIH)
NIH is the nation’s lead medical and health agency. It supports much of the basic biomedical
research in the United States and some development of new medical products. NIH is made up of
27 institutes and centers (ICs) and the Office of the Director (OD). Of the ICs, 24 ICs and OD
support research programs; each IC has broad responsibilities to support research, scientific
training, information dissemination and health and medical science as related to its respective
mission. In general, about 80% of NIH’s budget supports extramural research through grants,
contracts, and other awards to research institutions (e.g., universities, medical centers) and 10%
supports intramural research at NIH-operated laboratories and facilities. 36 During the pandemic,
NIH has supported scientific research on the virus and disease, as well as the development of
vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. It has also published and maintained treatment guidelines
and other health information.
Across four of the five measures, NIH received a total of $3.0 billion to NIH IC accounts, along
with directed transfers from the PHSSEF account to NIH accounts totaling not less than $1.8
billion. Accounting for transfers, NIH is to receive a total of at least $4.8 billion. This funding
was primarily provided in three categories:
Broadly Available Funding. In the first and third measure, funding was made available to
several NIH IC accounts “to prevent, prepare for and respond to coronavirus, domestically and
internationally.” Uses of the funds would be governed by the mission and authority of the ICs
receiving funds. For example, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
supports research, training, and information dissemination related to “allergic and immunologic
diseases and disorders and infectious diseases, including tropical diseases.”37 The National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) supports research, training, and information dissemination
related to “heart, blood vessel, lung, and blood diseases.”38 NIH IC accounts that received broadly
available funds and their totals include the following:
 NIAID: $1.5 billion, including $836 million in the first measure and $706
million in the third measure. Some transfers or set-asides were directed for
specific purposes in the NIAID appropriations. The first measure directed a
transfer of not less than $10 million to the National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences (NIEHS) for “worker-based training to prevent and reduce
exposure of hospital employees, emergency first responders, and other workers
who are at risk of exposure to coronavirus through their work duties.” The third
measure set aside not less than $156 million of the total for “the study of,
construction of, demolition of, renovation of, and acquisition of equipment for,

35 For information on these awards, see HHS, HRSA, “HHS Awards $15 Million to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic

in Rural T ribal Communities,” press release, May 28, 2020, https://public3.pagefreezer.com/content/HHS.gov/31-12-
2020T 08:51/https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/05/28/hhs-awards-15-million-to-combat-covid19-pandemic-in-
rural-tribal-communities.html.
36 CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues.

37 Public Health Service Act (PHSA) Section 446, 42 U.S.C. §285f.

38 Public Health Service Act (PHSA) Section 419, 42 U.S.C. §285b-1.

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vaccine and infectious diseases research facilities of or used by NIH, including
the acquisition of real property.”
 NHLBI: $103.4 million in the third measure.
 National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB): $60
million in the third measure.
 National Library of Medicine (NLM): $10 million in the third measure.
 National Center for Advancing Translational Science s (NCATS): $36 million
in the third measure.
 Office of the Director (OD): $30 million in the third measure.
Diagnostic Testing Research and Development (R&D). In the fourth and fifth measure, NIH
received funding for specific purposes related to diagnostic test R&D. This funding was directed
to NIH as “not less than” transfers from the PHSSEF account in the fourth measure, and directly
to the OD account in the fifth measure. These amounts include the following:
 National Cancer Institute (NCI): Transfer of not less than $306 million from
PHSSEF to NCI “to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological
testing and associated technologies.”
 NIBIB: Transfer of not less than $500 million from PHSSEF to NIBIB “to
accelerate research, development, and implementation of point of care and other
rapid testing related to coronavirus.”
 OD: Transfer of not less than $1 billion from PHSSEF to OD “to develop,
validate, improve, and implement testing and associated technologies; to
accelerate research, development, and implementation of point of care and other
rapid testing; and for partnerships with governmental and non-governmental
entities.” In the fifth measure, not less than $100 million of the $1.25 billion total
provided to the OD account is for “the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics.”
NIH’s Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx) initiative is a prize competition for diagnostics
development. As communicated to CRS, the $1.5 billion total for NIBIB and OD in the fourth
measure was used to support RADx initially, with additional funds in the fifth measure as
specified above. 39
Long-Term Studies of COVID-19. The fifth measure directed $1.15 billion of the total $1.25
billion provided to the OD account “for research and clinical trials related to long-term studies of
COVID-19.” The fifth measure also allows the total $1.25 billion appropriation to OD to be
transferred to other IC accounts (in addition to other HHS transfer authorities in the law).

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA)
SAMHSA is the federal agency primarily responsible for supporting community-based mental
health and substance abuse treatment and prevention services. SAMHSA provides federal funding
to states, local communities, and private entities by administering block grants and other formula
and discretionary grants. Some grants allow broad uses of funds, whereas others target specific
behavioral health issues or populations. Through such grants, SAMHSA supports activities that
include education and training, prevention programs, early intervention activities, treatment

39 CRS communication with NIH, July 24, 2020.

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services, and technical assistance. SAMHSA does not provide mental health or substance abuse
treatment. Rather, the agency supports states’ efforts in providing community-based behavioral
health services. In addition, SAMHSA conducts surveillance and data collection of national
behavioral health issues, provides statistical and analytic support to grantees, and administers
other agency-wide initiatives.
SAMHSA has continued to support community-based behavioral health treatment and prevention
services throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Circumstances surrounding the pandemic—
including lifestyle changes instituted to prevent spread of the virus—appear to have negatively
affected the mental health of many Americans. 40 Studies show elevated levels of emotional
distress, anxiety, depression, substance use, and drug-related overdoses in 2020 compared with
the same time period in previous years. 41 On account of these increases, CDC reported that
“support systems to mitigate mental health consequences as the pandemic evolves will continue
to be urgently needed.”42 In addition, physical distancing measures and temporary stay-at-home
orders associated with the pandemic have required changes to service delivery for mental health
and substance use treatment. Many behavioral health service providers have increased their use of
telehealth modalities to deliver treatment. 43 Still, limits on face-to-face service provision and
other economic consequences of the pandemic have led to clinic closures and other reductions to
treatment service capacity. 44 Emergency financial support for behavioral health activities
provided in two of the supplemental COVID-19 funding measures may address the high demand
for mental health and substance use disorder treatment services and decreased capacity in the
system.
SAMHSA received a total of $4.7 billion in supplemental appropriations in the third ($425
million) and fifth ($4.25 billion) measures. Funding was designated for specific purposes as
follows (organized by size of appropriation):
Block Grant Programs. Of the total $4.25 billion in the fifth measure, $1.65 billion was
designated for each of SAMHSA’s two main block grants: the Substance Abuse Prevention and
Treatment Block Grant (SABG) and the Community Mental Health Services Block Grant
(MHBG)—SAMHSA’s two largest grant programs. Both block grant programs distribute funds
to states (including the District of Columbia and territories) according to a statutory formula. 45

40
See, for example, Colin Planalp, Giovann Alacron, and Lynn Blewett, 90 Percent of U.S. Adults Report Increased
Stress due to Pandemic, State Health Access Data Assistance Center (SHADAC), Minneapolis, MN, May 26, 2020,
https://www.shadac.org/SHADAC_COVID19_Stress_AmeriSpeak-Survey.
41 Liz Hamel, Audrey Kearney, Ashley Kirzinger, et al., Coronavirus: Reopening, Schools, and the Government

Response, Kaiser Family Foundation, KFF Health T racking T racking Poll - July 2020, July 27, 2020,
https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/report/kff-health-tracking-poll-july-2020/.
42 Mark E. Czeisler, Rashon I. Lane, Emiko Petrosky, et al., Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation

During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, June 24-30, 2020, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) vol. 69, no. 32, Atlanta, GA, August 14, 2020, p. 1055.
43 Ateev Mehrotra, Michael Chernew, and David Linesky, The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Outpatient Care:

Visits Return to Prepandemic Levels, but Not for All Providers and Patients, T he Commonwealth Fund, New York,
NY, October 15, 2020, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/2020/oct/impact-covid-19-pandemic-
outpatient-care-visits-return-prepandemic-levels.
44
T he National Council for Behavioral Health, Demand for Mental Health and Addiction Services Increasing as
COVID-19 Pandemic Continues to Threaten Availability of Treatment Options, National Council for Behavioral Health
Member Survey Polling Presentation, Washington, DC, September 2020, https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/press-
releases/demand-for-mental-health-and-addiction-services-increasing-as-covid-19-pandemic-continues-to-threaten-
availability-of-treatment-options/.
45 PHSA T itle XIX. For more information, see CRS Report R46426, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services

Administration (SAMHSA): Overview of the Agency and Major Programs.

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The states, in turn, distribute funds to local government entities and nonprofit organizations for
behavioral health-related treatment and prevention activities in accordance with a required state
plan. The law maintained a 20% set-aside for prevention-related activities.
Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinic (CCBHC) Expansion Grant Program. A
total of not less than $850 million was made available to the Certified Community Behavioral
Health Clinic (CCBHC) Expansion grant program. The third measure included not less than $250
million of the total appropriation for SAMHSA, and the fifth measure included not less than $600
million.

Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics (CCBHCs)
In 2014, the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-193) created a program to improve community-
based behavioral health services through a demonstration program. Certified community behavioral health clinics
(CCBHCs) are facilities operated by nonprofit organizations or governmental or tribal entities that offer a
comprehensive range of services, including risk assessment, outpatient mental health and substance use treatment,
case management, psychiatric rehabilitation services, peer and family supports, 24 -hour crisis management, and
primary care medical services, among others.46 To be certified, CCBHCs are required to maintain partnerships
with other health and social service providers.
In 2015, 24 states received planning grants. In 2016, eight states were selected to participate in the initial
demonstration program. These states received an enhanced Medicaid federal medical assistance percentage (i.e.,
federal matching) rate for CCBHC services, and the CCBHCs in these states received an enhanced payment rate
through a prospective payment system methodology.47 Two additional states were added to the demonstration
program in 2020.48
A CCBHC Expansion grant program was authorized as a part of FY2020 appropriations (P.L. 116-94). CCBHC
Expansion Grants provided up to $2 million to facilities that met the certification criteria to increase access and
improve the quality of their behavioral health services. (Only CCBHCs in the demonstration program receive the
enhanced Medicaid rate.) In 2020, 33 states were participating in the CCBHC Demonstration and Expansion
Grant programs.49

Emergency Substance Abuse or Mental Health Needs. A total of not less than $340 million
was made available for emergency substance abuse or mental health needs, including not less
than $100 million in the third measure and not less than $240 million in the fifth measure. These
funds provide crisis intervention services, mental and substance use disorder treatment, and other
related recovery supports for children and adults affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. 50
SAMHSA gave states significant flexibility in how they use these funds to support behavioral
health-related activities.
Suicide Prevention. A total of not less than $100 million was provided for suicide prevention,
including not less than $50 million in the third measure and not less than $50 million in the fifth
measure.

46 §223 of P.L. 113-93, Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014.

47
SAMHSA, Section 223 Demonstration Program for Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics, Last updated
October 11, 2018, https://www.samhsa.gov/section-223.
48
§3814 of P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act .
49 T he National Council for Behavioral Health, CCBHCs: A New Model for Behavioral Health Gaining Momentum in

States, webinar, Washington, DC, January 29, 2021, https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/webinars/ccbhcs-a-new-
model-for-behavioral-health-gaining-momentum-in-states.
50
Eligibility included territories and tribes/tribal organizations. See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, Emergency Grants to Address Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders during COVID -19,
Funding Opportunity Announcement FG-20-006, April 1, 2020, https://www.samhsa.gov/grants/grant-announcements/
fg-20-006.

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Project AWARE. Of the total amount in the fifth measure, $50 million was directed to
SAMHSA’s Project AWARE program, which supports school-based mental health training and
referral services in elementary and secondary education.
National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Of the total funding amount in the fifth measure,
$10 million was designated for the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, which was
established to improve behavioral health services for children exposed to traumatic events. Grant
funding supports development and promotion of effective community practices, mostly through
information and trainings by a network of centers.

Office of the Secretary
Under the HHS Office of the Secretary (OS), the PHSSEF account is often used for one-time or
short-term funding, such as emergency supplemental appropriations. PHSSEF receives annual
appropriations for the routine operations of several HHS offices, including the Office of the HHS
Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), the lead office at HHS for health
emergency preparedness and response strategy and coordination and a component of the Public
Health Service.

Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund
PHSSEF received about $280 billion in supplemental funding across the five measures. These
funds may support various activities, including health care surge capacity and the development
and purchase of medical countermeasures (including vaccines), as well as provider
reimbursement through the Provider Relief Fund and Uninsured Fund. In general, PHSSEF
supplemental funding has been provided for certain activities and programs as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. PHSSEF: Major Categories of COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations
Dollars in millions; amounts shown as appropriated. All transfers and set-asides are not shown.

Sources: Compiled by CRS from amounts specified in P.L. 116-123 (Title III, Division A), P.L. 116-127 (Title V,
Division A), P.L. 116-136 (Title VIII, Division B), P.L. 116-139 (Title I, Division B), and P.L. 116-260 (Division M).

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Notes: These amounts reflect discretionary supplemental appropriations to PHSSEF. They do not reflect
directed transfers out of PHSSEF to other agency accounts or set-aside amounts within the account. PHSSEF
appropriations include many transfer and set-aside amounts as detailed below and in the tables in the next
section. Other sources that track federal spending, such as USASpending,gov, may include various breakdowns
and presentations of funds in these agency accounts that do not match numbers in this figure.
*Additionally, a total of not more than $1 billion of funding for “COVID-19 Testing, Surveillance, and Contact
Tracing” in the fourth measure was set aside for Testing for the Uninsured.

PHSSEF appropriations include four major categories:
Medical Countermeasures and Surge Capacity. The first, third, and fifth measures each
provided funding to support (1) the development, manufacturing, and, in some cases, federal
purchase of COVID-19 medical countermeasures (e.g., diagnostic tests, treatments, vaccines, and
medical supplies), and (2) other response activities, such as for health care workforce and surge
capacity (e.g., health care workforce supports, distribution of medical supplies, and alternative
care sites). In total, approximately $53.4 billion (prior to transfers) has been provided for these
activities. The measures specify that some of these funds are to be transferred elsewhere (e.g., to
other federal agencies for the care of persons under federal quarantine) or reserved for specific
purposes or activities (e.g., provided to grantees of the Hospital Preparedness Program). These
activities may be carried out by various ASPR components, especially the Biomedical Advanced
Research and Development Authority (BARDA) for countermeasure development and
procurement. 51 Two major set-aside categories are described below.
 BARDA: Under ASPR, BARDA specifically supports the development of
medical countermeasures for health emergencies, such as emerging infectious
diseases and other threats (i.e., chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
threat agents). A total of not less than $24.2 billion has been set aside for
BARDA in the third, fourth, and fifth measures. This includes $23.2 billion of the
total for Medical Countermeasures and Surge Capacity in the third and fifth
measures, including not less than $3.5 billion in the third measure and $19.7
billion in the fifth measure. Funding in the third measure was designated for
“necessary expenses of manufacturing, production, and purchase ... of vaccines,
therapeutics, diagnostics, and small molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients,
including the development, translation, and demonstration at scale of innovations
in manufacturing platforms.” Funding in the fifth measure was designated for
“necessary expenses of manufacturing, production, and purchase ... of vaccines,
therapeutics, and ancillary supplies.” An additional set-aside of not less than $1
billion was directed to BARDA in the fourth measure from the total for “COVID-
19 Testing, Surveillance, Contact Tracing, Containment, and Mitigation” in that
measure. This transfer was directed for “necessary expenses of advanced
research, development, manufacturing, production, and purchase of diagnostic,
serologic, or other COVID–19 tests or related supplies, and other activities
related to COVID–19 testing.”
 Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), under ASPR, provides select medicines and
medical supplies during public health emergencies that overwhelm local
availability. PHSSEF funding in the first, third, fourth (of the total $25 billion for
COVID-19 Testing, Contact Tracing and Surveillance), and fifth measures can be
used for SNS supply purchases. The third and fifth measures specify that a total
of not more than $19.25 billion may be allocated for the SNS from the total

51 For information on the ASPR activities, see HHS, ASPR, “COVID-19: 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease,”

https://www.phe.gov/emergency/events/COVID19/Pages/default.aspx.

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appropriations for Medical Countermeasures and Surge Capacity in those laws,
including not more than $16 billion in the third measure and not more than $3.25
billion in the fifth measure.
COVID-19 Testing for the Uninsured. The second measure included $1 billion to provide
reimbursements for COVID-19 testing and related services for persons who are uninsured. In
addition, the fourth measure specified that up to $1 billion of the amounts appropriated for
broader COVID-19 testing purposes (discussed below) may be used to cover the costs of testing
for the uninsured. 52 (See the “Health Resources and Services Administration ” section for details
about HRSA’s administration of this program.)
Provider Relief Fund (PRF). The third, fourth, and fifth measures each provided funding for a
“Provider Relief Fund” to assist health care providers and facilities affected by the COVID-19
pandemic. 53 These funds are intended to reimburse eligible health care providers for health care-
related expenses or lost revenues attributable to the pandemic. The measures define eligible
providers broadly as any that provide “diagnoses, testing, or care for individuals with possible or
actual cases of COVID-19.” In total, $178 billion has been appropriated for the PRF. 54 (See the
“Health Resources and Services Administration ” section for more details about HRSA’s
administration of this program.)
COVID-19 Testing, Surveillance, Contact Tracing, Containment, and Mitigation. As
specified in the bullets below, the fourth and fifth measures provided $47.4 billion to augment
national capacity for COVID-19 containment, including expanded testing capacity and workforce
and technical capacity for disease surveillance and contact tracing.
 The fourth measure provided $25 billion total and directed HHS to reserve some
of these funds for specific purposes. For example, not less than $11 billion is for
states, localities, territories, tribes, tribal organizations, urban Indian health
organizations, and health service providers to tribes. Of this total for SLTT
grantees, not less than $2 billion was to be allocated according to the formula that
applied to the PHEP cooperative agreement in 2019, 55 and $4.25 billion must be
allocated according to a formula that is based on the relative number of COVID-
19 cases. In addition, the law specified that certain amounts of these funds are to
be transferred to other agencies and accounts (e.g., $22 million is to be
transferred to the FDA to support activities related to diagnostic, serological,
antigen, and other tests). See Table 2 for a detailed accounting of all transfers
and set-asides.
 The fifth measure provided a total of $22.4 billion and directed that funds shall
be for states, localities, territories, and tribal entities, and that funding may be
awarded as grants or cooperative agreements. Of the total, $790 million was
designated to be transferred to IHS, and a separate amount of not less than $2.5
billion is for “strategies for improving testing capabilities and other purposes ...

52
Both measures provide for these payments to be made according to t he National Disaster Medical System (NDMS)
definitive care reimbursement mechanism. As mentioned, this testing program is administered by HRSA. HRSA,
“ COVID-19 Claims Reimbursement to Health Care Providers and Facilities for T esting and T reatment of the
Uninsured,” https://www.hrsa.gov/CovidUninsuredClaim.
53
For more information on the Provider Relief Fund, see HHS, “CARES Act Provider Relief Fund” (the name given to
this fund by HHS), April 22, 2020, https://www.hhs.gov/provider-relief/index.html.
54 For further information about these appropriations, see CRS Report R46325, Fourth COVID-19 Relief Package (P.L.

116-139): In Brief, and HHS news releases at https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/index.html.
55 See footnote 7 for explanation of the PHEP program.

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in high-risk and underserved populations, including racial and ethnic minority
populations and rural communities as well as identifying best practices for states
and public health officials to use for contact tracing in high-risk and underserved
populations, including racial and ethnic minority populations and rural
communities.” The funding, except for the transfer to IHS, is to be awarded
according to the formula that applied to the PHEP cooperative agreement in
FY2020.
CDC has administered several grant awards using these appropriations (as described in the text
box in the “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)” section).
In addition to the activities specified above, PHSSEF appropriations in the first, third, and fourth
measures called for some portion of the funds to be transferred to other agencies or accounts for
particular activities. For instance, some PHSSEF funds are to be transferred to HRSA for health
centers, rural health, the Ryan White HIV/AIDS program, and health care systems.56 (See the
“Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)” section for more details.)

Funding Overview
The following tables provide overviews of COVID-19 supplemental appropriations for PHS
agencies as appropriated.
 Table 1 provides a high-level summary of appropriations by agency and includes
information about transfers specifically directed to another agency account. It
also provides information on the period of availability for these funds, listed as a
specified date when they are no longer available for obligation (i.e., “expire”), or
that they are “no year” funds (i.e., available until expended).
 Table 2 provides a more detailed view of these appropriations, including
overviews of all appropriations for accounts, programs, and specified purposes
within an agency, as well as directed transfers outside of agency accounts. It also
provides information on the availability of the funds for obligation, as above.
The tables present accounts in the order in which they appear in the five appropriations laws.
Transfers are listed in their account of origin, not the receiving account. In at least one case,
transfers are directed to “other federal agencies” without specifying the agency or account.
Several of these transfers are directed as “not less than” (NLT) or “not more than” (NMT).

56
For further background on HRSA and these activities, see, for example, CRS Report R44054, Health Resources and
Services Administration (HRSA) Funding: Fact Sheet; CRS Report R46239, Telehealth and Telemedicine: Frequently
Asked Questions; and CRS Insight IN11238, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Poses Challenges for the U.S.
Blood Supply.

Congressional Research Service 22
Table 1. Summary of COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations to Public Health Service
All amounts are in U.S. $ millions
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
(Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)

Department or Agency, Avail.
Program or Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Until Amount Avail. Until Total

FDA; Salaries and 61 expended — — 80 expended — — 55 expended 196
Expenses
CDC; CDC-Wide 2,200 Sep. 30, 2022 — — 4,300 Sep. 30, 2024 — — 8,750 Sep. 30, 15,250
Activities and Program 2024
Support

Transfer to IHS — — — — — — — — (210) (as above)
NIH 836 Sep. 30, 2024 — — 945 Sep. 30, 2024 — — 1,250 Sep. 30, 3,031
2024
SAMHSA; Health — — — — 425 Sep. 30, 2021 — — 4,250 Sep. 30, 4,675
Surveillance and 2021
Program Support
HRSA — — — — 1,320 Sep. 30, 2020 — — — — 1,320

PHSSEF; HHS OS 3,400 varies 1,000 expended 127,290 varies 100,000 expended 48,345 varies by 280,035
(including appropriati
contingent of on
300)

NMT Transfer to HHS OIG (2) expended — — (4) expended (6) (as above) (2) expended (14)
Transfers to HRSA (Ryan — — — — (275) Sep. 30, 2022 — — — — (275)
White, Rural Health, and
Health Care Systems)
Provider Relief Fund — — — — (100,000) expended (75,000) (as above) (3,000) expended (178,000)
Medical Countermeasures (3,400) Sep. 30, 2024 — — (27,015) Sep. 30, 2024 — — (22,945) Sep. 30, (53,360)
and Surge Capacity 2024

CRS-23
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
(Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)

Department or Agency, Avail.
Program or Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Until Amount Avail. Until Total

Transfer to HRSA, Primary (100) Sep. 30, 2024 — — — — — — — — (100)
Health Care (Health
Centers Program)
COVID-19 Testing, — — — — — — (25,000) (as above) (22,400) Sep. 30, (47,400)
Surveillance, and Contact 2022
Tracing
NLT for grants to states, — — — — — — (11,000) (as above) — — (11,000)
localities, territories, and
tribal entitiesa
NLT allocated in — — — — — — (750) (as above) — — (750)
coordination with IHS
Director
NLT transfer to CDC-Wide — — — — — — (1,000) (as above) — — (1,000)
Activities and Program
Support
NLT transfer to NIH NCI — — — — — — (306) (as above) — — (306)
NLT transfer to NIH NIBIB — — — — — — (500) (as above) — — (500)
NLT transfer to NIH OD — — — — — — (1,000) (as above) — — (1,000)
Transfer to FDA (Salaries — — — — — — (22) (as above) — — (22)
and Expenses)
Transfer to HRSA (Health — — — — — — (600)p (as above) — — (600)
Centers)
Transfer to IHS — — — — — — — — (790) Sep. 30, (790)
2022

IHS — — 64 Sep. 30, 1,032 Sep. 30, 2021 — — — — 1,096
2022

CRS-24
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
(Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)

Department or Agency, Avail.
Program or Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Until Amount Avail. Until Total

ATSDR; Toxic — — — — 13 Sep. 30, 2021 — — — — 13
Substances and
Environmental Public
Health
Total 6,497 — 1,064 — 135,404 — 100,000 — 62,650 — 305,615

Table 2. Detailed COVID-19 Supplemental Appropriations to Public Health Service
All amounts are in U.S. $ millions
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
Department or (Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)
Agency, Program or
Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Total

FDA 61 expended — — 80 expended —a — 55 expended 196
Salaries and Expenses 61 (as above) — — 80 (as above) — — 55 (as above) 196
Medical — — — — — — — — (9) (as above) (9)
countermeasures and
vaccines

CRS-25
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
Department or (Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)
Agency, Program or
Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Total

Advanced — — — — — — — — (31) (as above) (31)
manufacturing for
medical products
Monitoring of medical — — — — — — — — (2) (as above) (2)
product supply chains
Public health research — — — — — — — — (8) (as above) (8)
and response
Data management — — — — — — — — (1) (as above) (1)
operation tools
After action review — — — — — — — — (5) (as above) (5)
activities

CDC 2,200 Sep. 30, — — 4,300 Sep. 30, — — 8,750b Sep. 30, 15,250
2022 2024 2024

CDC-Wide Program 2,200 (as above) — — 4,300 (as above) — — 8,750 (as above) 15,250
Activities and Support
NLT for states, (950)c (as above) — — (1,500)d (as above) — — (4,500) (as above) (6,950)
territories, localities, or
tribal entities
Transfer to IHS — — — — — — — — (210) (as above) (210)
NLT for tribes, tribal (40) (as above) — — (125) (as above) — — — — (165)
organizations, and
related entities
NLT for high-risk and — — — — — — — — (300) (as above) (300)
underserved
populations (e.g.,
racial and ethnic
minority populations
and rural
communities)

CRS-26
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
Department or (Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)
Agency, Program or
Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Total

Transfer to IDRRRF (300) (as above) — — (300) (as above) — — — — (600)
NLT for global disease (300) (as above) — — (500) (as above) — — — — (800)
detection and response
NLT for health data — — — — (500) (as above) — — — — (500)
surveillance
modernization
NIH 836 Sep. 30, — — 945 Sep. 30, — — 1,250 Sep. 30, 3,031
2024 2024 2024

NIH NIAID 836 (as above) — — 706 (as above) — — — — 1,542
NLT Transfer to NIH (10) (as above) — — — — — — — — (10)
NIEHS
NLT for vaccine and — — — — (156) (as above) — — — — (156)
infectious disease
research facilities
NIH NHLBI — — — — 103 (as above) — — — — 103
NIH NIBIB — — — — 60 (as above) — — — — 60
NIH NLM — — — — 10 (as above) — — — — 10
NIH NCATS — — — — 36 (as above) — — — — 36
NIH OD — — — — 30 (as above) — — 1,250 (as above) 1,280
Research and clinical — — — — — — — — (1,150) (as above) (1,150)
trials related to long-
term studies of COVID-
19
NLT for Rapid — — — — — — — — (100) (as above) (100)
Acceleration of
diagnostics

CRS-27
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
Department or (Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)
Agency, Program or
Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Total

SAMHSA — — — — 425 Sep. 30, — — 4,250e Sep. 30, 4,675
2021 2021

Health Surveillance and — — — — 425 f (as above) — — 4,250 e (as above) 4,675
Program Support
NLT for Certified — — — — (250) (as above) — — (600) (as above) (850)
Community Behavioral
Health Clinics
NLT for suicide — — — — (50) (as above) — — (50) (as above) (100)
prevention
NLT for emergency — — — — (100) (as above) — — (240) (as above) (340)
response grants for
substance abuse and
mental health
Substance abuse and — — — — — — — — (1,650) (as above) (1,650)
prevention treatment
block grant
Community mental — — — — — — — — (1,650) (as above) (1,650)
health services block
grant
Project AWARE — — — — — — — — (50) (as above) (50)
National Child — — — — — — — — (10) (as above) (10)
Traumatic Stress
Network
HRSA — — — — 1,320 Sep. 30, — — — — 1,320
2020
Supplemental awards — — — — (1,320) (as above) — — — — (1,320)
for health centers

CRS-28
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
Department or (Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)
Agency, Program or
Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Total

PHSSEF 3,400 varies 1,000g varies 127,290h Sep. 30, 100,000i expended 48,345j varies 280,035
(including 2024
contingent
of 300)
HHS OS 3,400 Sep. 30, 2024 1,000 g (as above) 127,290 h (as above) 100,000 i (as above) 48,345 j (as above) 280,035
HHS OS, additional (300)k Sep. 30, 2024 — — — — — — — — 300
contingent amount
NMT Transfer to HHS (2)l expended — — (4)l expended (6)l (as above) (2)l expended (14)
OIG
Testing for the — — (1,000) (as above) — — —m — — — (1,000)
Uninsured
Transfers to HRSA — — — — (275)n Sep. 30, 2022 — — — — (275)
(Ryan White, Rural
Health, and Health
Care Systems)
Provider Relief Fund — — — — (100,000) expended (75,000) (as above) (3,000) expended (178,000)
Medical (3,400) Sep. 30, 2024 — — (27,015) Sep. 30, 2024 — — (22,945) Sep. 30, 2024 (53,360)
Countermeasures and
Surge Capacity
Transfer to HRSA, (100) (as above) — — — — — — — — (100)
Primary Health Care
(Health Centers
Program)
NMT for Strategic — — — — (16,000) (as above) — — (3,250) Sep. 30, (19,250)
National Stockpile 2024
NLT for Hospital — — — — (250) (as above) — — — — (250)
Preparedness
Program grantees or
subgrantees

CRS-29
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
Department or (Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)
Agency, Program or
Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Total

NLT for BARDA — — — — (3,500) (as above) — — — — (3,500)
BARDA — — — — — — — — (19,695) Sep. 30, 2024 (19,695)
NMT transfer to — — — — (289) (as above) — — — — (289)
other federal
agencies for care of
persons under
federal quarantine
National Academies — — — — (2) (as above) — — — — (2)
Study
COVID-19 Testing, — — — — — — (25,000) (as above) (22,400) Sep. 30, 2022 (47,400)
Surveillance, and
Contact Tracing
NLT for grants to — — — — — — (11,000) (as above) —o — (11,000)
states, localities,
territories, and tribal
entities
NLT allocated in (750) (as above) (750)
coordination with
IHS Director
NLT transfer to CDC- — — — — — — (1,000) (as above) — — (1,000)
Wide Activities and
Program Support
NLT transfer to NIH — — — — — — (306) (as above) — — (306)
NCI
NLT transfer to NIH — — — — — — (500) (as above) — — (500)
NIBIB
NLT transfer to NIH — — — — — — (1,000) (as above) — — (1,000)
OD
NLT for BARDA — — — — — — (1,000) (as above) — — (1,000)

CRS-30
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
Department or (Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)
Agency, Program or
Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Total

Transfer to FDA — — — — — — (22) (as above) — — (22)
(Salaries and
Expenses)
Transfer to HRSA — — — — — — (600)p (as above) — — (600)
(Health Centers)
Rural Health Clinics — — — — — — (225) (as above) — — (225)
NMT Testing for the — — — — — — (1,000)m (as above) — — (1,000)
Uninsured
Transfer to IHS — — — — — — — — (790) Sep. 30, 2022 (790)
NLT improving — — — — — — — — (2,500) Sep. 30, 2022 (2,500)
testing and contract
tracing for high-risk
and underserved
populations
IHS —c — 64 Sep. 30, 1,032 Sep. 30, — — — — 1,096
2022 2021
Indian Health Services —c — 64 (as above) 1,032 (as above) — — — — 1,096
NMT Electronic health — — — — (65) (as above) — — — — (65)
record stabilization and
support
NLT Indian Self- — — — — (450) (as above) — — — — (450)
Determination and
Education Assistance
Act programs and tribes
NMT transfer to Indian — — — — (125) (as above) — — — — (125)
Health Facilities
ATSDR — — — — 13 Sep. 30, — — — — 13
2021

CRS-31
P.L. 116-123 P.L. 116-127 P.L. 116-136 P.L. 116-139 P.L. 116-260
Department or (Division A) (Division A) (Division A & B) (Division B) (Division M)
Agency, Program or
Account Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Amount Avail. Until Total

Toxic Substances and — — — — 13 (as above) — — — — 13
Environmental Public
Health
Geospatial Research, — — — — (8) (as above) — — — — (8)
Analysis and Services
Program
Awards to Pediatric — — — — (5) (as above) — — — — (5)
Environmental Health
Specialty Units and
state health
departments
Total (in $U.S. 6,497 — 1,064 — 135,404 — 100,000 — 62,650 — 305,615
millions)

Source: Compiled by CRS from amounts specified in P.L. 116-123 (Title III, Division A), P.L. 116-127 (Title V, Division A), P.L. 116-136 (Division A and Title VIII,
Division B), P.L. 116-139 (Title I, Division B), and P.L. 116-260 (Division M).
Notes: Values are rounded to the nearest million. Due to rounding, some totals may not equal the sum of their separate components. All funds except for the HRSA
health center funds in Division A of P.L. 116-136 are designated as an emergency requirement. Amounts in parenthesis and italics are non -adds. Abbreviations: ATSDR =
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; BARDA = Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; CDC = Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; HHS = Department of Health and Human Services; HRSA = Health Resources and Services Administration; IDRRRF
= Infectious Disease Rapid Response Reserve Fund; IHS = Indian Health Service; NCATS = National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; NCI = National Cancer
Institute; NHLBI = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; NIAID = National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NIBIB = National Institute of Biomedical
Imaging and Bioengineering; NIEHS = National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; NIH = National Institutes of Health; NLM = National Library of Medicine; OD
= Office of the Director; OIG = Office of the Inspector General; OS = Office of the Secretary; PHSSEF = Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund; SAMHSA =
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
a. A $22 million transfer was directed from PHSSEF to FDA for “diagnostic, serological, antigen, and other testing, as well as related administrative activities.”
b. This appropriation was directed for vaccine-related activities, specifically for “activities to plan, prepare for, promote, distribute, administer, monitor, and tra ck
coronavirus vaccines to ensure broad-based distribution, access, and vaccine coverage.”
c. Of the total CDC set-aside for states, territories, localities, or tribal entities, not less than $40 million was to be allocated to tribes, triba l organizations, urban Indian
health organizations, or health service providers to tribes.
d. Of the total appropriated for the CDC set-aside for states, territories, localities, or tribal entities, not less than $125 million was to be allocated to tribes, trib al
organizations, urban Indian health organizations, or health service providers to tribes.

CRS-32
e. Of the total appropriated to SAMHSA, not less than $125 million was to be allocated to tribes, tribal organizations, urban In dian health organizations, or health or
behavioral health service providers to tribes.
f. Of the total appropriated SAMHSA, not less than $15 million was to be allocated to tribes, tribal organizations, urban Indian health organizations, or health or
behavioral health service providers to tribes.
g. To provide reimbursements for COVID-19 testing and related services for persons who are uninsured.
h. Provided in distinct appropriations broadly focused on medical countermeasures and surge capacity ($27 billion), health care provider reimbursement (the Provider
Relief Fund, $100 billion), and HRSA transfers ($275 million). Of the total appropriated to the PHSSEF, up to $4 million is to be tra nsferred to the HHS OIG.
i. Provided in distinct appropriations broadly focused on health care provider reimbursement (the Provider R elief Fund, $75 billion) and COVID-19 testing,
surveillance, and contact tracing ($25 billion). Of the total appropriated to the PHSSEF, up to $6 million is to be transferred to the HHS OIG.
j. Provided in distinct appropriations broadly focused on medical countermeasures and surge capacity ($23 billion), testing, surveillance, and contact tracing ($22
billion), and health care provider reimbursement (the Provider Relief Fund, $3 billion). Of the total appropriated to the PHSSEF, up to $2 million is to be transferred
to the HHS OIG.
k. These funds may be used to purchase medical products (e.g., vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics). However, the availability of these appropriations is contingent
upon future actions by HHS. Specifically, HHS must certify to the appropriations committees that funds from the initial $3.1 billion in PHHSEF appropriations that
had been allotted for purchase of such products will be obligated imminently and that the additional $300 million is necessary to purchase vaccines, therapeutics, or
diagnostics to adequately address the public health nee
l. The transfers to the HHS OIG are specified in general provisions (not more than $2 million per Title III, Division A, Section 306 of P.L. 116-123; not more than $4
million per Title VIII, Division B, Section 8113 of P.L. 116-136; not more than $6 million per Title I, Division B, Section 103 of P.L. 116-139; and not more than $2
million per Division M, Section 304 of P.L. 116-260 ). The amounts transferred to the HHS OIG may come from any funds appropriated to the PHSSEF in the
respective appropriations acts. The HHS OIG funds are for oversight of all activities supported with funds appropriated to HHS to prevent, prepare for, and
respond to the COVID-19 pandemic (not just funds appropriated to the PHSSEF).
m. P.L. 116-139 did not provide a distinct appropriation for testing for the uninsu red, but it specified that up to $1 billion out of the $25 billion appropriated for
COVID-19 testing, surveillance, and contact tracing may be used for this purpose.
n. Of the total to be transferred to HRSA, $90 million is for the Ryan White HIV/AIDS program, $180 million is for rural health programs (of which not less than $15
million is for tribes, tribal organizations, urban Indian health organizations, or health service providers to tribes), and $5 million is for health care systems.
o. P.L. 116-260 directed that these funds shall be for “states, localities, territories, tribes, tribal organizations, urban Indian health organizations, or health service
providers to tribes” and may be awarded as grants or cooperative agreements.
p. P.L. 116-139 specified that these funds may be awarded to Federally Qualified Health Centers under Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act and to entities that
are eligible for but not currently receiving such funds (i.e., Federally Qualified Health Center “look-alikes”).

CRS-33
U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19 Supplemental Funding in the 116th Congress

Resources for Tracking PHS Spending
This section provides an overview of federal resources to track Public Health Service spending
from COVID-19 supplemental legislation. For further information on tracking COVID-19
spending government-wide, see CRS Report R46491, Resources for Tracking Federal COVID-19
Spending.

USAspending.gov
USAspending.gov57 provides information on federal awards, including grants, contracts, loans,
and other assistance. USAspending.gov has a dedicated page for tracking spending from COVID-
19 supplemental measures (COVID-19 Spending, https://www.usaspending.gov/disaster/covid-
19). There is also an advanced search page (https://www.usaspending.gov/search) with the search
option “Disaster Emergency Funding Code,” to limit results by COVID-19 supplemental funding
law. 58 For the COVID-19 supplemental funding, USAspending.gov provides data on obligations
(amount promised) and outlays (amount paid out). Typically, USAspending.gov provides only
obligations data.
Caveats to the data presented in USAspending.gov are outlined on the “Known Data Limitations”
page (https://www.usaspending.gov/data/data-limitations.pdf).59

Pandemic Response Accountability Committee
The Pandemic Response Accountability Committee (PRAC) website provides visualizations of
COVID-19 supplemental appropriations funding data on the “Track the Money” page
(https://www.pandemicoversight.gov/track-the-money). This site uses data from
USAspending.gov. The “Funding Charts & Graphs” page (https://www.pandemicoversight.gov/
track-the-money/funding-charts-graphs) under “Pandemic Response Funding” shows spending by
agency, geography, and program (“assistance listing”) in interactive charts, graphs, and tables.
HHS TAGGS
The HHS Tracking Accountability in Government Grants System (HHS TAGGS) has a dedicated
page for COVID-19 funding (https://taggs.hhs.gov/Coronavirus). This page provides details on
HHS grant awards under the first four COVID supplemental measures. Awards can be filtered by
HHS operating division (e.g., CDC), program, date, recipient, city, state, and supplemental
appropriations law.
Separate tables show data on attested payments 60 made under the Provider Relief Fund
(https://taggs.hhs.gov/Coronavirus/Providers), Rural Health Clinic (RHC) COVID-19 Testing
Fund (https://taggs.hhs.gov/Coronavirus/RuralHealthClinics), and the Uninsured Relief Fund
(https://taggs.hhs.gov/Coronavirus/Uninsured).

57 For more information on USAspending.gov, see CRS Report R44027, Tracking Federal Awards: USAspending.gov

and Other Data Sources, and CRS In Focus IF10231, Tracking Federal Awards in States and Congressional Districts
Using USAspending.gov.
DEFC Codes are described at USAspending.gov, COVID-19 Spending: Data Sources & Methodology, “Disaster
58

Emergency Fund Code (DEFC),” https://www.usaspending.gov/disaster/covid-19/data-sources?section=defc.
59 Ibid.
60 For more information about attested payments, see CARES Act Provider Relief Fund: For Providers, under “Attest to

Payment” (https://www.hhs.gov/coronavirus/cares-act-provider-relief-fund/for-providers/index.html#how-to-attest).

Congressional Research Service 34
U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19 Supplemental Funding in the 116th Congress

GAO Reports
GAO provides oversight of the federal response to the pandemic and COVID-19-related
spending. Information on COVID-19 supplemental funding is available on the “Coronavirus
Oversight” page (https://www.gao.gov/coronavirus/). The following GAO reports in particular
have detailed information on PHS and COVID-19 related funding:
 COVID-19: Opportunities to Improve Federal Response and Recovery Efforts
(GAO-20-625, Jun 25, 2020)
 COVID-19 Contracting: Observations on Federal Contracting in Response to the
Pandemic (GAO-20-632, Jul 29, 2020)
 COVID-19: Brief Update on Initial Federal Response to the Pandemic (GAO-20-
708, Aug 31, 2020)
 COVID-19: Federal Efforts Could Be Strengthened by Timely and Concerted
Actions (GAO-20-701, Sep 21, 2020)
 COVID-19: Federal Efforts Accelerate Vaccine and Therapeutic Development,
but More Transparency Needed on Emergency Use Authorizations (GAO-21-207,
Nov 17, 2020)
 COVID-19: Urgent Actions Needed to Better Ensure an Effective Federal
Response (GAO-21-191, Nov 30, 2020)
 COVID-19: Critical Vaccine Distribution, Supply Chain, Program Integrity, and
Other Challenges Require Focused Federal Attention (GAO-21-265, Jan 28,
2021)
 Operation Warp Speed: Accelerated COVID-19 Vaccine Development Status and
Efforts to Address Manufacturing Challenges (GAO-21-319, Feb 11, 2021)

PHS Agency Websites
The following PHS agency websites have information on the distribution of COVID-19
supplemental funding:
 CDC. The CDC Budget website (https://www.cdc.gov/budget/index.html)
provides CDC COVID-19 State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial (STLT) Funding
Fact Sheet (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/php/funding-
update.pdf) with information on funding by supplemental measure and program
by jurisdiction. Additional information is available on the page “Budget Fact
Sheets: Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)” (https://www.cdc.gov/budget/fact-
sheets/covid-19/index.html).
 HRSA. HRSA provides funding information on various pages for programs that
received supplemental funding; for example, “Primary Health Care Coronavirus
Related Grants by State Funding Report” (https://data.hrsa.gov/data/reports/
datagrid?gridName=COVID19FundingReport); “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-
19) Frequently Asked Questions – Federal Office of Rural Health Policy”
(https://www.hrsa.gov/rural-health/coronavirus/frequently-asked-questions); and
“Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program: FY 2020 CARES Act Awards”
(https://hab.hrsa.gov/coronavirus/cares-FY2020-awards). Relevant information
can also be found on the HHS TAGGS pages for the Provider Relief Fund
(https://taggs.hhs.gov/Coronavirus/Providers), Rural Health Clinic (RHC)

Congressional Research Service 35
U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19 Supplemental Funding in the 116th Congress

COVID-19 Testing Fund (https://taggs.hhs.gov/Coronavirus/RuralHealthClinics),
and the Uninsured Relief Fund (https://taggs.hhs.gov/Coronavirus/Uninsured).
 IHS. The IHS website Coronavirus (COVID-19) Resources
(https://www.ihs.gov/coronavirus/resources/ https://www.ihs.gov/coronavirus/
faqs-federal-response-in-indian-country/) provides details on funding under the
section “COVID-19 Funding Guidance for Tribes, Tribal Organizations and
Urban Indian Organizations,” including “Guidance on Indian Health Service
COVID-19 Funding Distribution for Tribes, Tribal Organizations, and Urban
Indian Organizations” (https://www.ihs.gov/sites/coronavirus/themes/
responsive2017/display_objects/documents/COVID-
19_Funding_Guidance_Tribes_UrbanIndianOrganizations.pdf) and “Fiscal Year
2020 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Funding Allocations” (https://www.ihs.gov/sites/
coronavirus/themes/responsive2017/display_objects/documents/
FY_2020_COVID19_FundingSummary.pdf).
 NIH. NIH provides details on research projects funded by COVID-19
supplemental measures, filtered by state and congressional district on the site
COVID-19 Research: Funding (https://covid19.nih.gov/funding). Also, the NIH
RePORTER database (https://reporter.nih.gov/) provides details on NIH-funded
projects with more detailed search capabilities. The “Advanced Projects Search”
page (https://reporter.nih.gov/advanced-search) has an option to add the search
filter “NIH COVID-19 Response,” with choices for “NIH Regular
Appropriations Funding Used for COVID-19 Research,” which allows users to
limit the search to COVID-19 research funded by regular NIH appropriations,
COVID-19 supplemental appropriations, or specific supplemental appropriations
laws.
 SAMHSA. The SAMHSA website Coronavirus (COVID-19)
(https://www.samhsa.gov/coronavirus) under “SAMHSA Resources and
Information” provides COVID-related grant funding details under “FY 2021
SAMHSA COVID-19 Funded Grants” (https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/
files/covid19-programs-funded-samhsa-fy21.pdf) and “FY 2020 SAMHSA
COVID-19 Funded Grants” (https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/covid19-
programs-funded-samhsa.pdf).

Nongovernment Sources
The following sources are examples of unofficial, nongovernment sources that provide tracking
and analysis of COVID-19 supplemental funding:
 COVID Money Tracker (Committee for a Responsible Budget),
https://www.covidmoneytracker.org/explore-data/interactive-table
 COVID-19 Relief Spending Tracker (Project on Government Oversight),
https://covidtracker.pogo.org/table-view
 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Federal Funds Information for States,
FFIS), https://ffis.org/COVID-19 (by subscription only)

Congressional Research Service 36
U.S. Public Health Service: COVID-19 Supplemental Funding in the 116th Congress

Author Information

Kavya Sekar, Coordinator Johnathan H. Duff
Analyst in Health Policy Analyst in Health Policy

Agata Bodie Elayne J. Heisler
Analyst in Health Policy Specialist in Health Services

Ada S. Cornell Isaac A. Nicchitta
Senior Research Librarian Research Assistant

Acknowledgments
CRS Visual Information Specialist Jamie Hutchinson provided support for graphics in this report.

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

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