The Impact of Coronavirus on America's Small Businesses (House Small Business Committee hearing, March 10, 2020)
Summary
Printed record of the House Committee on Small Business hearing held March 10, 2020, The Impact of Coronavirus on America's Small Businesses, Small Business Committee Document Number 116–078. Opening statements came from Chairwoman Nydia Velázquez and Ranking Member Steve Chabot. Witnesses were Dr. Jennifer Huang Bouey, senior policy researcher and Tang Chair in China Policy Studies at the RAND Corporation; Jay M. Ellenby, president of Safe Harbors Business Travel, testifying for the American Society of Travel Advisors (ASTA); Andrew Chau, co-founder and CEO of Boba Guys; and Dr. Yanzhong Huang of the Council on Foreign Relations. The appendix prints their statements, questions from Hon. Troy Balderson with responses, and material from the American Bus Association.
Summary drafted by a model from the document's text below and checked by script against that text before publication. It is a navigation aid, not a reading of what the document proves. Where AI is used
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“The Impact of Coronavirus on America's Small Businesses (House Small Business Committee hearing, March 10, 2020).”
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THE IMPACT OF CORONAVIRUS ON AMERICA’S
SMALL BUSINESSES
HEARING
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS
UNITED STATES
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
HEARING HELD
MARCH 10, 2020
Small Business Committee Document Number 116–078
Available via the GPO Webster: www.govinfo.gov
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
39–966 WASHINGTON : 2020
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HOUSE COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS
NYDIA VELÁZQUEZ, New York, Chairwoman
ABBY FINKENAUER, Iowa
JARED GOLDEN, Maine
ANDY KIM, New Jersey
JASON CROW, Colorado
SHARICE DAVIDS, Kansas
JUDY CHU, California
MARC VEASEY, Texas
DWIGHT EVANS, Pennsylvania
BRAD SCHNEIDER, Illinois
ADRIANO ESPAILLAT, New York
ANTONIO DELGADO, New York
CHRISSY HOULAHAN, Pennsylvania
ANGIE CRAIG, Minnesota
STEVE CHABOT, Ohio, Ranking Member
AUMUA AMATA COLEMAN RADEWAGEN, American Samoa, Vice Ranking Member
TROY BALDERSON, Ohio
KEVIN HERN, Oklahoma
JIM HAGEDORN, Minnesota
PETE STAUBER, Minnesota
TIM BURCHETT, Tennessee
ROSS SPANO, Florida
JOHN JOYCE, Pennsylvania
DAN BISHOP, North Carolina
MELISSA JUNG, Majority Staff Director
JUSTIN PELLETIER, Majority Deputy Staff Director and Chief Counsel
KEVIN FITZPATRICK, Staff Director
(II)
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CONTENTS
OPENING STATEMENTS
Page
Hon. Nydia Velázquez ............................................................................................. 1
Hon. Steve Chabot ................................................................................................... 2
WITNESSES
Dr. Jennifer Huang Bouey, Senior Policy Researcher, Tang Chair in China
Policy Studies, RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA ........................................... 4
Mr. Jay M. Ellenby, President, Safe Harbors Business Travel, Bel Air, MD,
testifying on behalf of the American Society of Travel Advisors (ASTA) ........ 6
Mr. Andrew Chau, Co-Founder & CEO, Boba Guys, Brisbane, CA .................... 7
Dr. Yanzhong Huang, Senior Fellow for Global Health, Council on Foreign
Relations, Professor, Seton Hall University’s School of Diplomacy and Inter-
national Relations, Washington, DC .................................................................. 9
APPENDIX
Prepared Statements:
Dr. Jennifer Huang Bouey, Senior Policy Researcher, Tang Chair in
China Policy Studies, RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA ......................... 29
Mr. Jay M. Ellenby, President, Safe Harbors Business Travel, Bel Air,
MD, testifying on behalf of the American Society of Travel Advisors
(ASTA) ........................................................................................................... 44
Mr. Andrew Chau, Co-Founder & CEO, Boba Guys, Brisbane, CA ............. 62
Dr. Yanzhong Huang, Senior Fellow for Global Health, Council on For-
eign Relations, Professor, Seton Hall University’s School of Diplomacy
and International Relations, Washington, DC ........................................... 64
Questions and Responses for the Record:
Questions from Hon. Troy Balderson to Mr. Jay M. Ellenby and Re-
sponses from Mr. Jay M. Ellenby ................................................................ 70
Questions from Hon. Troy Balderson to Mr. Andrew Chau and Responses
from Mr. Andrew Chau ................................................................................ 75
Questions from Hon. Troy Balderson to Dr. Yanzhong Huang and Re-
sponses from Dr. Yanzhong Huang ............................................................. 78
Additional Material for the Record:
American Bus Association (ABA) .................................................................... 80
Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America ............................... 84
Statement of J.D. O’Hara ................................................................................ 86
China Stopped Its Econony to Tacklet Coronavirus, Now the World Suf-
fer.-The New York times .............................................................................. 91
(III)
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THE IMPACT OF CORONAVIRUS ON
AMERICA’S SMALL BUSINESSES
TUESDAY, MARCH 10, 2020
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS,
Washington, DC.
The Committee met, pursuant to call, at 11:33 a.m., in Room
2360, Rayburn House Office Building. Hon. Nydia Velázquez
[chairwoman of the Committee] presiding.
Present: Representatives Velázquez, Finkenauer, Golden, Kim,
Crow, Davids, Chu, Evans, Schneider, Espaillat, Delgado,
Houlahan, Craig, Chabot, Balderson, Hern, Hagedorn, Burchett,
Spano, Joyce, and Bishop.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Good morning. The Committee will
come to order.
I want to thank everyone for joining us this morning, especially
our witnesses for taking time to travel here to testify before the
Committee. Not only has Coronavirus cost thousands of tragic
deaths around the globe, this public health crisis also threatens the
fabric of our economy, which is woven together by small businesses.
Already, economists have lowered global forecasts with the dim-
mest outlooks predicting a fall from nearly 3 percent to just 1 per-
cent growth due to the uncertainty and disruptions inflicted by the
virus.
Here in the U.S., because small businesses make up over 99 per-
cent of all employers, we can expect that many will face hardship
from this public health crisis. From the local barber shop to the
neighborhood café, to the innovative small tech firm, a pandemic
can mean fewer customers, supply chain disruption, and workforce
reductions.
For the travel and tourism industries, both of which are signifi-
cant small business job creators, the outbreak of coronavirus has
been estimated as the worst crisis since 9/11.
In addition to hurting big retailers, like airlines, small retail
shops, independently owned restaurants, and creational services
are also seeing severe drops in customers. For companies that rely
on imports from companies in China, the epicenter of the outbreak,
the virus has broken up supply chains, forcing small businesses to
reconsider their options for filling orders and meeting sales.
Additionally, while businesses around the country take stock of
their operational plan during a public health emergency, small
businesses may be unable to absorb cuts in the workforce, causing
them to scale back operations, ultimately reducing revenue.
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As the coronavirus spreads, so, too, does misinformation and
alarm. For many businesses, particularly Asian-owned firms, this
can be equally damaging. Because of fear, misinformation, and xen-
ophobia, many Chinatown restaurants and stores in my city of New
York were already feeling economic pain before even one person in
New York tested positive for the virus.
Merchants in Chinatown have reported sales drops as high as 80
percent. Many restaurants and retailers in Manhattan’s China-
town, Brooklyn’s Sunset Park and Queens are already having to
furlough staff and may have to let employees go.
That is why I am proud that the Emergency Funding Bill, which
included money for vaccines and testing, will also help small busi-
nesses access federal loans if they suffer losses related to the out-
break. This means that firms harmed by the virus could apply for
emergency loans with extremely low interest rates to help them
meet financial obligations.
Just as the SBA helps local economies get back on their feet after
a hurricane, wildfire, or earthquake, the agency can be critical to
helping our small businesses recover from this public health crisis.
In dealing with this public health issue, our number one goal is
to contain the spread and ensure that those infected are treated
and fully recover. One way to do that is to support paid sick leave.
Having people go to work sick only increases the likelihood of
transmission and further prolonging the decrease in demand for
goods and services that small businesses provide.
I look forward to hearing from our public health experts on the
health challenges presented by the outbreak. However, we also un-
derstand that there will be an economic impact and that small
firms will be among the hardest hit. I look forward to hearing your
experiences and concerns. In my view, we should all be focused on
preparedness, working together in a coordinated way, and pro-
viding accurate, reliable information to our small businesses and
the American people. In the end, the stakes are too high, and the
federal government cannot afford to get this wrong.
I would now like to yield to the Ranking Member, Mr. Chabot,
for his opening statement.
Mr. CHABOT. Thank you, Madam Chair. And I appreciate you
calling this hearing in for your early leadership on this issue.
On January 30th, the World Health Organization declared
COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern. On
January 31st, Health and Human Services Secretary Azar declared
a public health emergency.
Undoubtedly, this virus is having an immediate and tangible im-
pact on our Nation. In recent weeks, it has become obvious that our
economy is not immune to the effects of the virus. We must sum-
mon every available resource of the U.S. Government to overcome
the impact of the coronavirus epidemic on the U.S. economy.
Diseases do not know borders, and COVID-19 is no exception.
Over the past few months, global leaders have been ramping up ef-
forts to improve international information sharing and cooperation.
Last week, the House Foreign Affairs Committee passed the
Global Health Security Act, a bipartisan bill that I introduced
along with Democratic congressman, Gerry Connolly of Virginia.
This bill strengthens our commitment to leadership on global
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health security and puts in place necessary personnel and systems
to respond to pandemics like the coronavirus.
As the COVID-19 spreads in the United States, the entire public
health service must be operating at maximum capacity to combat
this threat.
Since 2015, Congress has made strategic investments in public
health resources. We increased the NIH, National Institutes of
Health funding by 39 percent, and the Centers for Disease Control
(CDC) funding by 24 percent.
To minimize the impact of COVID-19, it is important to adhere
to guidance provided by public health experts, whether it is from
the CDC or our neighborhood healthcare professionals.
Five days ago, Congress passed an emergency funding bill to sup-
port the administration’s efforts in addressing COVID-19. That leg-
islation included $20 million for economic injury, disaster loans
(EIDLs) serviced by the SBA’s Office of Disaster Assistance, which
leads the Federal government’s long-term economic recovery ef-
forts.
The SBA’s Disaster Loan Program provides numerous direct loan
options for disaster victims, including EIDLs, which provide work-
ing capital to small businesses affected by disasters to keep them
afloat until they can resume normal operations.
In this Committee, we will continue to consider any proposed as-
sistance strategies to counter the negative economic impact of
COVID-19 on America’s small businesses.
I want to thank all the witnesses for being here this morning.
Thank you, Madam Chair, for holding this hearing.
And I yield back my time.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you, Mr. Chabot. The gen-
tleman yields back.
If Committee members have an opening statement prepared, we
would ask that they be submitted for the record.
I would like to take a minute to explain the timing rules. Each
witness gets 5 minutes to testify and each member get 5 minutes
for questioning. There is a lighting system to assist you. The green
light will be on when you begin, and the yellow light will come on
when you have 1 minute remaining. The red light comes on when
you are out of time, and we ask that you stay within that time-
frame to the best of your ability.
I would now like to introduce our witnesses who have taken time
away from their families and businesses to be here today for this
important hearing.
Our first witness is Dr. Jennifer Huang Bouey. Dr. Bouey is a
senior policy researcher and Tang Chair in China Policy Studies at
the RAND Corporation. As an epidemiologist with training in clin-
ical medicine and quantitative methods, Dr. Bouey’s research cen-
ters on Global Health Strategies and Social Detriments of Health.
She received her M.P.H. and Ph.D. in Epidemiology from George
Washington University and her MD from Peking University School
of Medicine.
Thank you for being here, Dr. Bouey.
Our second witness is Mr. Jay M. Ellenby, the president of Safe
Harbors Business Travel in Bel Air, Maryland. His passion for
travel began when he explored the U.S. of America as a meteorolo-
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gist. He has previously served as the Chairman of the American
Society of Travel Advisors, Chairman of the Hartford County
Chamber of Commerce, and Chairman of the Maryland Chamber
of Commerce.
Thank you for being here.
Our third witness is Mr. Andrew Chau, co-founder and CEO of
Boba Guys and Tea People USA. He has been featured as a top
emerging business leader on CNN, New York Times, Wall Street
Journal, Vogue, and NPR. Prior to a career in consumer products
goods and corporate marketing, Mr. Chau started his first startup
in 2011. He has undergraduate and graduate degrees from UC
Berkeley.
We appreciate you being here today.
I would now like to yield to our Ranking Member, Mr. Chabot,
to introduce our final witness.
Mr. CHABOT. Thank you very much, Madam Chair. And our
final witness here this morning will be Yanzhong Huang. Dr.
Huang is a senior fellow for Global Health at the Council on For-
eign Relations. He is also a professor and director of Global Health
Studies at the Seton Hall University’s School of Diplomacy and
International Relations. He is the founding editor of Global Health
Governance, the scholarly journal for the New Health Security Par-
adigm. He has published numerous reports, journal articles, op eds,
and book chapters on global health governance, health diplomacy,
and health security. He has also authored the book, Governing
Health in Contemporary China, which was published back in 2014.
Dr. Huang obtained his BA and MA degrees from Fudan Univer-
sity and his PH degree from the University of Chicago. He has
been quite busy with speaking requests lately, as you can imagine,
so we are grateful that he is able to be with us today.
And I yield back.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you.
I will now recognize Dr. Bouey for your opening statement.
STATEMENTS OF JENNIFER HUANG BOUEY, SENIOR POLICY
RESEARCHER, TANG CHAIR IN CHINA POLICY STUDIES,
RAND CORPORATION; JAY M. ELLENBY, PRESIDENT, SAFE
HARBORS BUSINESS TRAVEL; ANDREW CHAU, CO-FOUNDER
AND CEO, BOBA GUYS; YANZHONG HUANG, SENIOR FELLOW
FOR GLOBAL HEALTH, COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,
PROFESSOR, SETON HALL UNIVERSITY’S SCHOOL OF DIPLO-
MACY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
STATEMENT OF JENNIFER HUANG BOUEY
Dr. BOUEY. Madam Chair Velázquez, Ranking Member Chabot,
and members of the Committee, thank you for inviting me to tes-
tify today.
We all know now that COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease
that can cause 15 percent of the infected, severe clinical diseases
and 1 to 2 percent of fatality. The first COVID-19 pneumonia clus-
ter was reported from Wuhan, China in December, but in less than
3 months of time, the outbreaks are reported from over 100 coun-
tries on six continents. Without a vaccine and a proven treatment,
the only public health interventions is social distancing. That is to
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keep the infected and the healthy separated and provide supportive
medical care for the sick.
China used unprecedented quarantine policies. Locked down cit-
ies, reduced the air, rail, and highway transportation. By January
29th, all 31 provinces in China have declared public health emer-
gencies during the Chinese New Year.
To this day, mandator 14-day quarantines for travelers are in ef-
fect in many cities in China. Outside China, more than 90 coun-
tries announced various types of travel bans.
How will this impact small and medium businesses? In China,
foodservice, tourism, hospitality, entertainment and retail indus-
tries suffered most during the holiday season. Revenues lost in
service sectors during the Chinese New York week are reported to
be 142 billion USD, about 1 percent of the GDP. It also caused im-
mense shock that is still lingering till today.
The small and medium business in China accounts for 80 percent
of the employment in the country. As in most countries around the
world, small and medium businesses are the engine of the econ-
omy. According to several Chinese surveys in February, about 2/3
of small businesses reported that they can only stay open for 1 to
2 months with their current cash flow.
Most of the financial pressures are from paying the employees,
paying the rent, and the loan repayment.
The Central Government of China has launched several policies
to help. The Central Bank has released 174 billion USD in Feb-
ruary to ease the borrowing cost and the funds’ availability. The in-
terest rate was cut by a quarter percentage point to 2.5 percent.
The State Council encouraged the private commercial banks to
postpone interest payment on loans until the end of June and to
defer the repayment of principal for the time-being.
It also ordered the large state-owned banks to increase lending
to small businesses at preferential rates.
The local policy also helps. For example, Beijing Government an-
nounced exemptions on some rent payment for up to 2 months, re-
ducing tax and fees for small and medium businesses.
However, until last week, only 30 percent of the small businesses
in China reported reopened. The difficulties they face, including the
public health requirement for requirement, the 14-day self-quar-
antine requirement for travelers and migrants, and a weak market
demand fractured supply chain and cash flow problems.
So what does it mean to U.S. business? The global supply chain
can suffer from COVID-19. China has the world’s major production
of chemicals, metals, textiles, and electronics. And seven of the top
busiest ports in the world are in China. We are expecting some de-
grees of supply chain, as well as the logistic chain interruptions.
The recovery time depends on how fast China can reopen the fac-
tories and the COVID-19 pandemic affects the world economy.
Although the U.S. economy is very different from that of China,
I still think there are some lessons the U.S. can learn. I gave about
a dozen recommendations in my written testimony on epidemic
controls and assistance to SMEs. Here, I will only highlight three.
The first one, the SMEs are a critical part of the economy, and
financially, they are more fragile when the market demand is
down. Government should focus on helping SMEs during the public
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health crisis by lowering interest rates, defer or waive tax and fees,
and easing the lending policies.
Second, the health equity issues should be factored into the
COVID-19 policies. Having support in childcare, paid sick leave,
and health insurance will help promote the safe behaviors during
the epidemic. That is someone who has the mild symptoms or tak-
ing care of sick family members can stay at home and obtain prop-
er medical care. This will help separate the infected from the
healthy and reduce the disease transmission opportunities. The
lack of social support can prolong the disease transmission, and in
the long-term can harm the market demands.
And finally, the U.S. government can consider setting aside addi-
tional funding for unemployment insurance payments to help
SMEs avoid bankruptcy or help the creditors of the bankrupt
SMEs.
And with that, I will conclude my summary. Thank you for your
time.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you.
Mr. Ellenby, now you are recognized.
STATEMENT OF JAY M. ELLENBY
Mr. ELLENBY. Good morning, Chairwoman Velázquez, Ranking
Member Chabot, and distinguished members of the Committee.
My name is Jay Ellenby, and I am president of Safe Harbors
Business Travel. I am also a veteran of the United States Navy.
Since 1985, Safe Harbors has served a diverse range of client
companies, organizations, and individuals throughout the world. I
am also here on behalf of the America Society of Travel Advisors
(ASTA), the national trade association for the travel agency indus-
try.
Travel agencies are responsible for the sale of the majority of air-
line tickets in the United States and are the primary distributor
of cruises and tour packages. A full 98 percent of travel agencies
in the U.S. meet the Small Business Administration definition of
a small business and are 2/3 owned by women.
At Safe Harbors, the past few weeks have been among the most
difficult our agency has had since 9/11. Our clients’ response to the
current crisis ranges from business as usual (not many), to limiting
travel to the United States, Canada, or to stopping business travel
completely.
Sales are down across the board. As of last week, our 2020 sales
were down 20 percent year over year. We have seen a 37 percent
decline in international travel and that is worsening by the day.
We expect March to be devastating and are preparing for a 50 per-
cent year over year decline. For April we can only hope. Yesterday,
we laid off a significant part of our workforce, and still with tre-
mendous uncertainties ahead.
In preparation for this hearing ASTA surveyed its members
about the impact the coronavirus is having with their business.
Ninety percent of clients are concerned about international travel,
while 72 percent are concerned about domestic travel. Ninety-eight
percent of respondents expect the crisis to have a heavy, negative
impact on the business this year. Ninety-eight percent also expect
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a negative impact on business revenues, with 27 percent expecting
a reduction of 50 percent or more.
If I can leave anything with you today, this is the most signifi-
cant piece of this survey, 22 percent of respondents report a risk
of going out of business in 3 months and 25 percent within 6
months
Up until last week, layoffs were in the planning stages. Layoffs
are happening in large companies. We are large numbers by my
company and others similar to mine. I understand some agencies
have already shuttered their doors.
In closing, I want to take this opportunity to provide some sug-
gestions for what Congress and the Administration can do to help
our industry during this crisis.
Access to SBA loans. We were pleased to see that the recent Sup-
plemental Appropriations Bill included funding for the SBA to pro-
vide about $7 billion in loans to businesses impacted by the out-
break. We ask they consider additional funding if the situation
worsens and that you work with the SBA to relax some of the col-
lateral requirements for these loans.
Travel agencies are a service business and they do not have as
many physical assets as say manufacturers. In the past, travel ad-
visors were forced to put their homes up for collateral in order to
qualify for similar loans that were given out after 9/11, so it is es-
sential for these loans to be accessible for small businesses that
desperately need them.
Two, economic stimulus package. Please remember and include
small businesses in any proposal for an economic stimulus package.
Regardless of how long this crisis lasts, we feel strongly that the
Federal government should take quick action on this front. Finan-
cial aid packages have been given to other struggling industries,
and the hysteria and misinformation from many areas surrounded
by COVID-19 that continues to plague our businesses show no sign
of stopping.
If the trend continues, as the members reporting continue, we
project a loss of revenue for our industry could exceed $7.7 billion
this year alone.
On Friday, White House economic advisor Larry Kudlow con-
firmed that the administration is considering timely and targeted
Federal interventions to help workers, businesses, and industries
most vulnerable economically to the outbreak. While it is important
to include relief for our airline and cruise line partners in such a
package, we respectfully ask that you consult with, and receive,
travel agencies’ input on any such package to ensure that it will
help them weather the storm and be in a position to serve their
clients once the economy rebounds.
Thank you again for the opportunity to testify today, and I would
be happy to answer any questions you may have.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you, Mr. Ellenby.
Mr. Chau, now you are recognized.
STATEMENT OF ANDREW CHAU
Mr. CHAU. Good morning, Chairwoman Representative
Velázquez, Ranking Member Chabot, Congresswoman Chu, and
Congressman Kim, and distinguished members of the Committee
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on Small Business. Thank you for the honor of providing testimony
before the House Committee on Small Business, although I wish it
were under different circumstances.
My name is Andrew Chau, and I am here on behalf of the small
business community, and over 20 million Asian American Pacific
Islanders (AAPI), who call this country home. And I am the son of
immigrants. My dad, a refugee from Guangdong, China, and my
mother, the daughter of a Taiwanese Air Force pilot.
I grew up 3 hours north of here in Woodbridge, New Jersey,
where we ran the only Chinese restaurant in town. My family
eventually moved to San Francisco, where we started another res-
taurant in Fisherman’s Wharf. I am what you call a ‘‘restaurant
brat,’’ growing up around stoves, duck sauce, and sesame oil.
After over a decade in Corporate America, I myself came back
into the food business opening a chain of cafes and restaurants,
specializing in boba milk tea and Asian-inspired snacks.
My story as a small business owner is fairly common. Two mil-
lion of the 30 million small businesses are AAPI owned. Small busi-
ness is interwoven into our culture. Growing up as perennial out-
siders, we sought refuge and built businesses across Chinatowns,
Japantowns, and other ethnic enclaves scattered throughout the
country. And even if you did not grow up in these enclaves, I am
sure many people, including those in this room, have stumbled into
a Chinatown noodle shop or Korean BBQ shop at 1 am. That was
me last week.
You can count on these establishments to be open late and bus-
tling, often run by first and second-generation immigrants, hustling
to make ends meet, chasing what was once the goal of every immi-
grant in this country, the American Dream. This dream and the
small business culture embedded into the fabric of today’s society
is at risk today. Our community usually prides itself on resource-
fulness, self-reliance, and grit, so it is telling that we are asking
for assistance during this crisis.
I am sure you have all read the news. Chinatowns and other
AAPI enclaves across America are experiencing a drastic decline in
patronage. A recent New York Times article said that business is
down as much as 70 percent due to the coronavirus COVID-19.
Sadly, most of this is due to misinformation and overblown
media coverage depicting the virus as an Asian disease. This virus
has no color. It has no ethnicity. It has no borders. COVID-19 is
a respiratory virus, but it is fast-mutating into a social virus: xeno-
phobia, Sinophobia, and marginalization of American citizens.
I know this is the Committee on Small Business, but the nega-
tive stigma of this virus will impact our community long after
COVID-19 is gone. We learn every day about attacks on AAPIs
simply because of our physical appearance. But that is a topic for
another day.
The mission of this Committee is to protect and serve the inter-
ests of American small businesses. As a board member for National
ACE, a national non-profit serving AAPI-owned businesses, we es-
timate that small businesses usually carry about 2 to 3 months of
working capital. So, as we enter the third month since the news
broke, many businesses, particularly those in these enclaves, are
holding on for dear life. They do not have sufficient cash reserves
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to weather this storm. The economic hardship on each business
owner then trickles down to the labor force as many are letting go
of their employees to cut costs. The destabilization of labor and dis-
cretionary income will have ripple effects throughout our economy.
In addition to influencing consumer sentiment, COVID-19 has
also affected the global supply chain. My business uses ingredients
from all over the world, from Japan to Taiwan to Thailand. Any-
thing that is imported from overseas is delayed over a month or in-
definitely in cases where the factories have shut down.
I have heard from many people throughout the country that their
businesses are facing similar issues. Banquets are canceled. Ingre-
dients are delayed. And sole proprietorships like photographers,
musicians, and anything tied to hospitality, events and entertain-
ment are affected, too.
We say small business is the backbone of the American economy,
but what happens when the backbone is fractured?
I say this on public record as a testimony not just for COVID-
19, but for all future communicable disease that stall economic pro-
ductivity.
Today, the small business community, and AAPIs, we need help.
And one day, it will be another community.
What makes our country so unique is that we got this far despite
our differences, and we learned how to bridge our various cultures
and take care of each other.
As a millennial, I hear we do not really talk about The American
Dream anymore. As I understand it (and I had to Google this), the
American Dream is to live a ‘‘richer and fuller life, enabling oppor-
tunity according to ability and achievement.’’
I believe your recent disaster loan relief bill breathes new life to
that dream. The American Dream is alive and well. I believe that.
But we just have to remember that enabling opportunity is not al-
ways about opening doors; it is also removing barriers.
We need more help like the loan assistance program so that our
small businesses in our communities can thrive again. The loans
give us enough runway to adjust to the changes in the market-
place, even if it is caused initially by misinformation and unwar-
ranted stigma.
We as a community are confident that your committee will pass
other pieces of legislation to show the world that American small
businesses embody the values that built this country: grit, resil-
ience, and helping our neighbors.
Thank you for your time.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you, Mr. Chau.
Dr. Huang, now you are recognized for 5 minutes.
STATEMENT OF YANZHONG HUANG
Mr. HUANG. Thank you, Madam Chair, and thank you our
Ranking Member, Mr. Chabot.
Well, we know that the COVID-19 that originated in China, is
continuing to spread rapidly worldwide. And if we adopted a WHO
definition on the pandemic, it is very clear that all the conditions
have been met to declare the outbreak a global pandemic. But that
does not necessarily mean the virus is becoming more dangerous.
In fact, according to the WHO, the case fatality rate is 3.4 percent.
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That very likely has been heavily influenced by developments in
China that has more than 83 percent of the COVID-19 deaths. If
we adopted the South Korean data which allows us to give a more
accurate and optimistic picture of how they saw the virus actually
is, the mortality rate is actually just over 0.6 percent. That is close
to the mortality rate in other parts of China. That is the parts of
China excluding Hubei province.
So the virus is not as lethal, virulent, as we thought. And with
more cases being found, we expect the case fatality rate is going
to be lower. And also, keep in mind that only 81 percent of the
cases are actually mild, and COVID-19 deaths also increase with
age. With virus most serious affecting older people with preexisting
health problems.
So in that sense, this virus falls in the category of what we call
the dread risk. That is they are high profile but post a lower aggre-
gate risk to human death.
So what is the impact of this dread risk? Well, the dread risks
could encourage an alarmist approach that can elicit a dispropor-
tionate level of fear among the population that may distort govern-
ment and public response. It can lead to cause for governments to
undertake more aggressive actions in confirming cases, isolating
patients and closing down close contacts, even though the effective-
ness of these measures is still subject to debate and the cost of im-
plementing these measures can be immensely high. That we have
seen in China wherein they declare those implementing those
measures in Wuhan and Hubei providence and beyond.
Driven by panic and fear, our country is pursuing aggressive, do-
mestic containment measures may also prompt other countries to
impose stringent restrictions on travel and trade. That we have
seen in Italy. Unjustified documentation had been requested from
importers of Asian cheese in Greece; lettuce exported to Poland;
fruit to Croatia, while Italian-grown apples refused by Ukraine.
Many of those measures actually instituted in the outbreak can
also be sticky. That means they are not so easy to rescind once
they are instituted. China, for example, did not lift its ban on pork
products from Canada until November 2009, 4 months after the
H1N1 swine flu activity declined in most countries.
And also, government and public responses informed by fear can
cause huge damage toward the economy. If the COVID-19 pan-
demic lasts more than a year, the CCC, Coronavirus, crude oil,
credit shock, leads to widespread business failures, mass unem-
ployment, and may lead the entire world into a global recession.
So what should we do? I think it is very important that we adopt
measures to be proportionate to the actual risk posed to our soci-
ety. Rather than focus solely on emergency mobilization, it is
equally important to emphasize prevention, precaution, and risk
management by politically neutral professionals. In that sense,
washing hands is actually more effective than wearing masks. Be-
cause masks, while an instrument of protection itself also is a sym-
bol of panic and fear.
It is also important that the U.S. consider rolling out a strategy
that ends to slow down this rate of the virus in the community and
minimize the economic impact of the outbreak. So a mitigation-
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based approach wherein the virus, specially become uncontainable,
would be a preferred approach. Thank you.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you, Dr. Huang. I’d like to
thank all of the witnesses for their incredible and important infor-
mation that they have shared with us.
Mr. Chau, I would like to address my first question to you.
I represent Chinatown, both in Brooklyn and Sunset Park. I have
heard that discriminatory rhetoric and outright racist anti-Asian
sentiment are a couple of the reasons business is down around
Chinatown in my district.
Is this something that has negatively affected your business in
New York, and San Francisco, Los Angeles?
Mr. CHAU. Thank you for the question, Representative
Velázquez.
I believe our business, for the record, has fluctuated, has been
down in some stores, especially those located around these ethnic
enclaves. So we have a store, I think, in your district, around the
Lower East Side. I think that one is flat at this point. I think the
community around us, including a lot of my friends, I am sure you
have seen some of the New York Times articles, including I think
my friend Wilson Tang. He runs Nom Wah Tea Parlor. I think
there is a lot of misinformation where they put the face of
coronavirus as Chinese restaurants or Chinese patrons, and that is
leading to this larger scare in your districts as you said.
I have seen that personally also to a lot of our places in L.A., in
Chinatown as well. Not that we have a space, but we were just in
Koreatown as I said earlier, and I have never seen Koreatown so
empty. And I hear a lot from our friends who own these establish-
ments, that they have also faced, I would say, some form of dis-
crimination and stigma.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you.
Dr. Bouey, you are quoted saying that we often see epidemics of
rumors, conspiracies, and discrimination coming from outbreaks
like this. How can we ensure that facts and science prevail in glob-
al health crises?
Dr. BOUEY. Thank you.
So I always say that where is the epidemic of disease, that there
is always another two epidemics. That is disinformation and dis-
crimination.
So in order for us to fight all three epidemics, I think the facts
that in the social media, in the public is very important. If we have
the facts in the public area, you have an efficient risk communica-
tion plan, then we can fight the disinformation.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you.
Mr. Ellenby, consumer spending is at the heart of the U.S. econ-
omy. How long can those small businesses in the travel and leisure
sector survive with business conferences being canceled and more
people staying at home?
Mr. ELLENBY. My sector of the business is corporate travel. So
we service corporations that travel to such events, conferences, and
they have literally shut down everything certainly for March, cer-
tainly for April, and we do not see any kind of life at the end of
the tunnel when it comes to the corporate side.
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When it comes to the leisure side, vacation-type travel, when
messaging goes out about the cruises, taking cruises, not to take
a cruise, maybe you should take a cruise, if you are older, younger,
it is very, very difficult for any agency to remain in business when
such messaging goes out.
So to answer your question specifically, there are many agencies
right now that are shutting their doors as we speak, and some of
them will be closed within 3 to 6 months.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you.
Dr. Huang, what is the potential impact on low-income house-
holds if they are forced to take long periods off work to contain the
spread of the virus, and how can we protect their financial stability
if they get infected?
Mr. HUANG. Thank you.
I think if they take sick leave for too long, then many of this is
going to affect certainly the small businesses because they cannot
afford doing that. Unlike the big business, they do not have this
room to maneuver and the resources to mobilize. And if the large,
this absenteeism continues, we expect also the countries, the food
and fuel supply also will be affected. That is going to deal another
blow to the economy.
So I think it is very important that the U.S. consider a nation-
wide approach to the issue of sick leave. Maybe after when it is
used up their sick leave, it is time for the Federal government to
foot the bill. But in doing so, we should find an approach to protect
both the workers and the business owners.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you. My time has expired.
Now, we recognize the Ranking Member, Mr. Chabot.
Mr. CHABOT. Thank you, Madam Chair.
Dr. Huang, let me go with you first if I can.
We know that the official Chinese data can be unreliable. Should
this impact the global response to the virus? Do you take that into
consideration as you are studying this? Could you comment on
that?
Mr. HUANG. Absolutely. I think when we are making public pol-
icy, it is very important that we do evidenced-based decision-mak-
ing based on reliable, trustworthy data. So if the data actually
shows, for example, a high mortality rate, that is what we found,
for example, in Wuhan, that may have something to do with the
issue of the quality of the data, but it also has something to do
with the draconian measures that have been undertaken without
advanced planning. So there was a huge probable number of deaths
was caused by those draconian measures and the health system
being overwhelmed by the huge demand for testing and hos-
pitalization.
So the WHO mortality data has been actually heavily influenced
by the data in China because the mortality, China contributed to
almost 3/4ths, more than 3/4s of the mortality worldwide. So that
probably gave us this false sense, this is a very, very dangerous
type of virus. In fact, if we top even the WHO mortality rate of 3.4
percent based on the current population, and if we adopt this pre-
diction that 20 percent of the population will be infected, we are
going to expect 100 million deaths worldwide.
Mr. CHABOT. Thank you very much.
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Dr. Bouey, I am going to go to you next, if I can.
You had mentioned social distancing as one of the main ways to
perhaps deal with this. Would you kind of describe in detail what
you mean by that for anybody that may want to follow up with
you?
Dr. BOUEY. Sure. Social distancing in principle is basically sepa-
rating those who are infected with those who are not infected. So
we could see patient isolation as one of the typical of such policies.
So as soon as someone is suspected or a confirmed patient, one
thing they should do is be put at a distance with people who are
healthy. So this relates to the hospital, how we define hospital
triage, so that we know that the cases, infected people can be sepa-
rated from those other people who are healthy.
Quarantine would be an extreme measure policy on that because
quarantine basically asks everyone, including those who are
healthy, to stay put, not move. So between these two there are
many variations of using protections and different type of policies
in this line. But this is the only one, only thing we have now.
Mr. CHABOT. Thank you very much.
Mr. Ellenby, you have been in the travel agency business a while
now. What advice would you give to those, it is pretty stunning
what you said about 22 percent of them could literally be out of
business within 3 months. It is very disconcerting, shocking. Is
there any advice that you would give folk to avoid that?
Mr. ELLENBY. Thank you for the question.
Yes, I have been in the business for quite a while and have seen
it all, I suppose. Everything from 9/11 to downturns to other dis-
eases. An ASTA, the American Society or Travel Advisors, does a
really good job in getting the word out, the information out, and
how to address such situations. And unfortunately, there are very,
very painful decisions you have to make, such as I mentioned yes-
terday, that we had to perform layoffs. And depending on the size
of the company, if they have the ability to do that. Many of the
members within ASTA do not have that type of workforce. And in
some cases there are under five, maybe there are maybe one, or
two, maybe three. And so it is very difficult for them to address
those immediate expenses. So, labor is the critical piece.
Mr. CHABOT. Thank you. I am almost out of time, so I want to
get one last.
Mr. Chau, how are you communicating with your staff, with your
employees about what you are facing and how you are trying to
deal with it, and I assume avoid, you know, people losing their jobs
as much as possible? What are you telling them? What are you
doing?
Mr. CHAU. Thank you for your question.
We just had a team meeting before I flew out to address this. I
think the one thing that would help mitigate some of the scare is
to give more information, as much as you have. So I recommend
that for any business owner.
So we actually had a team meeting where we said, well, here are
the options. If the city where we are from, San Francisco, does go
into a full quarantine, here is what would happen. And if not, here
is what would happen if it was a partial kind of shutdown. And so
we walked that through our managers, and we kind of gave them
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kind of a realistic idea of what could possibly happen. And I think
they took it really well. And I think that is where I think a lot of
small businesses across America should start doing that because
washing hands and all the other preventative measures are already
out there. Now we are just getting into scenario planning.
Mr. CHABOT. Thank you very much. My time has expired.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Time has expired.
We recognize Ms. Finkenauer, Chairwoman of the Subcommittee
on Rural Development, Agriculture, Trade, and Entrepreneurship
from Iowa.
Ms. FINKENAUER. Thank you, Madam Chair. I appreciate
being here today. And thank you all for coming all this way as
well. I know you guys have a lot of demands on your time right
now. So it means a lot that you took this to be here.
I am from Iowa. We actually today, we now have eight Iowans
that have tested positive. And it is something, you know, my big-
gest concern is, obviously, the health and safety of my constituents
and Iowans and folks across the country. I know our office, we have
been in touch with all the hospitals in the district personally as
well, making sure that we are keeping that line of communication
open, hearing what people need, making sure that we are providing
that. And I think that is one of the things that is going to be most
important across the country, making sure that those lines of com-
munication are open and that they are getting to the right re-
sources.
One of the other things that is then next on my list after health
and safety is our economy in Iowa and across the country as well,
and how our employers are doing as well as our employees who de-
vote so much of their lives to making the world go around in Iowa
and across the country.
And so I was happy last week. We were able to pass the emer-
gency loans, $7 billion in emergency loans that the Small Business
Administration would be able to provide with businesses being af-
fected.
But I do have more questions for the Small Business Administra-
tion. I know you guys are not able to answer those, but I figured
maybe the best way to do this would be kind of tell you what I
want to know from them and then also how it would be affecting
you.
So one of the things that I want to know is making sure that we
are getting this information out to people across the country and
to our small businesses. And how are we ensuring that that is hap-
pening?
And so, I know Mr. Chau and Mr. Ellenby, you guys are on the
frontlines of this working with small business owners across the
country. And what have you seen so far as the outreach and what
could we be doing better?
Mr. CHAU. I will make mine pretty short.
So right now, I guess in the age of the Internet. A lot of the small
business groups and network is online. So, I can name a couple
that we are a part of. Prior to this hearing, I solicited some of the
network from Asian Hustle Network. It is called AHN. There is an-
other set of LinkedIn networks that we have. And so there are a
lot of these Facebook groups that we have been talking about, what
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are you doing? So in each of these big metropolitan areas there are
also localized versions. There are chamber of commerces. There are
other versions of chamber of commerces online. So I would rec-
ommend the government generally tap into some of these key
stakeholders, a part of each of these big networks, and disseminate
information.
Being at this hearing today I think is a major step toward that.
Ms. FINKENAUER. Yeah.
What about you, Mr. Ellenby?
Mr. ELLENBY. Yes, thank you.
Absolutely. The trade associations are a perfect way to get the
information out and also solicit feedback. Certainly, chambers of
commerce as well. So I agree with both areas.
Ms. FINKENAUER. Great.
And then the other thing I know, again, we passed the $7 billion,
but this is the question for the Small Business Administration, is
how quickly can we get that out to the folks who need it?
But my question for you then is how quickly do you need it? Yes-
terday, I know, but——
Mr. ELLENBY. I would love to answer yesterday.
Ms. FINKENAUER. Yes.
Mr. ELLENBY. And also, I want to preface what I mentioned in
my testimony was that easing the regulations for collateral.
Ms. FINKENAUER. Yeah.
Mr. ELLENBY. So I think that is a very, very careful area.
Ms. FINKENAUER. Okay. That is helpful.
Mr. Chau?
Mr. CHAU. I just second that. I think we were talking before
this that many of these small businesses are already on kind of
their last leg on their working capital, so it has been months, 2
months at least for some of these businesses, so the sooner the bet-
ter.
Ms. FINKENAUER. Yeah. And with that I know the big thing
for me, too, is making sure this is getting out to folks so that when
we have employees that need to have time off, they are able to do
it and they are able to get their paychecks. And it is just incredibly
important, and these are the types of things that need to be
thought about, again, all across the country. So I am grateful that
you guys are here having those discussions. And I hope the Small
Business Administration, I will be also reaching out to them with
more of these questions, but I want to know, are they reallocating
employees, making sure that there is more bandwidth to be able
to handle these loans and get them out in a timely manner. And
what are the contingency plans for all of that? So I think there is
a lot we need to be doing, following up, making sure these are get-
ting out the way that they are because I know just hearing your
testimony today how important this is.
So thank you for being here, and I know we all still have a lot
more work to do. So thank you.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. The gentlelady yields back.
I would like to share with you that yesterday, we reached out to
the Small Business Administration. We requested for them to put
on their website all of this information, but also, every state has
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to work with the SBA to declare that they have an emergency in
their state, and that will open up the process.
Now we recognize the gentleman from Oklahoma, Mr. Hern,
Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Tax,
and Capital Access.
Mr. HERN. Thank you, Madam Chairwoman, Ranking Member
Chabot, and the witnesses for being here today to talk about this
very important issue.
While we have had just a minimal impact in Oklahoma, I believe
two confirmed cases now, this is still significant what is going on
in the industry. Being in the restaurant industry my entire life, I
have had a lot of friends who have called and are very concerned.
And according to the American Hotel Lodging Association, they are
estimating right now average or annual revenue loss within the
range of $32 to $76 billion, including up to about $100 million per
day. Occupancy rates declining to 20 percent in major markets. At
best, daily room sales decline around 15 percent, which result in
about 15,600 fewer shifts available per day for room attendants. So
obviously, significant job impacts there.
Mr. Ellenby, given your expertise in this travel industry, can you
talk about what you think about these effects now? And if you
could compare the previous global—you mentioned you have seen
it all. When you have been around the industry you get impacted
first because people usually shut down touching, being around
other people. Could you compare what is happening right now so
early in this process and this coronavirus issue, compare it to
H1N1, SARS, and all the other things that have gone on?
Mr. ELLENBY. Yes. Thank you for the question.
The comparison, it does not compare to H1N1. The only thing I
can think it compares to is really 9/11 of all the previous incidents.
And that was one where we literally had 3 months of shutdown
and we started to see business pick up again in January. At a
minimal rate. But it does not compare. This is a significant, signifi-
cant impact. And yes, travel is often the leading edge. On corporate
travel, certainly. We know oftentimes way out ahead, maybe 3
months, where the economy is going. And we are in the deep of it
right now.
Mr. HERN. So obviously, you have an opinion because, you
know, when you look at deaths around the world, a single death
is tragic, but when you compare it to what we know in Oklahoma,
and our governor just spoke to this on Friday, that we, so far in
this season, we have had 54 deaths from flu and thousands, and
we have heard from CDC where we have had tens of thousands of
people that have been infected, hundreds of thousands, actually. I
think 350,000 hospitalized since October 1. We have had tens of
thousands of deaths. And in the United States, we have had 26.
What do you attribute that to? Because we are talking about aver-
age people and companies that are canceling conventions. McDon-
ald’s Corporation just canceled their largest convention they have
every 2 years. The first time in the history of the company, in Or-
lando, where it has impacted at least 50,000 people traveling in for
that. Why is that happening?
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Mr. ELLENBY. Yeah. The cancelations are through the roof. In
fact, more of our business right now involves cancelations than it
does actual revenue.
The cancelations, I believe, is through information that is coming
out from multiple sources. The media gets a hold of that. They put
their information on that as well. And I think the feedback that we
are getting with respect to travelers are if they should go some-
place, they want to get back. They want to get back home. And
they do not want to be quarantined. So they want to make sure
that if they go someplace, they can make it back, and they do not
know what is taking place in that particular destination. So I think
it is the fear of the unknown, and so therefore, that is why they
are making the decision to not go, and that is why companies are
afraid to have those type of events outside the area.
Mr. HERN. So again, I do not want to put words in your mouth,
but having talked to many people in the industry, maybe it is just
because of my background, that a lot of folks feel like there is a
lot of information that is flowing around that while other
epidemics, pandemics have been more deadly, much more deadly
than this, there is a lot more fear being put into the communities
that have maybe made people err on the side of caution much more
so than in previous history.
Mr. ELLENBY. Yes, you are putting words in mouth. That is ex-
actly it. That is exactly it. It is just, there is inconsistent mes-
saging. And if there was consistent messaging coming out of mul-
tiple departments, if there was consistent messaging that was
approrpite, that would translate into those really making decisions
on travel at a much more reasonable effort.
Mr. HERN. Madam Chair, I will yield back the rest of my time.
Thank you so much.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. The gentleman yields back.
The gentlelady from California, Ms. Chu, Chairwoman of the
Subcommittee on Investigations, Oversight, and Regulations is now
recognized.
Ms. CHU. Mr. Chau, as you have seen first-hand, Asian Amer-
ican communities across the country have been severely impacted
by the coronavirus outbreak. In fact, I was shocked to find out 2
nights ago that in Los Angeles, Chinatown, one of the two remain-
ing major Chinese restaurants that is capable of having a sit-down
banquet, Ocean Seafood, is shutting down as a result of the sharp
decline in business as a result of COVID-19. And in my district of
the San Gabriel Valley in Southern California, I attended a press
conference in February to highlight the impacts of this outbreak on
our local restaurants and businesses. That was nearly a month ago
but even then, restaurants were reporting a decline of about 50
percent. Those impacts have only worsened now, and that is why
it is so important that Congress and this Committee help those
small businesses get the assistance that they need, and that is why
I joined Congressmember and Chairwoman Velázquez in co-spon-
soring the H.R. 6040, the Small Business Relief from Commu-
nicable Disease Act. And fortunately, key provisions of this bill
were included in the emergency supplemental appropriations pack-
age that passed Congress and was signed into law last week. Now,
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small businesses impacted by COVID-19 will be eligible for SBA
disaster loans.
But the outbreak has resulted in more than just economic harm.
We have also witnessed horrific instances of xenophobia and abuse
directed towards Asian-Americans for no reason other than their
appearance. These incidents rely on harmful stigmas and stereo-
types that threaten to far outlive COVID-19 and have even been
repeated by members of Congress. And in the last Small Business
hearing, I held up a fake flyer that had the actual logos of the
WHO and the County of Los Angeles actually naming five Asian
businesses that people should avoid because of a man that they al-
leged had coronavirus went there.
So as a business leader in the Asian-American community, could
you elaborate on the types of xenophobia you have witnessed and
discuss what we need to do about it?
Mr. CHAU. Thank you for those comments. It is a lot to unpack
because I think a lot of it is personal. And in the community, we
have been talking about this a lot. Unfortunately, both in your dis-
trict and so many of the districts we have our stores in, we have
seen psychological impact. People are afraid to go out. Sometimes
you cannot even know what is going on.
There was a recent assault or stabbing in Brooklyn the other day
where an Asian male was stabbed but they cannot tell if it was
xenophobia or not because it was implied maybe but there are all
these uncertainties. And then it is creating communities that are
essentially playing their past issues against each other. And I
think what we need to do first of all is to have better dialogue
among anybody who has been marginalized, too. I think, number
one, we need more allies.
I think secondly, for those who are going through it, there al-
ready are groups that take care of each other. There is a group that
I am on. I think it is called Crimes against Asians on Facebook
where we actually see, and every time it is reported it gets ampli-
fied. And then it goes to larger media outlets like nextshark.com
or NBC News. And that is actually how we funnel through the
pipeline. So there is actually a lot of grassroots efforts. We contin-
ually need to do that, and I think that, as long as the messaging
keeps getting out and goes through I would say the media outlets,
we do a better job of storytelling and we have a better narrative.
So unfortunately, the psychological damage is almost irreparable
because at the same time you have a 14-year-old, I think, girl in
L.A. recently that was also made fun of and assaulted. It is on the
Internet and people recorded this. And imagine, she is 15 now. In
10 years, she is going to be 25. She is going to carry that with her.
And then that might have her treat certain communities that tar-
geted her in a different way. And it is just a vicious cycle. So I
think we need to control all of that.
Ms. CHU. And could you say how we can address the anxieties
within the Asian-American community without compromising pub-
lic health in the business arena, like, for instance, if your business
had to have a worker that quarantined itself?
Mr. ELLENBY. Yeah, I think people, we have to separate the
data. We have to be much more data, and do the math on this, is
that the quarantine very likely, as Dr. Huang said, that somebody
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may get it in any of our communities. And so at that point, we
have to separate that from whoever is getting it and not overgener-
alize a certain population. So if that does happen, I am sure people
will take that as a precaution, but I just think people need to rely
more on the data and use that versus some sensationalist media
message.
Ms. CHU. Thank you. I yield back.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. The gentleman from North Carolina,
Mr. Bishop, is recognized for 5 minutes.
Mr. BISHOP. Thank you, Madam Chairman.
As I listen to the testimony and the questions, I am struck that
we are sort of saying it can be harmful if we underreact. It can be
harmful if we overreact. It can be harmful if we react with meas-
ures that have unanticipated adverse consequences. So it is a
tricky situation that we are in.
Mr. Chau, I am interested, did I understand that you have retail
outlets? That is what your business is?
Mr. CHAU. Yes, that is correct, sir.
Mr. BISHOP. And I know that there is a great deal of discussion
in media and among government these days of having workers
telework.
I assume that for a business like yours that would not be a via-
ble solution; correct?
Mr. CHAU. That is correct.
Mr. BISHOP. Because you have got to be open. You have got to
have retail employees who are there prepared to serve the public
in those facilities.
Mr. CHAU. That is correct. A lot of people, especially in big cit-
ies, big companies are having them working from home but that is
very hard to do when you are retail-based.
Mr. BISHOP. And I would imagine there are a lot of small busi-
nesses to whom that situation would apply then. They need their
workers at their locations; right?
Mr. CHAU. Yes, that is true.
Mr. BISHOP. There was a good bit of discussion about allowing
paid leave or maybe the government funding paid leave. If that
were done on an indefinite basis, for example, that also might un-
dermine a small business like yours, would it not?
Mr. CHAU. That I am not really sure what the ramifications are.
I have heard of different pros and cons of having paid leave. I, gen-
erally, I think, have been on the side of having—FMLA, for exam-
ple, does not cover a lot of these instances, so like extending that
may help. In my mind, my job is to make sure that our workers
are safe and that they are the most productive. And so if they are
constantly worrying and not being their best self because they are
worried about a paycheck, I think it actually in the long run hurts
them. So I think having some type of security would help alleviate
that.
Mr. BISHOP. If it were available, essentially, without condition
so that it just deterred your employees from coming to work, under
those circumstances if you are a small business there might be
some adverse consequence. Would you agree with that?
Mr. CHAU. Yeah, I would agree that there would be some quali-
fications that would qualify for that. I think maybe——
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Mr. BISHOP. They need to be designed appropriately?
Mr. CHAU. It has to be designed. It has to have the right rules.
Otherwise, if you are inferring that it might get abused, I think
that is definitely possible. I think we need to have the right checks
and balances for a larger solution like that.
Mr. BISHOP. I wonder if it is obvious to everybody the panel
that it would be wrong and counterproductive for anybody to ex-
ploit the situation for political advantage by either provoking panic
or unreasonably undermining confidence in public authorities’ re-
sponses, or even attributing false motivations to public or private
responses.
What about you, Mr. Chau, would you agree with that?
Mr. CHAU. That I do not have an opinion on. I think that might
be a little too complicated. I am just a businessman. But I would
like to think that people are not politically motivated on something
that is like a public health issue.
Mr. BISHOP. I would hope so, too. I think that is good enough
for me.
Thank you, Madam Chairman. I yield back.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. The gentleman yields back.
Now we recognize the gentlelady from Kansas, Ms. Davids, for
5 minutes.
Ms. DAVIDS. Thank you, Chairwoman Velázquez, and Ranking
Member Chabot for calling this hearing today.
The first confirmed case of COVID-19 was found in the Kansas
3rd Congressional District which I represent, this past weekend.
And thankfully, the person who got sick did everything right to
help contain the spread of the disease. But even still, there are pre-
ventative measures that are being implemented in Kansas and all
over the country as we have heard, to help mitigate and contain
this novel coronavirus. These precautions are incredibly important
for public health and safety and have to remain our priority.
But we cannot overlook the impact of this epidemic on our econ-
omy, and especially the small businesses such as those who are
here today and those in the district that I represent, which are the
backbone of our communities really.
I have already heard from small business owners in my district
who are worried. One shared a fear that this would not only jeop-
ardize her business’s future but would jeopardize her ability to pay
her bills, cover her rent, get her groceries. And crises like these can
be especially tough on small businesses. Small retailers in res-
taurants do not have the teleworking options for their employees
and disproportionately suffer when sales slow down as folks start
to stay home.
So my first question is, because this coronavirus has just reached
Kansas’s 3rd District this weekend and we expect that there will
be more cases, no one can be sure what the full impact is going to
look like, I want to know what you think I should be doing to help
the small businesses prepare for the effects of lower sales of sick
employees?
Mr. Chau, I would like to start with you.
Mr. CHAU. Thank you for your question.
I think it goes back to what we have been saying. A lot of it has
to do with communication. The bill that has passed, that loan as-
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sistance would definitely help in getting the right information to
them and getting them involved if that applies to their business is
number one.
Number two, I think there is a lot of, I would say, community
support. I think you are seeing right now a lot of communities ban-
ning together and saying I think there is a hashtag called Support
Chinatown. So I think if that could happen in your district, people
I think realize that, especially if there is not as many cases in your
specific area and it is a little bit more of an over stigmatization and
generalization, supporting local businesses has really been helping
certain areas. So I think probably a campaign related to that helps.
And I think third is just anything that helps, whether it is cer-
tain other programs that helps with financing or capital or just
other things having rent or expenses be deferred, I think that is
a big one. I think I have been reading some of the certain busi-
nesses, I think a bunch of us wanted to band together where we
make a statement where we say to the landlords, please provide
some relief. And just going to landlords directly. And I think hav-
ing that come form legislators or parts of the government might
also help because it still shows solidarity.
Ms. DAVIDS. And then I would love to hear from other folks on
the panel, when you talk about the information that I can be put-
ting out, we definitely have on our website information from the
CDC. We also have information from our local county governments
and the state government.
Is there any particular way that you think that our office should
be either doing outreach or taking in information just from the peo-
ple who are on the ground who are dealing with this day to day?
Dr. BOUEY. My recommendation is that we need to understand
when people are in doubt or having fear, the first thing that will
harm their information is that if they have suspicious of the gov-
ernment or they do not trust the government can handle it. So I
think the transparency is very important that whenever there is a
case that there should be reported in time. So transparency is im-
portant. And the other thing is the competency. Right?
So if we know that there are testing sites, there are treatments
ready, that information needs to be ready for the public.
Ms. DAVIDS. Thank you. And it sounds to me from those of you
who have been studying this and directly feeling the impacts of
this is that we need to make sure in our congressional offices that
we are sharing information with folks, being as transparent as pos-
sible, and then those of us on the Committee need to makes sure
that we are helping to support our small businesses, whether it is
through programs and adjusting some of our loan programs and
the collateral requirements.
I thank you for your testimony today, and I yield back.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. The gentlelady yields back.
Now we recognize the gentleman from Florida, Mr. Spano.
Mr. SPANO. Thank you, Madam Chair. And thank you to each
of you for being here today. We appreciate you taking the time to
come up and speak with us. I am sure we probably all have our
individual examples.
I was just at an event on Saturday, Friday maybe it was, where
a good friend of mine I have known for a very long time, they own
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a travel business, and she was just almost, you know, crying about
where they were at. They had a trip scheduled to Italy that had
been canceled the day before. A trip to D.C. this week that thank-
fully had not been canceled, but the implications for her and her
family were pretty significant. And this is a business where they,
you know, the business is them, her and her husband. Right? So
it really has turned people’s lives upside down, which is incredibly
unfortunate. But one of the questions that she had for me was that
she was concerned about the folks who had booked trips through
her company. They had been canceled but there was no recourse
for them even potentially the insurance policies that they had pur-
chased were not paying out because I guess, the language in the
policy itself.
So I would like to ask Mr. Ellenby if he could speak to that for
just a moment. Are typical travel insurance policies covering this
scenario?
Mr. ELLENBY. Thank you for the question. And I am sorry to
hear about that particular situation.
Not all insurance policies are the same. Some do not cover it;
some do. I do not have specifics on those particular programs. We
can certainly provide that.
What I can tell you is there are many suppliers who have become
very liberal in their policies. And so working with the suppliers
they have done a very good job in responding to any kind of
cancelations, refunds, and working with a travel to support the cli-
ent.
Mr. SPANO. So what would you recommend someone do if they
are in that specific circumstance? How do they petition, I guess the
venue or whoever might be giving them a reimbursement?
Mr. ELLENBY. In that particular case I would recommend that
the agent friend speak with their supplier and continue to speak
with that supplier if they do not get the correct answer. And I am
sure the American Society of Travel Advisors could help out in that
case as well.
Mr. SPANO. Great. Thank you.
And you had mentioned in response to a question a moment ago
that the only thing you could only liken this scenario to is the 9/
11 tragedy, and it took 3 or 4 months before things even began to
move again. So I know it is hard to say because we really do not
ultimately know how significant this is all going to play out, but
what is your best guestimate? You know, typically, in this type of
scenario, let us just say for example, I will give you this, let us say
things begin to improve beginning in May or June, people begin to
feel comfortable booking trips again. Will the travel agencies make
up for what they have lost in part? Will people travel more over
the summer because they have not traveled in March and April?
Or is it just lost opportunity?
Mr. ELLENBY. That is a great question. Thank you for asking
that.
You would like to think there is pent up demand. You can only
hope there is pent up demand. But I think, I would say for the
most part there is probably lost opportunity. There is lost oppor-
tunity. I doubt it is going to be made up through the rest of the
year. Very doubtful.
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Mr. SPANO. Yeah, thank you.
Madam Chair, I yield back the remainder of my time.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. The gentleman yields back.
Now we recognize the gentleman from New York, Mr. Delgado.
Mr. DELGADO. Thank you, Chairwoman.
I appreciate all of you being here, providing all of your insights.
I wanted to sort of piggyback a little bit, Dr. Bouey, on some of
your considerations for policymakers when it comes to supporting
SMEs. I thought one of your takes was pretty interesting here. You
say that SMEs could benefit from diversifying business platforms,
online base platforms and virtual service provisions can help SMEs
sustain business during quarantines or travel bans. It would be
helpful if policymakers could bring tax breaks and technical guid-
ance to help SMEs restructure their business operations.
Can you speak a little bit more about that?
Dr. BOUEY. Sure. So the data we got from China, some of these
are surveys given to SMEs. Some of those are ecommerce data that
it collected. And it shows that definitely overall retail are hurt but
it is not all even. So the business that has a virtual store, during
the quarantine and travel ban, those are hurt most. But at the
same time, people are buying groceries or even meals and certainly
other supplies through online vendors.
And then in China, we also see that the shops that have no serv-
ers shop or even a vending machine which has been here for a long
time but in China it is actually a new phenomenon. But we see
that all of these machines and human-free shops are getting more
traffic, becoming more popular.
So online education, online entertainment, and online gyms,
those are also seeing an increase in traffic.
So one idea is that would it be helpful for a business to have both
a physical shop as well as an online shop, a virtual center that at
least can help the business to keep contact with their potential cus-
tomers or maintain some loyalty of the customers.
I know some businessmen in China, during the downtime, they
even send free videos to their customers and help entertain their
kids because the kids are home and have nowhere to go. But these
are the very innovative ways to help the business.
Mr. DELGADO. And I am assuming, and please correct me if I
am wrong, that you have not encountered any examples of those
types of approaches being incentivized within the SBA; right?
There is nothing you have come across that would speak to this
specific issue?
Dr. BOUEY. No.
Mr. DELGADO. Right. Okay. So that is definitely something I
think we might want to look into. I would imagine that some of the
low interest loans, too, if they were tied to sort of incentivizing——
Dr. BOUEY. Innovation.
Mr. DELGADO.—to diversity in this way could be quite helpful.
Dr. Huang, I just want to also bring you into this conversation
because I think a the end of the tail end of your testimony you said
that, you noted that the targets alone are helpful but you also said
the U.S. government may consider following the example of Italy
to provide tax cuts and credits for small businesses.
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Could you speak specifically to what you might have in mind
when it comes to credits?
Mr. HUANG. Thank you. That is a very specific question.
I think in terms of the credits, I think they could be taking just
different forms. It could be a tax credit to those who have been suf-
fering during the outbreak. It could also be like the forms like dif-
ference of the payment that we have seen also in the case of China.
But——
Mr. DELGADO. Let me help you out. I think I have an idea. I
think maybe we can do a tax credit for those companies that look
into diversifying their platforms. I think that could be one way in
which we are able to help facilitate this. I think that obviously try-
ing to go about this with a clear eye and a deep politicized fashion
is going to be of utmost importance.
I just want to again thank each and every one of you for your
insights. It is very much appreciated.
And with that I yield back. Thank you.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. The gentleman yields back.
Now we recognize Mr. Schneider, from Illinois.
Mr. SCHNEIDER. Thank you, Madam Chair. I want to thank
you and the Ranking Member for having this meeting. I want to
thank the witnesses for joining us today and sharing your perspec-
tives, your experiences.
We are dealing with a crisis. There is no question about that. It
is being dealt with at all levels—in our local communities, at the
state level, here in the Federal government.
Mr. Chau and Mr. Ellenby, you were literally at the frontlines
dealing with this in your businesses. And I think one of the great-
est challenges we face, especially as policymakers here in Congress,
is trying to find the path to help you short term how to deal with
the immediate impacts it is having on your business.
Mr. Ellenby, you said you laid off a third of your workforce?
Mr. ELLENBY. Not a third but we laid off a significant amount.
Mr. SCHNEIDER. But there are going to intermediate and long-
term impacts on this, and I think, Dr. Bouey, others have talked
about this, the transition from trying to contain to now mitigating
the consequences of this. And that is why I am pleased that in the
House last week we initiated, and we passed $8.3 billion. It passed
the Senate. It was signed by the President. That was a big step to
move forward to help the people at the frontlines. We need to con-
tinue with that.
In my state, in Illinois, our Governor Pritzker issued a disaster
declaration yesterday for the state. This allows the state to access
those emergency funds, and I suspect we will see more of that.
I also think in speaking to my colleagues, it is important for us
to be the public face, to make sure that we are communicating with
our constituents, keeping them informed at all levels.
Someone else mentioned the challenge we face because every ac-
tion we take will have counteractions. And so we want to make
sure what we do is in the right direction and that we are flexible
to respond and make decisions today that will have consequences
to underly and support our decisions tomorrow.
But there are also things I think we can do that model behavior.
The no-touch screening, whether it is the Mr. Spock, may we all
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live long and prosper, or it is elbow bumps, there are things we can
do. Washing our hands, singing Happy Birthday twice as we wash
our hands. Changing just general hygiene. It sounds simple but
that is a big step to try to mitigate the impact of all of this, includ-
ing disinfecting services, desktops, phones, et cetera.
And let me just advise everyone. If you do not feel well, please
stay home for all of us. It is critical.
But as people stay home, it is hard, and I think this is one of
the things that we talked about. Whether it is unfortunate layoffs
or just go home for a couple of weeks, we need to make sure that
we are providing two levels I think of support.
One is the level of income continuity, whether that is paid leave,
making sure that those who, whether they are working in a res-
taurant, a retail store, travel industry, manufacturing, that if they
are not able to go to work, if they are not able to get their pay-
check, we are ensuring that they have the resources to feed their
families, to pay their bills, to not lose their housing. That is crucial.
The second piece that I think we need to be thinking about, and
we have talked some about this with the small business loans, is
make sure businesses like yours have the capital to ensure con-
tinuity.
Mr. Ellenby, I do not know if this is going to be a few weeks,
a few months, or take us, someone said this may extend into 2021.
That is going to be real challenges. And for you it is not just man-
aging your business but managing what hopefully as you said, the
pent up demand, as customers come back, we want to make sure
that our businesses are there for those customers and that they are
healthy and that employees can come here.
We passed the bill last week. Legislation designated the
coronavirus as a disaster which opened up the Small Business Ad-
ministration’s Disaster Loan Program. This is critical. But we need
to continue to stay focused and be thinking about what is our next
step? This is a long-term play. We need to be thinking not just next
week but next month and the month after and policy. So I thank
you.
I have now left only a minute for questions. But I will open the
question. Mr. Chau and Mr. Ellenby, what other ideas as you have
sat here, as you have thought about it, are there other things we
can be doing to help small businesses like yours?
Mr. ELLENBY. I will be very quick.
One of the things, our membership of ASTA, my company itself,
we do provide paid sick time and we do provide health insurance.
But there are many smaller companies who do not. They do not
have paid sick time. And that is going to be a very big issue so that
really needs to be considered in any kind of loans and stimulus.
Mr. SCHNEIDER. Mr. Chau, 14 seconds.
Mr. CHAU. I am going to echo that. Actually, I will just echo
that. I think that has been a big topic. Just, especially with a lot
of part-time workforce, the income continuity is going to be the big
thing. And as an augmented workforce becomes normal, we have
to figure that out just as a society.
Mr. SCHNEIDER. Great. Thank you.
And with the 2 seconds I will steal over my time. The idea of how
do we move forward in this crisis is critical but learning the lessons
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so we are better prepared for the next crisis is just as critical. I
commend you for offering that paid time off and sick time and
health insurance. Everyone in this country should have that.
And with that I yield back.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. The gentleman yields back.
Now we recognize the gentleman from New York, Mr. Espaillat.
Mr. ESPAILLAT. Thank you, Madam Chair. Mr. Ranker.
I am really concerned about the way small businesses are being
treated in this crisis, because testing as of yet has been very lim-
ited. So as we increase significantly testing across the country,
maybe to a degree that you can even go to a local pharmacy and
get a test kit, the numbers are just going to go right through the
roof. And this will create a long-term crisis for small businesses.
We saved the banks. We saved Detroit. Now the White House is
proposing to save the cruise industry and the travel industry. And
yet we want to saddle small businesses with loans. And I support
that with zero percent loans, but nevertheless, we want to saddle
them with debt. And they will be shaken up by this crisis and then
they will have a looming debt at the end of this process, Madam
Chairwoman.
New York City is offering not only loans but grants up to $6,000
to those businesses that witness a 25 percent drop in business.
The empowerment zones offered a tax credit to businesses of
$3,000 per employer that hire local. I am proposing that we offer
a tax credit for businesses that have witnessed a 25 percent drop
in business and that retain those workers.
In addition to that, I think that we could give grants for, for ex-
ample, the installation of smart energy equipment in small busi-
nesses that will result in a dramatic drop of 30 to 50 percent of en-
ergy costs. That is money in your pocket. That is help.
The rest is saddling you up with debt. I do not see how that is
helpful. It may be helpful now, but it will cripple you tomorrow. So
I think that we have not helped small businesses the way we
should, the way we have helped other parts of the economy while
small businesses are the biggest employers in the country. So we
worry more about the banks when we had the meltdown on Wall
Street. We worry more about Detroit when we had the near de-
struction of the auto industry. And now we are worrying about
cruisers and the travel industry, and we are leaving you guys be-
hind because all we have given you is debt. And debt may be zero
percent, but debt is debt and debt is bad, especially if you are weak
economically and you cannot make ends meet.
So my proposal, I want to hear from all of you as to what I am
proposing. There is a model out there already. Do you support a
tax credit for those businesses that have witnessed a drop of 25
percent in business and have retained their local workers? Because
this is also about communities. And do you support grants to do
the renovation of smart energy equipment that will not only lead
to a better environment than cleaner energy but also to a 30 to 50
percent drop in your energy bills? Anybody?
Mr. ELLENBY. Yes, yes, and yes.
So yes, we could agree to every one of those items. And I would
like to offer, I will be very quick so everyone else can speak, we
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may have some additional ideas from our trade association that
could help you as well.
Mr. ESPAILLAT. We would love to hear from you those ideas.
You are on the ground. You can tell us what can make it work for
you. But at the end of the day it has to be in your pocket.
Mr. ELLENBY. Yes.
Mr. ESPAILLAT. Do not bring me to another breakfast for a loan
that I am not going to qualify for, because if you need a loan, you
probably have shabby credit. You know, you are not able to meet
payroll, or you do not have capital to expand. If you have good
credit and you meet payroll and you have money on the side, the
bank comes to you. You do not need to go to the bank. So if you
have additional ideas, I would love to hear them.
Mr. ELLENBY. Thank you.
Mr. ESPAILLAT. Anybody else? Doctor?
Mr. HUANG. Yeah, certainly, I would support that idea. I think
policymakers will not make a choice between maximum protection
and minimum disruption. Actually, it is always about balancing the
draconian containment measures including aggressive testing
against the impacts on the economy and society. We have seen the
countries like South Korea, Italy also, why are they taking aggres-
sive testing measures of seeing the actual number, significant in-
crease of the number of the confirmed cases, but in time they are
also very keenly aware of how they should minimize the damage
this could cause to the economy.
Mr. ESPAILLAT. Thank you.
Mr. HUANG. Thank you.
Mr. ESPAILLAT. Thank you, Madam Chair.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. The gentleman yields back.
Mr. Ellenby, you mentioned that you were working in the travel
industry back during 9/11; right? I would like for you to go back
and check, besides the Disaster Loan Program that we had in place
back then and that we included in this bill, and see if there were
any other provisions that were part of that 9/11 package that you
believe were effective in helping the businesses that you represent,
and get back to us.
Mr. ELLENBY. I would be happy to do so. Thank you.
Chairwoman VELÁZQUEZ. Thank you.
We want to thank all of the witnesses for taking time out of their
schedules to be with us today. I would like to thank all of the wit-
nesses for educating us on the potential economic and public health
impacts of the coronavirus. Moving forward, it is our priority to do
whatever we can to help those small businesses that will dispropor-
tionately suffer economic harm. We must also realize this is a pub-
lic issue as well, and I encourage everyone to plan, prepare, and
to not panic. Common sense measures, like washing your hands
and seeking medical care if you are experiencing flu-like symptoms
will go a long way, and our federal government will play an impor-
tant role as well.
Dr. Bouey, I heard you when you said it is important that people
have faith in the information that they get from our government;
otherwise, we are going to defeat any purpose.
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I urge colleagues on both sides of the aisle and the administra-
tion to work together on a coordinated government-wide plan to re-
spond to the coronavirus.
With that, I will ask unanimous consent that members have 5
legislative days to submit statements and supporting materials for
the record.
Without objection, so ordered.
If there is no further business to come before the Committee, we
are adjourned. Thank you.
[Whereupon, at 1:03 p.m., the Committee was adjourned.]
[Dr. Jennifer Huang Bouey wished not to respond to questions
from Hon. Troy Balderson]
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APPENDIX
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 30 here 39966.002
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 31 here 39966.003
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 32 here 39966.004
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 33 here 39966.005
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 34 here 39966.006
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 35 here 39966.007
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 36 here 39966.008
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 37 here 39966.009
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 38 here 39966.010
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 39 here 39966.011
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 40 here 39966.012
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 41 here 39966.013
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 42 here 39966.014
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 43 here 39966.015
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 44 here 39966.016
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 45 here 39966.017
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 46 here 39966.018
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 47 here 39966.019
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 48 here 39966.020
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 49 here 39966.021
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 50 here 39966.022
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 51 here 39966.023
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 52 here 39966.024
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 53 here 39966.025
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 54 here 39966.026
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 55 here 39966.027
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 56 here 39966.028
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 57 here 39966.029
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 58 here 39966.030
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 59 here 39966.031
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 60 here 39966.032
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 61 here 39966.033
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 62 here 39966.034
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 63 here 39966.035
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 64 here 39966.036
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 65 here 39966.037
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 66 here 39966.038
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 67 here 39966.039
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 68 here 39966.040
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 69 here 39966.041
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 70 here 39966.042
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 71 here 39966.043
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 72 here 39966.044
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 73 here 39966.045
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 74 here 39966.046
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 75 here 39966.047
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 76 here 39966.048
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 77 here 39966.049
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 78 here 39966.050
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 79 here 39966.051
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 80 here 39966.052
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 81 here 39966.053
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 82 here 39966.054
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 83 here 39966.055
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 84 here 39966.056
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 85 here 39966.057
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 86 here 39966.058
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 87 here 39966.059
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 88 here 39966.060
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 89 here 39966.061
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 90 here 39966.062
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 91 here 39966.063
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 92 here 39966.064
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 93 here 39966.065
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 94 here 39966.066
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SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 95 here 39966.067
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Æ
SBD026 with DISTILLER Insert offset folio 96 here 39966.068
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File and source
- File
- CHRG-116hhrg39966.pdf
- Size
- 32,368,856 bytes
- SHA-256
- 72917c4ef634a281f8201df72561d71e75036a85c69f2e497f4533642ad0ded3
- Our copy
- CHRG-116hhrg39966.pdf
- Original
- www.govinfo.gov