Online Appendix — The Different Effects of Covid on Children (Aparicio Fenoll, February 14, 2025)
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An online appendix, The different effects of Covid on children with parents in teleworkable and non-teleworkable occupations, by Ainoa Aparicio Fenoll, dated February 14, 2025. The appendix contains descriptive statistics tables for the sample included in the main estimation, with mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum and N for variables such as gender, immigrant child, and parents' origin and education. It includes tables comparing high and low closure days and comparing parents in teleworkable and non-teleworkable occupations. The table notes state that the data are from INVALSI for the years 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021.
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“Online Appendix — The Different Effects of Covid on Children (Aparicio Fenoll, February 14, 2025).”
Original at doi.org. Archived at Pandemic Darlings, https://pandemicdarlings.com/source-documents/the-different-effects-of-covid-on-children-with-parents-in-teleworkable-and-non-teleworkable-occupations/
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Online appendix
The different effects of Covid on children with
parents in teleworkable and non-teleworkable
occupations
Ainoa Aparicio Fenoll
February 14, 2025
Table 1: Descriptive statistics
Variable Mean Std. dev. Min. Max. N
Male 0.505 0.5 0 1 876450
Immigrant child 0.013 0.114 0 1 876450
Father from EU 0.022 0.147 0 1 876450
Father from Europe but non-EU 0.018 0.131 0 1 876450
Father from outside Europe 0.026 0.159 0 1 876450
Mother from EU 0.03 0.171 0 1 876450
Mother from Europe but non-EU 0.021 0.143 0 1 876450
Mother from outside Europe 0.029 0.169 0 1 876450
Father elementary school degree 0.008 0.089 0 1 876450
Father middle school degree 0.246 0.431 0 1 876450
Father 3 years vocational school degree 0.087 0.282 0 1 876450
Father high-school degree 0.417 0.493 0 1 876450
Father musics or arts high-school degree 0.019 0.136 0 1 876450
Father university degree 0.222 0.416 0 1 876450
Mother elementary school degree 0.004 0.063 0 1 876450
Mother middle school degree 0.138 0.344 0 1 876450
Mother 3 years vocational school degree 0.069 0.254 0 1 876450
Mother high-school degree 0.444 0.497 0 1 876450
Mother musics or arts high-school degree 0.029 0.167 0 1 876450
Mother university degree 0.316 0.465 0 1 876450
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021. This
table presents averages, standard deviations, minimum, and maximum values for the sample
included in the main estimation.
1
Table 2: Descriptive statistics: High vs. low closure days
High closure days Low closure days High - low closure days
Variable Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Diff. P-value
Male 0.506 0.5 0.504 0.5 0.002 0.145
Immigrant child 0.013 0.114 0.013 0.114 0.000 0.410
Father from EU 0.02 0.141 0.025 0.155 -0.005 0.651
Father from Europe but non-EU 0.017 0.13 0.018 0.133 -0.001 0.447
Father from outside Europe 0.027 0.162 0.025 0.155 0.002 0.394
Mother from EU 0.028 0.165 0.033 0.18 -0.005 0.379
Mother from Europe but non-EU 0.021 0.143 0.021 0.142 0.000 0.570
Mother from outside Europe 0.031 0.172 0.028 0.164 0.003 0.289
Father middle school degree 0.253 0.435 0.237 0.425 0.016 0.874
Father 3 years vocational school degree 0.089 0.284 0.085 0.279 0.004 0.391
Father high-school degree 0.409 0.492 0.43 0.495 -0.021 0.638
Father musics or arts high-school degree 0.02 0.139 0.018 0.133 -0.002 0.429
Father university degree 0.221 0.415 0.223 0.417 -0.002 0.424
Mother middle school degree 0.144 0.351 0.128 0.335 0.016 0.372
Mother 3 years vocational school degree 0.074 0.262 0.063 0.243 0.011 0.552
Mother high-school degree 0.434 0.496 0.457 0.498 -0.023 0.146
Mother musics or arts high-school degree 0.03 0.172 0.027 0.161 0.003 0.581
Mother university degree 0.313 0.464 0.321 0.467 -0.008 0.487
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021.
This table presents averages, standard deviations, minimum, and maximum values for the
subsamples of regions where the number of school closure days is higher and lower than the
median, respectively.
Table 3: Descriptive statistics: Parents in teleworkable vs. non-teleworkable occupations
Teleworkable Non-teleworkable
Variable Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. Dev.
Male 0.507 0.5 0.504 0.5
Immigrant child 0.01 0.1 0.017 0.131
Father from EU 0.013 0.111 0.035 0.184
Father from Europe but non-EU 0.008 0.09 0.03 0.171
Father from outside Europe 0.012 0.107 0.046 0.208
Mother from EU 0.018 0.132 0.047 0.212
Mother from Europe but non-EU 0.01 0.099 0.035 0.185
Mother from outside Europe 0.013 0.114 0.051 0.221
Father elementary school degree 0.003 0.053 0.015 0.122
Father middle school degree 0.167 0.373 0.354 0.478
Father 3 years vocational school degree 0.071 0.257 0.109 0.311
Father high-school degree 0.478 0.5 0.335 0.472
Father musics or arts high-school degree 0.019 0.136 0.019 0.137
Father university degree 0.262 0.44 0.168 0.374
Mother elementary school degree 0.001 0.029 0.008 0.091
Mother middle school degree 0.051 0.219 0.256 0.436
Mother 3 years vocational school degree 0.046 0.21 0.101 0.301
Mother high-school degree 0.505 0.5 0.36 0.48
Mother musics or arts high-school degree 0.028 0.165 0.03 0.171
Mother university degree 0.369 0.482 0.245 0.43
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021.
This table presents averages, standard deviations, minimum, and maximum values for the
subsamples of children with at least one parent in a teleworkable occupation and the rest of the
children, respectively.
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Table 4: Parental teleworkability and students’ performance after school closures. All coefficients
Maths Language
Covid Closure days Covid Closure days
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Closure*Teleworkable parent 0.003 0.003 0.021 0.024
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗
Male 0.106 0.106 -.144 -.144
(0.002)∗∗∗ (0.002)∗∗∗ (0.002)∗∗∗ (0.002)∗∗∗
Immigrant child -.144 -.144 -.175 -.175
(0.007)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗
Father from EU 0.004 0.003 -.011 -.011
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006)∗ (0.006)∗
Father from Europe but non-EU -.022 -.022 -.040 -.040
(0.007)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗
Father from outside Europe -.024 -.024 -.061 -.061
(0.006)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗
Mother from EU 0.008 0.008 -.006 -.006
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Mother from Europe but non-EU -.011 -.011 -.031 -.031
(0.007)∗ (0.007)∗ (0.007)∗∗∗ (0.007)∗∗∗
Mother from outside Europe -.009 -.009 -.051 -.051
(0.006) (0.006) (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗
Father secondary school degree 0.059∗∗∗ 0.059∗∗∗ 0.095∗∗∗ 0.095∗∗∗
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Father 3 years vocational school degree 0.092 0.092 0.133 0.133
(0.009)∗∗∗ (0.009)∗∗∗ (0.01)∗∗∗ (0.01)∗∗∗
Father high-school degree 0.143∗∗∗ 0.143∗∗∗ 0.2 0.2
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009)∗∗∗ (0.009)∗∗∗
Father musics or arts high-school degree 0.137 0.137 0.211 0.211
(0.011)∗∗∗ (0.011)∗∗∗ (0.011)∗∗∗ (0.011)∗∗∗
Father university degree 0.214 0.214 0.278 0.278
(0.009)∗∗∗ (0.009)∗∗∗ (0.01)∗∗∗ (0.01)∗∗∗
Father manager / professor 0.055 0.055 0.059 0.059
(0.005)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗
Father employer 0.029 0.029 0.022 0.022
(0.004)∗∗∗ (0.004)∗∗∗ (0.004)∗∗∗ (0.004)∗∗∗
Father high-rank employee or doctor 0.033 0.033 0.044 0.044
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗
Father self-employed 0.031 0.031 0.032 0.032
(0.002)∗∗∗ (0.002)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗
Father teacher or low-rank employee 0.044 0.044 0.051 0.051
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗
Mother secondary school degree 0.023 0.023 0.062 0.062
(0.013)∗ (0.013)∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗
Mother 3 years vocational school degree 0.032 0.032 0.097 0.097
(0.013)∗∗ (0.013)∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗
Mother high-school degree 0.106 0.106 0.174 0.174
(0.013)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗
Mother musics or arts high-school degree 0.118 0.118 0.194 0.194
(0.013)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗ (0.014)∗∗∗
Mother university degree 0.182 0.182 0.268 0.268
(0.013)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗ (0.013)∗∗∗
Mother manager / professor 0.079 0.079 0.088 0.088
(0.006)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗ (0.006)∗∗∗
Mother employer 0.03 0.03 0.028 0.028
(0.005)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗
Mother high-rank employee or doctor 0.049 0.049 0.058 0.058
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗
Mother self-employed 0.029 0.029 0.029 0.029
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗
Mother teacher or low-rank employee 0.062 0.062 0.067 0.067
(0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗ (0.003)∗∗∗
Obs. 879,780 879,780 876,450 876,450
R2 0.349 0.349 0.314 0.314
F statistic 4071.665 4071.664 3477.187 3477.187
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2019 and 2021-2022. The dependent variable
is standardized test scores in grade 5. The sample comprises all children whose parents were
employed when children were in second grade. The variable Closure days is divided by one
hundred to improve the readability of the coefficients. ∗∗∗ p<0.01, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗ p<0.1.
3
Table 5: Parental teleworkability and students’ performance after school closures. Omitted controls
Maths Language
Covid Closure days Covid Closure days
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Closure*Teleworkable parent 0.0004 -.0001 0.014∗∗∗ 0.015∗∗∗
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005)
Obs. 949,941 949,941 946,247 946,247
R2 0.331 0.331 0.288 0.288
F statistic 5390.685 5390.685 4390.617 4390.598
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2019 and 2021-2022. The dependent variable
is standardized test scores in grade 5. The sample comprises all children whose parents were
employed when children were in second grade. The variable Closure days is divided by one
hundred to improve the readability of the coefficients. ∗∗∗ p<0.01, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗ p<0.1.
Table 6: Restricted sample: Only children with both parents employed in grades 2 and 5
Maths Language
Covid Closure days Covid Closure days
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Closure*Teleworkable parent 0.002 0.002 0.021∗∗∗ 0.024∗∗∗
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005)
Obs. 877,884 877,884 829,824 829,824
R2 0.349 0.349 0.316 0.316
F statistic 4061.872 4061.87 3304.804 3304.809
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2019 and 2021-2022. The dependent variable
is standardized test scores in grade 5. The sample comprises all children whose parents were
employed when children were in second and fifth grades. The variable Closure days is divided
by one hundred to improve the readability of the coefficients. ∗∗∗ p<0.01, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗ p<0.1.
Table 7: Parental teleworkability and students’ performance after school closures. Not controlling for test
scores in grade 2
Maths Language
Covid Closure days Covid Closure days
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Closure*Teleworkable parent -.004 -.005 0.012∗∗ 0.014∗∗∗
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005)
Obs. 879,780 879,780 876,450 876,450
R2 0.071 0.071 0.083 0.083
F statistic 583.445 583.446 690.775 690.778
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2019 and 2021-2022. The dependent variable
is standardized test scores in grade 5. The sample comprises all children whose parents were
employed when children were in second grade. The variable Closure days is divided by one
hundred to improve the readability of the coefficients. ∗∗∗ p<0.01, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗ p<0.1.
4
Table 8: Mother teleworkability and students’ performance after school closures
Maths Language
Covid Closure days Covid Closure days
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Closure*Teleworkable mother 0.004 0.005 0.021∗∗∗ 0.023∗∗∗
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005)
Obs. 913,236 913,236 909,487 909,487
R2 0.348 0.348 0.315 0.315
F statistic 4148.728 4148.731 3553.932 3553.912
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2019 and 2021-2022. The dependent variable
is standardized test scores in grade 5. The sample comprises all children whose mothers were
employed when children were in second grade. The variable Closure days is divided by one
hundred to improve the readability of the coefficients. ∗∗∗ p<0.01, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗ p<0.1.
Table 9: Father teleworkability and students’ performance after school closures
Maths Language
Covid Closure days Covid Closure days
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Closure*Teleworkable father 0.009∗∗∗ 0.009∗∗ 0.023∗∗∗ 0.026∗∗∗
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Obs. 1,371,976 1,371,976 1,367,006 1,367,006
R2 0.327 0.327 0.305 0.305
F statistic 5899.651 5899.624 5319.295 5319.252
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2019 and 2021-2022. The dependent variable
is standardized test scores in grade 5. The sample comprises all children whose fathers were
employed when children were in second grade. The variable Closure days is divided by one
hundred to improve the readability of the coefficients. ∗∗∗ p<0.01, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗ p<0.1.
Table 10: Number of teleworkable parents and students’ performance after school closures
Maths Language
Covid Closure days Covid Closure days
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Closure*One teleworkable parent -.002 -.004 0.006 0.006
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004)
Closure*Two teleworkable parents 0.005 0.003 0.026 0.028
(0.005) (0.005) (0.005)∗∗∗ (0.005)∗∗∗
Obs. 1,453,118 1,453,118 1,447,556 1,447,556
R2 0.324 0.324 0.304 0.304
F statistic 5842.068 5842.068 5318.29 5318.227
Notes: Data is from INVALSI for the years 2016-2019 and 2021-2022. The dependent variable
is standardized test scores in grade 5. The sample comprises all children whose parents were
employed when children were in second grade. The variable Closure days is divided by one
hundred to improve the readability of the coefficients. ∗∗∗ p<0.01, ∗∗ p<0.05, ∗ p<0.1.
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