Nominations hearing transcript, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Nov. 19, 2025

Summary

Transcript of the November 19, 2025 nominations hearing of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, with Chairman James E. Risch presiding. The committee considered six nominees, among them Melissa Argyros for Ambassador to Latvia, Ms. Bruce for deputy Ambassador to the United Nations, Mr. Kaploun for Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism, Bernardo Navarro for Peru and Darryl Nirenberg. Risch's opening remarks address Russian provocations against NATO, reform of the United Nations, antisemitism, and 200 years of United States relations with Peru. The transcript closes with written responses to questions, including one from Senator Brian Schatz to Navarro on priorities in Peru.

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                        NOMINATIONS


                WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2025

                                         U.S. SENATE,
                        COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,
                                              Washington, DC.
  The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:04 a.m., in room
SD–419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. James E. Risch pre-
siding.
  Present: Senators Risch [presiding], Ricketts, Scott, Shaheen,
Coons, Kaine, Van Hollen, and Rosen.

       OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JAMES E. RISCH,
          CHAIRMAN, U.S. SENATOR FROM IDAHO
  Senator RISCH. The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee
will come to order.
  Thank you all for coming today. This is a public hearing, and I
will state again for the record we are glad to have you, but this
is an official government hearing, and as such interruptions we
have a zero, zero, zero tolerance policy on interruptions or attempts
to communicate with either the witnesses or members of the com-
mittee.
  So other than that, we love your appearance here, and we sin-
cerely appreciate you coming and watching.
  So we have six nominees this morning—important nominees—
and we have a lot of things going on in the Senate this morning.
We have a short week and a lot of work to get done.
  And so we do have three Senators who are going to introduce
the—some of the nominees but since they cannot be here the intro-
duction will go into the record.
  But we want you to know that Senator Rick Scott was here for
Mr. Kaploun and for Bernardo Navarro, Senator Budd was here for
Darryl Nirenberg and Senator Tim Scott for Melissa Argyros. I am
sorry, I cannot——
  [Laughter.]
  Senator RISCH. Argyros. Close, huh? All right.
  All right. In any event, those introductions, which I can assure
you are very nice, will be put into the record, and they have said
good things about you.
  With that, the way this is going to go this morning I am going
to make a few opening remarks. The Ranking Member will make
some opening remarks.
  Then we are going to open it up for you to make a couple min-
utes of introduction for yourself and tell us about the great and glo-
                                 (1)
                                  2

rious things you are going to do, and then we will open it up for
questions.
   So with that, I am going to start with you, Ms. Argyros, even
though it is the toughest one to pronounce. That is why I am start-
ing here.
   If confirmed, you will come to your post as Ambassador to Latvia
at a critical time. Russian provocations against NATO are on the
rise as we all know, both by testing our military defenses and
spreading propaganda to undermine our military defenses and un-
dermining our free societies.
   Fortunately, Latvia has set a strong example for our European
allies in shoring up their defenses and adapting to new security
challenges, and the U.S. remains an important and committed
partner in helping them face these threats on the front line of
NATO.
   I look forward to hearing how you will work with our friends in
Latvia to advance our security cooperation and further bolster
NATO.
   Ms. Bruce, by now you have probably heard that I am no fan of
the United Nations. I think we both understand that the U.N. has
taken advantage of the American taxpayer for far too long.
   I hope we will hear from you today on how, as deputy Ambas-
sador to the United Nations, you will work with Ambassador
Waltz, who is doing a great job, to reform the organization.
   In particular, I hope you can help course correct the U.N. from
the horrible antisemitic path it is on and return the Security Coun-
cil to its core mandate of maintaining international peace and secu-
rity.
   Mr. Kaploun, since October 7 we have seen a historic rise in
antisemitic incidents in the U.S. and the globe. But like you, I be-
lieve that everyone no matter their religious beliefs deserves to live
a life free from discrimination and fear.
   If confirmed as Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semi-
tism this will be one of your greatest tasks. I look forward to hear-
ing more about your goals for this position and how we can support
you in the fight against antisemitism.
   Mr. Navarro, in 2026 the United States and Peru will celebrate
200 years of diplomatic relations. If confirmed as ambassador you
will be charged with furthering this strong relationship and man-
aging the challenges. I am particularly concerned about Chinese
malign influence and production of cocaine.
   I am glad Secretary Rubio has spoken with the president of Peru
to reaffirm the need to dismantle transnational criminal organiza-
tions that spearhead the production of drugs.
   Mr. Navarro, I look forward to hearing your plans to strengthen
relations with Peru while pushing back on that issue and the
issues that plague our—that country.
   Mr. Nirenberg, as you know, Romania plays a critical role in de-
terring Russia and will be essential to countering Russian aggres-
sion against NATO allies. Romania is a steadfast partner of the
United States and Europe and time and again has played a crucial
role in advancing our interests abroad.
                                 3

   To keep Romania and our allies closely aligned with the U.S. it
is important we use positive reinforcement to incentivize their co-
operation.
   If you are confirmed to be ambassador you will be responsible for
maintaining this strong and beneficial bilateral relationship as
broader U.S. policy toward Europe continues to evolve.
   I am confident your Romanian counterparts will be eager to
deepen our cooperation.
   Mr. Yeaw, your nomination to Assistant Secretary of the Bureau
of Arms Control and Nonproliferation arrives not a moment too
soon. We live with an unprecedented level of nuclear threat, but
our arms control architecture is outdated and cannot meet these
challenges.
   Russia’s nuclear triad is moving rapidly toward full mobilization,
modernization. It has suspended its New START obligations, and
it continues to test and develop nuclear weapons.
   Meanwhile, China is racing to nuclear parity with us and refuses
to come to the table for talks. With the expiration of New START
in February we must use this chance to lead on any new arms con-
trol negotiations.
   I look forward to hearing your plans to fully commit the U.S. to
nuclear deterrence and ensure we can match our adversaries.
   Thank you again to all of you and particularly to your families.
We know they share in the sacrifices you make to do these jobs,
and we deeply, deeply appreciate it.
   With that, the distinguished Ranking Member.

         STATEMENT OF HON. JEANNE SHAHEEN,
  RANKING MEMBER, U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE
  Senator SHAHEEN. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman, and welcome
to all of our nominees today, to your families, and to your sup-
porters who are here with you.
  I want to begin, Mr. Nirenberg, with some of the comments that
the Chairman made because last month the Pentagon announced
that it would withdraw troops from Romania. And the statement
said, quote, ‘‘This is not an American withdrawal from Europe or
a signal of lessened commitment to NATO in Article 5.’’
  But as we know, actions speak louder than words, and for those
of us on both sides of the aisle who see the danger that Russia
poses to Europe this is a very concerning development.
  Romania is a critical ally along the Black Sea, and it hosts key
U.S. military assets including the Aegis Ashore Ballistic Missile
Defense System. Romania has helped keep Americans safer from
missile threats and is more exposed to Russia when U.S. troop lev-
els are cut.
  Yet Romania, which meets its NATO obligations and supports
major U.S. military sales, is losing U.S. troops while Hungary
under Orban is still buying Russian gas and faces no such con-
sequences.
  The Romanian deputy defense minister has argued the decision
should be overturned. Republican Chairmen Wicker and Rogers of
the Senate and House Armed Services Committees have spoken
against this decision. I agree with their view.
                                 4

  Mr. Nirenberg, if confirmed you will be posted to our embassy in
Romania as Putin escalates strikes in Ukraine and drones enter
NATO airspace.
  Our allies fear the United States is pulling back. Drawing down
U.S. troops in the face of Russian aggression does not sound like
peace through strength to me. It sounds like an American retreat.
  If President Trump wants leverage to end the war in Ukraine
this decision signals just the opposite.
  Ms. Argyros—hopefully, that was pronounced correctly—you
have also been nominated to an Eastern flank country in Latvia.
Latvia borders Russia and Belarus and faces a real and immediate
threat.
  If confirmed, how will you reassure Latvians that the U.S. can
be counted on, and what can you do to project American power in
a way that will deter those in the Kremlin who question our com-
mitment to the Baltic states?
  As Russia escalates across Europe the risks of miscalculation
grow, making credible arms control even more important.
  Mr. Yeaw, you have been nominated to serve as Assistant Sec-
retary to the Bureau of Arms Control and Nonproliferation. It is a
new bureau that has been created by the Trump administration’s
restructuring earlier this year.
  This committee has not yet been briefed on the new bureau’s
structure or scope—I hope you have as the nominee—but that is
a gap that the department should fix and fix promptly.
  Given the President’s statement that the U.S. will resume nu-
clear weapons testing, the question is how serious is this Adminis-
tration about working to deescalate nuclear tensions.
  Ms. Bruce, you have been nominated to be the deputy represent-
ative to the U.N. mission to the United Nations working with Am-
bassador Waltz. At the same time, the Administration’s failure to
pay U.N. dues in full is weakening peacekeeping when global sta-
bility is already under strain.
  If confirmed, how will you address the risks these cuts create for
U.S. interests?
  And Mr. Kaploun, if confirmed you will serve as the U.S. Special
Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism. Fighting antisemitism
requires bipartisan effort, especially today when the increase in
antisemitic attacks and comments in the U.S. and around the
world have increased so dramatically.
  If confirmed, how will you work across the aisle and with diverse
religious communities to keep this from becoming a partisan issue?
  Finally, Mr. Navarro, you have been nominated to serve as Am-
bassador to Peru. If confirmed, you will serve at a U.S. post facing
significant unrest as the Administration escalates tensions in the
region. What steps will you take to support stability and demo-
cratic governance in Peru?
  I look forward to hearing from all of you, and thank you again
for your willingness to consider being nominated and serve the
country.
  Thank you.
  Senator RISCH. Thank you, Senator Shaheen.
  We will now hear from our witnesses and if you would keep it
to a couple of minutes, please, we would appreciate that. Your full
                                 5

statement, which I know many of you have that is longer than 2
minutes, will be included in the record and available for any Sen-
ator who wants to review it.
  So with that, we are going to start with Ms. Argyros, and please,
the floor is yours.
STATEMENT OF MELISSA ARGYROS, OF CALIFORNIA, TO BE
 AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF
 LATVIA
   Ms. ARGYROS. Chairman Risch, Senator Shaheen, and distin-
guished members of the committee, it is a privilege to appear be-
fore you today.
   I am honored to be the nominee for the U.S. Ambassador to Lat-
via, and I thank President Trump and Secretary Rubio for their
confidence in me.
   I want to thank my family and friends who continue to support
me in every imaginable way. I want to particularly thank my par-
ents who taught me the value of hard work, the importance of serv-
ice, and humility.
   I have spent many years working in our family real estate com-
pany, and I am grateful to the people who have dedicated their
lives to making our company a success.
   I currently run our family foundation where we support pro-
grams that focus on education, youth development, and the arts.
   If confirmed, my first priority will be the safety and security of
U.S. citizens in Latvia.
   Second, I would work to counter threats to our common security.
Latvia has been an excellent partner to the United States, and our
relationship is based on our shared goals, interests, and values.
   I would focus to strengthen our security partnership and support
the peace through strength that President Trump has called for. I
would aim to improve the depth of the U.S. economic relationship
with Latvia.
   Economic stability and prosperity are key components of security,
and we can build our current trade relationship into an engine of
growth.
   If confirmed, I would look forward to working with the talented
staff at Embassy Riga to build on their successes and advance our
shared goals, building a world that is safer, more secure, and more
prosperous.
   Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. I look forward to
your questions.
             6

NOMINEE COMMITMENT QUESTIONS
                                          7

  [The prepared statement of Ms. Argyros follows:]
                    Prepared Statement of Melissa Argyros
   Chairman Risch, Senator Shaheen, and Distinguished Members of the Committee,
it is an honor and privilege to appear before you today. I am honored to be the
nominee for U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Latvia, and I thank President
Trump and Secretary Rubio for their confidence in me.
   I would like to begin by recognizing those who have made it possible for me to
be where I am.
   I want to thank my family and friends who continue to support me in every imag-
inable way. I want to particularly thank my parents who taught me the value of
hard work, as well as the beauty of a giving heart, and the importance of service
and humility.
   Growing up, I witnessed my parents build a successful business, while also learn-
ing how to turn that success into a vehicle to lift up neighbors and communities
in ways that can change and save lives. They both grew up in poverty, and through
their hard work attained the American dream. My father served as U.S. Ambas-
sador to Spain and Andorra after 9/11, and I was able to watch his diplomacy in
action during a difficult time.
   Professionally, I have spent many years working in our family real estate and in-
vestment company and I am grateful to the people who have dedicated their lives
to making our company a success. They are like family to me.
   I currently run our family foundation. We support programs that focus on health
care, education, youth development and the arts. I am inspired by the tireless ef-
forts of the people working in these institutions, and their commitment to making
the world a better place. If confirmed, I look forward to working with a similar team
of dedicated and committed individuals at the U.S. Embassy in Riga.
   As I reflect on the opportunity to serve as Ambassador, I am reminded of the
words of Henry Kissinger, a close friend of my father’s, who said, ‘‘No foreign pol-
icy—no matter how ingenious—has any chance of success if it is born in the minds
of a few and carried in the hearts of none.’’ If confirmed, I look forward to the
chance to advance American foreign policy and connect it to the Latvian people so
that the benefit of our shared values can have a real and tangible meaning in this
very critical region.
   If confirmed, my priorities as Ambassador will focus on three key areas:
   My first priority will always be to ensure the safety and security of U.S. citizens
in Latvia.
   My second priority will be to counter threats to our common security. Latvia has
been an excellent partner and ally to the United States, and our relationship of 103
years is based on our shared goals, interests, and values. As a NATO Ally, Latvia
has not only heeded, but amplified President Trump’s call for Europe to do more
in its own defense. Latvia is an outstanding host to our troops, and Latvian soldiers
have served beside U.S. soldiers in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Balkans. Latvia is
tough on border security, partnering with the United States to repel illegal immi-
gration and safeguard both of our countries. And it shares U.S. concerns about Chi-
na’s record of economic coercion. If confirmed, I will work with the Latvian govern-
ment to strengthen our security partnership and support the peace through strength
that President Trump has called for.
   My third priority will be to improve the depth of the U.S. economic relationship
with Latvia to benefit both our peoples. Economic stability and prosperity are key
components of security, and we have an opportunity to build our current trade rela-
tionship into an engine of growth. Latvian entrepreneurs have built companies that
provide jobs for U.S. citizens throughout the United States. Additionally, Latvia,
along with its Baltic neighbors, ended its energy dependence on Russia and is work-
ing with the United States to obtain a stable supply of energy options to keep the
economy moving, including U.S. liquified natural gas and diesel.
   If confirmed, I am excited to partner with Congress to further U.S. interests and
priorities in Latvia. I would look forward to working with the talented staff at Em-
bassy Riga to build on their successes and advance these shared goals, as a team.
And I eagerly anticipate hearing from people across Latvia, deepening people-to-peo-
ple ties as we work toward these priorities and share the things we love most about
our cultures, building a world that is safer, more secure, and more prosperous.
   Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. I look forward to your questions.
  Senator RISCH. Thank you so much.
  Ms. Bruce.
                                 8
STATEMENT OF TAMMY BRUCE, OF CALIFORNIA, TO BE THE
 DEPUTY REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES OF
 AMERICA TO THE UNITED NATIONS, WITH THE RANK AND
 STATUS OF AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENI-
 POTENTIARY; THE DEPUTY REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE SECURITY COUNCIL OF
 THE UNITED NATIONS; AND TO SERVE CONCURRENTLY AND
 WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION AS REPRESENTA-
 TIVE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE SES-
 SIONS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NA-
 TIONS, DURING HER TENURE OF SERVICE AS DEPUTY REP-
 RESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE
 UNITED NATIONS
   Ms. BRUCE. Yes, thank you. Thank you, sir.
   Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Shaheen, and distinguished
members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, it is my
honor to appear before you today as President Trump’s nominee to
represent the United States as the Deputy Permanent Representa-
tive to the United Nations.
   My experience in business, with nonprofits, in activism, in
media, as a cultural critic, as a writer, and television and radio
commentary has prepared me well for this role.
   I spent most of my professional life working to make a positive
difference for the American people including, I have to say, my
time spent as an advocate in the media and most recently as the
State Department’s spokesperson and public delegate to the United
States.
   Prior to that role it will not surprise you that I had not consid-
ered a career in government, and my opinion of the bureaucracy
was mostly negative.
   Yet within days of becoming the State Department’s spokes-
person I found out very quickly that my assumptions I had made
about those who worked for the government were incorrect.
   Foreign Service officers and civil service employees at State
made my work possible. I presume our politics were very different,
yet the men and women I met were not partisan activists, but pa-
triots determined to serve their country, to make sure I was able
to do the job that the President appointed me to. My thanks go out
to all of them on this day.
   Of course, President Trump is emblematic of the Founders’ vision
and ideal of leadership, and I am grateful and moved by the trust
he has placed in me for this position.
   I understand his commitment to our great country, knowing that
genuine leadership and reform are needed to maintain our success
so that future generations can thrive and know the joy that is
being an American.
   With the United States as a founding member of the United Na-
tions it is unfortunate to have to note that over the past 80 years
the U.N. has in fact strayed from its original mandate as outlined
in the U.N. Charter.
   The U.N. has become bloated, unfocused, and ineffective in solv-
ing today’s most pressing challenges to global peace and security.
                                  9

   To be blunt, it has lost the confidence of the sovereign of our
country, the American people. Now is the time for bold reform.
Now is the time to get the U.N. back to basics, as we put it.
   The U.N. must return to its core purposes, above all its founding
mission to maintain international peace and security.
   If confirmed, I look forward to supporting President Trump and
Secretary Rubio in their efforts to reform the U.N. and revitalize
U.S. diplomacy, putting the nation’s interests first and delivering
wins for the American people.
   It is also vitally important to note that multilateral organizations
must remember that they do not exist to manifest themselves as
global governing entities. It is the sovereignty of member states
which must prevail.
   If confirmed, I am committed to ensuring U.S. funding to the
U.N. advances policies and priorities that strictly add value to
American taxpayers and American foreign policy interests.
   We cannot support the proliferation of divisive concepts like DEI
and gender ideology as well as a continuation of hateful anti-Israel
bias.
   This oversight extends to U.N. peacekeeping and peace oper-
ations that also need reform and reprioritization. As President
Trump declared at the U.N. General Assembly, the U.N. has tre-
mendous potential. I personally believe that.
   I believe that the U.N. is important and must be revitalized so
it can continue to serve the people of the United States and the
people of the world.
   I am confident that we will continue to help the U.N. see this po-
tential and return it to the useful organization it was established
to be.
   Thank you for your time and consideration of my nomination. I
look forward to answering your questions.
   Thank you.
             10

NOMINEE COMMITMENT QUESTIONS
                                         11

  [The prepared statement of Ms. Bruce follows:]
                     Prepared Statement of Tammy Bruce
   Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Shaheen, and distinguished Members of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee—it is my honor to appear before you today as
President Trump’s nominee to represent the United States as the Deputy Perma-
nent Representative to the United Nations.
   My experience in business, with non-profits, in activism, in media, as a cultural
critic, writer, and with television and radio commentary, has prepared me well for
this role. I have spent most of my professional life working to make a positive dif-
ference for the American people, including my time spent as an advocate and in
media, and most recently as the State Department Spokesperson and Public Dele-
gate to the United Nations.
   Today, I am reflecting on this nomination through the lens of my time as Spokes-
person. Prior to that role, I had not considered a career in government, and my
opinions of the bureaucracy were mostly negative—yet within days of becoming the
State Department Spokesperson, I found out very quickly that many assumptions
I had made about those who work for the government were wrong. Foreign Service
Officers and Civil Service employees at State made my work possible. I presumed
our politics were very different, yet the men and women I met were not partisan
activists, but patriots determined to serve their country to make sure I was able
to do the job to which the President appointed me.
   Together with the appointed leadership at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations,
and the career officials who make the work possible, I am grateful and heartened
to know that change is possible, and the Founding Fathers were right to believe
that the American people would be the key to making sure this great experiment
would succeed. President Trump is emblematic of the Founders’ vision and ideal of
leadership, and I am grateful and moved by the trust he has placed in me. I under-
stand his commitment to our great country knowing that genuine leadership and
reform are needed to maintain our success so that future generations can thrive and
know the joy that is being an American.
   As a founding member of the United Nations, the United States has long been
its strongest supporter—leading in diplomacy, global engagement, and funding. The
U.N. has an important role to play as the premier venue where sovereign nations
come together to address shared international challenges.
   And yet, over the past 80 years, the U.N. has strayed from its original mandate
as outlined in the U.N. Charter. The U.N. has become bloated, unfocused, and inef-
fective in solving today’s most pressing challenges to global peace and security. To
be blunt, it has lost the confidence of the sovereign of our country—the American
people.
   Now is the time for bold reform. Now is the time for the U.N. to get ‘‘back to the
basics.’’ The U.N. must return to its core purposes, above all its founding mission
to maintain international peace and security. It must become more efficient, more
effective, and more accountable to the Member States it serves. The U.N. should
focus on keeping peace and preventing conflicts, while respecting the sovereignty
and independence of its member states.
   If confirmed, I look forward to supporting President Trump and his efforts to revi-
talize U.S. diplomacy—putting the nation’s interests first and delivering wins for
the American people. This extends to the United Nations. Guided by President
Trump’s commitment to peace and vision for a strong, secure, and prosperous
United States, proof that the President’s goals as implemented by Ambassador
Waltz, can genuinely reform the U.N.
   Just 2 days ago we saw the power of American leadership with the passing of the
Gaza Resolution at the U.N. Security Council. This historic diplomatic victory was
due to the United States, guided by the leadership of President Trump, Secretary
Rubio, and Ambassador Waltz, brought member states together to endorse the presi-
dent’s 20-Point Peace Plan, the first step to enduring peace in a region that for far
too long has suffered in a status quo that destroyed lives and the future for people
throughout the region for generations. This is what’s possible when American lead-
ership takes the reins.
   The United States does not support, nor was the U.N. founded to facilitate, Mem-
ber States using the U.N. as a platform to outsource their policymaking. If con-
firmed, I will work to curb China’s attempts to insert Chinese Communist Party
narratives within the U.N. and broader multilateral system. I will work with part-
ners to oppose China’s attempts to advance its own economic, political, and security
interests at the expense of others and American interests. Moreover, multilateral or-
                                        12
ganizations must remember that they do not exist to manifest themselves as global
governing entities. It is the sovereignty of member states which must prevail.
   It is crucial that U.N. agencies have the right leadership to advance American in-
terests. U.S. leadership promotes American businesses, innovation, and entrepre-
neurship and ensures U.S. standards remain the global gold standard.
   If confirmed, I am committed to ensuring U.S. funding to the U.N. advances poli-
cies and priorities that strictly add value to American taxpayers and American for-
eign policy interests. We cannot support the proliferation of divisive concepts like
DEI and gender ideology, as well as a continuation of hateful anti-Israel bias.
   This oversight extends to U.N. peacekeeping, and peace operations that need re-
form and reprioritization. U.N. peacekeeping must be more accountable, adaptable,
and transparent. Peacekeeping missions need clear goals, measurable progress, and
responsible use of resources to better support peace and stability.
   If confirmed, and through the America First values framework, I will continue to
advocate for significant reform so the U.N. can return to its foundational purpose
of maintaining international peace and security.
   As President Trump declared at the U.N. General Assembly—the U.N. has tre-
mendous potential. Under this President’s leadership, I’m confident we will continue
to help the U.N. see this potential and return it to the useful organization it was
established to be.
   Thank you for your time and consideration of my nomination. I look forward to
your questions.
  Senator RISCH. Thank you so much.
  Mr. Kaploun.

STATEMENT OF RABBI YEHUDA KAPLOUN, OF FLORIDA, TO BE
 SPECIAL ENVOY TO MONITOR AND COMBAT ANTI-SEMITISM,
 WITH THE RANK OF AMBASSADOR
   Mr. KAPLOUN. Thank you.
   Thank you, Chairman Risch, Senator Shaheen—Ranking Mem-
ber—and the distinguished members of the committee. I would like
to acknowledge my family who is here today.
   My name is Yehuda Kaploun, and I am honored to be nominated
for the important position of United States Special Envoy to Mon-
itor and Combat Anti-Semitism with the rank of ambassador.
   I want to thank President Trump and Secretary Rubio for plac-
ing their trust in me for this very important role. As a child, I
would walk to synagogue with my father, the noted educator Rabbi
Yaacov Kaploun, in New Haven, Connecticut, and I do remember
occasionally hearing the cries of ‘‘dirty Jew’’ along the way. Later,
while living in Crown Heights during the pogrom when the Aus-
tralian scholar Yankel Rosenbaum was stabbed to death during the
riots with the cries of ‘‘kill the Jews’’ in the streets.
   My sister Esther Kaploun passed away from 9/11 related cancers.
My cousin Adi Kaploun, a brave mother, was killed on October 7
protecting her two young children, who were orphaned. She was
one of the 1,200 souls murdered that day.
   I sat with Yarden Bibas the night before the funeral of his wife
and children. Yes, I have seen the worst that humanity can do.
When asked to serve my country by our President in a role that
I truly wished did not need to exist there was no hesitation.
   I sit before you humbled by the opportunity to serve my country.
It is a daunting task. Antisemitism is a symbol of larger hatred.
History has proven that when a country starts with allowing anti-
semitism the results are not kind to that country.
   That is why President Trump and Secretary Rubio have stated
there can be no compromise with antisemitism. Antisemitism is
                                 13

anti-American. Those who chant ‘‘Death to the Jews’’ all too often
chant ‘‘Death to America.’’
  We cannot allow anyone to teach children from infancy to kill
and to be a martyr. Together, with bipartisan support, we must
educate the world to respect one another.
  Lofty goals, perhaps, but a lesson that I learned from the grand
rabbi of Lubavitch as well as from my grandparents and my par-
ents is to do my best to impact and make the world a better place.
  I am not a miracle worker. We cannot do this alone. We do this
by building bridges through education and friendships and dia-
logue. We must learn from the past to protect and educate the liv-
ing.
  We must educate, educate, educate about the history of the Jew-
ish community in America and the Judeo-Christian values our
country was founded on.
  I pledge to all of you here I will not waver, and I will not rest.
I will commit to you to do my very best, if confirmed, to fight anti-
semitism everywhere and to make this world a better arena for
God to dwell and spread his blessings upon us all.
  I am honored to appear before you today, and I look forward to
answering your questions.
             14

NOMINEE COMMITMENT QUESTIONS
                                         15

  [The prepared statement of Mr. Kaploun follows:]
                Prepared Statement of Rabbi Yehuda Kaploun
   Thank you, Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Shaheen and distinguished Mem-
bers of the committee. I would like to acknowledge my family, who is here today.
   My name is Yehuda Kaploun and I am honored to be nominated for the important
position of United States Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism, with
the rank of Ambassador. I want to thank President Trump and Secretary Rubio for
placing their trust in me for this important role.
   Allow me a few moments to share with you about my history and how we can
combat this hatred that has consumed this planet.
   As a child, I would walk to synagogue with my father the noted educator Rabbi
Yaacov Kaploun in New Haven, Connecticut and Ottawa, Canada. I remember occa-
sionally hearing the cries of ‘‘dirty Jew’’ along the way.
   Later, I was living in Crown Heights during the pogrom where the Australian
scholar Yankel Rosenbaum was stabbed to death during the riots, with cries of ‘‘kill
the Jews’’ in the streets.
   Then I was a volunteer advisor at the World Trade Center on September 11, when
terrorists crashed two planes into the towers. I watched as brave firefighters ran
into the building and paid the ultimate sacrifice. My sister Esther Kaploun passed
away 6 years ago from 9/11-related cancers. The shirt that I wore on that day was
used by the government to measure the levels of asbestos at the site.
   My cousin Adi Kaploun, a brave mother, was killed on October 7 and her two
young children were orphaned. She was one of the 1200 souls murdered that day.
   I sat with Yarden Bibas the night before the funeral of his wife and children. Yes,
I have seen the worst that humanity can do.
   When asked to serve my country by our president in a role that I truly wished
didn’t need to exist, there was no hesitation. Despite the ongoing threats to my fam-
ily from individuals that required significant change in my life, I sit before you hum-
bled by the opportunity to serve my country in a role to protect Jews domestically
and globally.
   It is a daunting task. And I’d like to share the thoughts and goals that will guide
me, G-d willing, upon confirmation. Antisemitism is a symbol of larger hatred. His-
tory has proven when a country starts with allowing antisemitism the results aren’t
kind to that country. That is why President Trump and Secretary Rubio have stated
there can be no compromise with antisemitism.
   Today we must focus on the living and the future. So how do we combat anti-
semitism? How do we combat the fact that foreign governments spend hundreds of
millions to promote antisemitic agendas and endow chairs at universities with the
distinct role of teaching hate and promoting an anti-American agenda?
   Antisemitism is also anti-American. Those who chant ‘‘death to the Jews’’ all too
often chant ‘‘death to America.’’
   Why is it a child graduating elementary school in many States cannot tell you
who the past five presidents were, or our first five presidents, but they are aware
of Gaza problems? Or college students attend protests and chant ‘‘From the river
to the sea’’ but don’t know what river or what sea?
   The answer, Senators, is simply education and a resolve to combat hate anywhere
and by anybody. We are often too silent when people seek to justify the murder,
rape, and killing of men, women, children, and babies on October 7, or exhibit bla-
tant ignorance about hateful acts of antisemitism. There can never be one iota of
hesitation to condemn antisemitism.
   I was privileged to go for many years to Sabbath services with the late Nobel lau-
reate Elie Wiesel and engaged in many wonderful projects with him, including
working to help special needs children. I recall a profound quote he gave to me one
day: ‘‘A community is judged by how it treats those less fortunate than them.’’
   Then I was with him when he spoke about the slaughter of Muslims in Bosnia
Herzegovina. He realized that the task at hand is to educate the world, that we are
all humans created in G-d’s image. We cannot allow anyone to teach children from
infancy to kill and be a martyr. Together with bipartisan support, we must educate
the world to respect one another.
   Lofty goals perhaps. But a lesson I learned from the grand rabbi of Lubavitch as
well as from my grandparents and parents is to do my best to impact and make
the world a better place before you place your head on the pillow every evening.
   I am not a miracle worker. We cannot do this alone. We do this by building
bridges through education and friendships. We must learn from the past to protect
and educate the living. If confirmed, I urge all of you to please join me in helping
to create standards that can hold those countries and companies accountable that
                                        16
promote antisemitism. Join me in condemning antisemitic rhetoric anywhere and by
anyone.
  We must educate, educate, educate about the history of the Jewish community
and the Judeo-Christian values our country was founded on. I pledge to all of you
here: I will not waiver, I will not rest. I will commit to you to do my very best, if
confirmed, to fight antisemitism everywhere and make this world a better arena for
G-d to dwell and spread his blessings upon us all.
  I am honored to appear before you today and I look forward to your questions.
  Senator RISCH. Thank you very much.
  Mr. Nirenberg.
STATEMENT OF DARRYL NIRENBERG, OF VIRGINIA, TO BE AM-
 BASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO ROMANIA
   Mr. NIRENBERG. Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Shaheen,
members of the committee, thank you for this opportunity to ap-
pear before you today as President Trump’s nominee to be U.S.
Ambassador to Romania.
   I am grateful to President Trump and Secretary Rubio for plac-
ing their confidence in me, and it is an incredible honor to be be-
fore this committee on whose staff I served as counsel.
   It was the experience of a lifetime and a privilege for which I will
always be grateful, although after all the hours spent sitting on the
benches behind you I can tell you it is a much different perspective
sitting down here anticipating your questions.
   With me today are my wife Lori, our son Drew, and our daughter
Kelly. I am grateful for their support. Lori was also a Senate staff-
er, and we met right next door in the Hart Building.
   Her father, the late Chic Hecht, served as Senator from Nevada
and also later as U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas. Our daughter
Kelly works in public relations, and like me, she is a proud Colgate
alum.
   It is deeply meaningful for me to be nominated to be Ambassador
to Romania. My grandparents emigrated to this country from East-
ern Europe, and I saw history unfold during my time on the staff
of this committee when the Berlin Wall fell and the Romanian peo-
ple won their freedom from communism. Should I be confirmed it
would bring it all full circle.
   Romania is a key NATO ally strategically located on the Black
Sea and bordering Ukraine. It has great opportunities for American
companies, and it has the potential to be a game changer when it
comes to energy resources. Our relationship with Romania has
never been more important.
   If confirmed, I commit to advancing President Trump’s ‘‘America
First’’ agenda and working to make America stronger, safer, and
more prosperous. I will first focus on ensuring the safety of Ameri-
cans serving, living, and working—visiting there.
   I will work to deepen our military and security partnership, and
I will focus on strengthening our trade and investment relation-
ship.
   I will promote U.S. exports, advocate on behalf of American com-
panies, and encourage investments that create jobs in the United
States.
   This nomination is the honor of a lifetime for which I am grateful
to President Trump and Secretary Rubio. I look forward, if con-
                              17

firmed, to working closely with this committee to strengthen our
relationship with Romania and promote America’s national inter-
ests abroad.
   Thank you.
             18

NOMINEE COMMITMENT QUESTIONS
                                         19

  [The prepared statement of Mr. Nirenberg follows:]
                    Prepared Statement of Darryl Nirenberg
   Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Shaheen, and Members of the Committee,
thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today as President Trump’s
nominee to be the U.S. Ambassador to Romania.
   I am grateful to President Trump and to Secretary Rubio for placing their con-
fidence in me, and, if confirmed, giving me the opportunity to fulfill my dream of
serving our country overseas.
   It is a particular honor to be before this Committee on whose staff I served during
a pivotal time in our history. It was the experience of a lifetime and a privilege for
which I will always be grateful.
   It gave me a unique and foundational window into how foreign policy is made and
provided me with an appreciation for the role our Founding Fathers set forth for
the Senate in its conduct.
   With me today are my wife, Lori, our son, Drew, and our daughter, Kelly. I am
grateful for their support.
   Lori was also a Senate staffer. We met right next door in the Hart Building. Lori
worked for the Judiciary Committee and for Senators Paul Laxalt, Gordon Hum-
phrey and John Warner.
   Her father, the late Chic Hecht, served as Senator from Nevada. He was later ap-
proved by this Committee and confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to the Baha-
mas. He saw that an assignment as a highlight of his career.
   Our son, Drew, is the third generation to work in the Senate. He served as Com-
munications Advisor to Senator Rob Portman, who, Senators will recall, served on
this Committee.
   Our daughter Kelly lives in Chicago, where she works in Public Relations. She,
like me, is a proud graduate of Colgate University. She is also a national award-
winning amateur photographer.
   Mr. Chairman, permit me a moment to share my background. I grew up in a
small, picturesque town at the foot of the Catskill Mountains in Upstate New York.
My father suffered a heart attack when I was a boy. He survived, but it left me
having to pay for my education—and many of my non-essentials.
   So, I started a paper route, mowed lawns in the summers and shoveled sidewalks
in the winter. I worked in a convenience store, in a grocery store and in our local
high school, and bussed tables at a Catskills resort. During college, I started a busi-
ness selling premium candies, and during a semester here in DC, waited tables at
the Key Bridge Marriott.
   My high school mentor helped get me into Colgate University, his alma mater.
That is where I discovered my passion for foreign policy, starting during my first
January term. That is when I participated in an international relations program
here in DC led by a professor who had been head of policy planning at the State
Department.
   The day I graduated, I got in my old clunker, drove to DC, got my job back wait-
ing tables in the evening at the Marriott, and within days, I was hired onto the staff
of Senator S.I. Hayakawa.
   Upon the Senator’s retirement, I joined the staff of the Senate Agriculture Com-
mittee, during which time I earned my law degree at night at George Washington
University.
   Upon receiving my degree, I became Minority Counsel, and later Deputy Staff Di-
rector, to this Committee. I then served as Chief of Staff and Legislative Director
to Senator Jesse Helms, including when he chaired this Committee.
   Since leaving the Hill, I have practiced law first at Patton Boggs, and now at
Steptoe, and have had the privilege of having as clients some of our nation’s great
entrepreneurs.
   No one gets where they are without receiving a hand along the way. In addition
to President Trump and Secretary Rubio, I owe a great deal to those who opened
doors for me here on Capitol Hill.
   I am also indebted to the nine former US Ambassadors, six of whom served in
Romania, who took the time to brief me—especially those with whom I have met
multiple times. I appreciate their helping prepare me for this hearing, and with the
Senate’s consent, for serving in Romania.
   Mr. Chairman, it is deeply meaningful for me to be nominated to be Ambassador
to Romania. My grandparents emigrated to America from Eastern Europe.
   And I saw history unfold during my time on the staff of this Committee when the
Berlin Wall fell and Romania won its freedom from Communism and embarked on
                                          20
its democratic path. Should I be confirmed, this assignment would bring things full
circle for me.
   In the decades since, America’s relationship with Romania has grown into a stable
and strategic alliance with cooperation across a range of vital areas.
   The Alabama Air National Guard has a long-standing and multifaceted partner-
ship with Romania, established through the U.S. National Guard State Partnership
Program more than three decades ago.
   Romania occupies a strategic position bordering Ukraine, and on the Black Sea—
which is so important to commerce between East and West and the flow of grain
to the rest of the world. One of our previous Ambassadors to the country referred
to it as the strategic hinge where Europe and Asia meet.
   And, Romania has great potential when it comes to energy and critical mineral
resources. American firms are participating in the development of these resources—
which will help reduce Europe’s dependence on Russia.
   If confirmed, I commit to advance President Trump’s America First Agenda and
work to make America stronger, safer and more prosperous. I will strengthen ties
with Romania, support our military partnership, and promote and defend Ameri-
can’s economic and security interests.
   Specifically, I will first focus on the fundamentals of embassy operations, chief
among them, ensuring the safety and security of Americans in Romania—including
those serving there and their families, and the many who visit annually.
   Having worked for Senators who put constituent service first, I have an apprecia-
tion for this primary responsibility. It is fulfilling work and what the American tax-
payer expects.
   My time working in the Senate, and in managing teams there and in private prac-
tice, also gave me an understanding of the need for, and elements of, teamwork
where all pull in the same direction in support of a mission.
   Second, if confirmed, I will work to deepen our military and security partnership.
   Romania is a strong NATO Ally. It sets an example through its commitment to
defense spending and support for Alliance activities. Romania currently spends 2.28
percent of GDP on defense and at the NATO summit earlier this year, pledged to
raise that to 5 percent by 2035. Romania hosts several multinational NATO head-
quarters and the U.S. Aegis Ashore site under NATO’s Ballistic Missile Defense
System.
   Romania has committed $16 billion to U.S. foreign military sales, including an
order last year for F–35s. It has devoted resources to co-production efforts with U.S.
companies to contribute to European burden-sharing and NATO readiness.
   If confirmed, I will work to advance this cooperation with the goal of furthering
our defense partnership for years to come.
   Romania is a strong law enforcement partner, helping detect threats and stop ter-
rorists and other bad actors before they get to our shores.
   Consistent with the tenets set forth by Secretary Rubio, if confirmed, I will work
cooperatively with Romania and colleagues across the U.S. Government to build on
this partnership with the goal of ensuring we continue to keep America safe.
   Third, if confirmed, I will focus on strengthening our trade and investment rela-
tionship with Romania.
   Commercial diplomacy is rightfully a core element of President Trump’s America
First agenda. I will work to promote U.S. exports, including in the agricultural sec-
tor, to help reduce our $2.5 billion trade deficit.
   I will use what I have learned from decades of experience inside and outside gov-
ernment to advocate on behalf of American companies. And I will encourage invest-
ments that create jobs in the United States.
   The United States is the fourth largest investor in Romania, with contracts and
investments totaling hundreds of millions of dollars. I will assist American compa-
nies in identifying and securing more investment opportunities in Romania with a
focus on those that result in more jobs for Americans. And I will urge the Romanian
government to maintain the economic climate necessary to attract such investment.
   I will particularly focus on development of Romania’s energy resources, which will
reduce Europe’s dependence on Russia.
   The Neptun Deep Gas Field in the Black Sea is scheduled to start production in
2027 and will solidify Romania’s place as the largest gas producer in the EU.
   Romania’s nuclear reactor in Cernavoda is set to be refurbished by 2030, with two
new reactors projected to come online a few years after. And Romania is slated to
be the first member of the EU to deploy small modular reactors and will do so with
U.S. technology.
   In addition to the three priorities, if confirmed, I will work to build on one of our
most important linkages—our people-to-people ties. Romania has long looked favor-
                                        21
ably toward the United States, and Romanian public sentiment toward the United
States is among the most positive in Europe.
   We share core beliefs in the importance of faith and family. We have strong work
ethics that put a premium on getting the job done, and we both take great pride
in our democracies and our countries’ rich heritages and achievements.
   Numerous governmental and private sector leaders in Romania have first-hand
experience with our country gained through academic and professional exchanges.
This has created relationships, understanding and an appreciation for our values
that has helped build ties between our countries over decades.
   Now is the time to take steps focused on future generations to solidify this rela-
tionship for the long-term.
   Should I be confirmed, my tenure will coincide with our nation’s 250th anniver-
sary. This will provide a unique opportunity to celebrate and highlight the demo-
cratic principles upon which our nation was founded and thrives.
   In my engagements, whether public or private, I will underscore our country’s
commitment to protecting and promoting fundamental freedoms, especially freedom
of expression.
   I will also work to ensure American perspectives are well represented; the ele-
ments of President Trump’s America First agenda are well known; and any malign
propaganda vigorously countered.
   This nomination is the honor of a lifetime, for which I am grateful to President
Trump and to Secretary Rubio. Should I be confirmed, I pledge to be a strong advo-
cate for American interests, and a dedicated representative of President Trump and
the American people.
   Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Shaheen, and Members of the Committee.
Thank you again for the opportunity to appear before you today. I look forward to
answering your questions, and if confirmed, working closely with the Committee to
strengthen our relationship with Romania and promote America’s national interests.
  Senator RISCH. Thank you so much.
  Mr. Yeaw.
STATEMENT OF DR. CHRISTOPHER YEAW, OF VIRGINIA, TO BE
 ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR ARMS CONTROL AND
 NONPROLIFERATION
   Dr. YEAW. Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Shaheen, and dis-
tinguished members of this committee, thank you for this oppor-
tunity.
   I want to thank President Trump for nominating me to serve as
the Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control and Non-
proliferation. I also want to thank Secretary Rubio for his support.
It is a tremendous honor to be nominated and appear before this
committee.
   If confirmed, I assure the committee that I will be a clear and
unwavering voice for an ‘‘America First’’ foreign policy in service to
the great people of this great nation, and I commit to working with
this committee and with Congress to advance our shared vision
and values.
   I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my family,
friends, and colleagues. Without a lifetime of their support and en-
couragement I would not be here today. I would like to express my
deepest gratitude to my family.
   My wife Nan is here with me today. My daughter Grace, my son
John, son-in-law Nathan, are unable to join us as they are doing
their part to keep our great economy going, and my youngest
daughter Mary is home caring for her newborn and my first grand-
child Christopher.
   And of course I thank God under whose watchful and all search-
ing gaze we all must serve to the best of the abilities He has be-
stowed.
                                22

   I have had the privilege of serving in the Federal Government
for over two-thirds of my 30 year career. In that time I have
worked in acquisitions, intelligence, policy, operations, education,
and research.
   The themes and activities surrounding nuclear deterrence, nu-
clear weapons and missile defense development, assurance of allies,
and formulating an accurate and clear eyed view of WMD threats
have dominated my daily life for my entire adult life, and if con-
firmed it would be an honor to carry that breadth of experience
into this new role.
   Thank you very much.
             23

NOMINEE COMMITMENT QUESTIONS
                                         24

  [The prepared statement of Dr. Yeaw follows:]
                 Prepared Statement of Dr. Christopher Yeaw
   Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Shaheen, and distinguished Members of this
Committee: thank you for this opportunity. I want to thank President Trump for
nominating me to serve as the Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control and
Nonproliferation. I also want to thank Secretary Rubio for his support. It is a tre-
mendous honor to be nominated and appear before this committee. If confirmed, I
will be a clear and unwavering voice for an America First foreign policy in service
to the great people of this great nation.
   I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my family, friends, and col-
leagues; without a lifetime of support and encouragement, I would not be here
today. I’d like to express my deepest gratitude to my family. My wife Nan and eldest
daughter Grace are here with me today. My son John and son-in-law Nathan are
unable to join us as they are doing their part to keep our great economy going. And
my youngest daughter Mary is home caring for her newborn—and my first grand-
child, Christopher. And of course, I thank God, under whose watchful and all-
searching gaze we all must serve to the best of the abilities he’s bestowed.
   I have had the privilege of serving in the Federal Government for over two-thirds
of my 30-year career. In that time, I’ve worked in acquisitions, intelligence, policy,
operations, education, and research. The themes and activities surrounding nuclear
deterrence, nuclear weapons and missile defense development, assurance of allies,
and formulating an accurate and clear-eyed view of WMD threats have dominated
my entire adult life. And if confirmed, it would be an honor to carry that breadth
of experience into this new role.
   It hardly seems necessary to state here that we are living in an exceedingly mo-
mentous and challenging geopolitical era. To take one example: the 2012 DoD Re-
port to Congress on China’s Military Power, stated quite confidently that China
would continue to ‘‘maintain a limited nuclear force.’’ By 2018, that same Report
warned that China was developing an early warning system that could support a
launch-on-warning doctrine. The 2023 Report estimated that China would have over
1000 warheads by 2030. And now just days ago, Gen Wilsbach informed the Senate
that China is projected to amass a force of 1500 warheads by 2035.
   Of course, China is only one potential threat among many. Russia continues its
grinding war of attrition in Ukraine and is conducting destabilizing tests of new
strategic nuclear weapons, Iran remains recalcitrant on its nuclear program, and
North Korea continues to expand and diversify its own increasingly capable nuclear
forces.
   I am a firm believer that arms control, done properly, can advance American in-
terests. But we cannot seek arms control for arms control’s sake. We must pursue
arms control that is verifiable and enforceable, and where arms control agreements
currently exist, we will work to strengthen their enforcement. While credible and
effective deterrent forces can constrain an adversary’s desire to employ nuclear
weapons, verifiable and effective arms control can constrain an adversary’s capa-
bility to employ nuclear weapons.
   The need for accountability and strong verification extends to the chemical and
biological threat landscape as well. If confirmed, I will also ensure my bureau imple-
ments the President’s vision for improving the safety and security of biological re-
search and strengthening and enforcing the Biological Weapons Convention with
modern tools, including AI, and advance our priorities on the Chemical Weapons
Convention.
   I will also pursue meaningful, effective, and specific policies to strengthen Amer-
ica’s nuclear deterrence umbrella. Extended deterrence has been, and continues to
be, one of America’s greatest accomplishments toward nonproliferation and global
stability. And that extended deterrent cannot remain static, just as the threats to
our allies and friends continue to evolve.
   While extended deterrence has been the cornerstone of nonproliferation, America
must also continue to take active measures to counter proliferation that threatens
our national security. It was my honor to carry back the highest value items from
Libya’s covert nuclear weapons program in January 2004 virtually handcuffed to my
wrist . . . an operation that remains possibly our nation’s greatest counterprolifera-
tion operation. That operation was enabled by demonstrable military capabilities, an
effective sanctions regime, and decisive interdiction actions based on exquisite intel-
ligence. If confirmed, I commit to continue that legacy of robust American counter
and nonproliferation efforts.
   In addition to a momentous geopolitical era, we are in an era of increasingly rapid
technological development—technologies like AI, quantum, biotechnology, semi-
                                         25
conductors—which poses its own nonproliferation challenge. China is rapidly devel-
oping indigenous technology capabilities and leveraging civilian technologies to ad-
vance military applications. This presents one of the most complex challenges of our
time. These technologies expand the potential for destabilizing competition. If con-
firmed, I will use the Department’s full suite of national security tools available to
me to confront these challenges.
   I will also be committed to promoting American nuclear energy dominance glob-
ally. Through his public statements and Executive Orders, the President has made
clear that this is an economic and national security imperative, and as the leader
of the Bureau responsible for negotiating peaceful nuclear cooperation agreements—
or 123 Agreements—I will work assiduously to promote America’s nuclear industry
as the preferred provider for friends and allies and to promote the highest standards
of nuclear safety, security, and nonproliferation as we advance American economic
and technological leadership.
   In conclusion, if confirmed, I look forward to engaging this committee and con-
sulting with you and your staff on these issues so that we can together achieve an
America First foreign policy . . . making America safer, stronger, and more pros-
perous than ever.
  Senator RISCH. Thanks so much.
  Mr. Navarro.

STATEMENT OF BERNARDO NAVARRO, OF PUERTO RICO, TO
 BE AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY
 OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF
 PERU
   Mr. NAVARRO. Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Shaheen, it is
an honor to appear before you today as the nominee to serve as the
U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Peru.
   I am grateful to President Trump for entrusting me with this
nomination and to Secretary Rubio for his steadfast support.
   I also want to thank my friend Rick Scott for introducing me into
the record and for his friendship all these years.
   It is a blessing to be here today with my beautiful wife Claudia
and our three children—Alexandra, Matthew, and Jake. I am also
joined by my brother Gilbert, my sister Norma, my mother Norma,
and my father Gilberto.
   I also want to thank my friends and family that joined us from
south Florida and Puerto Rico and made the trek to be here today.
   My parents were born in Cuba. They lost everything to com-
munism and fled their homeland in search of freedom. I will for-
ever be grateful to them for their courage, their sacrifice, and their
unwavering faith in the promise of America.
   They put their own dreams aside so that my siblings and I could
achieve ours. From an early age they taught us that anything re-
sembling—anything resembling—communism is not only wrong but
a direct threat to the liberty and the opportunity this nation rep-
resents.
   Today, I can proudly say that my parents’ dreams have come full
circle. Their journey from losing everything in Cuba to seeing their
son achieve the American dream is a testament to what this coun-
try makes possible.
   If confirmed, I will carry their story and the story of countless
families like ours as proof that the American dream is not just
alive but thriving.
   Over the past weeks I have had the privilege of meeting many
of you to discuss our relationship with Peru. Under the Trump ad-
                                 26

ministration we have a golden opportunity to put America first as
we advance our interests abroad.
   If confirmed, I pledge to work closely with this committee to sup-
port the Administration’s goals of protecting the safety of U.S. citi-
zens, promoting economic prosperity and regional security, and
deepening a bilateral relationship that has endured for nearly two
centuries.
   As the founder and owner of Benworth Capital I have witnessed
firsthand the potential for expanding our ties with Peru. When I
served as chairman of one of south Florida’s largest trade associa-
tions we organized a trade mission to Peru that produced historic
results and forged business relationships that continue today. I will
bring that same resolve to my work in Peru if confirmed.
   Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and members of this com-
mittee, if confirmed I will dedicate myself to strengthening the
bonds between our nations and advocating for American interests.
   Thank you for your consideration.
             27

NOMINEE COMMITMENT QUESTIONS
                                         28

  [The prepared statement of Mr. Navarro follows:]
                    Prepared Statement of Bernado Navarro
   Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Shaheen, my long-time friend Senator Rick
Scott. It is a profound honor to appear before you today as the nominee to serve
as U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Peru. I am grateful to President Trump for
entrusting me with this nomination and to Secretary Rubio for his support. Their
confidence in my ability to serve the American people is humbling, and I look for-
ward to the opportunity to advance our nation’s interests in Peru.
   It is a blessing to be here today with my beautiful wife, Claudia, a proud Peru-
vian-American, and our three children—Alexandra, Matthew, and Jake. I am also
joined by my brother, Gilbert; my sister, Norma; my 86-year-old mother, Norma;
and my 87-year-old father, Gilberto.
   My parents were born in Cuba. They lost everything to communism and fled their
homeland in search of freedom. I will forever be grateful to them—for their courage,
their sacrifice, and their unwavering faith in the promise of America. They put their
own dreams aside so that my siblings and I could achieve ours. From an early age,
they taught us that anything resembling communism is not only wrong, but a direct
threat to the liberty and opportunity this nation represents.
   Today, I can proudly say that my parents’ dreams have come full circle. Their
journey—from losing everything in Cuba to seeing their son achieve the American
Dream—is a testament to what this country makes possible. If confirmed, I will
carry their story—and the story of countless families like ours—as proof that the
American Dream is not just alive, but thriving.
   Over the past weeks, I have had the privilege of meeting many of you to discuss
the United States’ relationship with Peru. Under the Trump Administration, we
have a golden opportunity to put America and Americans first as we advance our
interests abroad. If confirmed, I pledge to work closely with this Committee to sup-
port the Administration’s goals: protecting the safety of U.S. citizens, promoting eco-
nomic prosperity and regional security, and deepening a bilateral relationship that
has endured for nearly two centuries. President Trump nominated me—the founder
and owner of Benworth Capital with nearly 30-years of financial services experience
and first-hand knowledge of Peru—to demonstrate the Administration’s commitment
to strengthening our bilateral relationship.
   The U.S.-Peru bilateral relationship is grounded in mutual respect and shared
values. Peru’s dynamic economy, bolstered by its mineral wealth, agricultural
growth, and infrastructure projects, presents significant opportunities for American
industry. I have witnessed firsthand the potential for expanding our economic ties.
During the aftermath of the Great Recession, when South Florida’s economy was
struggling, I served as Chairman of one of the region’s largest trade associations.
Rather than standing still, I insisted that we think differently and look beyond our
traditional markets. We organized a trade mission to Peru that produced historic
results for our members and forged business relationships that continue today. If
confirmed, I will bring that same resolve to my work in Peru.
   Peru’s economic opportunities are not without challenges. China has exploited
South America’s natural resources to advance its strategic interests at the expense
of our partners, and Peru is no exception. China’s vast investments in Peru’s critical
infrastructure, energy sector, and mining industry give Beijing significant economic
leverage, which impacts our shared commercial and security interests. China has
also increased its cultural presence in Peru through the establishment of Confucius
Institutes. I have worked to root out this type of Chinese influence here in the
United States. During my time as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Miami
Dade College, the largest college in the US, I worked with my colleagues to remove
a Confucius Institute that had established itself there, helping the college regain its
academic independence. If confirmed, I will apply the same dedication to efforts that
safeguard Peru’s independence from malign influences.
   Beyond economic ties, our collaboration with Peru is vital in addressing shared
security challenges. Dangerous criminal organizations and narcotics traffickers are
terrorizing the people of Peru and threatening the stability of the region. If con-
firmed, I will support efforts to establish a strong, comprehensive response to these
threats, improving the safety of Peruvians and Americans alike.
   Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and Members of this committee. If confirmed,
I will dedicate myself, as I have always done, to strengthening the bonds between
our nations, advocating for American interests, and advancing policies that promote
security, prosperity, and stability. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look
forward to answering your questions.
                                 29

   Senator RISCH. Well, thank you very much, Mr. Navarro.
   Last evening I was with Secretary Rubio at dinner and his wife,
and they spoke very highly of you and said to extend their wishes.
Wished they could be here to support you, but both of them were
tied up. But thank you for your service.
   Speaking of the Secretary, Mr. Nirenberg, like you he found out
the hard way that sitting over there is a lot different than sitting
up on this side, so thanks a lot.
   I want to talk for a few minutes, Mr. Kaploun, about your work.
You know, it really seems like we are slipping backward on anti-
semitism.
   I always thought we were at one end of the spectrum and the
Palestinians were at the other end of the spectrum. We have all
seen the texts that they use teaching their children antisemitism.
   When I first got here those texts, believe it or not, were paid for
with U.S. taxpayer money through UNRWA, which we stopped as
quickly as we could. They are still using the texts but they are not
paying with our taxpayer money. So they are at one end of the
spectrum.
   The other end of the spectrum I thought was America. After Oc-
tober 7, I have to tell you I was nauseated to see these people up
in—particularly up in the New York area siding with Hamas.
   Anybody who has even a thought like that should look at the
film what happened on October 7. That would change their mind
very quickly.
   You have got your work cut out for us, but you have got a lot
of work to do right here. I have heard antisemitic speeches on the
floor of the House of Representatives, which I never thought I
would see.
   Your thoughts?
   Mr. KAPLOUN. Thank you very much, Senator, for the question.
   I think, if I refer back to my opening statement, it is education.
People do not know the history. People do not understand that we
have to respect one another. I often urge people to go to the Holo-
caust Museum so they could understand history.
   You know, people who would like to say that the Holocaust did
not happen or people would like to have revisionist history, we
have in our midst in our country some of the bravest people who
in 1944 and 1945 liberated death camps—American soldiers, reg-
ular American boys from all over America—and the problem is that
people do not want to listen to them and hear their stories.
   Because they know firsthand in their quest to redeem Europe
from the Nazis they came across the death camps, and they are the
best advocates in the world, and people do not want to take the
time to understand that these people saw the worst of humanity.
   And in America we believe in freedom of expression and freedom
of speech, but at the same time we have to educate people as to
what the facts truly are so you are educated, and we are missing
that boat, sir.
   Senator RISCH. Well, thank you.
   And I throw in completely with your remarks on education. I
made reference to what is being taught in the Palestinian schools
and the texts that they are using.
                                 30

   The challenge is going to be, as we go forward, trying to reconcile
the situation there is that it is going to be very difficult to get
through that, what has been taught in those schools for genera-
tions and what people are living with there.
   That has got to get turned around, and if it does not get turned
around you are going to get the same results in the future. So you
have got your work cut out for you. We wish you the best.
   Ms. Bruce, NATO needs an overhaul really, really badly. Their
bureaucracy is incredible. American taxpayers are paying for a lot
of it, and it truly has become a bureaucratic institution and lost,
really, the view of its core mission.
   And you know, they—I think probably the name needs a change.
Our nations are not united. Indeed, if anything, as I see the world
we are becoming more and more polarized with us, the democ-
racies—those of us that are free market, free enterprise, capitalists,
people who support human rights—on one side, and on the other
countries that are run by dictators or autocrats and are socialist or
communist with zero respect for individual human rights, and we
are polarizing.
   More and more they are coming together, and more and more our
side is coming together, we are drawn together by each of our
shared values within our group, and we have different values.
   And I have always said that the biggest challenge I see from this
seat during the 21st century is figuring out how we are going to
occupy the planet together without killing each other because they
are not going to change, and we are not going to change.
   And I really think that we could do better in the United Nations
by getting rid of a lot of the bureaucracy and getting back to its
core mission of trying to reconcile, and that is just not working.
   Your thoughts?
   Ms. BRUCE. Well, yes, sir. I thank you for that. I appreciate it.
   What I can say, because I know millions of Americans agree with
that, that has been a problem. It has become a bureaucracy that
has become ineffective, slow, unable to really operate in this dy-
namic world.
   But I would suggest, and this is what the world has also seen,
that things can change and that was shown and is shown every
day by President Trump.
   It is a huge inspiration not just for me and those of us who know
him, but for Americans having, of course, voted for him again a
second time, that they realize that, look, things have not been
going well not only when it came to the economy here but when
it comes to foreign relations and the situation around the world.
   And I have seen, being a short time already at the U.N. under
my public delegate role and as an advisor to Ambassador Waltz, is
that the U.N. also wants leadership. We saw how they responded
to President Trump during the High Level Week for the U.N. Gen-
eral Assembly.
   They want leadership. He is well respected, he is inspirational,
and he clearly already makes a difference around the world.
   So I think it is that example that tells me and the five other Am-
bassadors—the four that you have already confirmed to the U.S.
mission to the U.N.—that he is serious about wanting to make it
work.
                                31

   He sent people that he knows will get the job done. We have ex-
pressed that—I know, certainly, Ambassador Waltz has—certainly,
by doing great work because it is not a zero sum game of one or
the other. It is about blending reform with the work that we are
doing.
   That is what President Trump does. He is our guiding hand here,
and I am accepting this nomination and hope you will confirm me
because I believe that we can make the difference.
   Senator RISCH. Well said.
   Senator Ricketts.
   Senator RICKETTS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
   The United Nations recently passed a U.S. backed resolution tied
to President Trump’s Gaza peace plan. A major part of that plan
is expanding humanitarian aid. This includes securing aid cor-
ridors, protecting civilians, and getting relief into Gaza.
   The Administration has been clear that aid must increase, but it
must also be accountable. That means that UNRWA cannot be al-
lowed to be anywhere near it.
   For years UNRWA has been plagued by Hamas infiltration that
directly undermines peace and security in the region. That is why
I led a letter with 25 of my Senate colleagues backing the Adminis-
tration’s stance that UNRWA must be prohibited as a humani-
tarian delivery mechanism.
   If we are going to build a durable peace, aid must go through
vetted organizations and partners we can trust.
   Ms. Bruce, as the deputy representative to the U.N. what specific
steps will you take to ensure that no aid, directly or indirectly,
flows through UNRWA?
   Ms. BRUCE. Thank you, sir. I appreciate that.
   I think, perhaps, the most recent comment that reassures every-
one that UNRWA will have no role in Gaza, its development, and
distribution is from Secretary Rubio.
   He made that very clear in speaking to reporters that they would
have absolutely no role—it was undeniable and clear—for the exact
reasons that you stated, sir.
   Part of what President Trump indicated at the beginning of this
is he moved to want to create peace in a region that for generations
it could not happen or was resisted, or it was—misery was the sta-
tus quo.
   President Trump said there had to be new ideas. There had to
be a new approach, not just in that situation but in many others,
and that is where I believe the U.N. can come in and make the dif-
ference is that countries—sovereign countries working together to
find peace, to reinforce peace, to facilitate.
   That dynamic around the world is necessary for all of us to be
able to talk together and work together in that environment. I be-
lieve the President clearly understands that as well.
   Our role, the first example, is that remarkable passage of the
Gaza resolution. It was the first time something like that occurred,
and what the U.N. Security Council did was put their stamp of ap-
proval on President Trump’s 20 point peace plan for that region.
   It was not the establishment of a new U.N. force. It was not the
establishment or the stamp of approval on the status quo, moving
forward.
                                 32

   It was a stamp of acceptance and a welcoming of 13 to zero with
two abstentions that this had to occur, that President Trump’s plan
was new. It was something that could make the difference.
   It was something that has to be implemented, and the way to do
that, for the world to come together to see that agreement at the
Security Council means that other nations, other entities, NGOs,
know that this is something new, it is a new way forward, but it
is something they can work forward with.
   The World Food Programme, other entities associated with the
United Nations, and other nations and their assistance will make
the difference. We will pick up the difference of whatever UNRWA
claimed that they were doing.
   And remarking back to my colleague here, the rabbi, is the fact
that it is also about education when it comes to UNRWA. The na-
ture of what they were doing in inculcating and grooming the next
generation of the children of that region to hate also must come to
an end.
   So that is, unfortunately, a new idea but it is one that we are
committed to, and it is going to be very exciting to help usher that
through as it moves forward.
   Senator RICKETTS. Great. Thank you very much, Ms. Bruce.
   Ms. BRUCE. Thank you, sir.
   Senator RISCH. Thank you.
   Ms. Argyros, we will go back to you for a moment. Tell us a little
bit about your views on Latvia.
   I was there not long ago, and I am always amazed at the Baltics
where they are sitting right—looking across the fence at Russia.
They are frightened, and they want our assurances that things are
going to be OK.
   Tell us your thoughts about what you are going to tell them
when you go there.
   Ms. ARGYROS. Thank you, Chairman Risch, for the question.
   Latvia stands at the forefront of Russian aggression. They under-
stand the severity of the implications of the war in Ukraine.
   They were the first to step in and train Ukrainian soldiers and
provide weapons to fight Russia in Ukraine. Their shared border
with Russia and Belarus is a serious issue for them.
   Belarus attempts to send weaponized migrants through their
borders to on a daily basis attack Latvia with cyberattacks, mul-
tiple different ways that they attempt to undermine and destabilize
the Latvian government.
   They face a serious threat with Russia, and we have partnered
with them. We have been a partner with them for over a hundred
years.
   We housed their diplomats in our country while they were under
occupation from Russia. We have a terrific relationship with Lat-
via. They purchased most of their weapons from us. They now pur-
chase all of their LNG from us, which is terrific.
   They have stopped purchasing all Russian oil. So they take the
threat from Russia quite seriously, and I would advocate for us to
remain a steadfast partner with them in their defense against Rus-
sia.
   Senator RISCH. Well, I hope when you get there you will convey
our assurances that our support is there and thank them for what
                                 33

they have to go through in order to stand up to Russia right there
on the border. So thank you for that.
   Senator Van Hollen.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and welcome,
everybody. A special welcome to Darryl Nirenberg.
   Nice to see you again. We were fellow staff members on this com-
mittee back in the 1980s, so good to see you again.
   Ms. Bruce, my question is for you, and it relates to the horrors
that we are witnessing in Sudan today including the brutal actions
the RSF is taking against people in Darfur including in Al Fashir.
   And when Secretary Rubio was before this committee as a nomi-
nee here is what he said. He said that we will, quote, ‘‘need to raise
the fact that they,’’ referring to the UAE, ‘‘are openly supporting
an entity that is carrying out a genocide’’—a genocide, and the U.S.
Government has found that the RSF is engaged in genocide in
Sudan.
   I am assuming that the Trump administration continues to sup-
port that finding from the previous Administration. Is that right?
   Ms. BRUCE. Well, I can tell you that certainly through Secretary
Rubio we know that that is an acknowledged framework, and in
my current position when I am confirmed I will make a point of
an issue like that, which certainly matters as much as every other
issue, to make sure that the Trump administration and Secretary
Rubio——
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. Sorry. Yes, I have limited time. So I was
just wondering if that is still the policy of the Trump administra-
tion. If you do not know we can get back to you.
   Ms. BRUCE. Well—yes. Well, I know, again, where Secretary
Rubio stands, certainly.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. OK.
   Ms. BRUCE. I know that in the time that—already that I have
spent at the U.N. that it is a major conversation, that it is some-
thing that the mission cares about, and that we are working for-
ward on. So it is a major issue.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. All right.
   The U.N. has been very clear on this as have members of this
committee including Chairman Risch and Ranking Member Sha-
heen, and it is my view that the United States should do every-
thing it can in its power to pressure the outside powers that are
fueling this war from stopping fueling this war, and I know Sec-
retary Rubio has said the same thing.
   So my question to you is should we not insist that the UAE stop
sending weapons to the RSF when the U.S. Government has found
the RSF is committing genocide in Sudan? That is a simple yes or
no question.
   Ms. BRUCE. Well, sir, I would suggest that, and I appreciate that
very much because, obviously, it is an issue that we are all con-
cerned about.
   I am here because of President Trump’s point of view and his re-
liance on what we will be doing if I am confirmed once I am at the
U.N. But that is the kind of policy decision that I would not want
to get ahead of or remark on when it comes to President Trump’s
approach.
                                 34

   Senator VAN HOLLEN. Got it. Well, I will be asking the Senate
to, you know, move forward on that proposal in the coming days,
and I hope we will have a bipartisan outcome.
   Ms. BRUCE. Good to know. Yes, sir.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. To Rabbi Kaploun, I think we have all
been extremely, extremely concerned about the rise in antisemitism
around the world and in the United States.
   We, of course, witnessed it here in the Washington area with the
killings of two members of the Israeli embassy.
   We have seen it in my State of Maryland in terms of attacks on
some Jewish small business owners and in other places around the
world, and I think we all recognize that we have a united obliga-
tion to do everything we can to stop it.
   In that regard, I do want to ask you about Donald Trump—Presi-
dent Trump’s response to Tucker Carlson’s decision to bring Nick
Fuentes onto his show, and when the President was asked about
it he said, and I am quoting, ‘‘I do not know much about him,’’ re-
ferring to Nick Fuentes, ‘‘but if he wants to do it, get the word out,
you know, people have to decide. Ultimately, people have to de-
cide.’’
   Do you think that was a strong enough statement from President
Trump to the issue of bringing Fuentes onto that radio platform or
that platform?
   Mr. KAPLOUN. Thank you very much for your question.
   I think the President and the Secretary of State have made it
perfectly clear that any type of antisemitism is not a place in
America. That is number one, and that is something that guides
the Administration’s policy as far as being a private civilian.
   But if confirmed, that I know is the policy is antisemitism is to
be condemned everywhere. Antisemitism is not just an American
problem. It is a global problem, and a lot of hatred comes from ig-
norance. People are not educated.
   But freedom of speech is something that is a right, and freedom
of expression globally is an important part of what the Administra-
tion’s policy is.
   You have a right to hate, but we have a right to explain and
stand up and abhor everything that you say. That is something
that is in this country, and it is from our Founding Fathers.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. Thank you.
   Mr. KAPLOUN. So I believe very strongly that we can condemn re-
marks whenever they need to be condemned and educate people.
We have to go back to my earlier statement when I said we have
to educate people to not hate and respect one another and under-
stand the facts.
   If we go back, all I ask is—I tell people let them meet American
soldiers who liberated the death camps. That is the best answer for
any Holocaust denier anywhere.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. Mr. Chairman, if I could give just a follow
up.
   Senator RISCH. Go ahead.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. So, look, I agree with you that the best
way to respond to speech is with speech. I am also a supporter of
free speech which is why I have to say it is very worrisome that
                                35

the Trump administration has been locking up some students for
expressing their views on Gaza.
   But my question to you is this. The President did not respond to
the statements Nick Fuentes made with speech. I mean, he did not
say what he stands for—Nick Fuentes—is outrageous.
   And so I would have hoped when asked that the President would
take that kind of position, going forward.
   Let me just ask you this, and I asked your predecessor, the ear-
lier envoy during the Biden administration, about this.
   I mean, you would agree with me that it is not antisemitic or
anti-Jewish to criticize the actions of the government of Israel,
right?
   Mr. KAPLOUN. Thank you, Senator, for your question.
   I would refer back to the IHRA definition of what is OK to criti-
cize. You have a right to criticize a country.
   But if you are only going to criticize Israel, and that is every
statement that you are making, but you are not going to be con-
sistent across the board, in the IHRA definitions it is very, very
clear that you need to condemn everything across the board and
not just single out Israel. When you single out Israel is when it
crosses that line of that it is becoming an antisemitic issue pos-
sibly.
   If you are going to condemn the killings of Christians in the
Sudan or the Uyghurs in China or things that are going on around
the globe, and you are going to at that point in time as well con-
demn something that you do not like about a country, that is fine.
   But if you are particularly singling out Israel that becomes a
greater issue, and that is not—that is exactly what the IHRA defi-
nitions have.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. Well, Mr. Chairman, just if I could.
   I think if you look at members of this committee, for example,
across the board we have been very clear in condemning human
rights violations, from Chinese actions against the Uyghurs to
what is happening in Sudan to what is happening in Burma to
what is happening in many other places around the world.
   But I hope you will agree with me that we should be consistent.
In other words, the government of Israel should be held to the
same standard that we apply to every other country in the world
when it comes to human rights. Do you agree with that?
   Mr. KAPLOUN. As I said before, Senator, that the IHRA defini-
tion—if people are abiding by that definition to criticize then
you——
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. No, this is a separate question. No, I am
just asking you a separate question, Rabbi.
   I mean, you pointed out that we should essentially have the
same standard in terms of protection of human rights and justice
and self-determination.
   Should we apply that equally to Israel as many of us do to other
countries and governments around the world?
   Mr. KAPLOUN. I believe that the Administration does apply that
equally to Israel.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. OK. I think if you look at the inspector
general’s report that came out of the State Department recently
                                         36

you will find, not this Administration but the previous Administra-
tion, completely failed to do that.
   So, look, let us just make this clear. You agree that criticizing
the Trump administration is not anti-American. Would you agree
with that?
   Mr. KAPLOUN. Yes.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. OK. So, in that sense, criticizing the ac-
tions of any government, in my view, is an expression of people’s
values and principles, and we should apply similar standards,
going forward, and I hope that we will do that across the board.
   Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
   Senator RISCH. Thank you, Senator Van Hollen.
   Thank you to all our witnesses.
   Senator VAN HOLLEN. Oh, I have one—sorry, Mr. Chairman. I
do—I was asked by Congressman Nadler to submit to the record
a letter that he and some other members of the House have written
to us in opposition to the rabbi’s nomination. I am just going to
submit it at his request.
   Senator RISCH. Yes. As always, those submissions to the com-
mittee will be included in the record.
   [EDITOR’S NOTE.—The information referred to above can be found
in the ‘‘Additional Material Submitted for the Record’’ section at
the end of this document.]
   Senator RISCH. So, with that, let me say to each of you thank you
so much for being here. Thank you so much for being willing to
serve.
   I will say you got off a little easy today. This is a pretty big com-
mittee, but there is so much other stuff going on they are not here.
It has nothing to do with the interest that people have in your
nomination. So consider yourselves fortunate at least in that re-
gard.
   So with that, before closing I will add any letters of support or
otherwise that the committee has received regarding matters be-
fore the committee today to be included in the record.
   The record will remain open until close of business tomorrow,
November 20, for members to submit questions for the record. If
any of you get questions for the record I would urge you to imme-
diately respond as it will help move your nominations along.
   Again, thank you so much, and with that the committee will be
adjourned.
   [Whereupon, at 11 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.]


          Additional Material Submitted for the Record
        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
               TO MELISSA ARGYROS BY SENATOR JAMES E. RISCH

  Question. How will you engage Latvia on countering Russian hybrid threats in the
Baltic Sea, including undersea pipeline and cable sabotage, risks posed by the dan-
gerous shadow fleet, and illegal incursions into allied airspace and waters?
  Answer. Latvia understands the threats posed by Russia’s hybrid activities in the
Baltic Sea. Latvia sees Russia as an existential threat and pushes for credible deter-
rence and defense within NATO, at the EU, and bilaterally with the United States.
                                          37
   If confirmed, I will work with the Latvian government to continue strengthening
our bilateral defense relationship and to ensure that NATO continues to respond ap-
propriately to incursions into its airspace and waters.
   Question. Deepening ties between Russia and Iran pose significant risks for Lat-
via, especially in light of Latvia’s decision to impose disruptive airspace restrictions
after Russian unmanned aerial systems (UAS) violated Polish airspace. Given Iran’s
significant development and production of UAS and evidence they provide UAS to
Russia, how will you engage with your Latvian counterparts to deny our shared ad-
versaries the means to produce UAS?
   Answer. Latvia’s economic and political ties with Iran are minimal, with bilateral
trade totaling just $33,000 in 2024. Latvia strongly supports tighter EU sanctions
to limit Iran’s nuclear ambitions, restrict its support for Russia, and counter its de-
stabilizing regional activities.
   If confirmed as Ambassador to Latvia, I will cooperate with the Latvian govern-
ment and private sector to ensure robust export controls, improved information-
sharing, and strong enforcement that prevents sensitive technologies and compo-
nents from reaching actors threatening U.S.-Latvian security interests, including
those producing UAS.
   Together with Latvian counterparts, I will support compliance efforts and tar-
geted outreach to manufacturers and transport companies to collectively deny
shared adversaries access to dual-use materials.
   Question. Latvia is a top contributor to NATO’s collective defense, hosts a multi-
national battlegroup, and continues to invest in its own defense and serve as a
force-multiplier for our alliance’s modernization efforts. How will you work with the
Government to advance the cooperation of our Armed Forces to address pressing
threats in the region?
   Answer. As NATO Allies and close partners, the United States and Latvia enjoy
a robust defense relationship.
   Since 1993, members of the Michigan National Guard have conducted combined
training and outreach activities with Latvian counterparts through the State Part-
nership Program. Since 2022, the U.S. Army has maintained heel-to-toe rotational
deployments in the Baltic region to reinforce Baltic security, enhance interoper-
ability, and demonstrate the flexibility and combat readiness of U.S. forces.
   Latvia was an early supporter of President Trump’s push for Allies to spend 5
percent of GDP on defense, is a vocal advocate of the Hague Defense Commitment,
and has long been among the very top spenders among NATO Allies. Latvia is also
a purchaser of U.S. defense articles and seeks to acquire more, including additional
U.S. aircraft, anti-ship missiles, and long-range artillery capabilities.
   If confirmed, I will prioritize our robust defense relationship to address pressing
threats in the region. Specifically, I will deepen our cooperation on military training
in ways that increase the lethality of U.S. forces, promote sales of U.S. defense arti-
cles, and ensure Latvia remains a key and vocal advocate to support President
Trump’s calls for European Allies to increase spending on defense.
   Question. Latvia is also a key player in advancing European economic and energy
security, including through the Three Seas Initiative. How will you support U.S.-
Latvian efforts to increase interconnectivity and economic prosperity to our mutual
benefit?
   Answer. Latvia is undertaking several major projects supporting increased re-
gional interconnectivity including Rail Baltica and the expansion of Riga Airport.
Latvia has received Category 1 rating from the Federal Aviation Administration and
is now actively pursuing a direct U.S. flight from Riga.
   If confirmed, I will champion commercial advocacy that makes the United States
more prosperous while concurrently bolstering Latvia’s economic potential and secu-
rity. In particular, I will support entrepreneurs and startups seeking U.S. partners,
explore new investment opportunities, and promote exports to Latvia.
   Question. What role can Latvia play in advancing energy security and independ-
ence in the region and how can opportunities provided by U.S. Liquefied Natural
Gas exports support cooperation on this issue?
   Answer. Latvia is a leader in advancing its national and regional energy inde-
pendence and security. Latvia transitioned fully from Russian gas by January 2023
and disconnected from the Russian-dominated ‘‘BRELL’’ (Belarus, Russia, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania) electricity grid while connecting to the continental European grid
in February 2025.
   Liquified natural gas (LNG) plays an important role in Latvia’s electricity genera-
tion. Since 2023, imports of U.S.-sourced natural gas have increased from zero to
                                         38
approximately 80 percent of total consumption. If confirmed, I will work to strength-
en our energy partnership by supporting longer-term LNG contracts with U.S. sup-
pliers while encouraging Latvia to utilize U.S.-sourced diesel for its strategic fuel
reserves.
       Despite the government’s increased efforts, in the State Department’s 2025
     Trafficking in Persons Report Latvia remained on Tier 2 for failures to in-
     vestigate trafficking crimes, convict traffickers, and establish a centralized
     National Referral Mechanism.
   Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps would you take to help Latvia
operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the Trafficking in Per-
sons Report?
   Answer. If confirmed, I will work with Latvian authorities to implement the rec-
ommendations outlined in the 2025 Trafficking in Persons Report, with a particular
focus on increasing prosecution and conviction of traffickers under Latvia’s anti-traf-
ficking statute, including through encouraging expansion of training for officials in-
volved in judicial proceedings on all forms of trafficking and the application of anti-
trafficking laws.
   Question. If confirmed, do you commit to honest reporting of the trafficking situa-
tion in Latvia as it pertains to the country narrative in the Trafficking in Persons
Report?
   Answer. If confirmed, I will work in close coordination with my local team and
the Government of Latvia to combat trafficking with the highest level of responsi-
bility and dedication, as well as ensure honest reporting of the trafficking situation
in Latvia.



        RESPONSE TO AN ADDITIONAL QUESTION FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
               TO MELISSA ARGYROS BY SENATOR JEANNE SHAHEEN

Baltic Security
  Question. Do you agree that a U.S. presence on NATO’s Eastern Flank is critical
to deterring Russian aggression and if confirmed, do you commit to advocating for
a continued U.S. presence along the Eastern Flank?
  Answer. If confirmed, I will do all that I can to support the administration’s con-
tinued commitment to deterring Russia on NATO’s eastern flank as part of the
NATO Alliance. The United States is already helping our NATO Allies in this en-
deavor, including with Eastern Sentry, to defend and deter against Russian incur-
sions into NATO airspace. In October 2025, Secretary Hegseth declared that ‘‘the
U.S. War Department stands ready to do our part in ways that only the United
States can do.’’



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
                TO MELISSA ARGYROS BY SENATOR BRIAN SCHATZ

      Latvia, alongside other Baltic states, faces persistent hybrid threats from
    Russia,    including   disinformation      campaigns,     cyberattacks,   and
    disinformation campaigns. NATO and the European Union have made crit-
    ical investments toward deterrence. It is in U.S. security interest to do the
    same.
  Question. If confirmed, how would you work with the Latvian government and
NATO allies to strengthen resilience against hybrid attacks?
  Answer. Latvia understands the threats posed by Russia’s hybrid activities in the
Baltic Sea. Latvia sees Russia as an existential threat and pushes for credible deter-
rence and defense within NATO, at the EU, and bilaterally with the United States.
  If confirmed, I will work with the Latvian government to continue strengthening
our bilateral defense relationship and to ensure that NATO continues to respond ap-
propriately to incursions into its airspace and waters.
  Latvia has grown increasingly cautious about engagement with the People’s Re-
public of China (PRC). For example, it withdrew from the 17+1, a forum China
launched to deepen cooperation with countries in Central and Eastern Europe.
                                         39
  Question. Given Latvia’s decision to step back from PRC-led initiatives, how would
you ensure that Latvia views the United States as a reliable balance for economic
opportunities while maintaining strategic caution toward the PRC?
  Answer. If confirmed, I will work to continue to deepen economic cooperation with
Latvia by prioritizing U.S. engagement in energy security, trusted technology, and
high-standard investments. I would support Latvia’s efforts to evaluate Chinese for-
eign investment risks, build supply chain resilience, and continue to coordinate and
align with us on China-related policies. By combining steady U.S. commitment with
shared strategic awareness, I will, if confirmed, help Latvia pursue growth without
compromising security.
  Energy security is a top priority for Latvia, especially after Russia’s
weaponization of gas supplies. Latvia has invested in regional liquified natural gas
(LNG) infrastructure, including cooperation with Lithuania’s Klapeda terminal and
plans for expanded capacity.
   Question. What role do you see for U.S. LNG exports in strengthening Latvia’s
energy security?
   Answer. Latvia is a leader in advancing its national and regional energy inde-
pendence and security. Latvia transitioned fully from Russian gas by January 2023
and disconnected from the Russian-dominated ‘‘BRELL’’ (Belarus, Russia, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania) electricity grid while connecting to the continental European grid
in February 2025.
   Liquified natural gas (LNG) plays an important role in Latvia’s electricity genera-
tion. Since 2023, imports of U.S.-sourced natural gas have increased from zero to
approximately 80 percent of total consumption. If confirmed, I will work to strength-
en our energy partnership by supporting longer-term LNG contracts with U.S. sup-
pliers while encouraging Latvia to utilize U.S.-sourced diesel for its strategic fuel
reserves.
   Question. If confirmed, how would you encourage deeper regional cooperation or
infrastructure and diversification?
   Answer. Latvia is undertaking several major projects supporting increased re-
gional interconnectivity including Rail Baltica and the expansion of Riga Airport.
Latvia has received Category 1 rating from the Federal Aviation Administration and
is now actively pursuing a direct U.S. flight from Riga.
   If confirmed, I will champion commercial advocacy that makes the United States
more prosperous while concurrently bolstering Latvia’s economic potential and secu-
rity. In particular, I will support entrepreneurs and startups seeking U.S. partners,
explore new investment opportunities, and promote exports to Latvia.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
                TO TAMMY BRUCE BY SENATOR JAMES E. RISCH

   Question. If confirmed, you are joining an elite team at our mission in New York
who is already making significant inroads on U.N. reform. What will be your top
priority to capitalize on this success?
   Answer. My top priority is to ensure U.S. leadership at the U.N. reflects the val-
ues and interests of the American people. That means advancing policies that pro-
tect our sovereignty, promote our security, and deliver results.
   It also means aggressively advocating for organizations to return to their core
mandates and founding purposes, eliminating redundant mandates, and signifi-
cantly streamlining the U.N. budget and staff footprint.
   If confirmed, I look forward to working with the talented team in New York to
make these goals a reality.
   Question. The Security Council recently endorsed, strongly, President Trump’s 20-
point peace plan. This is a rare stroke of consensus in the Council. In your view,
is the Security Council in need of reform? Why or why not?
   Answer. While the United States has achieved important policy objectives at the
U.N. Security Council under President Trump, the reality is that the institution has
not lived up to its mission or potential. If confirmed, I will work with the U.S. Mis-
sion team to ensure the United States assesses any proposal for changes by the met-
ric of whether it advances American interests and would make the UNSC more ef-
fective and efficient. I will work to ensure our commitments to international organi-
zations make America safer, stronger, and more prosperous.
                                        40
  Question. If confirmed, please describe how you will prioritize recruiting and re-
taining qualified Americans at all levels of the U.N. system, with an emphasis on
the Junior Professional Officer (JPO) program and at senior positions in technical
agencies that are of strategic importance to the United States.
  Answer. If confirmed, I will continue efforts, in coordination with the White
House, to increase U.S. representation at all levels in the U.N. system to promote
America First principles, and advance a safer, stronger, and more prosperous Amer-
ica.
  Question. If confirmed, please describe how you will counter malign influence from
the Chinese Communist Party and promote U.S. and likeminded interests in the
U.N. system.
  Answer. China wields influence throughout the U.N. system by placing Chinese
nationals within all levels of the U.N. bureaucracy, attempting to reshape global
governance to reflect its authoritarian vision, and building China-centric platforms
for international cooperation. The United States cannot allow these efforts to con-
tinue.
  If confirmed, I will work with our partners and allies to counter China’s influence
across the U.N. system and champion reforms that improve efficiency and effective-
ness in line with American values. I will confront CCP ideological language in reso-
lutions, promote U.S. interests in standard-setting bodies, and push back against
the CCP’s exploitative inroads in developing countries.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
                TO TAMMY BRUCE BY SENATOR JEANNE SHAHEEN

UN Peacekeeping
   Question. Earlier this year, the Trump Administration clawed back more than
$800 million in U.S. contributions to U.N. peacekeeping missions, forcing the U.N.
to slash its peacekeeping budget by 15 percent and troop levels by 25 percent glob-
ally. Will you advocate for the Administration to pay its mandatory peacekeeping
dues in full?
   Answer. The United States has historically paid more than its fair share for
peacekeeping activities. Peacekeeping operations must adapt to meet the needs of
the moment and deliver results. I believe peacekeeping missions need to be more
efficient and effective to ensure they deliver a higher return on our investment.
President Trump has made that clear.
   If confirmed, I will work with the Department to strengthen and reform U.N.
peacekeeping and work to find efficient ways to address long-standing conflicts.
UNICEF
   Question. Earlier this year, the Trump Administration terminated more than $130
million for UNICEF calling into question the Administration’s support for UNICEF’s
work helping children globally. Will you commit to supporting UNICEF’s work to
combat child marriage and female genital mutilation?
   Answer. Supporting children and families strengthens the foundation of any soci-
ety. The Trump Administration has been clear on the importance of child protection,
education, and well-being. Investing in children is a proven strategy for ensuring
American security, solidifying American strength, and increasing American pros-
perity.
   The President, through an Executive Order, has ordered a review of U.S. partici-
pation in all international intergovernmental organizations of which the United
States is a member and provides funding or other support—including UNICEF. If
confirmed, I look forward to implementing the President’s orders and will support
U.S. participation in international organizations which advance American interests
with clarity and conviction.



       RESPONSE TO AN ADDITIONAL QUESTION FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
               TO TAMMY BRUCE BY SENATOR DAVID MCCORMICK

      Earlier this week, the U.N. Security Council delivered a 13–0 vote in favor
    of a U.S.-sponsored resolution endorsing President Trump’s 20-Point Peace
    Plan for Gaza. Even the New York Times hailed it as a ‘‘major break-
    through,’’ marking a pivotal diplomatic victory that reinforces American
                                        41
     leadership and influence at the United Nations. In his September address
     to the U.N. General Assembly, President Trump candidly critiqued the U.N.
     for falling short of its vast potential. Today, this outcome stands as concrete
     proof of what the United Nations can achieve when guided by strong Amer-
     ican leadership.
   Question. Ms. Bruce, how does the U.S. delegation to the U.N. intend to leverage
this moment to reassert American leadership at the U.N. and in what ways does
this resolution set a precedent for future U.S.-brokered peace initiatives at the
United Nations, particularly when facing divergent views among permanent Secu-
rity Council members?
   Answer. If confirmed, my top priority is to ensure U.S. leadership at the U.N. re-
flects the values and interests of the American people. That means advancing poli-
cies that protect our sovereignty, promote our security, and deliver results.
   President Trump has said that there have to be new ideas: the passage of U.N.
Security Council Resolution 2803 is a perfect example of that. Resolution 2803 dem-
onstrates the overwhelming support for President Trump’s vision for a stable Gaza
where Palestinians determine their own destiny, free from terrorist rule and vio-
lence.
   If confirmed, I will continue to build on this momentum to aggressively build
stronger, more vocal like-minded coalitions on key priorities, as well as promote
qualified Americans in leadership roles.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
                 TO TAMMY BRUCE BY SENATOR BRIAN SCHATZ

        Although there are valid arguments for the United Nations to operate
      more efficiently, it and its associated bodies are a venue for the United
      States to strategically engage with international partners to further our
      shared interests and values. The Trump Administration’s volatile relation-
      ship with international forums such as the United Nations complicates our
      ability to have a seat at the table.
   Question. If confirmed, what reforms or alternative approaches on increasing effi-
ciency of the United Nations would you pursue?
   Answer. My top priority is to ensure U.S. leadership at the U.N. reflects the val-
ues and interests of the American people. That means advancing policies that pro-
tect our sovereignty, promote our security, and deliver results.
   It also means aggressively advocating for international organizations to return to
their core mandates and founding purposes, eliminating redundant mandates, and
significantly streamlining the U.N. budget and staff footprint.
   If confirmed, my team and I will do everything we can to make sure other coun-
tries pay their fair share. I will work with allies and partners to ensure that bur-
den-sharing is not just a talking point, but a reality.
   Question. Are there any areas of the United Nations’ work that you would look
to enhance or expand?
   Answer. The U.N. is bloated, and reforms should result in a leaner organization
that directs resources to outcomes and not bureaucracy.
   For example, we need to bring common sense to the compensation and benefits
package for U.N. employees.
   Humanitarian assistance needs to be faster, leaner, and more accountable. This
could be achieved through coordinated procurement, shared logistics, and global/
country-level shared services to reduce duplication of effort.
   The human rights pillar is also rife with duplication. The U.N. should reduce the
number of mandate holders and Special Rapporteurs.
   Mandates should be created to solve problems, not live forever. When a mandate
has achieved its goal, it should conclude. This is not failure, this is success.
   If confirmed, I look forward to working with the talented team in New York to
make these goals a reality.
   Question. If so, which ones, and on what basis do you believe U.S. participation
is in the U.S. national interest?
   Answer. As President Trump has said, the U.N. has tremendous potential. There
has to be one place in the world where every nation can come together to talk. The
United Nations should be that forum, and under President Trump’s leadership, it
can be again.
                                         42
  UN bodies set standards for AI, civil aviation, space, telecommunications, and
international shipping. In these cases, the United States needs to be present to
block initiatives from China and other strategic competitors that promote authori-
tarian norms or undermine U.S. interests.
  If confirmed, I will work to keep globalist, multinational governments out of the
way of setting standards that impact American businesses and U.S. interests. I will
champion reforms to improve the transparency and effectiveness of the U.N. system
and continue to counter China’s influence through strong American leadership.
  Our first duty is to the American people to ensure taxpayer dollars are invested
wisely and effectively. If confirmed, I will work to hold the U.N. accountable and
advance our priorities.
   Question. Do you believe that U.N. aid to children and those in dire need around
the world is something the U.S. should continue to support?
   Answer. As Secretary Rubio has stated, the United States is the most generous
country in the world. However, the United States has carried a disproportionate
share of humanitarian assistance; a role that is not sustainable.
   If confirmed, I am committed to maintaining our influence in the U.N. system and
advancing U.S. interests to ensure our nation is safer, more secure, and more pros-
perous.
   The United States expects capable countries to increase their share of the burden
of life-saving foreign aid globally. If confirmed, I will prioritize these efforts.
   Question. If not, why do you believe that U.N. aid to children and those in dire
need around the world is not something the U.S. should continue to support?
   Answer. I recognize the critical nature of life-saving assistance, but the United
States has carried a disproportionate share of foreign assistance; a role that is not
sustainable.
   If confirmed, I will uphold the U.S. commitment to providing lifesaving aid while
advancing U.S. strategic priorities.
   The United States is not turning its back on people in need—rather it’s turning
its back on an antiquated system where the U.S. was the world’s bank and countries
were never held to account for the crises they cause and can control.
  Question. What impact will substantial reduction in our contributions to the U.N.
and its associated organizations have on U.S. influence at the UN?
  Answer. The United States has consistently paid more than any other country
into the U.N. system, and I will work to ensure that this contribution remains
aligned with our national interest.
  I will press for equitable burden sharing by engaging directly with other major
contributors and emerging economies to encourage them to take on greater responsi-
bility consistent with their economic capacity.
  Through active diplomacy, strategic alliances, and firm negotiating positions, I
will work to protect the interests of U.S. taxpayers and ensure that the U.N. re-
mains both effective and accountable.
  Question. Do you believe that U.N. peacekeeping operations are something the
U.S. should continue to fund?
  Answer. The United States has historically paid more than its fair share for
peacekeeping activities.
  Peacekeeping operations must adapt to meet the needs of the moment and deliver
results. I believe peacekeeping missions need to be more efficient and effective to
ensure they deliver a higher return on our investment. President Trump has made
that clear.
  If confirmed, I will work with the Department of State to reform U.N. peace-
keeping and work to find efficient ways to address long-standing conflicts.
  If confirmed, I am committed to evaluating all existing peacekeeping missions to
make those that should continue as efficient and effective as possible and to elimi-
nating missions that are no longer necessary.
  Question. If not, what are the alternatives that do not cause increased expendi-
tures or U.S. military deployments?
  Answer. UN peacekeeping can be a valuable tool in efforts to maintain inter-
national peace and security, but we must reform it. We must press the U.N. to re-
duce costs, demand accountability, and increase transparency.
  If confirmed, I will press for fairer burden sharing and to encourage all countries
to contribute more toward global peace and security.
                                         43
   I will also support efforts to make peacekeeping missions more efficient and re-
sults-driven so that available resources are used wisely and in ways that deliver
real impact.
   If confirmed, I will ensure the 25 percent cap on U.S. contributions to U.N. peace-
keeping is adhered to, as required by U.S. law.
         Due to their small size, most Pacific Island countries do not have embas-
      sies in Washington, DC, only U.N. missions, making that a crucial venue
      to engage these countries.
   Question. As a part of our security strategy in Asia, do you commit to using your
platform to fully engage the Pacific Island countries if confirmed?
   Answer. Yes. Doing so is both the right thing to do and advances American inter-
ests at the United Nations, as Pacific Island countries are often partners in key
U.N. votes and initiatives.
   Question. Climate change is an existential risk for some Pacific Island countries—
if confirmed, do you commit to partnering with these countries to help protect them
from destructive weather events and sea level rise, including through resilient port,
airfield, and other infrastructure, where it is in U.S. national security interest to
do so?
   Answer. I am committed to maintaining U.S. influence in the U.N. system and
advancing U.S. interests to ensure our nation is safer, stronger, and more pros-
perous. I will work with countries and partners where it is in the U.S. national se-
curity interest to do so.



        RESPONSE TO AN ADDITIONAL QUESTION FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
                  TO TAMMY BRUCE BY SENATOR JACKY ROSEN

         Support for the UN’s Lifesaving Work: In September, President Trump
      told the U.N. General Assembly that the United Nations only writes strongly
      worded letters and accused it of inaction. The Administration has also cele-
      brated historic cuts to critical U.N. programs, including over $800 million
      from peacekeeping operations and activities and more than $140 million in
      life-saving support for UNICEF, which is working to keep over 100 million
      children under the age of five from starvation.
   Question. If confirmed as Deputy Representative to the United Nations, how will
you ensure that the U.N. has the necessary support and resources to continue sav-
ing lives?
   Answer. My top priority is to ensure every U.S. taxpayer dollar spent at the U.N.
furthers U.S. interests. The American people deserve that. Other countries need to
pay more. The United States remains by far the largest funder of the U.N.—it is
time for other Member states to step up.
   If confirmed, my team and I will do everything we can to make sure other coun-
tries pay their fair share. I will work with allies and partners to ensure that bur-
den-sharing is not just a talking point, but a reality. I will work with other major
donors and our Management and Reform section to ensure that process efficiencies
target chronic bloat, without sacrificing services that are meant to save lives.
   The United States is not turning its back on people in need—rather it is turning
its back on an antiquated system where the United States was the world’s bank and
countries were never held to account for the crises they cause and can control.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
            TO RABBI YEHUDA KAPLOUN BY SENATOR JAMES E. RISCH

   Question. If confirmed, how will you use the resources available to you to respond
to the ongoing antisemitism at the UN? Is reforming the U.N. in this way possible?
   Answer. The United States will not tolerate the pervasive anti-Israel bias and
antisemitism at the U.N. The United States’s decision to halt all funding to
UNRWA, to withdraw from UNHRC and UNESCO, and to sanction U.N. Special
Rapporteur Francesca Albanese are important steps to show that the United States
will not be part of or support organizations or bodies where antisemitism thrives.
If confirmed, I will work closely with my counterparts at the U.S. Mission to the
United Nations and the Bureau of International Organizations to hold the U.N. ac-
countable.
                                          44
  Question. If confirmed, you will have an extremely broad mandate that is bol-
stered by President Trump’s bold statement that religious freedom is crucial to U.S.
national security. What will be your top priority to achieve this mandate?
  Answer. Among other approaches, we must work with foreign countries to help
ensure the safety and security of Jewish communities. We must: urge countries to
appoint national coordinators for countering antisemitism; promote education about
the Holocaust and the antisemitism that enabled it; and enact policies that protect
Jews from harm. Finally, we must urge foreign governments to increase resources
and training for law enforcement personnel to be able to identify, address—and,
wherever possible, prevent—antisemitic hate crimes.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
           TO RABBI YEHUDA KAPLOUN BY SENATOR JEANNE SHAHEEN

Condemning Anti-Semitism on the Political Right
   Question. You have been publicly critical of Democrats, claiming last year that
‘‘Unfortunately, right now, even in the halls of Congress, there are members who
believe that it is OK for Jews to be killed—for women to be raped, tortured, children
butchered, babies murdered in their cribs.’’ Do you commit to refraining from this
type of divisive rhetoric, if confirmed?
   Answer. I will be a voice to combat antisemitism everywhere regardless of the
source.
   Question. One of your fellow nominees has amplified social media posts that re-
ferred to Jews as ‘‘monkeys’’ and attempted to justify the October 7th attacks by
saying reports of sexual violence perpetuated by Hamas were ‘‘lies and deception’’.
Do you consider these statements to be anti-Semitic?
   Answer. Yes.
   Question. Will you publicly call out anti-Semitism wherever you see it, including
within the Trump Administration?
   Answer. I will be a voice to combat antisemitism everywhere regardless of the
source.
Personal Loan
   Question. In your 278 financial disclosure, you report a $100,000 loan from Mir-
iam Adelson that you are currently in the process of repaying with interest. Do you
commit to updating the Committee once the loan agreement has been fulfilled, and
engaging in meaningful consultations with career ethics lawyers at the State De-
partment to ensure this loan adheres to all ethics standards?
   Answer. I commit to complying with all ethical requirements applicable to my
role, if I am honored to be confirmed.
   Question. How will you ensure this loan and your close relationship with Adelson
family does not creat a conflict of interest or an appearance of a conflict of interest,
if confirmed?
   Answer. I commit to complying with all ethical requirements applicable to my
role, if I am honored to be confirmed.
   Question. For example, will you commit to refraining from work or advocacy as
Special Envoy that would benefit or appear to benefit the Adelson family?
   Answer. I commit to complying with all ethical requirements applicable to my
role, if I am honored to be confirmed.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
           TO RABBI YEHUDA KAPLOUN BY SENATOR DAVID MCCORMICK

       When I talk to my Jewish constituents in Pennsylvania, I often hear that
    they feel that the world is shrinking for them. The list of countries they can
    travel to where they feel safe wearing a kippah or otherwise outwardly iden-
    tifying as Jewish is becoming smaller and smaller. This trend is particu-
    larly stark in Europe. Frankly, some of the stories coming out of European
    cities, universities, and governments makes me feel like little has changed
    over the last few centuries.
                                         45
   Question. Rabbi Kaploun, you’ve been outspoken about the need for the U.S. Spe-
cial Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism to move beyond symbolism to
achieve tangible global results for the Jewish people. If confirmed, how would you
approach the role to ensure it effectively counters this latest surge of antisemitic
violence and discrimination, particularly in Europe?
   Answer. If confirmed, I would bring to bear the influence of the United States to
encourage governments in Europe and elsewhere to: (1) enhance measures to ensure
the physical safety of their Jewish communities; (2) allocate resources and provide
training to properly investigate and prosecute antisemitic hate crimes; and, most
importantly, (3) improve education to prevent antisemitism and other forms of ha-
tred.
   Question. What specific strategies do you intend to employ to effectively collabo-
rate with international partners and civil society institutions representing local Jew-
ish communities to address the rise of global antisemitism?
   Answer. First and foremost, if confirmed, I would consult closely with Jewish com-
munities to obtain their critical perspectives on what is taking place in their coun-
tries to inform my engagements with government officials. In addition, I would co-
ordinate with civil society organizations, special envoy counterparts in foreign coun-
tries, and other international partners to form robust coalitions to counter the ongo-
ing surge in global antisemitism.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
             TO RABBI YEHUDA KAPLOUN BY SENATOR BRIAN SCHATZ

        Europe has seen a sharp rise in antisemitism incidents over the past 2
     years—violence, harassment, and the mainstreaming of rhetoric that threat-
     ens Jewish safety and civic participation. Organizations like the U.N. Edu-
     cational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Organi-
     zation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), including its Office
     of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), have been essential
     partners in protecting Jewish communities, especially in countries where di-
     rect U.S. engagement is limited.
   Question. If confirmed, how do you plan to deepen U.S. engagement with these
international entities?
   Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with my counterparts at the U.S. Mission
to the United Nations, the Bureau of International Organizations, and the Bureau
of European and Eurasian Affairs to ensure that international organizations focus
on and are fit for their founding purpose: to promote international peace and secu-
rity. I am willing to work with any responsible governmental or international orga-
nization to promote education against antisemitism and other forms of hatred.
   Question. If confirmed, how will you ensure that these institutions remain reli-
able, proactive partners in combatting antisemitism—not just in moments of crisis
but in building long-term protections for Jewish communities?
   Answer. If confirmed, I will work with responsible international organizations
(IOs) and member states to fight hatred against Jews and threats against Jewish
communities. My door will be open. We will hold governments and IOs accountable.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
             TO RABBI YEHUDA KAPLOUN BY SENATOR JACKY ROSEN

       Addressing Global Antisemitism: As the co-founder and co-chair of the
    Senate Bipartisan Task Force for Combating Antisemitism, I take seriously
    my responsibility to fight against this hatred wherever it arises, and I am
    proud to have championed legislation that was signed into law to elevate the
    Special Envoy role to the rank of Ambassador. If confirmed, you will have
    a title commensurate with the enormous responsibility of your role: com-
    bating the rise of global antisemitism, which has skyrocketed since the Octo-
    ber 7th terrorist attack on Israel.
       I have had the honor of working collaboratively with Special Envoys from
    Republican and Democratic administrations and maintaining this bipar-
    tisan tradition is critical to the role’s success. If confirmed, I look forward
    to working with you to achieve our shared priorities.
                                          46
   Question. While it is also vital to address domestic antisemitism, the role you are
nominated for requires you to be singularly focused on combating the rise of global
antisemitism. Given this, do I have your commitment to focus the totality of your
work on the critical task of combating antisemitism that occurs outside our borders,
as the statute creating this position requires?
   Answer. If confirmed, I will fulfill my responsibilities consistent with the statutory
mandate to combat ‘‘anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement that occur in foreign
countries.’’
   I am grateful for the bicameral and bipartisan support Congress has shown for
the role of the Special Envoy and the mission of the SEAS office. If confirmed, I
pledge to work closely with you and the Senate and House Bipartisan Task Forces
for Combating Antisemitism.
   Question. Far-right antisemitism from the U.S. and Europe—particularly via net-
works like the Groypers and figures like Nick Fuentes—is spreading internationally,
influencing political parties in Germany, Hungary, Poland, and beyond. If con-
firmed, how will you confront far-right antisemitism when doing so may require
publicly challenging governments that our own administration considers political al-
lies?
   Answer. Antisemitism originates from all sides of the political spectrum and from
nearly every corner of the world. It must be condemned wherever and whenever it
appears.
   Question. Iran and its proxies have conducted assassination plots against Jews in
Europe, attempted synagogue burnings, and incited violence across the globe. Rus-
sia weaponizes antisemitic conspiracies in its propaganda operations. Islamist ex-
tremist networks spread anti-Jewish ideology and mobilize attacks. What is your
plan to confront these transnational, state-directed antisemitic threats, and how will
you work with allies to expose and disrupt foreign influence operations targeting
Jewish communities?
   Answer. I am alarmed by efforts of foreign malign actors including Iran to sponsor
antisemitic incidents abroad. If confirmed, I will strengthen efforts within the De-
partment of State and deepen cooperation with allies to identify and counter these
growing threats.
   Question. Global Guidelines for Combatting Antisemitism: Your predecessor, Am-
bassador Lipstadt, launched the Global Guidelines for Combating Antisemitism last
year. The guidelines provide governments, civil society organizations, and other
international bodies with a framework to formulate and advance policies to combat
antisemitism.
   Do you think the global guidelines can serve as a productive vehicle for combating
antisemitism outside of our borders, and will you commit to continuing their imple-
mentation if you are confirmed?
   Answer. The Global Guidelines for Countering Antisemitism provide structure
and guidance for effective policymaking. If confirmed, I will urge governments to en-
dorse this framework.
   Question. US Refugee Resettlement Program: For decades, the US has allowed
Iranian Jews and other religious minorities to escape persecution through the US
Refugee Resettlement program. President Trump banned entry of Iranian Jewish
refugees—and all other legal refugees—with his 90-day suspension of the resettle-
ment program, now in its 303rd day.
   Will you advocate for the resumption of resettlement for Iranian religious minori-
ties?
   Answer. Thank you for raising this important issue. I am deeply concerned by the
ongoing repression targeting Iran’s Jewish population and other religious minorities.
If confirmed, I will work with those in the administration who have responsibilities
for refugee issues to make sure that the concerns of vulnerable communities are
fully considered, and I will also work hard to hold the Iranian regime accountable.
   Question. If resettlement of Iranian religious minorities does not resume, how do
you think Iranian Jews will be affected when they face the highest levels of anti-
semitism in recent history?
   Answer. Again, thank you for this important question. As I have said, I am deeply
concerned by the ongoing repression targeting Iran’s Jewish population and other
religious minorities. If confirmed, I promise to monitor the safety of these vulnerable
communities and welcome your input should concerns come to your attention.
                                         47
        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
              TO DARRYL NIRENBERG BY SENATOR JAMES E. RISCH

   Question. Russian provocations have made it clear that European allies need to
develop new defenses against drones and other new offensive threats. How can the
U.S. and Romania work together to address this issue, and how can it benefit U.S.
efforts to develop our own Golden Dome air defense system to defend the homeland?
   Answer. Romania and the United States enjoy a strong bilateral defense partner-
ship and, as NATO Allies, are closely consulting in Brussels to adapt to offensive
threats. Through operations such as NATO’s Eastern Sentry, we are developing les-
sons learned on drone incursions—including those that have entered into or landed
on Romanian airspace and territory—and procuring new technologies to counter
these threats. U.S. industry continues to provide a range of integrated air defense
solutions to protect Romania’s sovereignty. Most recently, Romania and Poland pro-
cured and successfully tested the U.S.-made Merops counter-drone system, a key
technology used in Ukraine that has proven both deadly and effective. If confirmed,
I will continue to work with Romanian counterparts to successfully counter threats
from Unmanned Aerial Systems.
   Question. Romania has large gas reserves in the Black Sea, which can be ex-
tracted and used to support European energy security with the help of U.S. compa-
nies already working in the sector. How will you engage Romania on energy co-
operation to advance European energy security and support broader efforts to elimi-
nate dependence on Russian energy exports, especially in the vulnerable energy
market of South East Europe?
   Answer. Romania has been an excellent and longstanding partner on efforts to
move Europe away from Russian energy dependence. Thanks to our close coopera-
tion, U.S. companies have a leading role in helping develop Romania’s energy re-
sources, including nuclear and natural gas, to support greater regional energy secu-
rity. If confirmed, I will focus on continued development of Romania’s energy re-
sources so it can be a provider to European neighbors and will work to keep Amer-
ican technologies and companies at the front of the line. I will also continue to work
with Romania to champion efforts like the Vertical Corridor which will provide op-
portunities for U.S. LNG suppliers as well as provide alternatives to Russian gas
to the entire region.
   Question. Romania’s entry into the U.S. Visa Waiver Program was rescinded ear-
lier this year. How will you work with pertinent officials in the Romanian and U.S.
governments to address any outstanding issues and get them back on track to join
the program?
   Answer. Romania is a close partner on border security, law enforcement, and
counterterrorism. If confirmed, I will continue to deepen our cooperation on these
issues, in addition to ensuring that this Administration’s focus on border and immi-
gration security results in continued strengthening of the homeland. I understand
that Romania may be reconsidered for VWP designation in the future should they
meet the statutory eligibility criteria and will work closely with Department of
Homeland Security colleagues on addressing this aspiration.
   Question. Romania has been an outstanding partner both increasing its defense
spending and purchasing U.S. Military equipment. In addition, it has spent consid-
erable resources to upgrade facilities to host U.S. and NATO forces. What will you
do to ensure U.S. commitments to Romania are honored going forward?
   Answer. The United States remains fully committed to the U.S.-Romania strategic
partnership and will honor all defense obligations. Romania’s increased defense
spending—including on F–35s and M1A1 Abrams Tanks—military modernization,
and infrastructure investments will be met by continued U.S. military presence,
joint exercises, and delivery of advanced equipment such as the PATRIOT system
and HIMARS. High-level strategic consultations, such as the visit of Assistant Sec-
retary of War Zimmerman to Romania earlier this week, will ensure we are working
closely together on NATO and bilateral planning, reinforcing this vital partnership.
   Question. In light of the Department of War’s decision to withdraw a significant
portion of U.S. troop presence in Romania, how will you work to advance defense
cooperation and signal the U.S.’s continued commitment to bilateral security issues
and coordinate on Romania’s role in NATO strategic planning?
   Answer. The United States remains committed to Romania’s security regardless
of adjustments to troop rotations. Approximately 1,000 U.S. troops remain stationed
in Romania. We also continue to support Romania as it modernizes its military and
integrates into NATO initiatives like the European Sky Shield. If confirmed, I will
                                         48
work to ensure Romania’s strategic position on NATO’s Eastern Flank remains cen-
tral to regional defense planning, and that expanded facilities like Mihail
Kogǎlniceanu Air Base continue to serve as critical logistics hubs for NATO oper-
ations.
   Question. Romania’s national security strategy highlights cooperation with the
United States as a key pillar. How will you work to advance intelligence cooperation
between the U.S. and Romania, especially with regard to countering Russian threats
in the region?
   Answer. We have a strong strategic partnership with Romania across all domains,
including intelligence, and I intend to deepen this work across every area if con-
firmed. My approach will build on the close and collaborative relationships we have
built across the Romanian government and society and our work within NATO and
bilaterally to adapt to emerging threats.
   Question. How will you work to advance bilateral economic relations with Roma-
nia as well as Romania’s role in developing regional connectivity along the North-
South corridor from Southeast Europe to the Baltics?
   Answer. The United States is a key economic partner for Romania, and the
United States is the fourth largest investor. If confirmed, I will continue to support
efforts that balance trade, increase investment opportunities for American compa-
nies—especially those that create jobs in the United States—and ensure a level eco-
nomic playing field that showcases American excellence and ingenuity.
   In addition, I will continue to advocate for initiatives that build regional
connectivity to support U.S. economic and foreign policy goals. I will work to support
efforts such as protection of critical infrastructure, the advancement of the Vertical
Corridor, and the further development of digitalization with U.S expertise to achieve
greater regional connectivity. Senior Administration participation at the Three Seas
Initiative earlier this year demonstrates that building connectivity is a major pri-
ority.
  Question. Romania has been an outstanding partner both increasing its defense
spending and purchasing U.S. Military equipment. In addition, it has spent consid-
erable resources to upgrade facilities to host U.S. and NATO forces. What will you
do to ensure U.S. commitments to Romania are honored going forward?
  Answer. I am confident that under this Administration, Romania’s leadership as
a NATO Ally will continue to be met with sustained U.S. commitments. The United
States and Romania, along with other NATO Allies, conduct regular joint exercises
and leverage Romania’s upgraded facilities for NATO operations. If confirmed, I will
ensure Romania’s cooperation on defense corresponds with own commitments and
look forward to working to strengthen our shared defense goals.
   Question. Deepening ties between Russia and Iran pose significant risks for Ro-
mania, especially in light of Russian unmanned aerial systems (UAS) violations of
Romanian airspace and Iran’s significant development and production of UAS. How
will you engage with your Romanian counterparts to deny our shared adversaries
the means to produce UAS?
   Answer. The United States has and will continue to work closely with Romania
to counter drone threats through intelligence sharing, sanctions, and enhanced de-
fenses. Romania’s hosting of NATO and U.S. troops and of the Aegis Ashore ballistic
missile defense system helps our Alliance respond and deter to continued and
emerging threats to NATO airspace. If confirmed, I will strengthen cooperation
against our adversaries on defense industrial issues in addition to the other areas
of partnership which we enjoy.
       In the State Department’s 2025 Trafficking in Persons Report, Romania
     remained on Tier 2 despite increased efforts to enhance its anti-trafficking
     capacity. Among the areas of concern was negligence by relevant authorities,
     including the exploitation of children, elderly persons and persons with dis-
     abilities.
   Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps would you take to help Romania
operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the Trafficking in Per-
sons Report?
   Answer. The Romanian government has demonstrated improvement in anti-traf-
ficking efforts, including identifying more victims and adopting a new national ac-
tion plan and strategy to combat trafficking. However, trafficking remains a signifi-
cant problem in Romania, which is one of the primary source countries of human
trafficking in the EU.
                                         49
   I understand the U.S. Government works closely with Romania on law enforce-
ment, judiciary training, and victim assistance programs. The Department signed a
5-year Child Protection Compact Partnership earlier this month underscoring the
U.S.-Romania commitment on this issue. If confirmed, I will prioritize engaging
with the Romanian government and civil society actors to continue their efforts to
combat trafficking.
       In the State Department’s 2023 Report on International Religious Free-
     dom, Romania had concerning anti-Semitic incidents and discrimination
     against other minority groups, including the Greek Catholic Church.
   Question. What is your assessment of these issues, and if confirmed how will you
work with the Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom to support
religious freedom in-country?
   Answer. As State Department reporting demonstrates, concerning issues of anti-
semitism in Romania reflect a wider trend across Europe. One of the keys to ad-
dressing the issue is education, in which Romania has made great strides, including
by mandating education on the Holocaust in the national high school curriculum.
Construction of the long-delayed Romanian National Holocaust Museum would be
one powerful symbol of the government’s commitment to fighting antisemitism.
Once operational, the Museum will be an indispensable resource to advance edu-
cation. I am also encouraged by Romania’s membership in the Article 18 Alliance,
a group of governments including the United States, committed to cooperating in
the promotion of religious freedom globally. If confirmed, I look forward to working
with the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom to ensure the
annual IRF Report remains the gold standard metric of religious freedom conditions
around the world, including in Romania, and conveying to my Romanian counter-
parts President Trump’s clear message that ‘‘freedom of religion forms the founda-
tion of free Government.’’ I will also engage directly with religious leaders to build
mutual understanding and promote the resolution of problems.
   Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps will you take to help Romania in-
crease societal and governmental respect for religious freedom?
   Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to productive discussions with my Romanian
counterparts to convey President Trump’s clear message that ‘‘freedom of religion
forms the foundation of free Government.’’ I would welcome and facilitate engage-
ment on Romanian issues by the Ambassador at Large for International Religious
Freedom, the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism, and the Special
Envoy for Holocaust Issues.
       The State Department’s 2024 Country Report on Human Rights Practices
     in Romania noted ‘‘significant human rights issues included credible reports
     of restrictions on freedom of expression, and crimes, violence or threats of vi-
     olence motivated by antisemitism.’’
   Question. If confirmed, how will you lead your embassy staff to engage with civil
society to improve the human rights situation in Romania?
   Answer. Civil society is an important partner in providing insight into the human
rights conditions in Romania. If confirmed, I will ensure that U.S. Embassy staff
engage with a range of civil society groups representing a full spectrum of perspec-
tives on priority issues, including freedom of expression. Our discussions and find-
ings will be reflected in further Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, as
mandated by Congress.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
             TO DARRYL NIRENBERG BY SENATOR JEANNE SHAHEEN

U.S.-Romania Relations
  Question. Despite Romania’s exemplary support as a U.S. ally, the Pentagon
abruptly announced the withdrawal of some of our troops from Romania seemingly
with little notice or coordination. Do you concur that Romania is an exemplary ally
and do you support the continued presence of U.S. troops in Romania?
  Answer. As Ambassador Whitaker said following the decision, ‘‘The United States
remains committed to Romania—as a trusted NATO Ally, a vital strategic partner,
and a driving force for security in Europe.’’ He made clear ‘‘[T]he U.S. commitment
to NATO and Article 5 remains unchanged, and the United States continues to have
a strong combat presence in Romania of nearly 1,000 personnel.’’ This was re-
                                        50
affirmed by our mission at the U.N. which stated: ‘‘The U.S. commitment to Roma-
nia and its security remains ironclad and we commend Romania’s regional and
international leadership.’’
   Assistant Secretary for War Zimmerman visited Romania November 18, and the
Pentagon released a November 19 statement underscoring that U.S. posture deci-
sions are a reflection of NATO Allies’ tremendous progress in bolstering their own
defense and deterrence capabilities. The U.S. commitment to NATO and Article 5
remains unchanged, and the United States continues to have a strong and flexible
presence in Romania, including at Mihail Kogalniceanu Airbase, the U.S. Navy
Aegis Ashore Ballistic Missile Defense System hosted at Deveselu, and the Air Force
MQ–9 reapers at Campia Turzii Airbase. I am confident that our bilateral defense
relationship will continue to thrive, and will work to support the continued presence
of U.S. troops in Romania if confirmed.
   Question. The Department of Homeland Security revoked Romania’s eligibility for
the Visa Waiver Program just days before Romania’s Presidential election this year.
Do you view the Visa Waiver Program criteria as a technical process that should
require apolitical analysis?
   Answer. It is my understanding that the Department of Homeland Security re-
scinded Romania’s Visa Waiver Program designation in light of this Administra-
tion’s focus on border and immigration security. Romania remains a strong partner
on border security, law enforcement, and counterterrorism. If confirmed, I will con-
tinue to deepen our cooperation on these issues to ensure that this Administration’s
focus on border and immigration security results in continued strengthening of the
homeland.
   Question. Do you commit to reviewing the decision to revoke Romania’s participa-
tion in the visa waiver program, if confirmed?
   Answer. I understand that Romania may be reconsidered for VWP designation in
the future should they meet the statutory eligibility criteria and will work closely
with Administration leadership and Department of Homeland Security colleagues on
addressing this aspiration, if confirmed.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
             TO DARRYL NIRENBERG BY SENATOR DAVID MCCORMICK

        Mr. Nirenberg, in the explanatory statement accompanying the 2024 Na-
     tional Defense Authorization Act, the Secretary of State is directed to submit
     to Congress a strategy for working with NATO allies to deepen economic ties
     with, and strengthen economic and security assistance for, Black Sea states,
     including efforts to bolster democratic resilience.
   Question. If confirmed, what would be your vision for how the U.S. and our NATO
allies can strengthen energy security and economic cooperation with Romania to en-
hance our alliance and to mitigate the impact of economic coercion by Russia?
   Answer. The United States and Romania enjoy strong bilateral ties, and I look
forward to enhancing our energy security and economic cooperation if confirmed.
   Energy Secretary Wright and Interior Secretary Bergum recently met with Roma-
nia’s Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister and discussed energy security
and the strengthening of Romanian-American cooperation in the field of energy at
the regional level. As a sign of our growing cooperation, Secretary Wright and his
Romanian and other regional counterparts agreed on the importance of unlocking
the enormous potential of the Vertical Corridor to supply the region with natural
gas and diversify energy sources. Romania is also working with the United States
on continued steps to cut off Russian energy linkages, including complying with the
most recent sanctions on Lukoil. Romania has consistently allocated more than 2
percent of GDP on defense and is a security provider on the Black Sea, working
with other NATO Allies in the region to increase capabilities and deter Russia. If
confirmed, I will focus on continued development of Romania’s energy resources so
it can be a provider to European neighbors and will work to keep American tech-
nologies and companies at the front of the line and work to strengthen our bonds
and identify new opportunities to enhance cooperation against Russian coercion.
   Late last month it was widely reported that the Romanian Ministry of National
Defense was informed about the Department of War’s decision to cease the rotation
of a brigade of American troops deployed to Romania as part of the process of reas-
sessing the global posture of U.S. military forces.
                                         51
  Question. Mr. Nirenberg, in your view, how critical is a U.S. troop presence to the
U.S.-Romanian bilateral relationship especially given the ongoing war in neigh-
boring Ukraine as well as our own strategic interests in Black Sea security?
  Answer. As Administration leaders have recently stated, the United States re-
mains committed to Romania—as a trusted NATO Ally, a vital strategic partner,
and a driving force for security in Europe. Assistant Secretary for War Zimmerman
visited Romania November 18, and the Pentagon released a November 19 statement
underscoring that U.S. posture decisions reflect NATO Allies’ tremendous progress
in bolstering their own defense and deterrence capabilities. Romania’s success in
taking on a greater security burden frees U.S. forces to address other critical needs
around the world and demonstrates Romania’s strong contributions to Trump Ad-
ministration priorities. The U.S. commitment to NATO and Article 5 remains un-
changed, and the United States continues to have a strong and flexible presence in
Romania, including at Mihail Kogalniceanu Airbase, the U.S. Navy Aegis Ashore
Ballistic Missile Defense System hosted at Deveselu, and the Air Force MQ–9 reap-
ers at Campia Turzii Airbase. I am confident that our strong cultural, economic, and
security ties will continue, and look forward to supporting U.S. contributions to Ro-
mania’s military modernization and deterrence if confirmed.



        RESPONSE TO AN ADDITIONAL QUESTION FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
               TO DARRYL NIRENBERG BY SENATOR BRIAN SCHATZ

       The Romanian Parliament is currently considering amendments to its
    hate speech legislation that would better address antisemitism, in particular
    aiming to address the glorification of antisemitic Romanian figures from the
    World War II era.
  Question. If confirmed, how will you work with the government in Bucharest to
ensure continued progress in the fight against antisemitism in Romania?
  Answer. Combating antisemitism is a top priority for the Trump Administration.
As outlined in the U.S.-led Global Guidelines for Countering Antisemitism—which
Romania has endorsed—education, including Holocaust education, is an important
part of this effort. If confirmed, I will work to ensure tangible progress on the con-
struction of Romania’s National Holocaust Museum, which is critical to educating
the public against antisemitism and preventing Holocaust denial and distortion.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
               TO DARRYL NIRENBERG BY SENATOR JACKY ROSEN

       Protecting Romanian Democracy from Russian Interference: Romania is a
     critical NATO ally and EU partner that has faced a sustained campaign of
     Russian interference—ranging from information operations to direct med-
     dling in its canceled 2024 election, and again in this year’s electoral process.
   Question. How would you characterize the nature and scope of Russia’s inter-
ference in Romania’s elections and democratic institutions?
   Answer. The State Department’s 2024 Human Rights Report notes that the Ro-
manian Constitutional Court’s annulment of the first round of the country’s Presi-
dential election was criticized as political interference in an election and an undue
restriction on disfavored political speech of an unprecedented nature and severity.
   Romania is a strong NATO Ally and independent sovereign country. If confirmed,
I will ensure U.S. advocacy to Romanian authorities, media organizations, and civil
society groups encourages their own action and resilience against adversarial propa-
ganda and false information, while allowing full freedom of expression. I expect we
will continue to engage within NATO and bilaterally to anticipate and address
threats to our democracies, including hybrid threats and enemy propaganda, while
ensuring protection of rights of expression.
   Question. If confirmed, how would you lead our Embassy to help strengthen Ro-
mania’s democratic resilience and defend against continued Russian influence and
destabilization efforts?
   Answer. As Vice President Vance underscored in his speech at the Munich Secu-
rity Conference in February, the West should unite around its shared democratic
values by facilitating free speech, halting censorship efforts, and ceasing persecution
of political opponents.
                                          52
  The Vice President underscored to European leaders, ‘‘shutting down elections, or
shutting people out of the political process protects nothing. In fact, it is the most
surefire way to destroy democracy.’’ As he stated [d]emocracy rests on the sacred
principle that the voice of the people matters.’’ Healthy democracies should not fear
opposing perspectives.
  If confirmed, I will work closely to advance our shared bilateral strategic inter-
ests—including our growing defense, energy, and commercial partnerships. On Rus-
sia, the Administration is focused on bringing an end to the war in Ukraine. Sec-
retary Rubio has said this will require an extensive exchange of serious and realistic
ideas, and if confirmed, I would expect to consult with Romania as a close NATO
Ally to contribute to this effort.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
             TO DR. CHRISTOPHER YEAW BY SENATOR JAMES E. RISCH

   Question. In February, New START will expire. If confirmed, you will be the De-
partment’s lead for any future arms control negotiations and planning for what
comes after the treaty expires. What do you propose the future of arms control pol-
icy with Russia look like, and what should come after New START expires?
   Answer. President Trump has spoken repeatedly of addressing the threat nuclear
weapons pose to the world. It is important for future arms control arrangements to
take into consideration Russia’s non-strategic nuclear weapons and dangerous new
kinds of nuclear weapons, as well as China’s rapid and opaque nuclear weapons
buildup. Additionally, any follow on arms control agreement should be verifiable and
enforceable. The President will decide the path forward on nuclear arms control,
and we will work to implement his decision. If confirmed, I look forward to staying
in touch as U.S. arms control policy takes shape.
   Question. China’s rapidly expanding nuclear arsenal poses serious concerns for
our national security interests. As China races to nuclear parity with us, we have
no transparency into China’s nuclear programs. However, China has shown little in-
terest in negotiating arms control limits, and even suspended arms control talks last
year in protest over U.S. arms sales to Taiwan. If confirmed, how do you plan to
address Beijing’s continued refusal to come to the table on arms control talks?
   Answer. China has an obligation under NPT Article VI to pursue negotiations in
good faith on effective measures related to disarmament. If confirmed, I will work
to pursue rigorous compliance with this provision of the NPT. Furthermore, as I tes-
tified, it is critical to enhance the U.S. deterrence posture and the military capabili-
ties of U.S. allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific.
   Question. Will you commit to ensuring that we do not enter any new nuclear trea-
ty that constrains our nuclear arsenal and puts us at a disadvantage to Chinese nu-
clear forces?
   Answer. Given China’s nuclear weapons buildup, any new arms control treaty
must take into consideration the new tri-polar nuclear world. If confirmed, I commit
to ensuring that any future treaty does not erode the U.S. nuclear deterrent. I look
forward to staying in touch as U.S. arms control policy takes shape.
   Question. Our Indo-Pacific allies depend on the U.S. nuclear umbrella to counter
threats from China and North Korea. They are not only concerned by China’s rapid
nuclear buildup, but also North Korea’s plan to expand its already diverse nuclear
arsenal. How can the U.S. enhance extended deterrence in the Indo-Pacific to reas-
sure our allies in light of Chinese and North Korean aggression? Should the U.S.
return nuclear weapons to the Korean Peninsula to address the North Korean
threat?
   Answer. Pairing diplomatic assurances with a robust, modernized U.S. nuclear
force is key to enhancing extended deterrence and addressing threats from North
Korea and China. If confirmed, I will work to reassure our allies in the Indo-Pacific
that the U.S. commitment to their defense is unwavering. I will consult closely with
allies on options to enhance extended deterrence but also encourage them to take
on additional responsibilities to deter adversary aggression.
   Question. What do you understand ACN’s role to be in negotiations with Tehran
to prevent the pursuit or development of a nuclear weapon in Iran?
   Answer. President Trump has been clear that Iran must never acquire a nuclear
weapon. If confirmed, I look forward to working with the President’s national secu-
rity team to ensure that the resources and expertise of the ACN bureau are made
                                         53
available to support efforts to negotiate a deal that achieves the President’s objec-
tives.
   Question. The 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action from the Obama Adminis-
tration clearly failed to prevent Iran’s pursuit of a nuclear weapon. Fortunately,
President Trump’s decision to destroy Iranian nuclear facilities in June 2025 reflects
his leadership and commitment to peace through strength. In your professional
opinion, what were the key flaws from the JCPOA?
   Answer. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) failed to guarantee the
security of the American people, in part because it did not permanently address the
threat posed by Iran’s nuclear activities. In particular, the deal included sunset pro-
visions on key limits related to Iran’s uranium enrichment-related activities. It also
failed to address Iran’s destabilizing regional conduct, its continued development
and proliferation of ballistic missiles, its support for armed militants and proxies,
and its treatment of U.S. and foreign dual-national citizens.
   Question. What, if anything, can be done differently to make future negotiations
successful?
   Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to working with the President’s national se-
curity team to ensure that the resources and expertise of the ACN bureau are made
available to support efforts to negotiate a deal that achieves the President’s objec-
tive to ensure that Iran never acquires a nuclear weapon. I will use all counterpro-
liferation and diplomatic tools at my disposal to put pressure on the regime and
slow down its sensitive programs.
   Question. If confirmed, will you commit to provide fulsome and timely responses
to congressional inquiries related to Iran nuclear negotiations?
   Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I commit to working to ensure timely and complete re-
sponses to Congress, as appropriate.
   Question. What do you understand ACN’s role to be in the next steps for civilian
nuclear cooperation with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia?
   Answer. ACN leads the negotiation and implementation of all 123 agreements on
behalf of the Secretary of State. ACN’s role for civilian nuclear cooperation with
Saudi Arabia should be to take the lead in completing the negotiations and the
steps required to sign and bring the agreement into force through coordinating final
Presidential review and authorization, as well as the required congressional review
process.
   Question. How would you respond to concerns about proliferation if Saudi Arabia
acquires civilian nuclear technology before normalizing relations with Israel?
   Answer. I understand that both the United States and Saudi Arabia are focused
on advancing peaceful nuclear cooperation in a manner consistent with our mutual
commitment to nuclear nonproliferation, safety, and security, which should be true
regardless of the status of efforts to normalize relations with Israel. Saudi Arabia
is a party to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and has an IAEA Comprehensive
Safeguards Agreement in force. Saudi Arabia is obligated to never acquire nuclear
weapons and to apply IAEA safeguards to all peaceful nuclear activities. If con-
firmed, I would seek to ensure these obligations are implemented and adhered to.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
            TO DR. CHRISTOPHER YEAW BY SENATOR JEANNE SHAHEEN

Nuclear Arms Control
  Question. Do you agree that we should continue observing the limits of New
START?
  Answer. The President will decide the path forward on nuclear arms control, in-
cluding on New START, which he will clarify on his own timeline. It is important
for future arms control arrangements to take into consideration Russia’s non-stra-
tegic nuclear weapons and dangerous new kinds of nuclear weapons, as well as Chi-
na’s rapid and opaque nuclear weapons buildup.
  Question. What leverage can the U.S. pursue related to nuclear arms control ef-
forts with Russia to get meaningful restrictions in place?
  Answer. The United States should approach nuclear arms control efforts from a
position of strength. That means ensuring a safe, secure, and credible deterrent that
can effectively constrain adversarial actions. Pairing verifiable and enforceable arms
                                         54
control efforts with a modernized, robust nuclear force is essential to making Amer-
ica safer, stronger, and more prosperous.
  Question. Do you commit to work to ensure that this Committee is fully briefed
and informed on the new Bureau’s functions and plans for arms control?
  Answer. If confirmed, yes, with the understanding that any such engagement
would be organized with the Department’s Bureau of Legislative Affairs and con-
ducted in accordance with long-standing Department and executive branch practice.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
             TO DR. CHRISTOPHER YEAW BY SENATOR BRIAN SCHATZ

   Question. Is the current U.S. North Korea policy working?
   Answer. Yes. The United States is committed to the denuclearization of North
Korea.
   Question. If not, how should we modify our approach to best protect U.S. national
security interests?
   Answer. As I said, our policy is working and the United States is committed to
the denuclearization of North Korea. It is important to make clear to the DPRK that
its escalatory behavior has consequences. The United States will draw on all instru-
ments of national power to deter aggression and to counter provocations and other
dangerous and destabilizing actions. The DPRK must also understand that the only
viable path forward is through diplomacy.
   Question. If confirmed, how would you, including by working with your counter-
parts at the Department of Defense, help improve U.S. deterrence efforts to main-
tain Indo-Pacific regional stability?
   Answer. If confirmed, I will work with my counterparts in the Department of De-
fense to reassure allies and partners that the United States stands shoulder to
shoulder with them. Pairing this diplomatic assurance with a modernized, robust
nuclear force is essential to enhancing extended deterrence and maintaining peace
and stability in the Indo-Pacific. I will also work with my counterparts to encourage
U.S. allies to take on additional responsibilities and share more of the burden in
deterring adversary aggression.
   Question. What efforts should we pursue with Japan, South Korea, Australia, and
others, to support U.S. security goals in the region?
   Answer. If confirmed, I will work with my counterparts in the Department of De-
fense to reassure allies and partners that the United States stands shoulder to
shoulder with them. Pairing this diplomatic assurance with a modernized, robust
nuclear force is essential to enhancing extended deterrence and maintaining peace
and stability in the Indo-Pacific. I will also work with my counterparts to encourage
U.S. allies to take on additional responsibilities and share more of the burden in
deterring adversary aggression.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
           TO DR. CHRISTOPHER YEAW BY SENATOR CHRIS VAN HOLLEN

   Question. President Trump recently announced his intention to resume ‘‘nuclear’’
testing, in response to other countries allegedly doing so. Do you understand this
to mean nuclear weapons or nuclear weapon delivery systems? If ‘‘weapons,’’ please
explain the reason for upending decades of restraint between the U.S. and Russia.
   Answer. The President said the United States would test nuclear weapons ‘‘on an
equal basis’’ with other countries. The United States is not upending restraint by
responding equally to what others have already done.
   Russia, in particular, has not shown restraint. In June 2019, the Defense Intel-
ligence Agency reported that ‘‘Russia has conducted nuclear weapons tests that have
created nuclear yield.’’ Annual Department of State arms control compliance reports
since 2019 have noted U.S. concerns about both China’s and Russia’s adherence to
their respective nuclear testing moratoria.
   Question. President Trump said Russia’s proposal to continue adhering to the New
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty’s (New START) core tenets sounded like a good
idea, but no further action has been taken, nor official response been given. If the
                                         55
treaty expires in February 2026, the United States would for the first time since
1991 have no mutual restraint with Russia on strategic weapons. What is this ad-
ministration’s posture on New START, and what steps will you take to bring Russia
back to the table for an agreement?
  Answer. President Trump has spoken repeatedly of addressing the threat nuclear
weapons pose to the world. It is important for future arms control arrangements to
take into consideration Russia’s non-strategic nuclear weapons and dangerous new
kinds of nuclear weapons, as well as China’s rapid and opaque nuclear weapons
buildup. Additionally, any follow on arms control agreement should be verifiable and
enforceable. The President will decide the path forward on nuclear arms control, in-
cluding on New START, which he will clarify on his own timeline. If confirmed, I
look forward to staying in touch as U.S. arms control policy takes shape.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
              TO BERNARDO NAVARRO BY SENATOR JAMES E. RISCH

   Question. What are your views on the potential for Chinese involvement in Peru’s
critical infrastructure undermining their ability to make sovereign decisions?
   Answer. China increasingly employs economic coercion and political pressure
against governments across Latin America and the Caribbean, viewing the region
as crucial for access to critical materials, as a market for its exports, and as a back
door to the U.S. market. Peru is no exception.
   If confirmed, I will advocate for U.S. industry as the best alternative to Chinese
coercion. Our companies are the best resourced, utilize the latest technologies, and
operate with the highest-quality standards and practices. They are ready to help
Peru strengthen its own economy.
   Question. Should the U.S. be concerned about Chinese sole-ownership and oper-
ation of a deep-water port in Peru, and how can we work with Peru to reduce those
concerns?
   Answer. China’s economic expansion via companies controlled or influenced by the
Chinese Communist Party poses risks to U.S. national security and prosperity. The
port at Chancay—Peru’s only privately owned, public use port—is now a vulner-
ability for Peru’s national security as well. The United States encourages Peru to
closely oversee operations at Chancay to preserve its own sovereignty. If confirmed,
I will work closely with the Peruvian government to protect U.S. and Peruvian na-
tional security. In addition, I will advocate for American companies investing in
Peru’s ports, such as the Blackrock-backed expansion of Peru’s Matarani port.
   Question. What measures can Peru take to significantly reduce cocaine production
within their territory?
   Answer. Peru remains the second largest producer of cocaine in the world, fol-
lowing Colombia. Illicit profits from drug trafficking can corrupt democratic institu-
tions, leading to impunity and injustice. I encourage Peru to take a comprehensive
approach to combating narco-trafficking and related crimes. Peru should continue
to support efforts to eradicate illicit coca, interdict narcotics, control precursor
chemicals, improve criminal investigation, and aggressively prosecute money laun-
dering and financial crimes. The State Department’s aviation and other counter-
narcotics programs in Peru, provide valuable support in this area.



        RESPONSES TO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
             TO BERNARDO NAVARRO BY SENATOR JEANNE SHAHEEN

  Question. Do you commit to providing the Committee with updates related to the
two cases against your company that are currently on appeal if there is an update
or resolution?
  Answer. Yes.
  Question. Do you commit to prioritizing efforts to support democracy and anti-cor-
ruption in Peru, including through U.S. programming and assistance?
  Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the Peruvian government, congress, and
relevant stakeholders including civil society to support Peru’s efforts to uphold the
rule of law and address transnational criminal activity. In collaboration with the Pe-
ruvian government and using the resources available to me, I will ensure we defend
                                         56
our shared values, strengthen our bilateral relationship, and support regional sta-
bility.
  Question. Given that Peru is also a leading exporter of critical minerals, how can
we advance cooperation on critical minerals while holding the Peruvian government
accountable for corruption?
  Answer. As one of the world’s most resource-rich nations, Peru’s large critical
mineral reserves are essential to boosting the United States’ dominance in artificial
intelligence, cutting-edge defense capabilities, and energy. The United States cannot
continue to depend on adversarial nations to source critical minerals. If confirmed,
I will support regional efforts to elevate the United States as the global power lead-
ing the critical mineral industry, while working with Peru to counter the corrupting
and destabilizing influence of dangerous illegal mining groups.



        RESPONSE TO AN ADDITIONAL QUESTION FOR THE RECORD SUBMITTED
               TO BERNARDO NAVARRO BY SENATOR BRIAN SCHATZ

   Question. The termination of U.S. Agency for International Development assist-
ance to Peru under the Trump Administration has left severe gaps in longstanding
efforts to address governance challenges and regional stability.
   If confirmed, what will you prioritize for U.S. foreign policy objectives in Peru?
   Answer. As we celebrate 200 years of diplomatic relations next year, it’s impor-
tant to look to the future of our relationship and pursue a partnership that makes
America safer, stronger, and more prosperous. If confirmed, my top priority will be
to advance American interests by furthering our ongoing work to stop illegal immi-
gration, counter Chinese-influence, stem the flow of drugs, combat transnational
crime, and support U.S. commercial interests and Americans residing in or visiting
Peru.
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