Key Considerations for Agencies Returning Employees to Workplaces during Pandemics (GAO-20-650T)
Summary
GAO testimony, GAO-20-650T, before the Subcommittee on Government Operations of the House Committee on Oversight and Reform on June 25, 2020. It is the statement of J. Christopher Mihm, Managing Director, Strategic Issues, on key considerations for federal agencies returning employees to workplaces during pandemics. It states that the challenges from the COVID-19 global outbreak present critical workforce issues for federal agencies to assess and address. Drawing on GAO's prior work on pandemics and human capital, it says agencies should consider a range of factors to carry out their missions while protecting their workforce.
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United States Government Accountability Office
Testimony
Before the Subcommittee on
Government Operations, Committee on
Oversight and Reform, House of
Representatives
FEDERAL WORKFORCE
For Release on Delivery
Expected at 10:00 a.m. ET
Thursday, June 25, 2020
Key Considerations for
Agencies Returning
Employees to Workplaces
during Pandemics
Statement of J. Christopher Mihm, Managing Director,
Strategic Issues
GAO-20-650T
June 25, 2020
FEDERAL WORKFORCE
Key Considerations for Agencies Returning
Employees to Workplaces during Pandemics
Highlights of GAO-20-650T, a
testimony before the Subcommittee on
Government Operations, Committee
on Oversight and Reform, House of
Representatives
Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found
Federal employees perform critical
functions across multiple mission The rapidly escalating challenges from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-
areas, from those vital to the long-term 19) global outbreak present critical workforce issues for federal agencies to
well-being of the country to those assess and address. GAO’s prior work on pandemics and human capital issues
directly charged with aspects of public has shown that agencies should consider a range of factors to carry out their
safety. Major emergencies, such as the missions while protecting their workforce and the members of the public with
COVID-19 pandemic, can pose threats whom they interact.
to employees’ safety and conditions
may ebb and flow over an extended Key considerations for federal workers’ reentry to workplaces. As federal
period. During these situations, federal agencies manage operations during the COVID-19 pandemic and plan for their
agencies have a responsibility to employees to safely return to workplaces, GAO’s prior work has shown that it is
provide an environment for employees important for agencies to identify mission essential functions that cannot be
to perform their jobs safely and performed remotely when deciding who needs to return to the office. Agencies
effectively. should also consider the exposure risk level and local conditions when deciding
whether to reopen offices across the country. To protect employees as they
This statement provides (1) key
reenter the workforce, it will be important for agencies to have appropriate
considerations based on GAO’s prior
work for federal agencies as federal protection measures in place. For example, agencies should consider how they
workers reenter the workplace; (2) an can ensure adequate distribution of hygiene supplies. They should also consider
illustrative example of how the Census changes to the work environment to reduce workplace hazards, and implement
Bureau was forced to suspend major social distancing strategies.
Decennial Census field operations and How the Census Bureau decided to resume Decennial Census operations.
the process it used to resume The U.S. Census Bureau offers an example of how an agency suspended and
operations; and (3) key practices for
resumed operations under the current pandemic. In March 2020, the U.S.
ensuring telework contributes to
Census Bureau suspended field operations of the Decennial Census and took a
continuity of operations. This statement
is based on a large body of GAO work
phased approach to resuming operations at its area census offices. As of June
on pandemic preparedness, reviews of 11, all area census offices had resumed operations. Key aspects of resuming
the Decennial Census, and federal operations at area census offices included: (1) taking a phased approach to
human capital management issued restarting operations, such as resuming operations that required less physical
from July 2003 through June 2020. interaction first; (2) making operational changes to minimize face-to-face
interactions; (3) addressing worker safety concerns; and (4) communicating
pandemic plans to ensure continued operations.
Key practices for ensuring telework contributes to continuity of operations.
Several key practices GAO previously identified are useful for agencies to help
ensure telework contributes to continuity of operations during the current
pandemic and in the future. Specifically, agencies should consider based on their
current experiences whether: (1) their policies and guidance related to telework
are sufficient to ensure that their workforces are telework ready and balances are
struck between employees’ personal circumstances and work responsibilities; (2)
the extent to which their telework infrastructure, including technical support and
security, is adequate to support increased telework; (3) procedures and
standards are in place that ensure telework does not diminish organizational and
employee performance; and (4) the processes, procedures, and tracking systems
to collect data provide the information needed to evaluate the use of telework.
These assessments will assist agencies in considering broader changes to their
View GAO-20-650T. For more information, policies and procedures related to telework as employees are called back to their
contact J. Christopher Mihm at (202) 512-6806
or MihmJ@gao.gov and Michelle Rosenberg duty stations.
at (202) 512-6806 or RosenbergM@gao.gov.
United States Government Accountability Office
Letter Letter
Chairman Connolly, Ranking Member Hice, and Members of the
Subcommittee:
I am pleased to be here today to discuss how our previous work on
pandemics, the 2020 Decennial Census and federal telework, may inform
key decisions by federal agencies as they plan to safely return federal
employees to their official duty stations. In the event of emergencies
including the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic,
federal employees responsible for supporting their agencies’ mission
essential functions are expected to continue their work in order to sustain
agency operations.
Federal employees perform functions across a multitude of mission
areas, from those vital to the long-term well-being of the country—such as
environmental protection, intelligence, social work, and financial
services—to those directly charged with aspects of public safety—
including corrections, airport and aviation safety, medical services, border
protection, and agricultural safety. The rapidly escalating challenges from
the COVID-19 global outbreak present critical workforce issues for federal
agencies to assess and address. Major emergencies, such as the
COVID-19 pandemic, can pose threats to employees’ safety and
hazardous conditions may ebb and flow over an extended period. Federal
agencies have a responsibility to provide an environment for employees
to perform their jobs safely and effectively.
This statement provides (1) key considerations for federal agencies as
federal workers reenter the workplace; (2) an illustrative example of how
the Census Bureau (Bureau) was forced to suspend major Decennial
Census field operations and the process it used to resume operations;
and (3) key practices for ensuring telework contributes to continuity of
operations and lessons learned for telework to inform opportunities going
forward.
We have recently initiated reviews of federal agencies’ use of telework
and continuity of operations (COOP) plans in response to the COVID-19
pandemic. 1 As part of that work, we plan to assess how agencies
incorporate the key considerations and practices we have identified
related to pandemic preparedness and telework. We also plan to review
the successes and challenges agencies experienced managing
1These reviews are being conducted as part of our work in response to GAO’s oversight
responsibilities under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES
Act), Pub. L. No. 116-136, § 19010, 134 Stat. 281, at 579-81 (2020).
Page 1 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
operations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, including lessons learned
and planned changes to better prepare agencies for the future.
This statement is based on our body of work on pandemic preparedness,
federal human capital management, and reviews of the Decennial
Census issued primarily between July 2003 and June 2020. 2 More
detailed information on our objectives, scope, and methodology for that
work can be found in the issued reports.
We conducted the work on which this statement is based in accordance
with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards
require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate
evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions
based on our audit objectives. We believe the evidence obtained provides
a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit
objectives.
We have previously reported on how federal agencies were planning to
Key Considerations protect their federal workers during a pandemic, as well as lessons
for Federal Workers’ learned from the H1N1 pandemic, the most recent pandemic experienced
by our nation prior to COVID-19. 3 Based on these lessons, and further
Reentry to informed by more recent events, we have identified key issues for federal
Workplaces agencies to consider as their employees reenter the workplace. 4
2GAO, 2020 Census: COVID-19 Presents Delays and Risks to Census Count,
GAO-20-551R (Washington, D.C.: June 9, 2020); Influenza Pandemic: Agencies Report
Progress in Plans to Protect Federal Workers but Oversight Could Be Improved,
GAO-12-748 (Washington, D.C.: July 25, 2012); Emergency Preparedness: Agencies
Need Coordinated Guidance on Incorporating Telework into Emergency and Continuity
Planning, GAO-11-628 (Washington, D.C.: July 22, 2011); Influenza Pandemic: Lessons
from the H1N1 Pandemic Should Be Incorporated into Future Planning, GAO-11-632
(Washington, D.C.: June 27, 2011); Influenza Pandemic: Increased Agency Accountability
Could Help Protect Federal Employees Serving the Public in the Event of a Pandemic,
GAO-09-404 (Washington, D.C.: June 12, 2009); and Human Capital: Further Guidance,
Assistance, and Coordination Can Improve Federal Telework Efforts, GAO-03-679
(Washington, D.C.: July 18, 2003).
3GAO-12-748; GAO-11-632; GAO-09-404.
4We drew these key considerations from surveys we conducted with the 24 agencies
covered by the Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990 in 2012 and 2009. Those surveys
provided an overview of governmentwide influenza pandemic preparedness efforts.
(GAO-12-748 and GAO-09-404).
Page 2 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
Maintain Continuous Agencies should maintain continuous communication with employees,
Communication with and their representatives, during a pandemic. In particular, agencies
should identify employee concerns and communicate human capital
Employees
guidance such as pay, leave, staffing, and other human capital flexibilities
to employees to help to ensure the continuity of agencies’ operations and
mission essential functions. It is important that employees understand the
policies and requirements of their agencies, and the alternatives, such as
telework, that may be available to them. Continuous communication will
also help agencies to provide real-time information to employees as
conditions evolve.
Identify Mission-Essential Employees who must work onsite during a pandemic will face varying
Functions and Employees, levels of exposure risk. The level of risk depends, in part, on whether or
not they will be in close proximity to people potentially infected with the
and Classify Their
virus. As a first step, it is important that agencies identify mission
Exposure Risk Level essential functions that cannot be performed remotely, as well as the
related number of employees who will perform those functions and their
risk of exposure. Agencies should consider how they will continue to
update their determinations and monitor the associated risks, as these
factors could affect decisions on reentry as conditions evolve.
Make Decisions about It is important for federal agencies to factor-in local conditions of the
Reentry Based on Local pandemic at the component and facility level in their determinations
regarding workforce reentry rather than applying across-the-board
Conditions decisions based on agencies’ headquarters locations. 5 Agencies should
consider making decisions about reentry, including precautions and
safeguards agencies take, based on the local prevalence of the pandemic
at each site. As agencies consider local conditions for reentry, they
should share information and cooperate with other agencies located in
the same area. These reentry decisions could change over time as the
pandemic progresses, such as if there is a second or third wave of
outbreaks. 6 It is important that agencies’ plans to protect their workforce
for a pandemic are operational at all levels of the organization; particularly
for those workers who have to perform mission-essential functions onsite.
5Components refer to subordinate entities of departments, such as component agencies,
field or regional offices, or other operating divisions.
6GAO, Science & Tech Spotlight: CORONAVIRUSES, GAO-20-472SP (Washington, D.C.:
Mar. 3, 2020).
Page 3 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
Have Appropriate To protect employees as they reenter their workplaces, agencies should
Protection Measures in have appropriate protection measures in place, by exposure risk level.
For example, an agency could make changes to the work environment to
Place to Protect
reduce workplace hazards, such as by installing sneeze guards as a
Employees barrier between employees who must have frequent contact with other
employees or the public. Additionally, an agency could provide personal
protective equipment (PPE), such as surgical masks, gloves, and N-95
respirators, to employees which, if used correctly, can help prevent some
exposures.
Agencies will want to ensure that they have an adequate supply of
hygiene supplies, such as hand sanitizers, and a plan for distributing
those supplies within the agency. Some basic hygiene precautions, such
as encouraging employees to wash their hands or use a hand sanitizer
after they cough, sneeze, or blow their noses, can be implemented in
every workplace. Agencies will also want to provide supplemental
cleaning programs for common areas.
Implement Social Avoiding crowded settings through social distancing strategies is one of
Distancing Strategies the best ways to prevent infection during an influenza pandemic. 7
Agencies can implement various social distancing strategies to avoid
situations that increase workers’ risk of exposure to a pandemic virus. For
those functions that can be performed remotely, agencies may consider
maximizing the use of telework, which is discussed in greater detail later
in this statement.
Other strategies agencies should consider include avoiding unnecessary
travel, restricting in-person meetings and gatherings, and allowing flexible
schedules to reduce the number of employees in the building at the same
time. Agencies should also consider workplace reconfiguration (such as
building walls or partitions between workstations), office-specific protocols
(such as limiting personal contacts among staff), and making decisions
about reopening office fitness and childcare centers as part of separate
risk-based decision processes.
7Social distancing is a technique used to minimize close contact among persons in public
places, such as work sites and public areas, with the intent of reducing the rate of
transmission of infectious diseases. COVID-19 has brought social distancing practices to
the forefront worldwide as a means of controlling local spread of the disease. GAO,
Science & Tech Spotlight: Social Distancing During Pandemics, GAO-20-545SP
(Washington, D.C., May 13, 2020).
Page 4 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
Establish Protocols to When medical countermeasures—such as antivirals and vaccines—are
Prioritize and Distribute developed, it will be important for agencies to decide the extent to which
these countermeasures will be provided to employees. 8 In cases where
Antivirals and Vaccines
countermeasures are going to be provided to employees, agencies
should consider actions necessary to procure them, and establish clearly-
defined, well-documented, and consistently-applied protocols to prioritize
and allocate their distribution.
The Bureau presents an illustrative example on continuity of operations
Decennial Census— and decision making for resumption of operations. The Bureau has both
Considerations Made permanent staff in headquarters and a large local field infrastructure of
248 Area Census Offices (ACO) with short-term staff to implement the
as Area Offices decennial census.
Resume Field
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a
Operations pandemic, just a day before invitations to respond to the 2020 Census
were scheduled to arrive in mailboxes across the country, and as peak
census operations were set to begin. In March and April 2020, the Bureau
suspended operations until June 1 and extended key operations. Since
that time, the Bureau announced it would resume operations at additional
ACOs each week, and as of June 11 all ACOs had resumed operations.
Key aspects of reopening Bureau ACOs included (1) a phased approach
to resuming operations, (2) operational changes in response to
challenges related to COVID-19, (3) addressing worker safety concerns,
(4) communicating pandemic plans to ensure continued operations, and
(5) contingency planning for risks.
Phased Approach to The Bureau took a phased approach to resuming operations at its ACOs.
Resuming Operations To make these decisions, the Bureau considered multiple factors
including whether the state in which each ACO was located had begun
phased reopening, whether data on federally established health criteria
supported the decision to restart, and whether the Bureau could meet the
safety needs of ACO employees and the public. In our late May survey of
ACO managers, responses on the Bureau’s efforts to reopen offices
varied. For example, 66 percent of ACO managers responding to our late
May survey reported satisfaction with the process of recalling office staff,
8Medical countermeasures for use during a pandemic may include vaccines, antiviral
drugs, personal respirators, and diagnostic tests. Vaccine, considered the first line of
defense against a virus, is used to stimulate the production of an immune system
response to protect the body from disease. Antiviral drugs are medications that can
prevent or reduce the severity of a viral infection.
Page 5 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
68 percent with readiness to conduct field operations, and 75 percent with
readiness to conduct office operations.
Operations resumed in a phased manner not only by office, but also by
function. As the Bureau resumed operations, it was able to resume
operations that required less physical interaction, such as Update Leave,
in which field staff deliver questionnaires to homes that might not receive
mail delivered to their doors. Operations that require interviewing
residents, such as Non-Response Follow Up, were delayed until August.
Operational Changes to The Bureau has also made a number of changes to its 2020 Census
Maintain Social Distance operations to minimize face-to-face interactions. The Bureau modified its
Update Leave operation, directing field staff to update the addresses by
in Response to
observation when delivering a questionnaire, instead of knocking on
Challenges Related to doors to speak with residents.
COVID-19
To reduce in-person contact for the Group Quarters operation, which
enumerates facilities such as prisons, nursing facilities, and college
dormitories, Bureau officials told us they were contacting facilities to
encourage them to shift from in-person enumeration to electronic
responses. In late April, the Bureau also authorized its ACOs to call those
facilities that had previously opted to respond by providing a paper listing
of residents. Census staff asked the facilities to mail the listing back to the
ACO rather than having the ACO send staff to pick up the paper listing.
Addressing Worker Safety The Bureau stated that it will coordinate with federal, state, and local
Concerns health officials to put appropriate protocols and procedures in place and
ensure adequate PPE and cleaning supplies. In early May, the Bureau
announced that it had ordered this equipment for all field staff and that
these materials would be secured and provided before resumption of
operations.
Bureau officials told us they are distributing PPE and cleaning supplies to
its 248 ACOs on a rolling basis, prioritizing delivery to those ACOs that
were resuming major field operations, such as Update Leave. In our late
May survey, ACO manager satisfaction was relatively high regarding PPE
for staff conducting Update Leave (66 percent), the largest field operation
being conducted at the time. In contrast, managers at that time reported
some of their lowest satisfaction rates when asked about PPE adequacy
for their office and field workers more generally (34 and 43 percent,
respectively).
Page 6 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
ACO managers reported higher satisfaction in late May than in early April
with their ACO’s ability to safely manage employees and operations
during the pandemic (increasing from 55 to 65 percent on average across
three questions on this topic). Despite this increase in confidence,
managers expressed concerns regarding worker safety in open-ended
comments. For example, in late May managers expressed concerns
regarding how fingerprinting of large numbers of staff—necessary to fulfill
the census mission—could be conducted safely under conditions of social
distancing. In addition, more than 15 comments in early April and 11 in
late May expressed concerns about the ability of the ACO management
teams to telework. These included concerns about the inadequate
number of laptops and who was expected to report to their local office.
Communicating Pandemic The Bureau created a COVID-19 Internal Task Force to create a
Plans to Ensure Continued communications plan and appropriate workforce flexibilities. The Bureau
sent emails to regional staff with updated information on delaying field
Operations
operations and prepared documents to answer questions about the
delays, office operating status, payroll, hiring, and training.
Responses to our surveys of ACO managers highlighted the need for the
Bureau to ensure open lines of communications. Between early April and
late May, respondent satisfaction increased regarding the timeliness and
clarity of Bureau communication about its pandemic plan; however,
satisfaction in these areas remained relatively low. Specifically, reported
satisfaction increased for communication timeliness (from 35 to 45
percent) and clarity (from 42 to 51 percent). More than 50 ACO managers
commented about communication challenges such as conflicting direction
from different sources and guidance received shortly before the
implementation date.
Contingency Planning for In May 2019, we reported that the Bureau did not have contingency plans
Risks Including an for many identified risks including for major disasters—such as an
epidemic—and recommended that it develop contingency plans for all
Epidemic risks that did not have one. 9 The Bureau updated its risk register for major
disasters to include a contingency plan.
According to the Bureau’s March 2020 risk register, the contingency plan
for any major disaster—including an epidemic—is rapid response,
9The Bureau agreed with this recommendation and stated in May 2020 that it planned to
have evidence of mitigation and contingency plans by August 2020. GAO, 2020 Census:
Additional Actions Needed to Manage Risk, GAO-19-399 (Washington, D.C.: May 31,
2019).
Page 7 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
meaning the Bureau would develop a plan to address the risk once it was
realized. Bureau officials told us that, depending on the type of major
disaster, response would vary widely and even if they had a more
detailed contingency plan for a pandemic it would have never addressed
the magnitude of the current national emergency that is taking place
across the country.
We have identified key practices in telework-related literature and
Key Practices for guidelines that federal agencies should implement in developing telework
Ensuring Telework programs. 10 Also, in 2011, we reported that the Office of Personnel
Management, the General Services Administration, and the Federal
Contributes to Emergency Management Agency had suggested several practices to
Continuity of federal agencies, in various telework or emergency-related guidance
documents, for how to ensure telework is part of continuity of operations
Operations during the planning. 11 These practices generally align with those we previously
Current Pandemic identified.
and Provides an Based on this prior work, we have identified several practices that may be
Expanded Workforce especially useful for agencies to help ensure telework programs
contribute to continuity of operations during COVID-19 and other major
Option in the Future emergencies. These practices may be especially important if substantial
numbers of employees remain out of their workplaces for an extended
period or if agencies need to reverse their reentry decisions based on
changing public health circumstances. In addition, agencies’ experiences
with telework during the current pandemic may suggest opportunities to
increase the availability of telework in the future. These practices can be
grouped into four general categories: (1) policies and guidance related to
telework; (2) technology; (3) performance management; and (4) program
evaluation.
Policies and Guidance Major emergencies, such as a pandemic, underscore the importance of
Related to Telework establishing and updating clear policies and guidance related to telework
as agencies’ continuity of operations may depend on employees working
remotely for extended periods. 12 Agencies should assess whether their
10GAO-03-679.
11GAO-11-628.
12Policies and guidance related to telework include not only generally applicable telework
policies and guidance but also telework- related direction in agencies’ continuity of
operations (COOP) plans. Under the Telework Enhancement Act of 2010, agencies are
required to incorporate telework into their COOP plans. Pub. L. No. 111-292, § 2(a), 124
Stat. 3165, 3167 (2010), codified at 5 U.S.C. § 6504(d).
Page 8 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
policies and guidance were sufficient to ensure that their workforces were
telework ready and understood the agency’s expectation of employees
regarding teleworking during this emergency. The current crisis presents
an opportunity for agencies to assess their established policies or
requirements to ensure that they (1) balance employees’ personal
circumstances and work responsibilities, and (2) effectively facilitated
communication and engagement among teleworkers, managers, and
coworkers. Agencies should institute processes for communicating
human-capital guidance for emergencies (e.g., pay, leave, benefits) to
ensure they worked effectively.
For example, agencies should consider whether emergency employees
(including COOP employees) knew in advance about their mission critical
status. If not, agencies should ensure that, in case of future emergencies
including a potential resurgence of COVID-19, employees are notified
about requirements to report for work, remain at work, work at home, or
report to an alternative work site when government operations are
disrupted.
Similarly, agencies should consider whether their guidance on workplace
health and safety issues was adequate to ensure that teleworkers had
safe and adequate places to work off-site, and whether information-
security training was provided to all individuals, or managers of
individuals, who teleworked during the current pandemic. It is important
for agencies to correct any identified deficiencies in the guidance and
training to improve the use of telework going forward, including for future
emergency situations that may again require telework.
Technology We have reported that technology concerns are frequently cited barriers
to telework. 13 To effectively use telework as a tool to continue operations
during major emergencies, agencies must have an appropriate
information technology infrastructure in place that allows large numbers of
employees to telework simultaneously. As such, it is important for
agencies to assess the extent to which their telework infrastructure was
adequate to support increased telework, especially during peak periods,
including whether technical support was sufficient, and address any
access and security issues they identify.
13GAO has recently initiated a review of telework information technology infrastructure and
plans to assess agencies initial experiences implementing their telework solutions in
response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Page 9 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
Performance Management Ensuring established organizational performance standards are met is
important to maintaining agency operations whether employees are
physically present in the office or working remotely. During extended
periods of remote work, this could include setting expectations and
preferences for how employees communicate with supervisors before
telework arrangements begin. Agencies should consider whether their
existing procedures and standards meet the needs of employees who
teleworked and whether they ensured that telework did not diminish
employee and organizational performance.
Program Evaluation Evaluation of telework may help agencies better understand the impact
their increased use of telework had on their ability to achieve goals and
accomplish missions, and could allow them to make adjustments to
telework moving forward as employees are expected to return to their
duty stations. As part of such an evaluation, agencies should assess
whether their processes, procedures, and tracking systems to collect data
provided the information needed to evaluate telework.
In conclusion, federal agencies have a responsibility to provide safe
workplaces for employees to perform their jobs. The evolving and growing
challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic present critical workforce safety
issues for federal agencies to assess and address as they seek to
continue their operations. As I have discussed today, agencies should
consider a number of factors when making decisions about employees
reentering workplaces. Lessons learned from previous pandemic
emergencies, as well as from telework use to ensure continuity of
operations, can be helpful as agencies navigate ongoing workforce safety
and productivity challenges. Consideration of these factors and lessons
learned from agencies’ current experiences may better prepare agencies
to address and respond to challenges from ongoing and future
emergencies.
Chairman Connolly, Ranking Member Hice, and Members of the
Subcommittee, this concludes my prepared statement. I would be happy
to respond to any questions you may have.
If you or your staff have any questions about this testimony, please
GAO Contact and contact J. Christopher Mihm at (202) 512-6806 or MihmJ@gao.gov, or
Staff Michelle B. Rosenberg at (202) 512-6806 or RosenbergM@gao.gov.
Acknowledgments
Page 10 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
Individuals making key contributions to this testimony include Clifton G.
Douglas, Jr., Alexandra Edwards, Sarah E. Veale (Assistant Directors),
Keith O’Brien (Analyst-in-Charge), Ulyana Panchishin, Maya Chakko,
Karin Fangman, Steven Putansu, and Jacqueline Chapin. Key
contributors for the earlier work that supports this testimony are listed in
each product.
(104381)
Page 11 GAO-20-650T Federal Workforce
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- Our copy
- gao-20-650t.pdf
- Original
- www.gao.gov