Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, "Economic Survey 2021"
Summary
The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics' Economic Survey 2021 says real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is estimated to have contracted by 0.3 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 5.0 per cent in 2019. The contraction was spread across all sectors of the economy but was more dismal in accommodation and food serving activities, education, and professional and administrative service activities. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing grew by 4.6 per cent in 2020. In its review of other economies, the survey says the Euro Area economy contracted by 7.5 per cent in 2020 as COVID-19 containment measures such as lockdowns affected activity.
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“Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, ‘Economic Survey 2021.’”
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Economic Survey, 2021
ECONOMIC
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
Real Towers, Upper Hill along Hospital Road
P.O Box 30266-00100
Nairobi
SURVEY
Tel. 254-2-3317583/6/8
Fax:254-2-3315977
E-mail: directorgeneral@knbs.or.ke
2021
info@knbs.or.ke
Website: https://www.knbs.or.ke
Follow us at:
FB: Kenya Stats _@bureauofstatistics
Twitter: @KNBStats
Economic Survey 2021
Economic
Survey
2021
i
Economic Survey 2021
Copyright©2021
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
P.O Box 30266-00100
Real Towers, Upper Hill along Hospital Road
Nairobi
Tel. 254-2-3317583/6/8
Fax:254-2-3315977
https://www.knbs.or.ke
E-mail:directorgeneral@knbs.or.ke
Fo l l o w u s a t :
bureauofstatistics
KNBStats
ISBN: 978-9966-102-30-0
Rights and Permission
This report is a product of the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The material in this
publication is copyrighted. Coping, extracting or transmitting portions of this work is allowed
provided the source is duly acknowledged.
ii
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
List of Tables. ................................................................................................................viii
List of Figures................................................................................................................ xvi
About KNBS.................................................................................................................xvii
Data Quality. ................................................................................................................. xix
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations. ............................................................................ xx
Summary and Outlook.....................................................................................................1
Chapter 1: International Scene......................................................................................15
Overview.................................................................................................................................................................15
Regional Economic Analysis..............................................................................................................................16
Outlook. ..................................................................................................................................................................24
SECTION B: DOMESTIC ECONOMY........................................................................25
Chapter 2: Economic Performance...............................................................................27
Overview.................................................................................................................................................................27
Sectoral Analysis. ..................................................................................................................................................28
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer.......................................................51
Overview.................................................................................................................................................................51
Employment in the Modern Sector. .................................................................................................................51
Wage Earnings in the Modern Sector..............................................................................................................55
Consumer Price Index.........................................................................................................................................66
Chapter 4: Money, Banking and Finance.......................................................................73
Overview.................................................................................................................................................................73
Selected Monetary Indicators. ...........................................................................................................................73
Consolidated Accounts of the Banking System. ............................................................................................75
Sources of Change in Money Supply................................................................................................................76
Selected Financial Aggregates in Real Values ...............................................................................................77
Nominal and Real Interest Rates. ....................................................................................................................77
Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperatives........................................................................................82
Capital Markets....................................................................................................................................................82
Selected Insurance Indicators.............................................................................................................................83
Pension Funds........................................................................................................................................................85
Developments in the financial sector................................................................................................................86
Pensions...................................................................................................................................................................86
Chapter 5: Public Finance. ............................................................................................87
Overview.................................................................................................................................................................87
National Government. ........................................................................................................................................87
County Governments...........................................................................................................................................96
General Government. ..........................................................................................................................................98
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments. .........................................101
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................101
Balance of Trade................................................................................................................................................102
Price Changes. ....................................................................................................................................................102
Terms of Trade. ..................................................................................................................................................103
Quantum Indices . .............................................................................................................................................103
Quantities of Principal Domestic Exports. .................................................................................................104
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Economic Survey 2021
Quantities of Principal Imports.....................................................................................................................106
Values of Principal Exports. ...........................................................................................................................108
Values of Principal Imports. ...........................................................................................................................110
Unit Prices of Principal Domestic Exports. ................................................................................................112
Unit Prices of Principal Imports....................................................................................................................114
Composition of Exports...................................................................................................................................116
Composition of Imports. ..................................................................................................................................118
Direction of Trade. ............................................................................................................................................120
Balance of Payments.........................................................................................................................................126
International Liquidity. ...................................................................................................................................128
Foreign Exchange Rates of the Kenyan Shilling against Selected Currencies. ...................................130
Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review.........................................................................131
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................131
Agriculture Output and Input........................................................................................................................131
Marketed Production. ......................................................................................................................................132
Crops.....................................................................................................................................................................137
Societies and Unions in Agricultural activities...........................................................................................146
Food Balance Sheet. ..........................................................................................................................................147
FBS Indicators....................................................................................................................................................147
Chapter 8: Environment and Natural Resources. .......................................................153
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................153
Environment and Natural Resources Gross Value Added. .....................................................................153
Fisheries................................................................................................................................................................155
Forestry.................................................................................................................................................................157
Mining. .................................................................................................................................................................158
Wildlife.................................................................................................................................................................160
Rainfall. ...............................................................................................................................................................163
Temperature........................................................................................................................................................165
Chapter 9: Energy Sector ............................................................................................169
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................169
Petroleum.............................................................................................................................................................169
Electricity.............................................................................................................................................................175
Environmental Economic Accounts (EEA)................................................................................................178
Energy Physical Supply and Use Tables (PSUT).....................................................................................181
Developments in the Energy Sector...............................................................................................................183
Chapter 10: Manufacturing Sector Review . ...............................................................185
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................185
Formal Employment.........................................................................................................................................185
Manufacturing Output. ...................................................................................................................................185
Quantum Indices. ..............................................................................................................................................186
Cement Production and Utilization.............................................................................................................190
Producer Prices...................................................................................................................................................190
Credit to Manufacturing Sector.....................................................................................................................192
Export Processing Zones..................................................................................................................................193
African Growth and Opportunity Act.........................................................................................................194
Chapter 11: The Construction Sector..........................................................................195
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................195
Key Construction Indicators...........................................................................................................................196
Cost of Construction Inputs............................................................................................................................196
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Table of Contents
Construction of Buildings................................................................................................................................197
Government Credit and Expenditures on Housing. .................................................................................199
Road Construction............................................................................................................................................201
Rail Statistics. .....................................................................................................................................................206
Chapter 12: Tourism Sector.........................................................................................207
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................207
Visitor Arrivals...................................................................................................................................................207
Visitor Departures.............................................................................................................................................211
Hotel Bed Occupancy. ......................................................................................................................................214
National Parks and Game Reserves. ............................................................................................................219
Visitors to Selected Museums, Snake Parks and Historical Sites. .........................................................221
Conference Tourism. .........................................................................................................................................222
Training in Hospitality. ...................................................................................................................................222
Chapter 13: Transport and Storage. ............................................................................223
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................223
Water Transport. ...............................................................................................................................................229
Pipeline Transport.............................................................................................................................................230
Cargo and Mail Traffic. ................................................................................................................................233
Chapter 14: Information and Communication Technology.......................................241
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................241
Value of Output..................................................................................................................................................241
Fixed Telephone and Mobile Network Services.........................................................................................242
Voice Call Traffic. ..............................................................................................................................................243
Message Services Traffic...................................................................................................................................245
Internet Services. ................................................................................................................................................245
Broadband Services. .........................................................................................................................................246
Tariffs....................................................................................................................................................................248
Kenyan Domains. ..............................................................................................................................................249
Media Frequencies and Mobile Transceivers..............................................................................................250
Employment, Investment and Revenue........................................................................................................251
Information Society...........................................................................................................................................252
International Trade in ICT Equipment. .....................................................................................................253
Newspaper Circulation and Online Newspaper Readership. ................................................................254
Cybersecurity. .....................................................................................................................................................254
SECTION C: SOCIAL SCENE....................................................................................257
Chapter 15: Education and Training. ..........................................................................259
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................259
Expenditure for the Ministry of Education.................................................................................................259
Educational Institutions...................................................................................................................................260
Pre-Primary Education....................................................................................................................................263
Primary Education. ..........................................................................................................................................264
Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE). ..................................................................................268
Secondary Education........................................................................................................................................272
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education. ................................................................................................274
Teachers in Public Secondary Schools and Teacher Training Colleges................................................276
Enrolment in Teacher Training Institutions. ..............................................................................................278
Enrolment in TVET Institutions...................................................................................................................279
University Education........................................................................................................................................280
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Economic Survey 2021
Registration of Universities and Other Institutions Offering Degree Programmes. .........................286
Education Loans................................................................................................................................................287
Research and Development.............................................................................................................................291
Government Funding to Public and Private Universities........................................................................297
Research Funding. .............................................................................................................................................298
Adult Education.................................................................................................................................................298
Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics........................................................................301
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................301
Government Expenditure on Health Services. ...........................................................................................302
National Hospital Insurance Fund. ..............................................................................................................305
Health Infrastructure........................................................................................................................................306
Modern Methods of Contraception. .............................................................................................................308
Deliveries in Health Facilities.........................................................................................................................308
Teenage Pregnancy............................................................................................................................................310
Morbidity.............................................................................................................................................................310
COVID-19 Pandemic. .....................................................................................................................................312
Health Professionals. ........................................................................................................................................312
Medical Training. ..............................................................................................................................................313
Birth Registration..............................................................................................................................................316
Death Registration. ...........................................................................................................................................319
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security. ............................................................321
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................321
Public Safety, Law and Order. .......................................................................................................................323
Ethics and Corruption......................................................................................................................................329
Environmental Crimes. ....................................................................................................................................331
Prosecution of Murder Cases. .........................................................................................................................331
The Judiciary.......................................................................................................................................................333
Prisons. .................................................................................................................................................................334
Probation and Aftercare. .................................................................................................................................337
Immigration. .......................................................................................................................................................339
National Identity Cards...................................................................................................................................340
Voter Registration..............................................................................................................................................343
Refugees in Kenya..............................................................................................................................................344
Child Protection.................................................................................................................................................347
Chapter 18: Gender, Economic and Social Inclusion. ................................................363
Overview..............................................................................................................................................................363
Government Expenditure on Social Services..............................................................................................364
Economic Empowerment.................................................................................................................................365
Decision Making................................................................................................................................................371
New Developments in the Sector. ..................................................................................................................378
SECTION D: EMERGING ISSUES. ...........................................................................379
Chapter 19: Highlights on Rebasing of the Construction Input Price Index.............381
Background. ........................................................................................................................................................381
Methodology.......................................................................................................................................................381
Deriving the weights of constituent inputs and sample of outlets. .........................................................382
Sampling and Initiation Process of the Outlets..........................................................................................386
Data Collection. .................................................................................................................................................386
Calculating the Index. ......................................................................................................................................386
vi
Table of Contents
Key Findings. ......................................................................................................................................................387
Chapter 20: Highlights of Report on Analysis of Nutritional Anthropometric Trends in
Kenya............................................................................................................................393
Background. ........................................................................................................................................................393
Data and Methodology....................................................................................................................................393
Objectives.............................................................................................................................................................393
National Anthropometric Indicators Trends..............................................................................................394
National Trends from the Published Information. ...................................................................................394
National Trends in Nutrition from Recalculated Indicators..................................................................395
Comparison of Anthropometric Indices using common Age Cohorts..................................................396
Comparison of Anthropometric Indices from Surveys with Consumption and Surveys without
Consumption. .....................................................................................................................................................398
Average Annual Rate of Reduction of Malnutrition Prevalence. ..........................................................399
Recalculated Trends by Place of Residence. ................................................................................................400
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Economic Survey 2021
List of Tables
Table 0: Key Economic and Social Indicators, 2016-2020. ......................................................................... 11
Table 1.1: Key Economic Indicators for Selected OECD Countries, 2018-2020................................... 18
Table 1.2: Real GDP Growth, Inflation and Current Account Balances for Selected Regions and
Countries, 2018-2021.......................................................................................................................................... 22
Table 2.1: Gross Domestic Product by Activity, 2016 - 2020. .................................................................... 32
Table 2.2: Gross Domestic Product by Activity............................................................................................. 33
Table 2.3: Gross Domestic Product by Activity............................................................................................. 34
Table 2.4: Gross Domestic Product by Activity............................................................................................. 35
Table 2.5: Sources of Growth, 2016-2020....................................................................................................... 36
Table 2.6: Annual Production Accounts by Industry, 2016-2020.............................................................. 37
Table 2.6: Annual Production Accounts by Industry, 2016-2020 (Cont’d)............................................. 38
Table 2.7: Expenditure on the Gross Domestic Product, 2016-2020. ..................................................... 39
Table 2.8: Expenditure on the Gross Domestic Product, 2016-2020. ...................................................... 39
Table 2.9: Expenditure on the Gross Domestic Product, 2016-2020. ..................................................... 40
Table 2.10: Expenditure on the Gross Domestic Product, 2016-2020. .................................................... 40
Table 2.11a: Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 2016-2020. ........................................................................... 41
Table 2.12a: Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 2016-2020. ........................................................................... 41
Table2.12b: Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 2016-2020............................................................................. 42
Table 2.13: Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Income, 2016-2020. ..................................... 42
Table 2.14: National Disposable Income and Saving, 2016-2020. ............................................................ 43
Table 2.15: Gross Domestic Product by Activity (Cont’d). ........................................................................ 45
Table 2.16 Gross Domestic Product by Activity............................................................................................ 46
Table 2.16: Gross Domestic Product by Activity (Cont’d). ........................................................................ 47
Table 2.17: Gross Domestic Product by Activity. ......................................................................................... 48
Table 2.17: Gross Domestic Product by Activity (Cont’d). ........................................................................ 49
Table 3.1: Total Recorded Employment1, 2016 - 2020. ............................................................................... 51
Table 3.2: Wage Employment by Industry and Sector, 2016 - 2020.......................................................... 53
Table 3.3: Wage Employment in the Public Sector, 2016 - 2020................................................................ 54
Table 3.4: Wage Employment by Industry and Sex, 2019 and 2020. ....................................................... 55
Table 3.5: Wage Payments1 by Industry and Sector, 2016 - 2020............................................................... 56
Table 3.6: Total Wage Payments in the Public Sector, 2016 - 2020. .......................................................... 57
Table 3.7: Average Wage Earnings, 2016 – 2020............................................................................................ 58
Table 3.8: Wage Employment and Average Earnings1, percentage changes, 2020/2015 and
2020/2019. ............................................................................................................................................................ 60
Table 3.9: Estimated Real Average Wage Earnings1, 2016 – 2020.............................................................. 61
Table 3.10: Changes in Wage Employment, Prices and Real Earnings, 2016 – 2020. .......................... 62
Table 3.11: Persons Engaged in the Informal Sector by Activity1, 2016- 2020. ...................................... 62
Table 3.12: Gazetted Monthly Basic Minimum Wages for Agricultural Industry, 2016 – 2020. ......... 63
Table 3.13: Average Gazetted Monthly Basic Minimum Wages in Urban Areas in 2019 and 2020. .. 64
Table 3.14: Collective Bargaining Agreements Registered by the Industrial Court, 2019 and 2020. 65
Table 3.15: New weights for the Nairobi income groups, rest of urban and Kenya................................ 66
Table 3.16a: National Consumer Price Indices and Rates of Inflation by COICOP Divisions, 2019 &
2020......................................................................................................................................................................... 67
Table 3.16b: Consumer Price Indices for Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages, 2019 -2020. .............. 67
Table 3.16c: Annual Average Retail Prices of Selected Consumer Goods in the Consumer Price
Basket, 2016 - 2020. ............................................................................................................................................. 68
Table 3.17: Annual Inflation, 2016-2020......................................................................................................... 68
Table 3.18: Consumer Price Indices for Nairobi Lower Income Group, 2016-2020............................. 69
Table 3.19: Consumer Price Indices, Nairobi Middle Income Group, 2016- 2020................................ 69
Table 3.20: Consumer Price Indices, Nairobi Upper Income Group, 2016- 2020. ................................ 70
Table 3.21: Consumer Price Indices, Overall Nairobi, 2016-2020. ........................................................... 70
Table 3.22: Consumer Price Indices, the Rest of Urban Areas, 2016-2020. ............................................ 71
Table 3.23: Consumer Price Indices Kenya, 2016-2020. ............................................................................. 71
Table 4.1: Monetary Indicators, 2016 - 2020. ................................................................................................ 74
viii
List of Tables
Table 4.2: Money and Quasi-Money Supply, 2016 – 2020.......................................................................... 75
Table 4.3: Consolidated Accounts of the Banking System, 2016 – 2020.................................................. 76
Table 4.4: Changes in Money Supply and the Sources, 2016 – 2020. ....................................................... 77
Table 4.5: Trends in the Real Values of Selected Financial Aggregates1, 2016 - 2020. ........................... 77
Table 4.6: Nominal Principal Interest Rates, 2016-2020. ............................................................................ 78
Table 4.7: Selected Real Principal Interest Rates, 2016-2020. ................................................................... 78
Table 4.8: Central Bank of Kenya Assets and Liabilities, 2016 - 2020. .................................................... 79
Table 4.9a: Commercial Banks’ Bills, Loans and Advances1, 2016–2020. ................................................ 80
Table 4.9b: Commercial Banks’ Bills, Loans and Advances Sector Shares1 2016–2020....................... 81
Table 4.10: Commercial Banks’ Deposit Liabilities and Liquid Assets, 2016–2020............................. 82
Table 4.11: Performance Indicators for Depoit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperatives, 2016-
2020......................................................................................................................................................................... 82
Table 4.12: Gross Secondary Market Statistics, 2016–2020....................................................................... 83
Table 4.13: Performance Indicators of the Life Insurance Business, 2016-2020 . .................................. 84
Table 4.14: Performance Indicators of the General Insurance Business, 2016 - 2020. .......................... 85
Table 4.15: Assets of the Pension Funds, 2016-2020.................................................................................... 85
Banking and finance............................................................................................................................................. 86
Table 5.1: Statement of National Government Operations, 2016/17-2020/21..................................... 88
Table 5.2: Analysis of Key Fiscal Ratios, 2016/17 - 2020/21. .................................................................... 89
Table 5.3: Comparison of National Government Budget Estimates with Actual Out-turns, 2017/18 –
2020/21.................................................................................................................................................................. 89
Table 5.4: National Government Gross Receipts on the Recurrent Account, 2016/17 - 2020/21... 90
Table 5.5: Import Duty Collections on Selected Categories of Commodities2, 2016 – 2020.............. 91
Table 5.6: Excise Revenue Levied3 on Commodities and Services1, 2016 – 2020. ................................ 91
Table 5.7: National Government Financing of Non-Financial Assets, 2016/17 - 2020/21. ................ 92
Table 5.8: National Government Expenditure Classification by Functions of Government, 2017/18-
2020/21.................................................................................................................................................................. 93
Table 5.9: Economic Analysis of National Government Expenditure, 2016/17-2020/21................... 94
Table 5.10: National Government Outstanding Debt by Source, 2016-2020......................................... 95
Table 5.11: National Government Debt Servicing, 2015/16-2019/20.................................................... 96
Table 5.12: National Government Debt Service Charges and Earnings from Export of Goods and
Services, 2015/16-2020/21. .............................................................................................................................. 96
Table 5.13: County Government Revenues, 2019/20-2020/21................................................................ 97
Table 5.14: Economic Classification of County Governments Expenditure, 2016/17 - 2020/21. .... 98
Table 5.15: Expenditure of County Governments Classified by Functions, 2016/17 - 2020/21....... 99
Table 5.16: General Government¹ Consolidated² Statemement of Operations, 2016/17 -
2020/21................................................................................................................................................................100
Table 6.1: Balance of Merchandise Trade, 2016-2020................................................................................102
Table 6.2: Export and Import Price Indices, 2016-2020............................................................................103
Table 6.3: Terms of Trade1, 2016-2020 .........................................................................................................103
Table 6.4: Quantum Indices, 2016-2020.......................................................................................................104
Table 6.5: Quantities of Principal Domestic Exports, 2016-2020. ..........................................................105
Table 6.6: Quantities of Principal Imports, 2016-2020..............................................................................107
Table 6.7: Values of Principal Domestic Exports1, 2016-2020..................................................................109
Table 6.8: Values of Principal Imports, 2016-2020. ...........................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................111
Table 6.9: Unit Prices of Principal Domestic Exports, 2016-2020. .........................................................113
Table 6.10: Unit Prices of Principal Imports, 2016-2020..........................................................................115
Table 6.11: Domestic Exports1 by Broad Economic Category, 2016-2020. ..........................................117
Table 6.12: Total Imports1 by Broad Economic Category, 2016-2020. ..................................................119
Table 6.13: Values of Total Exports1 by Destination, 2016-2020.............................................................121
Table 6.14: Values of Imports by Origin1, 2016-2020 ................................................................................123
Table 6.15: Trade with African Countries1, 2016-2020..............................................................................125
Table 6.16: Balance of Payments, 2016-2020...............................................................................................127
Table 6.17: Central Monetary Authorities: Foreign Exchange Reserves+, 2016-2020. .......................129
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 6.18: Foreign Exchange Rates1 of the Kenyan Shilling against Selected Currencies, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................130
Table 7.1: Agriculture Output and Input1, 2016-2020. ..............................................................................131
Table 7.2: Recorded Marketed Agricultural Production at Current Prices, 2016-2020......................133
Table 7.3: Volume and Price Indices of Recorded Sales of Agricultural Production, 2016-2020......134
Table 7.4: Average Gross Commodity Prices1 to Farmers, 2016-2020. ..................................................135
Table 7.5: Recorded Sale of Produce from Large and Small Farms, 2016-2020. ..................................135
Table 7.6: Quantum and Price indices for Purchased inputs, 2016 – 2020. ..........................................136
Table 7.7: Value of Purchased Agricultural Input1, 2016 – 2020..............................................................136
Table 7.8: Price Indices and Terms of Trade for Agriculture, 2016– 2020.............................................137
Table 7.9: Estimated Production of Selected Agricultural Commodities, 2016– 2020.......................137
Table 7.10: Average Retail Market Prices of Selected Food Crops, 2016- 2020. ..................................138
Table 7.11: Sale of Selected Crops to Marketing Boards, 2016– 2020....................................................138
Table 7.12: Production and Imports of Wheat, 2016– 2020 . ..................................................................139
Table 7.13: Production, Area and Average Yield of Coffee by Type of Grower, 2015/2016-
2019/20................................................................................................................................................................139
Table 7.14: Production, Area and Average Yield of Tea by Type of Grower, 2016-2020 . ..................140
Table 7.15: Planted Area, Area Harvested, Production and Average Yield of Sugarcane, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................140
Table 7.16: Production, Imports and Exports of Sugar, 2016-2020. .......................................................141
Table 7.17: Exports of Fresh Horticultural Produce1, 2016-2020............................................................141
Table7.18: Rice Production of Irrigation Schemes, 2015/16-2019/20 .................................................143
Table 7.19: Pyrethrum Flowers and Pyrethrum Extract Production, Prices and Value, 2016-2020.143
Table 7.20: Livestock Slaughtered and Dairy products, 2016-2020. .......................................................144
Table 7.21: Enrolment in Agricultural Training Institutions, 2016-2020...............................................145
Table 7.22: Number of Societies and Unions, 2016 – 2020. .....................................................................146
Table 7.23: Food Balance Sheet, 2016-2020.................................................................................................147
Table 7.24 (a): Food Balance Sheet, 2020.....................................................................................................149
Table 7.24 (b): Food Balance Sheet, 2019. ...................................................................................................151
Table 8.1: Trends in Environment and Natural Resources Gross Value Added at Current Prices, 2016
– 2020.. .................................................................................................................................................................153
Table 8.2: Water Purification Points and Boreholes Drilled, 2016/17 - 2020/211..............................154
Table 8.3: Development Expenditure on Water Supplies and Related Services by the National
Government, 2016/17 - 2020/21...................................................................................................................155
Table 8.4: Annual Volume of Water Abstracted under permit, 2016 - 2020. .........................................155
Table 8.5: Quantity and Value of Fish Landed, 2016 – 2020. ...................................................................156
Table 8.6: Status of Forests, 2016 - 2020. ......................................................................................................157
Table 8.7: Government Forest Plantation Stocking, 2016 - 2020. ...........................................................158
Table 8.8: Recorded Sale of Government Forest Products, 2016 – 2020 ..............................................158
Table 8.9: Quantity and Value of Mineral Production, 2016 - 2020........................................................159
Table 8.10: Average Export Prices of Minerals, 2016 - 2020.....................................................................159
Table 8.11(a): Wildlife Population Estimates in the Kenya Rangelands, 2016 – 2020. .............................
................................................................................................................................................................................160
Table 8.11(b): Endangered Wildlife Population Estimates in Kenya1, 2016 – 2020............................161
Table 8.12: Solid Waste Generation and Collection,+, 2016 to 2020. ......................................................161
Table 8.13: Number of Environment Impact Assessments (EIA) by Sector, 2016-2020. ..................162
Table 8.14: Number of Environmental Audits (EAs) by Sector, 2016-2020.........................................162
Table 8.15: Mean Annual Rainfall by Region...............................................................................................164
Table 8.16: Mean Annual Maximum and Minimum Temperatures by Region. ...................................166
Table 9.1: Quantity and Value of Imports, Exports and Re-exports of Petroleum Products, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................170
Table 9.2: Petroleum Supply and Demand, 2016-2020. ............................................................................171
Table 9.3: Net Domestic Sale of Petroleum Fuels by Consumer Category, 2016-2020. .....................172
Table 9.4: Wholesale Prices1 of Petroleum Fuels in Mombasa, for the month of December, 2016-2020
.....................................................................173
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List of Tables
Table 9.5: Average Murban ADNOC Prices1, 2016-2020. ........................................................................173
Table 9.6: Average Retail Prices of Selected Petroleum Fuels, 2016-2020.............................................174
Table 9.7a: Installed and Effective Capacity of Electricity by Source, 2016-2020................................176
Table 9.7b: Generation and imports of Electricity, 2016-2020. ..............................................................176
Table 9.8: Electricity Demand and Supply, 2016-2020..............................................................................177
Table 9.9: Average electricity yield1 by Customer Category, 2015/16-2019/20 .................................178
Table 9.10(a): Energy Balance, 2020- Supply and Demand for Coke, Coal and Renewable feed
stocks.....................................................................................................................................................................179
Table 9.10(b): Energy Balance, 2020-Supply and Demand for Electricity............................................179
Table 9.10 (c): Energy Balance, 2020-Supply and Demand of Petroleum Fuels. .................................180
Table 9.11(a): Physical Energy Supply Table, 2020....................................................................................181
Table 9.11(b): Physical Energy Use Table, 2020. ........................................................................................182
Table 10.1: Manufacturing Output, Compensation of Employees and Value Added at Current
Prices, 2016-2020...............................................................................................................................................185
Table 10.2: Quantum Indices of Manufacturing Production, 2016-2020..............................................186
Table 10.3: Percentage Change in Quantum Indices of Manufacturing Production, 2016-2020 . ..187
Table 10.4: Production of Selected Commodities, 2016 - 2020...............................................................189
Table 10.5: Cement Production and Utilization, 2016 – 2020.................................................................190
Table 10.6: Producer Price Indices, 2016- 2020. .........................................................................................191
Table 10.7 Average Producer Prices of Selected Products, 2016-2020. ..................................................192
Table 10.8: Manufacturing Projects Approved by Commercial Banks and Other Financial
Institutions, 2016 - 2020...................................................................................................................................192
Table 10.9: Industrial Projects Approved by Kenya Industrial Estates, 2016-2020. ............................193
Table 10.10: Industrial Projects1 Registered by Kenya Investments Authority, 2016 - 2020. ............193
Table 10.11: Selected EPZ Performance Indicators, 2016-2020..............................................................194
Table 10.12: Selected EPZ Garment / Apparel Performance Indicators under AGOA, 2016-2020.194
Table 11.1: Selected Key Economic Indicators in the Construction Sector, 2016-2020. ..................196
Table 11.2: Percentage Changes in Construction Cost of Materials and Labour, 2016 – 2020.........197
Table 11.3: Monthly Average Basic Wages in the Construction Industry, 2016 – 2020......................197
Table 11.4: Reported Number of Private and Public Buildings Completed, 2016 – 2020. ................198
Table 11.5: Reported Value of Private and Public Buildings Completed, 2016 – 2020. .....................198
Table 11.6: Value of Private Building Plans Approved and Reported Building Works Completed in
Nairobi City County, 2016 – 2020. ................................................................................................................199
Table 11.7: Housing Loans Advanced by National Housing Corporation by County, 2017/18-
2019/20................................................................................................................................................................200
Table 11.8: Government Expenditure on Housing, 2016/17 – 2020/21. .............................................201
Table 11.9: National Government Expenditure on Roads, 2016/17 - 2020/21...................................201
Table 11.10: Status of ongoing R2000 Programme for the Period, 2017-2020.....................................202
Table 11.11: Kilometres of Roads by Type and Classification as at 30th June, 2016 - 2020 . ............203
Table 11.12: Selected Road Works in Progress as at December 2020. ....................................................205
Table 11.13: The Status of Rehabilitation of MGRs as at 31st December 2020. ..................................206
Table 12.1: Number of International Visitor Arrivals by Purpose of Visit, 2016-2020. ......................210
Table 12.2: Number of International Visitor Departures by Purpose of Visit, 2016-2020. ................212
Table 12.3: Number of Departing Visitors by Country of Residence and Purpose of Visit, 2018-
2020 ......................................................................................................................................................................213
Table 12.4: Number of Visitor-Days Stayed by Purpose of Visit, 2016-2020. .......................................214
Table 12.5: Hotel Bed-Nights Occupancy by Country of Residence, 2016-2020................................215
Table 12.6: Number of Hotel Bed-Nights by Zone, 2016-2020. ..............................................................216
Table 12.7: Hotel Bed-Nights Occupancy by Area and Country of Residence, 2019-2020...............218
Table 12.8: Bed Night Occupied in Game Lodges1, 2018-2020...............................................................219
Table 12.9: Number of Visitors to national parks and game reserves, 2016 - 2020.............................220
Table 12.10: Number of Visitors to Selected Museums, Snake Parks and Historical Sites, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................221
Table 12.11: Indicators of Conference Tourism, 2018-2020. ...................................................................222
Table 12.12: Kenya Utalii College Graduates, 2016-2020.........................................................................222
xi
Economic Survey 2021
Table 13.1: Transport and Storage - Value of Output, 2016 – 2020. .......................................................224
Table 13.2: Road Maintenance Funds by Source, 2016/17 - 2020/21 . ................................................225
Table 13.3 Road Transport Output, 2016 to 2020. .....................................................................................225
Table 13.4: New Registration of Road Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles, 2016 - 2020....................226
Table 13.5: Road Transport Licenses Issued, 2016 – 2020.......................................................................226
Table 13.6(a): Reported Road Traffic Accidents, 2016 – 2020. ...............................................................227
Table 13.6 (b) Casualties from Reported Road Accidents by Type and Class, 2016 - 2020..............228
Table 13.7 (a): Meter Gauge Railway Traffic, 2016-2020..........................................................................228
Table 13.7 (b): Standard Gauge Railway Traffic, 2017-2020....................................................................229
Table 13.8: Traffic Handled at Mombasa Port, 2016 – 2020.....................................................................230
Table 13.9: Pipeline Throughput of White Petroleum Products, 2016 – 2020. ....................................231
Table 13.10: Commercial Passenger Traffic1 by Airport, 2016 – 2020..................................................232
Table 13.11: Commercial Cargo and Mail Traffic by Airport, 2016 - 2020. ..........................................233
Table 13.12: Domestic and International Aircraft Movements, 2016 – 2020. ......................................234
Table 13.13: Selected Aviation Industry Indicators, 2016 - 2020.............................................................235
Table 13.14: Postal Services, 2016 – 2020. ...................................................................................................237
Table 13.15: Grain Storage Capacity Available for Leasing by County as at 1st January, 2021 . .......238
Table 14.1: Value of Output, Intermediate Consumption and Value Added of the Information and
Communication Sector, 2016 - 2020. ............................................................................................................241
Table 14.2: Fixed and Mobile Network Services, 2016 - 2020. ................................................................243
Table 14.3: Telephone Call Traffic, 2016 - 2020. .........................................................................................244
Table 14.4: Message Service Traffic, 2016 - 2020. .......................................................................................245
Table 14.5: Internet Providers and Subscriptions, 2016 - 2020................................................................246
Table 14.6: Broadband Services, 2016 - 2020. .............................................................................................247
Table 14.7: Fixed and Mobile Charges, 2016 - 2020...................................................................................248
Table 14.8: Average International Call Rates from Mobile Phone and Fixed Telephone, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................249
Table 14.9: Registered Kenyan Domains, 2016 - 2020...............................................................................250
Table 14.10: Media Frequencies and Mobile Transceivers, 2016 - 2020................................................251
Table 14.11: Employment, Investment and Revenue, 2016 - 2020. ........................................................252
Table 14.12: Key Indicators for Measuring Information Society, 2016 - 2020......................................253
Table 14.13: International Trade in ICT Equipment, 2016 - 2020. .........................................................253
Table 14.14: Local Daily/Weekly Newspapers in Circulation, 2016 – 2020.........................................254
Table 14.15: Cyber Security Advisories and Reported Online Crimes, 2017 - 2020. .........................255
Table 15.1: Expenditure for the Ministry of Education, 2016/17 - 2020/21........................................260
Table 15.2: Educational Institutions by Category1, 2016 – 2020. ................................................... 262
Table 15.3: Pupil Enrolment and Number of Teachers in ECDE Centres, 2016 – 2020. ...................263
Table 15.4a: Primary School Enrolment by Class and Sex1, 2016 – 2020. .............................................265
Table 15.4b: Primary School Enrolment Variation During the 2020 School Year, March 2020 and
March 2021..........................................................................................................................................................267
Table 15.5: Number of Examination Centres, Candidates by Sex and Mean Scores by Subject in
KCPE1, 2016-2020..............................................................................................................................................268
Table 15.6: Registered KCPE Candidates with Special Needs by Sex and Type of Disability, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................269
Table 15.7: Public Primary School Teachers1 by Qualification/Category and Sex, 2016 – 2020. ...271
Table 15.8a: Enrolment in Secondary Schools by Class and Sex1, 2016 – 2020. .................................273
Table 15.8b: Changes in Secondary School Enrolment by Sex, March 2020 and March 2021. ........274
Table 15.9: Examination Centres, Candidates by Sex and KCSE Mean Grade, 2016 - 2020............275
Table 15.10: Registered KCSE Special Needs Candidates by Sex and Type of Disability, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................276
Table 15.11: Teachers in Public Secondary Schools and Teacher Training Colleges by Qualification/
Category and Sex1, 2016 – 2020 . ............................................................................ 277
Table 15.12: Teacher Trainees Enrolment by Year of Study and Sex, 2016 - 2020...............................278
Table 15.13: Enrolment in TVET Institutions by Sex, 2016 – 2020. ......................................................279
Table 15.14: Government Sponsored Students Placed to Universities and TVET Institutions by
xii
List of Tables
Programme and Sex, 2016/2017 - 2020/2021. ...........................................................................................281
Table 15.15: University Enrolment1 by Sex, 2017/18 – 2020/21. ...........................................................283
Table 15.16: University Enrolment of Diploma and Certificate Courses Students by Sex, 2018/19 –
2020/21................................................................................................................................................................285
Table 15.17: Registration of Universities and Other Institutions Offering Degree Programmes by
Category, 2016 - 2020........................................................................................................................................286
Table 15.18: Approved Programmes by Category of Institution, 2016 - 2020......................................287
Table 15.19: HELB Loan Applicants, Beneficiaries and Amount of Loans Awarded by Sex, 2015/16 –
2019/20................................................................................................................................................................289
Table 15.20: HELB Bursary Applicants, Beneficiaries and Amount Awarded by Sex, 2015/16 –
2019/20................................................................................................................................................................290
Table 15.21: Government Capitation to HELB, HELB Loan Repayments and Loans / Bursaries
Awarded, 2015/16 - 2019/20..........................................................................................................................291
Table 15.22: Research License Applications and Licenses Granted by Nationality, 2015/16 -
2019/20................................................................................................................................................................292
Table 15.23: Individual Research Licenses Granted by Nationality, Research Category and Sex,
2015/16 - 2019/20. ...........................................................................................................................................294
Table 15.24: Individual Research Licenses Granted by Field of Study and Sex, 2015/16 - 2019/20.296
Table 15.25: Institutional Research Licenses Granted by Field of Study and Nationality, 2015/16 -
2019/20................................................................................................................................................................296
Table 15.26: Government Funding to Universities and Number of Students Funded, 2018/19 –
2020/21................................................................................................................................................................297
Table15.27: Number of Research Fund Applications, Successful Applications/Ongoing Research
Projects by Sex of Principal Investigator of Research Project and Amount of Funds Disbursed,
2016/17 - 2019/20. ...........................................................................................................................................298
Table 15.28: Enrolment of Learners in Adult Education Centres by Sex and County, 2018 - 2020.299
Table 16.1: National Government Expenditure on Health Services, 2016/17 – 2020/21.................302
Table 16.2: County Governments’ Expenditure on Health Services, 2016/17 – 2020/21................303
Table 16.3: NHIF Principal Members and Dependents, 2015/16 -2019/20. ......................................305
Table 16.4: NHIF Principal Members by Sector, 2015/16 - 2019/20....................................................305
Table 16.5: Annual NHIF Contributions and Benefits Paid Out, 2015/16-2019/20.........................306
Table 16.6: Operational Health Facilities by Level, Type and Ownership, 2016 – 2020....................307
Table 16.7: Hospital Beds and Cots by Ownership, 2016 - 2020.............................................................308
Table 16.8: Mode of Delivery in Health Facilities, 2016 – 2020. .............................................................308
Table 16.9: Uptake of Modern Contraceptives in Health Facilities, 2016 - 2020.................................309
Table 16.10: Cases of Diseases Reported in Health Facilities, 2016-2020.............................................310
Table 16.11a: Leading Causes of Infants Admissions in Health Facilities, 2018 - 2020......................311
Table 16.11b: Leading Causes of Under-five Admissions in Health Facilities, 2018 - 2020...............311
Table 16.12: Confirmed COVID-19 Positive Cases and Deaths by Month, 2020. ..............................312
Table 16.13: Registered Health Professionals by Cadre, 2016-2020.......................................................313
Table 16.14: KMTC Health Sciences’ Middle Level Graduates, 2015/16-2019/20...........................314
Table 16.15: Health Sciences’ Students Enrollment in Public and Private Universities by Course and
Sex as at 31st December, 2016/17– 2020/21................................................................................................315
Table 16.16: Health Sciences’ Graduates in Public and Private Universities1 by Course and Sex as at
31st December, 2016/17– 2020/21. ...............................................................................................................316
Table 16.17: Registered Births by Place of Occurrence, 2016 - 2020......................................................316
Table 16.18: Registered Births1 by Sex, 2016 – 2020..................................................................................317
Table 16.19: Registered Birth by Age of Mother, 2016 – 2020 .............................................................317
Table 16.20: Registered Births by Marital Status of Mother, 2016 – 2020 ..........................................318
Table 16.21: Registered Deaths1 by Place of Occurrence, 2016 - 2020...................................................318
Table 16.22: Registered Deaths by Sex, 2016 - 2020. .................................................................................318
Table 16.23: Registered Deaths by Age and Sex, 2016 - 2020. .................................................................319
Table 16.24: Trends of Birth and Death Registration in Kenya, 2016-2020..........................................319
Appendix 16.1: Out Patient Diseases reported in the Health facilities..................................................320
Table 17.1: Crimes Reported to the Police, 2016 – 2020. .........................................................................323
xiii
Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.2: Crimes Reported to Police by Command Station, 2016-2020............................................324
Table 17.3: Firearms and Ammunition Recovered or Surrendered and Drugs Seized, 2016–2020.325
Table 17.4: Persons Reported to the Police to have Committed Crimes by sex and Command
Stations, 2016–2020. .........................................................................................................................................326
Table 17.5: Persons Reported to Have Committed Crimes by Type of Offence and Sex, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................328
Table 17.6: Reports Handled by EACC and Action Taken, 2015/2016-2019/2020..........................329
Table 17.7: Files Forwarded to the Office of Director of Public Prosecution and Action Taken,
2015/2016-2019/2020.....................................................................................................................................330
Table 17.8: Value of Public Assets Traced, Recovered and Loss Averted by Ethics and Anti-
Corruption Commission, 2015/2016-2019/2020. ....................................................................................330
Table 17.9: Environmental Crimes Reported to NEMA, 2016–2020....................................................331
Table 17.10: Registered Murder Cases and Convictions obtained by Court Station, 2016 – 2020. 332
Table 17.11: Cases Filed, Disposed of and Pending by various Courts, 2015/2016–2019/2020. ...333
Table 17.12: Distribution of Kadhis, Magistrates, Judges and Practicing Lawyers, 2016 –2020.......334
Table 17.13: Persons Committed to Prison by Sex, 2016 – 2020. ...........................................................335
Table 17.14: Daily Average Population of Prisoners by Sex, 2016-2020. ...............................................336
Table 17.15: Convicted Persons Committed to Prison by Age and Sex, 2016-2020. ..........................336
Table 17.16: Prisoners Convicted by Type of Offence and Sex, 2016-2020..........................................337
Table 17.17: Offenders Serving Probation Sentence, Community Service and Aftercare by Sex and
Type of Offence, 2019 and 2020.....................................................................................................................338
Table 17.18: Police, Prisons and Probation Officers, 2016–2020. ...........................................................339
Table 17.19: Passports and Work Permits Issued, and Foreign Nationals Registered, 2016-2020. .340
Table 17.20: New Identity Card Applications Made, Produced and Collected by County, 2016 -
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................341
Table 17.20: New Identity Card Applications Made, Produced and Collected by County, 2016-2020
Cont’d. ..................................................................................................................................................................342
Table 17.21: Registered Voters, 2019 and 2020...........................................................................................344
Table 17.22: Refugees and Asylum Seekers by Age and Sex, 2016-2020. ..............................................345
Table 17.23a: Registered Refugees and Asylum Seekers by Location and Sex, 2016-2020. ..............346
Table 17.23b: Registered Refugees and Asylum Seekers by Country of Origin, 2016 – 2020. .........346
Table 17.24a: Child Protection Cases Reported by Sex, 2016 -2020......................................................348
Table 17.24a: Child Protection Cases Reported by Sex, 2016 -2020, cont ...........................................349
Table 17.24b: Child Protection Interventions by Sex, 2016 -2020..........................................................351
Table 17.25: Persons with Disabilities Registered by Type of Disability and Sex, 2015/16-
2019/20................................................................................................................................................................354
Table 17.26: Registered Persons with Disabilities by Type of Disability and Sex as at 30th June, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................356
Appendix 17.1: Classification of Offences by the National Police Service. ...........................................357
Appendix 17.2: Description of Offences. ......................................................................................................357
Appendix 17.3: Definition of Child Protection Cases................................................................................358
Appendix 17.4: Definition of Child Protection Interventions..................................................................361
Table 18.1: National Government Expenditure on Social Services, 2016/17 - 2020/21. ..................365
Table 18.2a: Women Enterprise Fund Loans Disbursement, 2016/17-2020/21. ...............................365
Table 18.2b: Women Enterprise Fund Loan Disbursement by Sector, 2018/19 - 2020/21..............366
Table 18.3: Uwezo Fund Loans Disbursement to Women, Youth and PWD, 2016/17-2020/21. ..366
Table 18.4: Youth Enterprise Development Fund Loan Disbursement, 2016/17- 2020/21.............367
Table 18.5: National Government Affirmative Action Fund Support by Programme, 2016/17-
2020/21................................................................................................................................................................368
Table 18.6a: Amount Reserved and Awarded by Public Procuring Entities under AGPO, 2016/17-
2020/21................................................................................................................................................................369
Table 18.6b: Tender Awarded Under AGPO by Public Procuring Entities, 2016/17-2020/21. ......370
Table 18.7: Number of Service Personnel by Sex, 2016-2020..................................................................371
Table 18.8: Participation in Selected Decision Making Positions in the Public Service, 2019-2020.372
Table 18.9: Members of the County Assemblies by Sex, 2019 and 2020...............................................373
xiv
List of Tables
Table 18.10: County Executive Committee Members by sex, 2019 and 2020 .....................................374
Table 18.11: Disbursement of Funds to Orphans and Vulnerable Children, 2016/17- 2020/21.....375
Table 18.12: Disbursement of Funds to Older Persons, 2016/17 - 2020/21........................................375
Table 18.13: Disbursement of funds to Persons with Severe Disabilities, 2016/17 - 2020/21. ........376
Table 18.14: Disbursement of Funds for Hunger Safety Net Programme (HSNP)1, 2016/17 -
2020/21................................................................................................................................................................377
Table 18.15: National Social Security Fund Membership, Contribution and Benefits by Sex, 2016-
2020.......................................................................................................................................................................377
Table 19.1: Proportions of values in the Construction Works Done, 2018. ..........................................382
Table 19.2: Proportion of Construction Inputs, 2018................................................................................382
Table 19.3: Building Inputs’ Weights, 2018. .................................................................................................383
Table 19.4: Civil Engineering Inputs’ Weights, 2018..................................................................................384
Table 19.5: Overall Construction Inputs’ Weights, 2018...........................................................................385
Table 19.6: Quarterly Building Indices, 2020...............................................................................................387
Table 19.7: Quarterly Civil Engineering Indices .........................................................................................387
Table 19.8: Quarterly Building Indices, 2020...............................................................................................389
Table 19.9: Quarterly Civil Engineering Indices, 2020. .............................................................................390
Table 19.10: Quarterly Overall Construction Indices, 2020.....................................................................391
Table 20.1: Reference Standards for Common Anthropometric Indices...............................................394
Table 20.2: Recalculated Trends Indicators using WHO 2006, for entire survey data1.......................396
Table 20.3: Recalculated Trend Indicators using WHO, 2006, for children aged 6-59 months. .......397
Table 20.4: AARR for Global Prevalence using KDHS surveys . .............................................................399
Table 20.5: Log-linear Prediction of Malnutrition Status, using KDHS surveys. .................................400
Table 20.6: AARR for Global Prevalence by Residence.............................................................................401
xv
Economic Survey 2021
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Percentage Changes in Wage Employment in Public, Private and Self-employed, 2016 -
2020......................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 7.1: Real Agricultural Growth Rate, 2016 - 2020............................................................................132
Figure 7.2: Sugar Production and Imports, 2016-2020..............................................................................141
Figure 7.3: Monthly Performance of Fresh Horticultural Exports, 2020. ..............................................142
Figure 7.4: Import Dependency and Self-Sufficiency Ratios, 2020. .......................................................148
Figure 7.5: Caloric Supply by Main Food Groups, 2020. ..........................................................................148
Figure 8.1: Total Value and Quantity of Fish Landed, 2016 - 2020.........................................................157
Figure 8.2: Long Rains (March April May) Performance, 2020. .............................................................163
Figure 8.3: Short Rains (October November December) Performance, 2020. ....................................164
Figure 8.4: Mean Annual Rainfall by Region................................................................................................165
Figure 8.5: Mean Annual Maximum Temperatures. ...................................................................................166
Figure 8.6: Mean Annual Minimum Temperatures.....................................................................................167
Figure 9.1: Sale of Petroleum Fuels by Major Consumer Category, 2020..............................................172
Figure 9.2: International Crude Oil Prices against Domestic Fuel Prices, 2020. ..................................175
Figure 9.3: Proportion of Electricity Generation by Source, 2020. .........................................................177
Figure 12.1: Number of International Visitor Arrivals and Tourism Earnings, 2016-2020................207
Figure 12.2(a): Number of Monthly International Visitor Arrivals through JKIA, 2019-2020.........208
Figure 12.2(b): Number of Monthly International Visitor Arrivals through MIA, 2019-2020.........209
Figure 12.2(c): Number of International Visitor Arrivals through MIA and JKIA, and Other Border
Points, 2016-2020. .............................................................................................................................................209
Figure 12.2(d): International Visitor Arrivals by Purpose of Visit, 2020................................................211
Figure 12.3: Monthly Hotel Bed Occupancy Rates, 2019-2020. .............................................................214
Figure 12.4: Bed-Nights Occupancy at the Coast, 2019-2020. ................................................................216
Figure 12.5: Number of Visitors to National Parks and Game Reserves, 2018-2020. .........................220
Figure 14.1: International SMS Sent and Received Traffic, 2016 - 2020. ...............................................245
Figure 15.1: Pupil Completion Rate and Primary to Secondary Transition Rate, 2016 - 2020.........269
Figure 16.1: Share of Total Government Expenditure on Health to Total Government Expenditure,
2016/17 – 2020/21. ..........................................................................................................................................303
Figure 16.2: County Governments’ Expenditure on Health, 2016/17 – 2020/21. .............................304
Figure 16.3: Adolescents Presenting with Pregnancy at 1st ANC Visit, 2016-2020..............................310
Figure 19.1: Quarterly Overall Construction Indices, 2020. ....................................................................388
Figure 20.1: National Trends of Malnutrition Indicators Published Between 1993 and 2015..........395
Figure 20.2: National Trends in Malnutrition using Recalculated Anthropometric Indicators. .......396
Figure 20.3a: Comparison of stunting prevalence between children 0-59 and 6-59 months in KDHS
and MICS.............................................................................................................................................................397
Figure 20.3b: Comparison of Underweight Prevalence between children 0-59 and 6-59 months in
KDHS and MICS. ..............................................................................................................................................398
Figure 20.3c: Comparison of Wasting Prevalence between children 0-59 and 6-59 months in KDHS
and MICS.............................................................................................................................................................398
Figure 20.4: Comparison of Global Stunting in Surveys with Consumption versus KDHS..............399
Figure 20.5: Projected Global Indicators at National Level.......................................................................400
Figure 20.6: Global Indicators by Place of Residence.................................................................................401
xvi
Background Information
About KNBS
The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) is the principal agency of the Government for
collecting, analysing and disseminating statistical data, and the custodian of official statistical
information. The Bureau is also responsible for the co-ordination of the National Statistical
System (NSS) in the country.
The functions of KNBS as defined in the Statistics Act No. 4 of 2006 are:
- Planning, authorizing, co-ordinating and supervising all official statistical programmes un-
dertaken within the national statistical system;
- Establishing standards and ensuring the use of best practices and methods in the production
and dissemination of statistical information across the national statistical system;
- Collecting, compiling, analyzing, abstracting and disseminating statistical information on the
matters specified in the First Schedule;
- Conducting the Population and Housing Census every ten years, and such other censuses
and surveys as the Board may determine;
- Maintaining a comprehensive and reliable national socio-economic database.
- Developing and maintaining sampling frames of the Bureau;
- Collaborating with and assisting the county governments or any other institutions in the
production of official statistics;
- Providing technical advice on statistics to other state entities;
- Promoting co-ordination among producers, users and suppliers of official statistics by form-
ing appropriate sector committees; and
- Designating statistics produced by national statistical system as official statistics on being
satisfied that the necessary criteria have been followed.
KNBS has an elaborate infrastructure for data collection across the country. This includes, a
County Statistical Office in each of the 47 counties as data collection center, two sampling
frames for implementation of censuses and surveys and various databases for socio-economic
statistical information.
The Bureau collects various statistical information on monthly, quarterly, semi-annually
and annual basis. Ad hoc surveys and studies are also carried out to gather information on
specific indicators. Some of the statistical products of the Bureau include, Consumer Price
Index (CPI), Leading Economic Indicators report, Quarterly Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) release, Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) release, Quarterly Producer Price
Index (PPI), Quarterly Balance of Payment release, Annual Economic Survey report, Annual
Statistical Abstract and County Statistical Abstract. The Bureau also provides information to
local and international organizations including the IMF, World Bank, UN, COMESA, ILO
and EAC; and other data users. The Bureau maintains various platforms through which its
products and statistical information are disseminated.
The Bureau provides information for monitoring the country’s development agenda as well as
internationally agreed indicators such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
In undertaking its mandate, the Bureau is guided by the following Vision, Mission and Core
Values.
Vision
“To be a global leader in the provision of quality statistical services”
xvii
Economic Survey 2021
Mission
“To provide, manage and promote quality statistical services through utilization of best prac-
tices for evidence-based decision making”.
xviii
Data Quality
Data Quality
The Economic Survey report is an annual publication prepared by the Kenya National Bureau
of Statistics that provides socio-economic information covering a five-year period. Statistics
presented in Economic Survey reports are produced in line with internationally sound and
scientific methods that are anchored on the fundamental principles of producing official
statistics.
Data Sources
The statistics published in the Economic Survey reports are based on a wide variety of
sources including own surveys and censuses, studies carried out by other institutions and
administrative data collected by Ministries, Departments and Agencies; County Governments;
and establishments. The sources of data are always recognized.
Accuracy and Reliability
All censuses and surveys conducted by the Bureau are based on international standards and
methods. Sampling and non-sampling errors that may occur in a census or survey are always
disclosed. Data from administrative sources are subject to international best practices on
statistics and are verified and validated through sectoral Technical Working Groups.
Periodicity
The Economic Survey report is an annual publication. However, the data may also be presented
on quarterly and monthly basis for the review period.
Consistency
The Bureau maintains a compendium of statistical definitions. The Bureau has endeavored
to provide the same format of statistical tables as in previous years to enable consistency and
trend comparison over time.
Accessibility
KNBS reports are disseminated through various platforms. The platforms include the KNBS
website: www.knbs.or.ke, publications, press releases and social media. More information is
also available from both headquarter and the county offices.
Timeliness
The report is produced annually, at most 150 days after the end of the review year. Quarterly
information is released at most 90 days after the review quarter.
xix
Economic Survey 2021
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
2G Second Generation
3G Third Generation
4G Fourth Generation
ADNOC Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation
AFA Agriculture and Food Authority
Af DB African Development Bank
AG Attorney General
AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act
AGPO Access to Government Procurement Opportunities
AIA Appropriation In Aid
AIDS Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome
AMEL Aircraft Maintenance Engineers License
AMOS Approved Maintenance Organizations
AOC Air Operator Certificate
ASEAN Association of South Eastern Asia Nations
ASFR Age Specific Fertility Rates
ATCOs Air Traffic Controllers
ATOS Approved Training Organizations
ATPL Air Transport Pilot License
BEC Broad Economic Category
BH Boreholes
BOP Balance of Payments
Bps Bits per second
BTL Bilateral Tubal Ligation
CAK Communications Authority of Kenya
CBA Collective Bargaining Agreement
CBC Competency Based Curriculum
CBK Central Bank of Kenya
CBR Central Bank Rate
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CECM County Executive Committee Members
CFS Container Freight Station
CIP Census of Industrial Production
CIPI Construction Input Price Indices
CMA Capital Markets Authority
CMC Cabin-Crew Member Certificate
COA Certificate of Air Worthiness
COICOP Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CPC Central Product classifications
CPI Consumer Price Indices
CPIMS Child Protection Information management Systems
CPL Commercial Pilot License
xx
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
CTU Cane Testing Units
DBK Development Bank of Kenya
DDOS Distributed Denial of Service
DES Dietary Energy Supply
ODPP Office of Director of Public Prosecutions
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DTSs Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperatives
DWT Deadweight Tons
EA Environmental Audit
EAC East African Community
EACC Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
ECDE Early Childhood Development Education
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMDE Emerging Market and Developing Economies
EMS Expedited Mail Service
EOPS Early Oil Pilot Scheme
EPP Emergency Power Producers
EPZ Export Processing Zone
EPZA Export Processing Zones Authority
EPRA Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FBO Faith Based Organization
FBS Food Balance Sheet
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FGM Female Genital Mutilation
FOB Free on Board
FP Family Planning
FttH Fibre to the Home
FttO Fibre to the Office
FY Financial Year
GB General Business
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation
GNDI Gross National Disposable Income
GNI Gross National Income
GoK Government of Kenya
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GVA Gross Value Added
GWh Giga Watt Hours
Ha Hectares
HELB Higher Education Loans Board
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICDC Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation
ICT Information and Communication Technology
xxi
Economic Survey 2021
ID Identity Card
IDA International Development Association
IDB Industrial Development Bank
IDR Import Dependency Ratio
IEBC Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IIP Index of Industrial Production
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMF International Monetary Fund
IP Internet Protocol
IPP Independent Power Producers
IPTV Internet-Protocol Televisions
IRA Insurance Regulatory Authority
ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification for All Economic Activities
ISP Internet Service Provider
IT Information Technology
IUCD Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
JKIA Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
KCAA Kenya Civil Aviation Authority
KCB Kenya Commercial Bank
KCPE Kenya Certificate of Primary Education
KCSE Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
KEPH Kenya Essential Package for Health
KDB Kenya Dairy Board
KE-CIRT/CC Kenya Computer Incident Response Team/Coordination Centre
KenGen Kenya Electricity Generating Company
KenInvest Kenya Investment Authority
KeRRA Kenya Rural Roads Authority
KFS Kenya Forest Service
KG Kilograms
KIE Kenya Industrial Estate
KMTC Kenya Medical Training College
KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
KPA Kenya Ports Authority
KPC Kenya Pipeline Corporation
KPHC Kenya Population and Housing Census
KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting Company
KPRL Kenya Petroleum Refineries Limited
KRA Kenya Revenue Authority
KRB Kenya Roads Board
KSh Kenya Shillings
KUCCPS Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service
KURA Kenya Urban Roads Authority
kV Kilo Volts
KW Kilo watt
xxii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
KWh Kilo Watt Hour
KWS Kenya Wildlife Service
KYDP Kenya Youth Development Policy
L Overall liquidity
LAPSSET Lamu Port Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LTM Long Term Mean
M1 Narrow Money supply
Broad Money supply (Money suplied by CBK, Commercial Banks and
M2
Micro Finance Institutions
Extended Broad Money Supply(M2 plus Foreign Currency
M3
Holdings by Residents)
MAM March April May long rains
Mbps Megabits Per Second
MCA Members of County Assembly
MDAs Ministries Departments and Agencies
MDP Management Development Programmes
MGR Meter Gauge Railway
MIA Moi International Airport
MM Millimitres
MNP Mobile Numbers Ported
MOH Ministry of Health
Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, Housing, Urban
MOTIHUDPW
Development and Public Works
MTP Medium Term Plan
MTP III Third Medium Term Plan
MW Mega Watts
n.e.c not elsewhere classified
NACOSTI National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation
NBK National Bank of Kenya
NCC Nairobi City County
NDE New Digital Economy
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
NEMIS National Education Management Information System
NFA Net Foreign Assets
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NHC National Housing Corporation
NHIF National Hospital Insurance Fund
NIB National Irrigation Board
NIC National Industrial Credit
NPS National Police Service
NSE Nairobi Securities Exchange
NSS National Statistical System
xxiii
Economic Survey 2021
NSSF National Social Security Fund
NTSA National Transport and Safety Authority
NWCPC National Water Corporation and Pipeline Corporation
NYS National Youth Service
ODPP Office of the Director of Public Prosecution
OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development
OND October November December
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPCT Older Persons Cash Transfer
OVC Orphans and Vulnerable Children
PAYE Pay As You Earn
PCK Postal Corporation of Kenya
PCR Pupil Completion Rate
PIN Personal Identification Number
PPI Producer Price Index
PPL Private Pilot License
PSTR Primary to Secondary Transition Rate
PSUT Physical Supply and Use Tables
PSV Public Service Vehicle
PWD Persons with Disability
PWSD Persons with Severe Disabilities
RBA Retirement Benefits Authority
SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies
SADC Southern African Development Community
SASRA Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
SDR Special Drawing Rights
SEEA System of Environmental Economic Accounts
SGR Standard Gauge Railway
SITC Standard International Trade Classification
SLD Second Level Domain
SMS Short Messaging Services
SNA System of National Accounts
SPL Student Pilot License
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
SSR Self-Sufficiency Ratio
SUA Supply and Utilization Account
SUT Supply and Use Tables
TEUs Twenty-foot Equivalent Units
TVET Technical Vocational Educational Training
TVETA Technical Vocational Education and Training Authority
TJ Tera Joules
TOT Total Rainfall
TSA Tourism Satellite Account
TSC Teachers Service Commission
xxiv
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
TWI Trade Weighted Index
UAE United Arab Emirates
UFAA Unclaimed Financial Assets Authority
UHC Universal Health Coverage
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
US/USA United States of America
USD United States Dollar
VAT Value Added Tax
VHF Very High Frequency
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union
WEF Women Enterprise Fund
WPP Water Purification Points
YEDF Youth Enterprise Development Fund
xxv
Summary and Outlook
Summary and Outlook
International Scene
World real GDP contracted by 4.2 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 2.7 per cent
in 2019. The contraction was mainly attributed to slowdown in economic activities due to
emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Real GDP in Advanced Economies
is estimated to have contracted by 5.8 per cent in the period under review compared to 1.7
per cent growth in 2019. This was due to accelerated collapse in economic activity driven by
sharp declines in demand and supply of services. Sub Saharan Africa economies contracted
by 1.9 per cent in 2020 compared to a real GDP growth of 3.2 per cent in 2019. East African
Community (EAC) real GDP contracted by 0.2 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 6.2
per cent recorded in 2019.
Global inflation eased from 3.5 per cent in 2019 to 3.2 per cent in 2020 largely due to significant
decline in oil prices. World trade volume contracted by 10.3 per cent in 2020 compared to
1.0 per cent growth in 2019, a reflection of pronounced weakness in aggregate demand. The
decline in trade volume was as a result of lockdowns and restriction of movements coupled
with border closures that notably constrained consumption of a wide variety of goods. World
current account surplus as a percentage of GDP narrowed from 0.5 per cent in 2019 to 0.2 per
cent in 2020. This was mainly attributed to weak external demand and decline in oil prices.
Global employment levels deteriorated substantially during the review period. Unemployment
rate stood at 6.5 per cent in 2020 from 5.5 per cent in 2019.
Economic Performance
Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is estimated to have contracted by 0.3 per cent in 2020
compared to a growth of 5.0 per cent in 2019. The contraction was spread across all sectors of
the economy but was more dismal in accommodation and food serving activities, education,
professional and administrative service activities. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing activities
were however more vibrant in 2020 despite a contraction in global demand in 2020. The sector
grew by 4.6 per cent in 2020 compared to 2.3 per cent growth in 2019.Manufacturing sector
growth slowed down from 2.8 per cent in 2019 to 0.2 per cent in 2020. Despite most sectors
recording contraction in growths, the economy was somewhat supported by accelerated
growths in agricultural production (4.8 per cent), construction activities (11.8 per cent),
financial and insurance activities (5.6 per cent) and health services activities (6.7 per cent).
In the review period, monetary policy was premised on the need to cushion the economy from
the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic containment measures, supporting liquidity
and credit access. Central Bank Rate (CBR) was reviewed downwards from 8.50 per cent in
November 2019 to 8.25 per cent in January 2020 and maintained 7.00 per cent until the end
of 2020. The weighted average interest rates for commercial bank loans and advances declined
from 12.24 per cent in 2019 to 12.02 per cent in 2020.
1
Economic Survey 2021
Agriculture remained the dominant sector, accounting for 23.0 per cent of the total value
of the economy in 2020. Industry related activities accounted for 17.1 per cent of the total
contribution in GDP growth in the same period. Nominal GDP increased from KSh 10,255.7
billion in 2019 to KSh 10,753.0 billion in 2020. Similarly, gross domestic expenditure at current
prices increased from KSh 11,123.0 billion in 2019 to KSh 11,667.7 billion in 2020. Gross
National Disposable Income increased from KSh 10,630.4 billion in 2019 to KSh 11,100.4
billion in 2020. Gross domestic product per capita in constant prices however declined from
KSh 183,664.1 in 2019 to KSh 179,021.6 in 2020.
Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
In 2020, total employment outside small-scale agriculture and pastoral activities stood at 17.4
million, down from 18.1 million recorded in 2019. In the same period, wage employment in the
private sector declined by 10.0 per cent from 2,063.2 thousand jobs in 2019 to stand at 1,856.5
thousand jobs. Within the public sector, wage employment increased from 865.2 thousand in
2019 to 884.6 thousand in 2020. During the review period, informal sector employment is
estimated to have contracted to 14.5 million jobs.
The nominal wage bill for private and public sectors declined from KSh 2,279.0 billion in
2019 to KSh 2,197.6 billion in 2020 mainly due to a decrease of 6.6 per cent wage bill in the
private sector. The share of County governments wage payments to total public sector wage
payments improved to 23.1 per cent in 2020 compared to 22.0 per cent in 2019. Nominal
average earnings grew by 3.0 per cent to KSh 801.7 thousand whereas real average earnings
per employee declined by 1.5 per cent to 740,493.9 in the review period. Inflation rate as
measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) increased from 5.3 per cent in 2019 to 5.4 per
cent in 2020.
Money, Banking and Finance
During the review period, the government through the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) adopted
an accommodative monetary policy stance in order to spur economic growth and cushion the
banking system from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Monetary Policy Committee
(MPC) revised the Central Bank Rate (CBR) from 8.50 per cent in 2019 to 8.25 per cent in
January 2020 and revised it further in March, and 7.00 per cent in April 2020 and retained it at
this level till the end of the year under review.
Broad money supply (M3) and total domestic credit expanded from KSh 3,524.0 billion and
KSh 3,660.5 billion as at the end of December 2019 to KSh 3,990.9 billion and KSh 4,340.9
billion as at the end of December 2020, respectively. Net foreign assets declined from KSh
806.4 billion as at the end of December 2019 to KSh 748.6 billion as at the end of December
2020.
Interest rates generally declined during the review period. The lending rate for commercial
banks’ loans and advances reduced from 12.24 per cent in December 2019 to 12.02 per cent
in December 2020, while the average deposit rate reduced to 6.30 per cent in December 2020
from 7.11 per cent in December 2019. Similarly, the savings rate and the 91-day Treasury bill
rate reduced to 2.70 per cent and 5.29 per cent respectively in December 2020. The interbank
rate declined to 5.29 per cent in December 2020.
Total assets under life insurance business grew by 10.5 per cent to KSh 499.1 billion in
December 2020 while total assets of the general insurance businesses grew by 1.8 per cent
to KSh 193.5 billion over the same period. Assets of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit
2
Summary and Outlook
Cooperatives (DTSs) increased by 13.5 per cent to KSh 630.9 billion in 2020, while deposits
and loans increased by 13.1 per cent and 12.2 per cent, respectively. Pension sub-sector assets
grew by 1.9 per cent to KSh 1,322.6 as at the end of June 2020. The NSE 20 share index
declined for the third consecutive year to 1,868 points in 2020.
Public Finance
The total National Government expenditure is expected to grow by 16.0 per cent from KSh
2,947.6 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 3,419.3 billion in 2020/21. Recurrent and development
expenditures are also estimated to grow by 21.8 per cent and 11.5 per cent, to KSh 2,740.8
billion and KSh 678.4 billion, respectively. Total revenue, including grants, is expected to grow
by 6.5 per cent from KSh 1,816.0 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 1,933.6 billion, during the review.
Total ordinary revenue is estimated to grow by 9.0 per cent to KSh 1,892.6 billion, while tax
revenue is estimated to increase by 8.8 per cent to KSh 1,669.8 billion, over the same period.
Expense is estimated from KSh 2,493.3 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 2,727.0 billion in 2020/21.
Total stock of public debt rose by 14.3 per cent to KSh 6,057.8 billion as at end of June 2020,
with public external debt accounting for 55.3 per cent of the total debt.
Expenditure by County Governments is expected to increase by 11.8 per cent to KSh 466.4
billion in 2020/21, while revenue is estimated to increase by 13.8 per cent to KSh 416.3 billion.
Total revenue for the General Government increased by 4.7 per cent to KSh 2,138.9 billion
in 2019/20, where tax revenue and other revenue accounted for 72.1 per cent and 24.8 per
cent, respectively. Expense rose from KSh 2,213.1 billion in 2018/19 to KSh 2,693.7 billion in
2019/20 with compensation of employees, and use of goods and services accounting for 33.5
per cent and 18.8 per cent, respectively. Expenditure on net acquisition of non-financial assets
declined by 22.2 per cent to KSh 371.4 billion in 2019/20. Net borrowing increased by 43.0
per cent to KSh 926.3 billion in 2019/20.
International Trade and Balance of Payments
The balance of trade deficit narrowed from KSh 1,209.7 billion in 2019 to KSh 999.9 billion
in 2020. This improved performance resulted from a 7.9 per cent increase in total exports to
KSh 643.7 billion coupled with a 9.0 per cent decline in the value of imports to KSh 1,643.6
billion in 2020.
The increase in total exports was largely driven by an increase in domestic exports from KSh
520.8 billion in 2019 to KSh 567.4 billion in 2020. Export earnings of horticultural products,
tea; and titanium ores and concentrates contributed to the increase in domestic exports by
10.6, 14.8 and 20.5 per cent, respectively. Expenditure on principal imports of petroleum
products, industrial machinery and road motor vehicles declined from a combined value of
KSh 657.2 billion in 2019 to KSh 514.2 billion in 2020. Consequently, expenditure on imports
declined from KSh 1,806.3 billion in 2019 to KSh 1,643.6 billion in 2020.
The Current Account improved from a deficit of KSh 539.2 billion in 2019 to a deficit of KSh
491.7 billion in 2020. The increase in the value of exports relative to the decline in imports,
valued on f.o.b basis, led to the narrowing of the Current account deficit during the year in
review. Despite this, there was marked reduction in net receipts from services from KSh 178.0
billion in 2019 to KSh 37.5 billion in 2020. The financial account recorded reduced net inflows
from a surplus of KSh 610.8 billion in 2019 to a surplus of KSh 321.9 billion in 2020. Net FDI
inflows reduced from a surplus of KSh 90.9 billion in 2019 to a surplus of KSh 53.3 billion
in 2020. In contrast, net inflows of other investments increased from a surplus of KSh 380.9
billion to KSh 396.5 billion on account of increased disbursements to government.
3
Economic Survey 2021
Overall, the Balance of Payments deteriorated from a surplus of KSh 111.4 billion in 2019 to a
deficit of KSh 152.5 billion in 2020. During the review period, the Kenyan Shilling depreciated
against major currencies exchanging at KSh 106.5, KSh 121.7 and KSh 136.7 against the US
dollar, the Euro and Pound Sterling, respectively.
Agriculture Sector
In 2020, Agriculture sector recorded mixed performance. Sector growth decelerated to 5.4
per cent compared to 3.0 per cent in 2019. The observed performance is attributed to the
COVID-19 pandemic coupled with inadequate short rains during the year under review.
Aggregate maize production declined by 4.3 per cent from 44.0 million bags in 2019 to 42.1
million bags in 2020. Similarly, coffee production declined from 45.0 thousand tonnes in
2018/19 to 36.9 thousand tonnes in 2019/20. The volume of horticultural exports decreased
by 4.5 per cent from 328.3 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 313.6 thousand tonnes in 2020. The
volume of marketed milk increased by 2.1 per cent from 668.2 million litres in 2019 to 682.3
million litres in 2020. Tea production increased by 24.1 per cent from 458.8 thousand tonnes
in the 2019 to 569.5 thousand tonnes in the 2020 on account of adequate rainfall in tea growing
areas. The availability of mature sugar cane resulted in the volume of sugar cane deliveries
increasing from 4.4 million tonnes in 2019 to 6.0 million tonnes in 2020. Overall value of
marketed agricultural production increased by 9.3 per cent from KSh 466.3 billion in 2019 to
KSh 509.7 billion in 2020.
Environment and Natural Resources
The share to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by the environment and natural
resources sector during the review period was 4.0 per cent up from 3.7 per cent recorded in
the previous period. The total Gross Value Added (GVA) from the sector grew by 11.9 per
cent from KSh 380.5 billion recorded in 2019 to KSh 425.8 billion in 2020. The fisheries sub-
sector registered a slight improvement in performance in the review period with the total value
of fish landed increasing from KSh 23.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 26.2 billion, largely attributed
to an increase of KSh 1.9 billion in the value of freshwater fish landed. Total value of mineral
production declined by 5.8 per cent from 24.1 billion in 2019 to 22.7 billion in 2020. Total
forest area increased marginally from 4,228.8 thousand hectares in 2019 to 4,231.9 thousand
hectares in 2020. During the review period, area under government forest plantation stock
increased from 147.6 thousand hectares in 2019 to 149.6 thousand hectares.
Total development expenditure on Water Supplies and Related Services is expected to increase
from KSh 44.5 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 55.2 billion in 2020/21. The rainfall distribution,
both in time and space, during long rains season March-April-May (MAM) 2020 was generally
good over most parts of the country. The October –November- December (OND) Short
Rains seasonal rainfall was below normal over most parts of the country
Energy Sector
Murban crude oil prices dropped from a mean of USD 64.92 in 2019 to a mean of USD 41.45
in 2020. This was occasioned by to lack of general agreement on oil production levels between
two of the largest oil producers (Russia and Saudi Arabia), and the US delay in cutting back on
oil production. During the review period, the total import bill of petroleum products decreased
to KSh 209.1 billion. Similarly, the total value of petroleum products exported, including re-
exports, increased by 2.2 per cent to KSh 42.6 billion in 2020.
4
Summary and Outlook
Total installed electricity capacity increased from 2,818.9 MW in 2019 to 2,836.7 MW in
2020. Total electricity demand declined by 0.2 per cent to 11,603.6 GWh in 2020. Similarly,
domestic demand for electricity declined from 8,854.0 GWh in 2019 to 8,796.4 GWh in 2020.
Thermal electricity generation declined by 42.5 per cent to 754.5 GWh while wind electricity
generation dropped by 14.8 per cent to 1,331.4 GWh in the review period. Electricity imports
also declined by 35.5 per cent to 136.7 GWh. However, hydro electricity generation increased
by 32.1 per cent to 4,232.7 GWh mainly due to favourable rainfall experienced in 2020.
Estimated production of biomass wood (firewood, charcoal and wastes/scraps was 142,673.1
TJ in the review period.
The number of customers connected under the rural electrification programme grew by 6.6
per cent to 1,502,943 in 2019/20 from 1,409,256 in 2018/19. The Early Oil Pilot Scheme
(EOPS) project commissioned in June 2018 was closed on 2nd June 2020.
Manufacturing Sector
During the year under review, the manufacturing sector real value added declined by 0.1 per
cent, compared to an increase of 2.5 per cent in 2019. The value of output increased by 2.8 per
cent from 2.3 trillion in 2019 to 2.4 trillion in 2020.
The volume of output for the sector grew by 1.0 per cent in 2020, mainly attributed to
increased production of sugar, other non-metallic mineral products which include cement,
food products not elsewhere classified (nec) which comprise tea, chemical and chemical
products and pharmaceutical products. Leather and related products, beverages, motor
vehicle, trailers and semi-trailers, rubber and dairy products sub sectors recorded declines in
the review period.
The total credit advanced to the sector by commercial banks and industrial financial institutions
rose from KSh 366.9 billion in 2019 to KSh 410.3 billion in 2020. Employment in the formal
manufacturing sector decreased by 10.3 per cent to 316.9 thousand in 2020. Similarly, the
number of local employees in EPZ enterprises dropped by 7.7 per cent to 55,736 in 2020.
Total sales by Export Processing Zone (EPZ) enterprises increased by 4.3 per cent to KSh
80.5 billion in 2020 while imports contracted by 7.5 per cent to KSh 36.8 billion in 2020. The
value of export of articles of apparels under African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
decreased by 8.3 per cent to KSh 42.3 billion in 2020 mainly due to inadequate supply of
raw materials and the market lockdown in the USA. Overall, annual inflation as measured by
Producer Price Index (PPI) increased to 101.88 in 2020 from 101.81 in 2019.
Construction Sector
Construction sector registered a growth of 11.8 per cent in 2020 compared to growth of 5.6
per cent in 2019. Cement consumption rose significantly from 6.1 million tonnes in 2019 to
7.4 million tonnes in 2020 representing an increase of 21.3 per cent. Loans and advances from
commercial banks to the construction sector grew by 3.4 per cent from KSh 115.8 billion
in 2019 to KSh 119.7 billion in 2020. The number of completed public residential buildings
built by the State Department for Housing and National Housing Corporation (NHC) were
2,332 and 338, respectively in the year under review. The value of public buildings completed
increased substantially to KSh 9,084.3 million in 2020, compared to KSh 1,509.1 million in
2019.
The total length of roads under bitumen rose by 1.8 per cent to 22.6 thousand kilometres as
at June 2020, from 22.2 thousand kilometres in June 2019. The length of roads categorised
5
Economic Survey 2021
as super highway increased to 157 kilometres in the same period. The construction of the
Nairobi Expressway, which is a 108-kilometre lane-length, with an estimated construction
cost of KSh 60.0 billion was 10.0 per cent complete as at 31st December, 2020. In 2020, the
construction of a 2.1 kilometres floating bridge across Likoni-Channel was completed at a cost
of KSh 2.0 billion. Wage employment in the sector grew by 33.0 per cent from 173.3 thousand
persons in 2019 to 230.5 thousand persons in 2020.
Tourism Sector
Overall, the tourism sector indicators registered declines with tourism earnings decreasing
by 43.9 per cent to KSh 91.7 billion in 2020. The declines were attributed to the COVID-19
pandemic which resulted in introduction of containment measures by governments across the
world to curb the spread of the virus. The Government suspended international passenger
flights between March and July and introduced a number of restrictions such as curfews,
movement, social gatherings among others, to contain the spread of the virus. As a result,
international visitor arrivals decreased by 71.5 per cent to stand at 579.6 thousand in 2020.
During the period under review, hotel bed-nights occupancy rate contracted by 58.0 per cent
to 3,803.0 thousand. The number of international and local conferences held declined by 87.0
per cent and 75.2 per cent to 28 and 1,176 respectively, in 2020. Visitors to national parks and
game reserves declined by 65.1 per cent to 1,037.0 thousand in 2020. Similarly, the number
of visitors to museums, snake parks and historical sites declined by 83.8 per cent from 990.2
thousand in 2019 to 160.7 thousand in 2020. Number of trainees pursuing hospitality and
tourism courses at the Kenya Utalii College declined by 76.4 per cent from 3,086 in 2019 to 729
in 2020. This was mainly attributed to the closure of learning institutions by the government to
curb the spread of COVID-19.
Transport and Storage
The performance of the transportation and storage sector was adversely affected by the
COVID-19 pandemic in the review period. This was due to restriction measures put in place
to curb the spread of the virus. The value of output from transport and storage sector reduced
by 5.2 per cent to KSh 1,973.3 billion in 2020, a reversal from the 10.7 per cent growth
recorded in 2019. The volume of cargo transported through the MGR dropped by 5.8 per
to 628 thousand tonnes while revenue earned from MGR cargo stream rose by 15.7 per cent
to KSh 1,114 million in 2020. The volume of freight transported through Standard Gauge
Railway (SGR) grew by 4.8 per cent to 4.4 million tonnes, however, revenue earned declined
by 19.2 per cent to KSh 10.5 billion in the review period. Total cargo throughput at the Port
of Mombasa contracted by 0.9 per cent to 34,116 thousand metric tonnes in 2020. Similarly,
container traffic decreased by 4.0 per cent to 1,359.6 thousand Twenty-foot Equivalent Units
(TEUs) in the same period.
The total volume of white petroleum products transported through the pipeline declined by
3.1 per cent to 6,806.8 thousand cubic metres in 2020. The volume of commercial air traffic
passengers dropped by 62.5 per cent to 4.5 million in 2020. The number of domestic passengers
handled at various airports decreased by 53.1 per cent to 2.3 million while international
passengers reduced by 70.4 per cent to 2.1 million in 2020. Volume of cargo transported
through various airports decreased by 8.9 per cent to 341.4 thousand tonnes while mail traffic
increased by 33.8 per cent to 1,457.5 thousand tonnes in 2020. The number of newly registered
motor vehicles and motor cycles increased by 6.0 per cent to 346,729 in 2020 largely due to
growth in the number of newly registered motor cycles.
6
Summary and Outlook
Information and Communication Technology
The value of output from ICT sector increased by 2.5 per cent to KSh 538.3 billion in 2020,
a slower growth compared to the 5.8 per cent registered in 2019. Mobile cellular telephone
and mobile money subscriptions stood at 126.15 and 66.68 in 2020 compared to 111.10
and 60.92 per 100 persons in 2019, respectively. Total domestic telephone traffic increased
from 58.7 billion minutes in 2019 to 60.3 billion minutes in 2020 whereas the International
telephone traffic declined marginally from 1,054.0 million minutes in 2019 to 1,024.4 million
minutes in 2020.Total mobile money transfers grew by 20.0 per cent in 2020, one of the largest
increments recorded in the last 5 years to stand at KSh 5.2 trillion. Furthermore, value of the
mobile commerce transactions grew by 35.0 per cent to KSh 9.4 trillion in the same period.
This increment was driven by preferences to cashless transactions in the wake of COVID-19
and the reduction of mobile money transfer tariffs. Number of domestic SMSs sent increased
by 4.4 per cent to 68.1 billion while international SMS sent declined by 8.3 per cent to 36.3
million SMSs in 2020.
Internet subscribers grew by 7.81 percentage points from 83.38 per cent in 2019 to 91.19
per cent in 2020. The number of Internet service providers grew from 302 in 2019 to 366 in
2020 driven by demand of internet services during the period under review. Furthermore, the
demand for internet services experienced in the review period led to increased total fixed and
wireless internet and broadband subscribers by 12.0 and 16.8 per cent to 44.4 million and 25.8
million, respectively. In the review period, 49.5 per cent of the available bandwidth capacity
was utilised compared to 43.5 per cent in 2019. Digital TV subscribers increased by 7.2 per
cent to 5.5 million in 2020 compared to a 11.5 per cent decline registered in 2019. Average
online newspaper visitors per day increased by 28.0 per cent in 2020 compared to an increase
of 1.8 per cent in 2019.
Education and Training
Total expenditure for the Ministry of Education is expected to go up by 8.9 per cent to KSh
506.2 billion in 2020/21 financial year. Recurrent expenditure for the Ministry is expected
to increase by 7.1 per cent to KSh 481.2 billion in 2020/21. Development expenditure is
expected to increase by KSh 9.7 billion to KSh 25.0 billion in 2020/21, mainly attributable to
increase in funding for the implementation of COVID-19 prevention measures in educational
institutions. Total number of schools increased marginally from 89,337 in 2019 to 90,145 in
2020. Number of registered public pre-primary schools went up by 2.7 per cent from 28,383
in 2019 to 29,148 in 2020. During the review period, the number of private primary schools
increased by 1.5 per cent to 9,191, while the number of public primary schools declined to
23,246 from 23,286 in 2019. Number of public teacher training colleges grew from 27 in 2019
to 30 in 2020, while the number of national polytechnics increased by one to 12 in 2020.
Enrolment in Pre-Primary 1 and 2 increased by 3.4 per cent to 2.8 million in 2020 from 2.7
million in 2019. Total enrolment in primary schools stood at 10.2 million in 2020 from 10.1
million in 2019. Total enrolment in secondary schools recorded a growth of 8.0 per cent to
3,520.4 thousand in 2020 of which 1,768.9 thousand were girls. The total number of teacher
trainees rose by 10.5 per cent from 11,111 in 2019 to 12,276 in 2020, while enrolment in
TVET institutions increased by 4.8 per cent from 430,598 in 2019 to 451,205 in 2020. Total
enrolment in public and private universities is expected to increase by 7.3 per cent to 546.7
thousand in 2020/21 from 509.5 thousand reported in 2019/20 academic year.
Total number of teachers in public primary schools slightly declined from 218,760 in 2019 to
218,077 in 2020. Total number of teachers in public secondary schools and teacher training
7
Economic Survey 2021
colleges increased by 7.6 per cent to 113.2 thousand in 2020. The number of HELB loan
applicants recorded a growth of 30.4 per cent from 298.0 thousand in 2018/19 to 388.7
thousand in 2019/20 academic year. The number of loan beneficiaries increased by 19.1 per
cent from 293.2 thousand in 2018/19 to 349.2 thousand in 2019/20. During the same period,
the amount of loans awarded to successful loans applicants increased by 29.9 per cent from
KSh 11.7 billion in 2018/19 to KSh 15.2 billion in 2019/20, mainly on account of an increase
in the amount of loans awarded to applicants from TVET institutions. Government capitation
to HELB rose by 17.1 per cent to KSh 8.2 billion in 2019/20. The number of research license
applications reduced by 8.2 per cent to 6,077 in 2019/20, while the number of research
licenses granted by National Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI)
increased by 7.7 per cent to 6,481 in 2019/20.
Health and Vital Statistics
National Government expenditure on health services rose by 34.5 per cent to KSh 103.1 billion
in 2019/20 while that of County Governments’ grew by 16.0 per cent to KSh 106.7 billion in
the same period. The ratio of Government expenditure on health to total expenditure stood at
6.2 per cent in 2019/20.
National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) membership increased by 6.0 per cent to 22.0
million in 2019/20. Consequently, NHIF members’ receipts grew by 5.7 per cent to KSh
59.5 billion in 2019/20. The amount of benefits payout increased by 1.8 per cent to KSh 54.4
billion during the review period.
Total cases of diseases reported in health facilities decreased by 31.6 per cent to 60.0 million
in 2020. Diseases of the respiratory system and malaria accounted for 27.6 per cent and 19.1
per cent of the total disease caseload, respectively, in the same period. As at 31st December,
2020, the number of confirmed COVID-19 positive cases and related deaths were 96,612 and
1,756, respectively.
The number of health facilities increased from 13,700 in 2019 to 14,600 in 2020. Hospital beds
increased by 9.6 per cent to 82,091 while hospital cots increased by 7.7 per cent to 8,946 in the
review period. There was a general increase in the number of registered health professionals
per 100,000 population for all cadres except medical laboratory technicians, whose number
remained constant.
The total number of medical students in universities increased by 13.5 per cent to 22,200
while the total number of medical graduates and post-graduates decreased by 69.9 per cent
to 1,396, in 2020. Similarly, the number of Kenya Medical Training College (KMTC) middle
level medical graduates decreased by 67.4 per cent to 4,114 in the 2019/20 academic year.
Birth registration coverage rate declined from 76.2 per cent in 2019 to 71.5 per cent in 2020
while death registration coverage rate declined from 39.1 per cent to 36.8 per cent, over the
same period. The proportion of registered births and deaths reported to have occurred in a
health facility were 97.7 per cent and 53.4 per cent, respectively, during the review period.
Governance, Peace and Security
The total number of crimes reported to the Police declined by 25.4 per cent to 69,645 cases
in 2020. Similarly, the number of offenders reported to the police to have committed offences
declined by 21.0 per cent to 65,083 persons in 2020. However, homicide, corruption and
offences against morality slightly increased by 4.7, 2.3 and 13.7 per cent, respectively during
the review period. The declines were attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic containment
8
Summary and Outlook
measures such as restriction of movement and curfews. The total cases reported against child
protection, also declined by 16.1 per cent to 146,881 in 2020. On the contrary, cases reported
on child trafficking and victims of violence such as child pregnancy, defilement, Female
Genital Mutilation (FGM), and physical abuse went up during the review period.
The number of cases reported by Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) to the
Office of Director of Public Prosecutions (ODPP) for investigations, declined by 36.2 per
cent to 2,221cases in year 2019/20. The Commission recovered assets worth KSh 12.1 billion
during the same period. Cases filed by various courts declined by 30.3 per cent to 337,510 in
2019/20 and those disposed of decreased by 38.2 per cent to 289,728 during the same period.
The prison population, declined by 60.7 per cent to 86,119 in 2020. Similarly, the number
of offenders serving probation sentence and aftercare decreased by 58.9 per cent and 83.6
per cent to 4,730 and 92, respectively, in 2020. However, the number of offenders under
community service more than doubled from 6,614 in 2019 to 16,641 in 2020.
The number of issued passports and work permits decreased by 51.0 per cent and 34.7 per
cent, to 219,090 and 5,851, respectively, in 2020. Similarly, the number of registered foreign
nationals decreased by 29.7 per cent to 19,034 persons in 2020 while that of refugees and
asylum seekers went up by 3.1 per cent to 504,854 during the same period. The number of
registered persons with disabilities decreased by 16.3 per cent from 45,411 in 2018/19 to
38,010 in 2019/20.
Gender, Economic and Social Inclusion
National Government expenditure for social services is expected to decrease by 17.2 per cent
from KSh 77.7 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 64.3 billion in 2020/21. Similarly, total development
expenditure on social services is expected to significantly decrease by 55.3 per cent from KSh
24.6 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 11.0 billion in 2020/21. However, total recurrent expenditure
is expected to increase slightly by 0.4 per cent during the period under review.
Loan disbursements by Women Enterprise Fund (WEF), Uwezo Fund and Youth Enterprise
Development Fund (YEDF) are expected to amount to KSh 2.8 billion, KSh 541.1 million
and KSh 575.0 million, respectively, in 2020/21. The total amount of grants disbursed by
the National Government Affirmative Action Fund(NGAAF) in three of their programmes
(Social Economic Empowerment, Value Addition Initiatives and Bursaries Scholarships for
vulnerable students), is expected to increase from KSh 758.9 million in 2019/20 to KSh 788.0
million in 2020/21. The reported total value of tenders awarded under Access to Government
Procurement Opportunities (AGPO) is expected to rise from KSh 22.8 billion in 2019/20 to
KSh 26.5 billion in 2020/21. Women, Youths and Persons with Disabilities entrepreneurs are
expected to be awarded tenders worth KSh 13.8 billion, KSh 10.7 billion and KSh 2.0 billion,
respectively, in 2020/21. The number of service women and men recruited to the National
Youth Service (NYS) decreased by 30.5 per cent and 35.0 per cent, respectively, in 2020.
In 2020, the proportion of women in the following key selected positions in the public service,
remained constant, compared to 2019; Cabinet Secretaries, Principal Secretaries, Heads
of Constitutional Commissions and Independent Offices, Regional Commissioners and
County Commissioners at, 33.3, 18.6, 53.3, 12.5 and 12.8 per cent, respectively. The National
Assembly did not meet the minimum one-third gender rule requirement in 2019 and in 2020
as well, however, this was met at the National level by the County Assemblies. There were two
women governors for both 2019 and 2020. However, the number of women deputy governors
9
Economic Survey 2021
increased to 8 in 2020 from 7 in 2019. Moreover, the number of CECMs declined from 434 in
2019 to 431 in 2020, with the proportion of women declining marginally from 31.8 per cent
to 31.3 per cent.
The amount disbursed through Cash Transfers for Orphans and Vulnerable Children, Older
Persons Cash Transfers and Cash Transfers to Persons with Severe Disabilities are expected
to reduce from KSh. 7.1 billion, KSh18.4 billion and KSh 816.6 million to to KSh 7.0 billion,
KSh. 18.3 billion and KSh. 814.8 million, respectively from 2019/20 to 2020/21. However,
the amount disbursed for Hunger and Safety Net Programme is expected to increase from KSh
3.4 billion to KSh. 3.5 billion during the same period. The number of registered employers by
National Social Security Fund (NSSF) stood at 82,261 in 2020. The total number of registered
members, annual contributions and annual benefits paid decreased by 23.9, 2.4 and 10.2 per
cent, respectively, during the period under review.
2021 Outlook
Globally, most of the developing economies are projected to experience a more challenging
recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic compared to their developed economies counterpart.
This is largely so because of the uneven access to COVID-19 vaccine which is therefore likely to
impact negatively on the full resumption of economic activities in the developing economies.
The global economic growth is expected to rebound to 5.6 per cent in 2021. Consequently,
the volume of world merchandise trade is projected to expand by 8.0 per cent in 2021 after a
contraction of 5.3 per cent in 2020. The growth in the world trade is expected to boost external
demand for Kenya’s products and thereby likely to augment the country’s economic growth.
Domestically, oil prices have been rising significantly in response to the global price rise.
On average, the international oil prices are likely to be higher by over 50 per cent in 2021
compared to 2020. Effectively then, oil prices in Kenya will probably remain high and
therefore counterproductive to economic growth. On average, inflation was lower in the first
quarter of 2021 compared to a similar quarter of 2020. However, there was a significant rise in
the inflation rate during the second quarter and it is likely that this trend will continue in the
second half of 2021 partly due to higher energy and transportation prices.
The country has so far experienced below normal rainfall in the first half of 2021. However,
the weather forecast points to the possibility of the short rains being better in most parts of the
country later in the year. Output of the agriculture sector, which is largely rain fed, is therefore
likely to be lower than the 2020 level. Full resumption of activities in the education sector and
the hotel industry, that were almost halted for the better part of 2020, is likely to significantly
boost the growth. To a lesser extent, other key sectors like manufacturing and transportation
are likely to rebound and support the country’s economic growth. Given that most of the key
macroeconomic indicators will most probably remain stable and supportive of growth in 2021,
the economy is therefore expected to record a significant rebound in 2021.
10
Table Zero
Table 0: Key Economic and Social Indicators, 2016-2020
DESCRIPTION Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1 Population ................................................... (Million) 44.3 45.3 46.4 47.6 48.7
2 Growth of GDP at Constant Prices ............. (Per cent ) 4.2 3.8 5.6 4.9 -0.3
3 GDP at Market Prices : ................................ (KSh Mn) 7,594,063.6 8,483,396.5 9,340,306.7 10,255,654.4 10,752,991.5
4 Total value of petroleum products ............... (KSh Mn) 197,590.7 265,253.6 327,777.6 316,603.4 209,132.3
5 Trade balance ............................................. (KSh Mn) -857,244.6 -1,138,568.1 -1,150,155.8 -1,209,658.0 -999,853.9
6 Money Supply (M3) .................................. (KSh Mn) 2,764,507.0 3,030,646.0 3,337,832.0 3,524,026.2 3,990,901.0
7 Total domestic credit ................................. (KSh Mn) 2,973,172.0 3,279,317.4 3,450,151.0 3,660,541.0 4,340,942.0
8 Balance of Payments (current account
balance) …............ (KSh Mn) -409,550.4 -588,145.5 -505,528.1 -539,172.6 -491,656.8
9 Coffee-marketed production ...................... ('000 tonnes) 39.7 33.7 36.8 45.0 36.9
10 Tea-marketed production .......................... ('000 tonnes) 473.0 439.9 493.0 458.9 569.5
11 Fresh Horticultural Produce exports ........... ('000 tonnes) 261.1 304.1 322.6 328.3 313.6
12 Maize-marketed production ....................... ('000 tonnes) 265.8 239.2 441.5 316.7 261.3
13 Wheat-marketed production ...................... ('000 tonnes) 215.9 156.9 330.3 348.8 280.8
14 Sugar-cane production ............................... ('000 tonnes) 7,151.7 4,751.6 5,262.2 4,606.1 6,799.9
15 Milk sold centrally ...................................... (Mn litres) 650.3 591.4 652.3 685.9 684.4
16 Manufacturing output ................................ (KSh Mn) 2,003,566.4 2,109,602.2 2,216,546.9 2,309,174.7 2,374,233.6
17 Construction output .................................. (KSh Mn) 957,493.3 1,074,220.6 1,229,130.0 1,366,986.0 1,625,938.5
18 Cement Consumption .............................. ('000 tonnes) 6,310.1 5,857.9 5,948.7 6,129.1 7,375.6
19 Petroleum Consumption ........................... ('000 tonnes) 5,044.2 5,170.6 5,189.2 5,207.1 4,678.5
20 Electricity consumption ............................. (GWh) 8,053.2 8,410.1 8,702.3 8,854.0 8,796.4
21 Tourism earnings ....................................... (KSh Mn) 99,690.0 119,900.0 157,386.2 163,559.7 91,722.1
22 New registration of motor vehicles and
cycles ….......... (Number) 213,715 282,672 297,289 327,176 346,729
23 Rail freight .................................................. (`000 tonnes) 1,380.0 1,147.0 3,544.0 4,826.0 5,046.0
24 Air passengers handled ............................... ('000) No. 9,791.9 10,118.2 11,721.7 12,011.0 4,450.1
25 Mobile Subscriptions .................................. ('000) No. 38,982.0 42,815.1 49,501.5 54,556.0 61,409.0
26 Total mobile money transfer........................ KSh Bn 3,356.0 3,638.0 3,984.0 4,346.0 5,214.0
27 Wage employment ..................................... ('000) No. 2,683.2 2,792.6 2,859.8 2,928.4 2,741.1
28 Education-primary enrolment ................... ('000) No. 10,279.7 10,403.7 10,542.5 10,072.0 10,170.1
29 Education-secondary enrolment ................ ('000) No. 2,720.6 2,830.8 2,942.7 3,260.0 3,520.4
30 Education-University enrolment ............... ('000) No. 537.7 522.1 519.5 509.5 546.7
31 Education-other post secondary enrolment
(TIVET+TTC) …........ ('000) No. 237.6 309.5 402.2 462.3 469.1
32 Registered doctors and dentists .................. (Number) 11,533 12,133 12,904 13,378 14,136
33 GDP Per capita (Current): ......................... (KSh) 171,472.0 187,271.4 201,299.7 215,454.9 220,891.4
34 GDP Per capita (Constant): ...................... (KSh) 171,472.0 174,035.7 179,474.2 183,703.1 179,021.6
37 Recurrent Revenue and Grants .................. (KSh Mn) 1,466,532.0 1,549,875.8 1,733,668.8 1,816,009.1 1,933,567.6
38 Total National Government Expenditure .. (KSh Mn) 2,047,351.8 2,282,995.6 2,573,286.8 2,896,569.8 2,900,696.2
35 Net lending/borrowing (% of GDP) at
Current Market Prices …....... (Per cent ) -7.1 -7.4 -6.9 -7.4 -8.3
39 External Debt Service Charge as % of GDP2 (Per cent ) 1.0 1.2 2.4 3.5 2.1
40 External Debt Service as % of Exports of
Goods & Services …........... (Per cent ) 7.8 9.9 20.0 31.6 21.5
2016-2020
Anuual %
rate of
INDEX NUMBERS change
41 Export volumes: (2009=100) ................................................ 111.6 109.2 110.9 110.8 119.6 1.7
42 Import volumes: (2009=100) ............................................... 100.6 109.9 100.6 107.1 108.7 2.0
43 Terms of trade ....................................................................... 78.8 75.5 68.0 68.0 76.3 -0.8
44 NSE 20 Share: (1966=100) .................................................. 3,186 3,172 2,834 2,654 1,868 -12.5
45 Consumer Price Index: (Feb 2019=100)............................... 86.7 93.6 98.0 103.2 108.7 5.8
46 Real wages: (June 2009=100)................................................ 93.9 91.4 94.1 96.6 94.2 0.1
47 Agriculture terms of trade: (2001 =100) ............................... 49.3 49.9 47.5 44.6 47.8 -0.8
48 Producer Price Index: (Mar 2019=100)................................. 95.4 99.8 100.6 101.8 101.9 1.7
* Provisional.
11
A
Section A
INTERNATIONAL SCENE
13
Chapter 1: International Scene
International Scene Chapter
01
W
Overview orld real GDP contracted by 4.2 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 2.7
per cent in 2019, a performance that was worse than the 2008/2009 global
financial crisis period. The contraction was mainly attributed to slowdown in
economic activities due to emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). There
was a significant decline in oil prices, and uncertainty in financial markets after the outbreak
of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic caused unprecedented health and economic
crisis during the review period, as activities were severely affected by containment measures
instituted to mitigate.
1.2. In advanced economies, an accelerated collapse in economic activity in April 2020
was largely driven by sharp declines in demand and supply of services. However, a lull in
COVID-19 outbreaks during the second half of the year under review enabled little recovery
as retail sale activities picked up shortly before resurgence of the pandemic towards the end
of the year. The pandemic disproportionately affected vulnerable economies in the Emerging
Market and Developing Economies (EMDEs), particularly, economies with heavy reliance
on tourism such as Maldives, Seychelles, Caribbean, those that had large domestic outbreaks
such as India, Mexico, Argentina and Peru, and those that faced sharp declines in industrial
commodity exports due to weak external demand.
1.3. The onset of the pandemic somehow delayed in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and even after
the first case was reported in SSA, its impact was less severe compared to other regions of the
world. The impact of the pandemic was projected to be worse than it actually was, as most
countries showed some signs of recovery as the year progressed. The recovery was attributable
to swift response by countries that implemented accommodative monetary and fiscal policies
and stimulus programmes thereby cushioning the economies against steeper contraction.
1.4. Real GDP in Advanced Economies is estimated to have contracted by 5.8 per cent in 2020
compared to a 1.7 per cent growth in 2019. Emerging Market and Developing Economies
(EMDEs) contracted by 2.2 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 3.6 per cent in 2019,
while Sub-Saharan Africa economies contracted by 1.9 per cent in the year under review
compared to an expansion of 3.2 per cent in 2019.
1.5. World inflation eased from 3.5 per cent in 2019 to 3.2 per cent in 2020. For the EMDEs,
inflation remained the same in 2019 and 2020 to stand at 5.1 per cent. In advanced economies,
inflation slowed from 1.4 per cent in 2019 to 0.8 per cent in 2020 partly attributed to weak
demand, and significant decline in oil prices. On the contrary, inflation in Sub-Saharan Africa
increased to 10.8 per cent in 2020 up from 8.5 per cent in 2019. Average Murban Adnoc crude
oil prices slowed from USD 64.92 in 2019 to USD 41.45 in 2020.
15
Economic Survey 2021
1.6. World merchandise trade volume contracted by 10.3 per cent in 2020 compared to 1.0
per cent growth in 2019, a reflection of pronounced weakness in aggregate demand mainly
as a result of lockdowns and restriction of movements that notably constrained consumption
of a wide variety of goods. Furthermore, global trade was affected by the border closures
and supply chain disruptions as a consequence of restricted interaction among economies.
Similarly, the trade in services such as international travel services suffered huge losses due to
cessation of air transportation services for the better part of 2020. Whereas COVID-19 was
the major contributor to depressed global trade in 2020, unresolved tensions between the
United States and China as well as uncertainty surrounding Brexit also continued to influence
international trade.
1.7. World current account surplus as a percentage of GDP narrowed from 0.5 per cent in
2019 to 0.2 per cent in 2020. This was mainly attributed to weak external demand and decline
in oil prices.
1.8. In the review period, global employment levels deteriorated substantially due to increased
inactivity as individuals were affected by closures of businesses or reduced number of working
hours as the economies grappled with the downturns brought about by COVID-19. Inactive
individuals due to the pandemic effects were reported to be 81 million persons in the review
period. In addition, the labour force participation rate slowed from 60.7 per cent in 2019 to
58.7 per cent in 2020. Unemployment rate rose from 5.5 per cent in 2019 to 6.5 per cent in
2020.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Regional 1.9. Table 1.1 presents the macroeconomic performance of selected economies in the
Economic Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The OECD bloc
Analysis recorded a contraction of 5.5 per cent in 2020 compared to a real GDP growth of 1.6 per cent
in 2019. The contraction was attributed to weakened global demand due to the containment
measures by most countries within the significantly limited economic activity during the
review period.
1.10. Overall inflation stood at 1.5 per cent in 2020 down from 1.9 per cent in 2019. Most
member countries registered a rise in unemployment due to job losses and inactivity brought
about by effects of COVID-19 pandemic. The unemployment rate rose to 7.2 per cent in 2020
from 5.4 per cent reported in 2019.
Euro Area
1.11. The Euro Area economy contracted by 7.5 per cent in 2020 compared to real GDP growth
of 1.3 per cent in 2019. Stringent COVID-19 containment measures such as lockdowns and
restriction of movements greatly affected economic activity in this region. Service sectors,
particularly tourism activities were immensely affected by cessation of movement in 2020.
During the review period, unemployment rate rose to 8.1 per cent from 7.5 per cent in 2019.
The overall inflation was 1.6 per cent in 2020 down from 1.7 per cent in 2019. The easing of
16
Chapter 1: International Scene
inflation was due to fall in energy prices and slightly lower prices for non-energy industrial
goods. However, the prices for services, food, alcohol and tobacco rose, in the review period.
The current account surplus as a percentage of GDP slightly reduced to stand at 3.0 per cent
in 2020 compared to a surplus of 3.1 per cent in 2019 due to a relatively weak export demand
in the review period.
United States of America
1.12. The USA economy registered a contraction of 3.7 per cent in 2020 compared to a real
GDP growth of 2.2 per cent in 2019. The contraction was attributed to a slump in personal
spending, exports and business investment. Activity in restaurants, shopping centres and
movie theatres were greatly affected. Unemployment rate rose by 4.6 per cent during the year
under review to stand at 8.1 per cent. The current account deficit as a percentage of GDP was
3.4 per cent in 2020 compared to a deficit of 2.2 per cent in 2019.
United Kingdom
1.13. The United Kingdom economy contracted by 11.2 per cent in 2020 compared to a
growth of 1.3 per cent in 2019. This was the largest annual contraction since the great frost
of 1709. The contraction was attributed to weak business investment and subdued private
consumption due to COVID-19 containment measures. Inflation increased to 5.9 per cent in
2020 compared to 2.1 per cent in 2019. The unemployment rate worsened by 0.8 percentage
points to 4.6 per cent in 2020. The current account deficit expressed as a percentage of GDP
narrowed to 2.6 per cent in 2020 from a deficit of 4.3 per cent of the GDP in 2019.
Japan
1.14. Despite effective management of COVID-19 coupled with fiscal support, Japan’s
economy contracted by 5.3 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 0.7 per cent in 2019.
The contraction was majorly attributed to a decline in household consumption, slowdown
in external demand and private investment due to uncertainty brought by the COVID-19
pandemic. During the review period, inflation rate was 0.9 per cent compared to 0.6 per cent
recorded in 2019. The unemployment rate rose to 2.8 per cent in 2020 compared to 2.4 per
cent reported in 2019. The current account surplus as a percentage of GDP narrowed to 3.0
per cent in 2020 from 3.6 per cent in 2019.
Germany
1.15. Germany recorded 5.5 per cent contraction in 2020 compared to a real GDP growth of
0.6 per cent in 2019. Subdued external demand was the key contributor to the contraction as
major trading partners were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Substantial fall in
business investment was also responsible to the contraction although construction activity
largely remained resilient. Despite the Government implementing measures such as short–
time employment offers to reduce permanent layoffs, the unemployment rate worsened to
stand at 4.2 per cent in 2020 compared to 3.1 per cent in 2019. The current account surplus
as a percentage of GDP narrowed by 0.2 per cent to stand at 7.0 per cent in 2020 from 7.2 per
17
Economic Survey 2021
cent in 2019.
Table 1.1: Key Economic Indicators for Selected OECD Countries, 2018-2020
2018 2019 + 2020*
World Real GDP Growth............................................................. 3.5 2.7 -4.2
World Inflation ............................................................................ 3.6 3.5 3.2
World Trade Growth2 ................................................................ 3.7 1 -10.3
Real GDP Growth..........................................................................
United States of America.................................................................. 2.9 2.2 -3.7
United Kingdom.............................................................................. 1.3 1.3 -11.2
Japan................................................................................................ 0.8 0.7 -5.3
Germany.......................................................................................... 1.3 0.6 -5.5
Euro Area.......................................................................................... 1.9 1.3 -7.5
Total OECD................................................................................... 2.3 1.6 -5.5
Inflation (GDP Deflator).............................................................
United States of America.................................................................. 2.4 1.8 1.1
United Kingdom.............................................................................. 2.2 2.1 5.9
Japan................................................................................................ -0.1 0.6 0.9
Germany.......................................................................................... 1.7 2.2 1.4
Euro Area.......................................................................................... 1.4 1.7 1.6
Total OECD................................................................................... 2.3 1.9 1.5
Current Account Balance as % of GDP.......................................
United States of America.................................................................. -2.2 -2.2 -3.4
United Kingdom.............................................................................. -3.7 -4.3 -2.6
Japan................................................................................................ 3.6 3.6 3
Germany.......................................................................................... 7.5 7.2 7
Euro Area.......................................................................................... 3.5 3.1 3
Total OECD................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.2
Unemployment Rate.....................................................................
United States of America.................................................................. 3.9 3.7 8.1
United Kingdom.............................................................................. 4.1 3.8 4.6
Japan................................................................................................ 2.4 2.4 2.8
Germany.......................................................................................... 3.4 3.1 4.2
Euro Area.......................................................................................... 8.2 7.5 8.1
Total OECD................................................................................... 5.3 5.4 7.2
Source: **OECD Economic Outlook No.108, IMF World Economic Outlook datasets (April 2021)
* Provisional
+Revised
²Refer to arithmetic average of world merchandise import and export volumes.
Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa
1.16. The emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa
(BRIICS) recorded an average contraction of 2.9 per cent in 2020 compared to a real GDP
growth rate of 3.0 per cent in 2019. Inflation rate eased to 3.2 per cent in 2020 compared to
3.7 per cent in 2019. Current account deficit as a percentage of GDP improved to 0.9 per cent
in 2020 from a deficit of 2.8 per cent in 2019. The economy of Brazil contracted by 4.1 per
cent in 2020 compared to a real GDP growth of 1.1 per cent in 2019. The contraction was
attributed to the plunge in domestic demand and weakened investment due to uncertainty
brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Russian economy registered a contraction of
3.1 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 1.3 per cent recorded in 2019. The contraction
18
Chapter 1: International Scene
was occasioned by a drop in exports, investment activity and consumer demand coupled with
the collapse in global oil demand and concerns about oil storage capacity. Inflation rate stood
at 3.4 per cent in 2020 compared to 4.5 per cent in 2019. The Indonesian economy experienced
its first recession since 1998 by registering a contraction of 2.1 per cent in 2020 compared to a
real GDP growth of 5.0 per cent in 2019. Inflation eased to 2.0 per cent in 2020 compared to
2.8 per cent in 2019. The current account deficit as a percentage of GDP narrowed to 0.4 per
cent in 2020 compared to 2.7 per cent in 2019.
1.17. China reported a stronger than expected real GDP growth of 2.3 per cent in 2020
compared to a growth of 6.1 per cent in 2019. Despite being the first country to report
COVID-19, China was the only country in the BRIICS that recorded a positive GDP growth.
The growth was boosted by investment, in particular, debt and stimulus fueled infrastructure
investment coupled with increased external demand for masks and other COVID-19 related
materials and equipment. Inflation eased slightly to 2.4 per cent in 2020 from 2.9 per cent
recorded in 2019. Current account surplus as a percentage of GDP increased to 2.0 per cent
in 2020 compared to 1.0 per cent recorded in 2019. India recorded a contraction of 8.0 per
cent in 2020, one of the steepest contractions among the G20 economies particularly in the
second quarter of 2020, from 4.2 per cent growth in 2019. While agriculture sector benefited
from favorable weather conditions, the depressed performance was occasioned by one of the
tightest lockdowns, which affected manufacturing and service sectors. Inflation stood at 6.2
per cent in 2020 compared to 4.8 per cent in 2019. Current account surplus as a percentage of
GDP was 1.0 per cent in 2020 compared to a deficit of 0.9 per cent in 2019.
1.18. The South Africa economy contracted by 7.0 per cent in 2020 compared to a real GDP a
growth of 0.2 per cent in 2019. The contraction was attributed to low household consumption
and restrained private investment triggered by the stringent COVID-19 containment measures
and frequent power outages. South Africa suffered the most severe COVID-19 outbreak in
Sub-Saharan Africa which prompted strict containment measures that consequently led to
very low economic activity for the better part of 2020. Inflation stood at 3.3 per cent in 2020
from 4.1 per cent in 2019. The current account surplus as a percentage of GDP stood at 2.2 per
cent in 2020 compared to a deficit of 3.0 per cent in 2019.
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
1.19. Sub-Saharan Africa’s real GDP is estimated to have contracted by 1.9 per cent in 2020
compared to 3.2 per cent growth in 2019 owing to COVID-19 pandemic in the region which
negatively affected a number of activities such as tourism earnings, international trade and debt
burden level. Inflation rose from 8.5 per cent in 2019 to 10.8 per cent in 2020; reflecting higher
food prices, impact of currency depreciation and COVID-19-related disruptions to local and
imported food supplies. Current account deficit as a percentage of GDP slightly increased
to 3.7 per cent in 2020 from 3.6 per cent recorded in 2019. The widening of the deficit was
majorly due to decline in exported goods especially for the oil exporting countries, increase in
importation of medical supplies and postponement of direct investment by foreigners.
19
Economic Survey 2021
East African Community (EAC)
1.20. East African Community (EAC) real GDP contracted by 0.2 per cent in 2020 from a
growth of 6.2 per cent recorded in 2019. COVID-19 affected the East Africa Community
members in many ways such as having negative effects on tourism earnings, falling commodity
prices and waning financial flows, consequently worsening the region’s fiscal and current
account balances. In addition, disruptions in supply chains affected food production and trade
distribution in the region. Inflation rose from 4.0 per cent in 2019 to 4.5 per cent in 2020;
partly due to currency depreciation and increase in prices of imported food products. Current
account deficit widened to 5.7 per cent in 2020 from 5.2 per cent recorded in 2019, partly
attributed to low demand for exports and decline in remittances.
1.21. Tanzania’s real GDP is estimated to have grown by 1.0 per cent in 2020 compared to 7.0
per cent growth in 2019. Rwanda’s economy contracted by 0.2 per cent in 2020 compared to
9.4 per cent growth in 2019 with her current account deficit as a percentage of GDP narrowing
from 12.4 per cent in 2019 to 12.2 per cent in 2020. Uganda’s economy is estimated to have
contracted by 2.1 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 6.7 per cent in 2019. Inflation rate
stood at 3.8 per cent during the review period compared to 2.9 per cent in 2019. The current
account deficit as a percentage of GDP widened to 9.1 per cent compared to a deficit of 6.5
per cent in 2019.
Southern African Development Community
1.22. Southern African Development Community (SADC) recorded a contraction of 4.9
per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 1.2 per cent in 2019. The contraction was majorly
attributed to slowdown in activities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. South Africa,
the largest economy in the region was the worst hit by the pandemic as strict containment
measures were implemented to curb the spread of the COVID-19. Inflation rose from 9.6 per
cent in 2019 to 12.2 per cent in 2020, mainly due to easing of monetary policies and reduction
in government expenditure. Current account deficit as a percentage of GDP widened from
2.3 per cent in 2019 to 4.2 per cent in 2020, which is beyond the 3.0 per cent macroeconomic
convergence target set for the region.
West African Economic and Monetary Union
1.23. Real GDP of West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) is estimated
to have grown by 1.1 per cent in the year 2020 compared to a growth of 6.0 per cent in the
2019. The decelerated growth was mainly attributed to onset of COVID-19 pandemic in early
2020 which halted most of economic activities in the region. The slowdown was evidenced in
reduction in tourism earnings and decline in prices of exported commodities; majorly oil and
metals. Current account deficit as a percentage of GDP widened from 5.0 per cent in 2019
to 5.8 per cent in 2020. Inflation increased to 2.2 per cent in 2020 compared to 0.6 per cent
recorded in 2019, reflecting increase in prices of imported food products as disruptions in
global supply continued during the review period.
20
Chapter 1: International Scene
Central African Economic and Monetary Community
1.24. Real GDP of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) is
estimated to have contracted by 3.1 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 2.0 per cent in
2019. The contraction was mainly as a result of major slowdown in most of activities coupled
with collapse of oil prices. Current account deficit as a percentage of GDP widened from 2.8
per cent in 2019 to 7.5 per cent in 2020, partly attributed to increase in prices of imported
food products. Equatorial Guinea’s economy recorded the biggest contraction of 5.8 per cent
mainly owing to collapse in oil prices.
21
Economic Survey 2021
Table 1.2: Real GDP Growth, Inflation and Current Account Balances for Selected Regions and Countries, 2018-2021
Current Account Balance
Real GDP Growth Rates Inflation
(Percent of GDP)
2018 2019 + 2020 * 2021 1 2018 2019 + 2020 * 2021 1 2018 2019 + 2020 * 2021 1
BRIICS 3.8 3 -2.9 6 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.6 -0.6 -0.3 1.3 1.1
Brazil................... 1.3 1.1 -4.1 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.2 4.6 -2.2 -2.8 -0.9 -0.6
Russia.................. 2.5 1.3 -3.1 3.8 2.9 4.5 3.4 4.5 6.9 3.8 2.2 3.9
India................... 6.1 4.2 -8 12.5 3.4 4.8 6.2 4.9 -2.1 -0.9 1 -1.2
Indonesia............ 5.2 5 -2.1 4.3 3.3 2.8 2 2 -2.9 -2.7 –0.4 -1.3
China.................. 6.6 6.1 2.3 8.4 2.1 2.9 2.4 1.2 0.2 1 2 1.6
South Africa........ 0.8 0.2 -7 3.1 4.6 4.1 3.3 4.3 -3.5 -3 2.2 -0.4
Sub-Saharan Africa 3.3 3.2 -1.9 3.4 8.4 8.5 10.8 9.8 -2.7 -3.6 -3.7 -3.7
EAC-5 6.5 6.2 -0.2 5.7 3.6 4 4.5 4.4 -5.4 -5.2 -5.7 -5.7
Kenya.................. 5.9 5 -0.3 1 8 5.3 5.4 5.1 -5.7 -5.3 -4.5 -4.6
Tanzania............. 7 7 1 2.7 3.5 3.4 3 3.3 -3 -2.3 -2.7 -4.3
Uganda................ 6.1 6.7 -2.1 6.3 2.6 2.9 3.8 5.2 -6.8 -6.5 -9.1 -8.4
Rwanda............... 8.6 9.4 -0.2 5.7 1.4 2.4 8 2.5 -7.9 -12.4 -12.2 -12.5
Burundi............... 1.6 1.8 -1.3 2.8 -2.8 -0.7 7.3 4.1 -14.5 -11.7 -13.3 -15.7
SADC 2 1.2 -4.9 2.7 8.3 9.6 12.2 9.4 -2.4 -2.3 -4.2 -4
WAEMU 6.4 6 1.1 5.2 1 0.6 2.2 1.9 -5.5 -5 -5.8 -5.5
CEMAC 0.9 2 -3.1 2.6 2.1 1.8 2.8 2.3 -3 -2.8 -7.5 -5.3
ASEAN-5 5.3 4.9 -3.4 4.9 2.8 2.1 1.4 2.3 0.2 1.1 1.8 0.3
Indonesia............. 5.2 5 -2.1 4.3 3.3 2.8 2 2 -2.9 -2.7 -0.4 -1.3
Malaysia.............. 4.8 4.3 -5.6 6.5 1 0.7 -1.1 2 2.2 3.4 4.4 3.8
Philippines........... 6.3 6 -9.5 6.9 5.2 2.5 2.6 3.4 -2.5 -0.1 3.2 -0.4
Thailand.............. 4.2 2.4 -6.1 2.6 1.1 0.7 -0.8 1.3 5.6 7.1 3.3 0.5
Vietnam.............. 7.1 7 2.9 6.5 3.5 2.8 3.2 3.9 1.9 3.4 2.2 2.4
Maghreb 3 2.1 -8.8 14.7 4.3 2.3 3 4.9 –7.3 -7 -7.3 -5.9
Algeria................. 1.4 0.8 -6 2.9 4.3 2 2.4 4.9 -9.6 -10.1 -10.5 -7.7
Libya................... 17.9 9.9 -59.7 131 -1.2 4.6 22.3 18.2 1.8 -0.3 -11.4 3.9
Mauritania........... 2.1 5.9 -2.2 3.1 3.1 2.3 1.8 3 -13.8 -10.6 -11.6 -11.3
Morocco.............. 3 2.2 -7 4.5 1.6 0.2 -0.9 0.8 -5.3 -4.1 -2.2 -3.8
Tunisia................ 2.7 1 -8.8 3.8 7.3 6.7 5.5 6 -11.2 -8.5 -6.8 -9.5
2 4.8 4.3 1.4 2 18.8 11.8 8.4 7.2 –6.7 -6.8 -4.3 -5.1
Mashreq
Egypt................... 5.3 5.6 3.6 2.5 20.9 13.9 5.7 6.3 -2.4 -3.6 -3.1 -4
Jordan.................. 1.9 2 -2 2 4.5 0.7 -0.3 2.5 -6.9 -2.3 -8.1 -8.3
Lebanon.............. -1.9 -6.9 -25 .. 4.6 2.9 150.4 .. -28.2 -27.4 -14.3 ..
Source: World Economic Outlook, April,2021 and Regional Economic Outlook April 2021 - Various Issues except Kenya whose accounts are shown
* Provisional
+
Revised
1
Projections
2
Excludes Syria due to unavailability of data
Southern African Development Community(SADC) includes; Angola, Botswana , Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi,
Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe
West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)includes; Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo
Economic and Monetary Union of Central Africa (CEMAC) and includes; Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea,
Gabon, and Republic of Congo
22
Chapter 1: International Scene
Association of South Eastern Asia Nations
1.25. Real GDP in the Association of South Eastern Asia Nations (ASEAN-5) is estimated to
have contracted by 3.4 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 4.9 per cent in 2019 owing
to lockdown, decline in tourism and travel earnings and geopolitical uncertainty in the region.
Inflation eased from 2.1 per cent in 2019 to 1.4 per cent in 2020. Current account deficit as a
percentage of GDP widened from 1.1 per cent in 2019 to 1.8 per cent in 2020. Performance
in the region was dampened by significant contraction in growth in the Philippines, Thailand
and Malaysia which contracted by 9.5, 6.1 and 5.6 per cent, respectively. Thailand was severely
affected by drought in addition to the negative effects of the pandemic. Vietnam is the only
country in the region that recorded a positive real GDP growth of 2.9 per cent. This was
majorly attributed to Vietnam’s manufacturing sector which remained solid on the back of
steady export demand. Furthermore, Vietnam recorded low COVID-19 infection rate over
the period under review, mainly attributed to swift introduction of containment measures by
the government.
Maghreb
1.26. Real GDP growth of the Maghreb region is estimated to have contracted by 8.8 per cent
in 2020 compared to 2.1 per cent growth in 2019. The major contraction was due to a sharp
decline in oil price exported, as most of the economies heavily rely on oil exports. Inflation
rose from 2.3 per cent in 2019 to 3.0 per cent in 2020. Current account deficit as a percentage
of GDP widened from 7.0 per cent in 2019 to 7.3 per cent in 2020. In the period under review,
all the countries in the region recorded a contraction in real GDP. Libya recorded the highest
contraction of 59.7 per cent followed by Tunisia and Morocco at 8.8 per cent and 7.0 per cent
respectively. The dismal performance was attributed to the volatility of oil prices which fell
sharply, political instability and decline in tourism earnings. The real GDP growth of Algeria
and Mauritania contracted by 6.0 per cent and 2.2 per cent respectively compared to 0.8 per
cent and 5.9 per cent growth in 2019, respectively. Current account deficit as a percentage of
GDP for all the countries in the region widened in 2020.
Mashreq
1.27. During the period under review, real GDP growth of Mashreq bloc expanded by 1.4
per cent compared to 4.3 per cent in 2019. The growth in the bloc largely emanated from the
solid performance of Egypt. Egypt maintained accommodative monetary policies and strong
foreign exchange buffers amidst the pandemic. Inflation rate of the bloc eased from 11.8 per
cent in 2019 to 8.4 per cent in 2020. Current account deficit as a percentage of GDP narrowed
from 6.8 per cent in 2019 to 4.3 per cent in 2020. The narrowing of the current account deficit
in the bloc was partly attributed to substantial support from Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC)
in terms of remittances. Egypt recorded the highest real GDP growth in the region of 3.6
per cent while Jordan and Lebanon recorded a contraction of 2.0 per cent and 25.0 per cent
respectively in the review period.
23
Economic Survey 2021
Outlook 1.28. The global GDP is projected to grow by 4.2 per cent in 2021 supported by roll out of
COVID-19 vaccines and easing of COVID-19 restriction. On the other hand, growth will be
held back by weak external demand, delay in distributing COVID-19 vaccines and resurge of
new cases coupled with the viral modification.
1.29. The GDP for advanced economies is projected to pick up in 2021 to stand at 3.9 per
cent after an estimated contraction of 5.8 per cent in 2020. Prospects in Emerging Markets
and Developing Economies (EMDE) where infections are rising rapidly has significantly
worsened. The EMDE excluding China are projected to incur a greater loss of output over
2020-21 relative to the pre-pandemic projections. The average growth of EMDE is expected to
be 6.7 per cent in 2021. Prospects for China are much stronger than for most of the countries
in this group with the economy projected to grow by about 8.0 per cent in 2021 supported by
resumption of production and exports.
1.30. The average real GDP for BRIICS is expected to grow by 6.0 per cent in 2021. In Russia
growth is envisioned to pick up modestly in 2021 to 3.8 per cent as the country grapples with
renewed acceleration in COVID-19 infections. The growth is expected to be supported by a
rise in industrial commodity prices, as well as the continuation of supportive policy measures.
Brazil’s economy is projected to grow by 3.7 per cent in 2021 mainly supported by investments
attributed to high liquidity provisions and low interest rates.
1.31. Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to rebound unevenly to an average of 3.4 per
cent in 2021. While the rebound in private consumption and investment is forecast to be slower
than previously envisioned, export growth is expected to accelerate in line with the rebound
in economic activity among major trading partners. Activity is expected to be dampened by
low oil prices, falling public investment due to weak government revenues, constrained private
investment due to firm failures, and subdued foreign investor confidence.
1.32. The real GDP of ASEAN-5 economy is projected to grow by 4.9 per cent in 2021. The
accelerated growth is set to be supported by an increase in domestic demand. In the Maghreb
economy the real GDP is expected to be 14.7 per cent in 2021 while that of Mashreq is
projected to grow by 2.4 per cent in the same period.
24
B
Section B
DOMESTIC ECONOMY
25
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
Economic Performance Chapter
02
K
Overview enya’s economy was adversely affected by the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and
the consequent containment measures both domestically and Internationally. These
significantly slowed down economic activities in 2020. During the review period, the
government’s priority was premised on the need to safeguard the lives of Kenyans and Kenyan
residents while at the same time cushioning the economy from the effects of COVID-19
pandemic. Consequently, the health crisis required the introduction of temporal restrictive
measures to curb the spread of the virus resulting to serious negative impacts on some key
sectors of the economy. The temporal measures included ban of local and international travel,
cessation of movement in and out of some counties and zones, closure of educational facilities,
leisure and eating places. The restriction in movement and the need for social distancing led
to disruption in labour supply while a reduction in household disposable incomes led to
reduced demand for goods and services. Accordingly, many businesses especially those related
to tourism and educational activities closed down during the second quarter of 2020. Pick
up of economic activities resumed in the third quarter of 2020 though not to the full extent.
Further improvements were notable during the fourth quarter of 2020 but by and large the
containment measures constrained the economy from realizing its full potential. Real Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) was estimated to have contracted by 0.3 per cent in 2020 compared
to a revised growth of 5.0 per cent in 2019.
2.2. As a result, economic performance of accommodation and food serving activities,
education, professional and administrative service activities was dismal in 2020. The economy
was somewhat supported by accelerated growths in agricultural production, construction
activities, and health services. The agriculture sector benefitted from favourable weather
conditions that prevailed for the better part of the year though the sector’s growth was constrained
by a contraction in forestry activities. The construction sector’s growth was largely buoyed by
the continued investment in public infrastructure during the review period as evidenced in a
sharp increase in demand for construction materials. The health sector was mainly driven by
the national and county governments’ spending on the COVID-19 mitigation measures. In
addition, the economy was shielded from a steeper slump by strong performances in financial
and insurance, public administration and information and communication activities.
2.3. During the period under review, monetary policy was premised on the need to cushion
the economy from the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic containment measures,
supporting liquidity and credit access. The Central Bank Rate (CBR) was reviewed downwards
from 8.50 per cent in November 2019 to 8.25 per cent in January 2020 and later to 7.25 per
cent and 7.00 per cent in March and April 2020, respectively. The CBR was maintained at
7.00 per cent until the end of 2020. The weighted average interest rates for commercial bank
loans and advances was 12.02 per cent in 2020 compared to 12.24 per cent in 2019. The
average interbank rates declined from 6.03 per cent in December 2019 to 3.27 per cent in
June 2020, but increased to 5.29 per cent in December 2020. The interest rates were therefore
more favourable to economic activities in 2020. Inflation rate however rose from 5.3 per cent
in 2019 to 5.4 per cent in 2020 mainly attributed to moderate increase in food prices. The
current account deficit narrowed from KSh 536.8 billion in 2019 to KSh 512.5 billion in 2020.
27
Economic Survey 2021
This was because of decline in imports due to a weakened demand. The Nairobi Securities
Exchange (NSE) 20-share index dropped to 1,868 points in December 2020 from 2,654
points in December 2019. Fiscal policy responses to boost the economy included a reduction
in personal income taxes from 30 per cent to 25 per cent and Value Added Tax (VAT) from
16 per cent to 14 per cent to support consumption while a cut in the corporation tax from 30
per cent to 25 per cent was instituted to support investment. Other fiscal measures included
increased spending on targeted projects in key sectors and in the health sector.
2.3. International crude oil prices fell significantly from an average of USD 64.92 in 2019 to
USD 41.45 in 2020. This was mainly as a result of decreased global demand of oil coupled with
limited storage capacity.
Sectoral Analysis
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
Sectoral
Analysis 2.4. Activities of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing were more vibrant in 2020 than in 2019 but
the sector’s exports were negatively impacted on by contraction in global demand. Real gross
value added of the sector grew by 4.8 per cent in 2020 compared to a revised growth of 2.6
per cent in 2019. This was mainly on account of favorable weather conditions in 2020 which
improved production of food crops such as beans, rice, sorghum and millet and, livestock and
related products such as milk and meat. However, the output of some key food crops was
notably lower than the projected production partly due to underperformance of the short rains
as well as reduced demand from restaurants and learning institutions that remained closed
for significant part of 2020. Maize production went down from a revised production of 44.0
million bags in 2019 to 42.1 million bags in 2020, while the quantity of potatoes decreased to
1.9 million bags in 2020 from 2.0 million bags in 2019.
2.5. There was mixed performance in the production of cash crops during the review period.
Tea production increased by 24.1 per cent from 458.8 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 569.5
thousand tonnes in 2020. The volume of cane deliveries, in tonnes, increased from 4.4 million
in 2019 to 6.0 million in 2020. Coffee production and horticultural exports declined by 18.0
per cent and 4.5 per cent to stand at 36.9 and 313.6 thousand tonnes, respectively, in 2020.
However, earnings from horticultural produce increased by 3.9 per cent to stand at KSh 150.2
billion in 2020. The increase in the earnings was mainly attributed to better international
export prices for the horticultural products in the review period.
2.6. The performance of the sector was further supported by growth in dairy activities where
the volume of marketed milk increased from 668.2 million litres in 2019 to 682.3 million litres
in 2020.
Manufacturing
2.7. Activities in the manufacturing sector slowed down in 2020 mainly due to COVID-19
containment measures. The sector’s real Gross Value Added (GVA) is estimated to have
contracted by 0.1 per cent in 2020 compared to 2.5 per cent growth in 2019. The decelerated
growth was on account of significant decline in production in key subsectors. In the
manufacture of food products, activities that posted notable contractions include; processing
of coffee (-12.6%); manufacture of beverages (-16.7%); processing of dairy products (-5.7%);
manufacture of bakery products (-3.5%); manufacture of grain mill products (-6.4%) and
processed and preserved fish (-3.8%). Nonetheless, there was notable increase in manufacture
of sugar and processing of tea by 36.9 per cent and 22.8 per cent, respectively.
28
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
2.8. In the review period, activities of manufacture of non-food products showed mixed
performance. There was an increase in manufacture of chemical and chemical products
(9.3%), manufacture of pharmaceuticals (5.6%) and manufacture of basic metals (1.1%).
On the other hand, manufacture of leather and wood products contracted during the review
period. Credit advanced to enterprises in manufacturing sector increased by 12.0 per cent to
KSh 409.3 billion in 2020.
Construction
2.9 The construction sector grew by 11.8 per cent in the period under review compared to
a growth of 5.6 per cent in 2019. The accelerated growth was attributed to the continued
investments in road infrastructure by the Government and expanded construction in the
housing sub-sector. The accelerated growth was further supported by ongoing rehabilitation
of the Metre Gauge Railway (MGR). Cement consumption increased by 23.3 per cent from
5,933.3 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 7,312.7 thousand tonnes in 2020, also reflected growth
in the sector. The number of residential buildings completed by the State Department for
Housing during the period under review were 2,332 units while 2,032 units were under
construction. Importation of timber and wood products, bitumen and cement, construction
related materials, increased by 69.6, 15.2 and 3.4 per cent, respectively. Credit advanced to the
building and construction sector grew by 3.4 per cent to KSh 119.7 billion in the period under
review.
Electricity Supply
2.10. The sector contracted by 0.5 per cent in 2020 compared to a 1.7 per cent growth recorded
in 2019. The decelerated growth was attributed to decline in total electricity generated from
11,620.7 Gigawatt Hour (GWh) in 2019 to 11,603.6 GWh in 2020, in part due to lower demand
from large scale consumers. During the period under review, 92.3 per cent of electricity was
generated from renewable sources. The sector’s growth was supported by hydro generation
which increased by 32.1 per cent to 4,332.7 GWh due to sufficient rainfall during the review
period. Thermal and wind generation however declined by 42.6 per cent to 754.5 GWh and
14.8 per cent to 1,331.4 GWh, respectively in 2020. In addition, electricity imports declined
by 35.5 per cent to 136.7 GWh in 2020 while exports slightly increased by 2.1 per cent to 16.5
GWh.
Transportation and Storage
2.11. In 2020, the sector’s performance was constrained by the COVID-19 pandemic
containment measures including restriction of movement across the borders as well as and
within the country, social distance in public service vehicles and arrangements of working
remotely. Real GVA of the sector contracted by 7.8 per cent compared to 6.3 per cent growth
in 2019. The sector was supported from a deeper contraction by an increase in freight transport
through the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) from 4,159 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 4,418
thousand tonnes in 2020. Total cargo throughput at the Port of Mombasa remained more or
less at the same level as 2019 recording a minimal decline of 0.9 per cent to stand at 34,116
thousand metric tonnes in 2020.
2.12. The contraction in the sector’s growth was reflected in decline in consumption of light
diesel by 3.0 per cent to stand at 2,143.5 thousand metric tonnes in 2020. Revenue generated
from railway transport declined from KSh 15,860 million in 2019 to KSh 12,552 million in
2020. Similarly, commercial passenger traffic by air declined by 62.5 per cent from 12.0 million
in 2019 to 4.5 million in 2020. The number of newly registered motor vehicles declined by
14.2 per cent from 109,751 in 2019 to 94,128 to 2020.
29
Economic Survey 2021
Information and Communication
2.13. Information and Communication sector’s growth slowed to 4.8 per cent in 2020 compared
to 7.5 per cent growth in 2019. The growth was mainly supported by increased uptake of
digital services as the COVID-19 measures which resulted in increased remote working and
learning activities remotely as well as rise in cashless payments for financial transactions. The
total number of mobile money and commerce transactions increased by 20.0 per cent and 35.0
per cent to stand at KSh 5.2 trillion and KSh 9.4 billion, respectively in 2020. Internet service
providers increased from 302 in 2019 to 366 in 2020 while internet subscriptions increased by
11.7 per cent to 44.4 million over the same period. The total number of utilized bandwidths
increased from 2.7 million megabits per second in 2019 to 4.0 million megabits per second
in 2020. There was however a decline of 8.6 per cent in fibre to office broadband subscription
while international incoming telephone traffic declined by 21.4 per cent in the review period.
The number of ICT equipment exported and imported declined to KSh 1.4 billion and KSh
53.3 billion, respectively in 2020. Consequently, investment by telecommunication operators
declined by 38.2 per cent to stand at KSh 35.6 billion in 2020.
Financial and Insurance Activities
2.14. Real GVA of the financial and insurance sector expanded by 5.6 per cent in 2020
compared to 6.9 per cent growth in 2019. During the review period, Central Bank of Kenya
(CBK) introduced accommodative monetary policies in an effort to cushion the economy and
financial sector from systemic issues from COVID-19. Financial activities sub sector grew by
4.2 per cent in 2020 compared to 6.2 per cent growth in 2019 arising from increase in domestic
credit and credit advanced to national Government and private sector. Domestic credit grew
by 18.6 per cent from KSh 3,660.5 billion as at December 2019 to KSh 4,340 billion as at
December 2020. Credit to national Government grew significantly by 50.9 per cent to KSh
1,358.4 while that of private sector grew by 8.4 per cent to stand at KSh 2,891.3 billion as
at December 2020. Broad money supply increased from KSh 3,524.0 billion as at December
2019 to KSh 3,990.9 billion as at December 2020. Overall liquidity grew by 14.2 per cent in
the review period to stand at KSh 5,742.7 billion in December 2020.
2.15. Insurance activities recorded a growth of 10.5 per cent in 2020 compared to 9.5 per cent
growth in 2019 as evidenced by 2.7 per cent growth in net premium income.
Accommodation and Food Services
2.16. This sector was adversely hit by the COVID -19 pandemic since its operations often
depend on close contact between persons. During the period under review, international
travels were restricted while domestic travel was negatively impacted on by restriction of
movement to and from some counties and zones for some months during the review period.
The number of international visitor arrivals declined sharply from 2,035.4 thousand in 2019
to 579.6 thousand in 2020. Most hotels and restaurants on the other hand, either closed or
scaled down their operations due to public health measures taken to prevent the spread of the
pandemic as well significant reduction in the number of patrons. The number of hotel night
beds occupied declined by 58.0 per cent to stand at 3803.0 thousand in 2020 while the total
number of conferences reduced from 4,961 in 2019 to 1,204 in 2020. As a result, the real value
added for this sector contracted by 47.7 per cent in 2020 compared to 14.3 per cent growth in
2019.
30
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
2.17. Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 provide GDP by activity in current prices and the share of various
sectors to GDP for the period 2016-2020. Nominal GDP increased from KSh 10,255.7
billion in 2019 to KSh 10,753.0 billion in 2020. Agriculture remained the dominant sector
in the economy accounting for about 23.0 per cent of GDP. Other sectors that contributed
significantly to the economy in 2020 were Transportation and Storage (10.8 per cent); Real
Estate (9.3 per cent); Wholesale and Retail Trade (8.1 per cent); Manufacturing (7.6 per
cent); Financial and Insurance Activities (6.5 per cent); and Construction (7.0 per cent).
Taxes on products contributed to the GDP with a share of 8.0 per cent.
31
Economic Survey 2021
Table 2.1: Gross Domestic Product by Activity, 2016 - 2020
Current Prices, KSh Million
Industry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Agriculture, forestry and fishing……………………………………...
1,521,434 1,772,490 1,897,475 2,171,071 2,478,303
Growing of crops………………………………………………......
1,072,482 1,293,474 1,356,544 1,543,999 1,782,191
Animal production……………………………………………...
307,167 314,308 341,275 354,702 383,014
Support activities to agriculture……………………………………………...
16,627 19,403 22,643 24,985 25,618
Forestry & logging……………………………………………...94,562 102,617 125,979 189,816 224,688
Fishing & aquaculture……………………………………………...
30,595 42,687 51,034 57,569 62,792
Mining and quarrying……………………………………………...
81,280 71,675 68,909 72,745 77,547
Manufacturing……………………………………………... 707,880 741,376 785,369 807,814 818,353
Manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco……………………………………………...
390,145 424,039 452,182 466,178 471,061
Other manufacturing and repair and installation……………………………………………...
317,736 317,337 333,186 341,636 347,293
Electricity supply……………………………………………... 142,630 156,737 157,521 161,317 160,468
Water supply; sewerage, waste management……………………………………………...
58,206 59,271 59,648 60,366 60,763
Construction……………………………………………... 389,251 455,833 545,654 614,725 751,404
Wholesale and retail trade; repairs……………………………………………...
628,416 713,561 762,968 841,264 868,926
Transportation and storage……………………………………………...
773,852 862,956 1,056,264 1,202,882 1,164,661
Land transport……………………………………………... 599,415 691,544 858,653 981,767 996,098
73,479
Air transport including support services……………………………………………...
83,571 85,203 97,223 49,516
All other transport including postal and courier 97,933 112,407
activities……………………………………………...
90,866 123,892 119,047
Accommodation and food service activities……………………………………………...
70,250 85,252 100,019 119,462 78,052
Information and communication……………………………………………...
206,755 223,497 240,120 258,813 272,702
Telecommunications……………………………………………...
134,032 147,279 157,667 173,043 189,728
Publishing, broadcasting, other IT and information activities……………………………………………...
72,723 76,218 82,452 85,770 82,974
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………...
588,924 634,089 622,625 653,933 696,788
Financial activities……………………………………………...474,853 509,667 480,309 496,177 517,959
Insurance activities……………………………………………...
114,070 124,423 142,315 157,755 178,829
Real estate……………………………………………... 705,877 792,515 881,622 946,860 996,051
Professional, scientific and technical activities……………………………………………...
146,624 154,320 163,959 176,085 156,095
Administrative and support service activities……………………………………………...
77,825 83,429 97,502 108,884 92,785
Public administration and defence……………………………………………...
410,099 442,962 493,180 549,217 592,075
Education……………………………………………... 338,011 365,477 399,515 430,699 406,911
Pre-primary and Primary education……………………………………………...
155,976 184,303 208,393 214,121 206,750
General secondary education……………………………………………...
93,654 98,828 109,878 119,397 107,897
Higher and other education……………………………………………...
88,380 82,346 81,245 97,180 92,264
Human health and social work activities……………………………………………...
156,846 175,811 188,778 199,393 216,853
Arts, entertainment and recreation……………………………………………...
18,281 22,440 24,541 27,184 21,170
Other service activities……………………………………………...
109,694 122,146 135,539 144,865 124,335
Activities of households as employers;……………………………………………...
55,130 59,870 65,710 68,917 72,064
Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM)……………………………………………...
-260,609 -241,384 -215,414 -226,631 -214,117
All economic activities 6,926,656 7,754,323 8,531,502 9,389,865 9,892,187
Taxes on products……………………………………………... 667,408 729,074 808,805 865,790 860,805
GDP at market prices 7,594,064 8,483,396 9,340,307 10,255,654 10,752,992
* Provisional
32
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
Table 2.2: Gross Domestic Product by Activity
Percentage Contribution to GDP
Industry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Agriculture, forestry and fishing……………………………………………... 20.0 20.9 20.3 21.2 23.0
Growing of crops……………………………………………... 14.1 15.2 14.5 15.1 16.6
Animal production……………………………………………...4.0 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.6
Support activities to agriculture……………………………………………... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Forestry & logging……………………………………………...1.2 1.2 1.3 1.9 2.1
Fishing & aquaculture……………………………………………... 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6
Mining and quarrying……………………………………………... 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Manufacturing……………………………………………... 9.3 8.7 8.4 7.9 7.6
Manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco……………………………………………... 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.5 4.4
Other manufacturing and repair and installation……………………………………………... 4.2 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.2
Electricity supply……………………………………………... 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5
Water supply; sewerage, waste management……………………………………………... 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
Construction……………………………………………... 5.1 5.4 5.8 6.0 7.0
Wholesale and retail trade; repairs……………………………………………... 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.1
Transportation and storage……………………………………………... 10.2 10.2 11.3 11.7 10.8
Land transport……………………………………………... 7.9 8.2 9.2 9.6 9.3
Air transport including support services……………………………………………... 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5
All other transport including postal and courier activities……………………………………………...
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Accommodation and food service activities……………………………………………... 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.7
Information and communication……………………………………………... 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5
Telecommunications……………………………………………... 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
Publishing, broadcasting, other IT and information activities……………………………………………...
1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………... 7.8 7.5 6.7 6.4 6.5
Financial activities……………………………………………... 6.3 6.0 5.1 4.8 4.8
Insurance activities……………………………………………...1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7
Real estate……………………………………………... 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.2 9.3
Professional, scientific and technical activities……………………………………………... 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5
Administrative and support service activities……………………………………………... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9
Public administration and defence……………………………………………... 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Education……………………………………………... 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.8
Primary education……………………………………………... 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9
General secondary education……………………………………………... 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0
Higher and other education……………………………………………... 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9
Human health and social work activities……………………………………………... 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0
Arts, entertainment and recreation……………………………………………... 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2
Other service activities……………………………………………... 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.2
Activities of households as employers;……………………………………………... 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM)……………………………………………...
-3.4 -2.8 -2.3 -2.2 -2.0
All economic activities 91.2 91.4 91.3 91.6 92.0
Taxes on products……………………………………………... 8.8 8.6 8.7 8.4 8.0
GDP at market prices 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
* Provisional
2.18. Table 2.3 and Table 2.4 present details on GDP at 2016 constant prices and the growth
rates for the period 2016-2020, respectively. Real GDP in absolute terms declined from KSh
8,742.4 billion in 2019 to KSh 8,714.8 billion in 2020, representing a contraction of 0.3 per
cent compared to 5.0 per cent growth in 2019. However, there was a significant growth in some
of the key sectors of the economy such as Public Administration and Defence, Human Health
Activities, and Construction which expanded by 5.3 per cent, 6.7 per cent and 11.8 per cent,
respectively.
33
Economic Survey 2021
Table 2.3: Gross Domestic Product by Activity
Constant 2016 Prices, KSh Million
Industry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Agriculture, forestry and fishing……………………………………………... 1,521,433 1,501,817 1,587,784 1,629,733 1,707,611
Growing of crops……………………………………………...1,072,482 1,061,320 1,129,072 1,164,824 1,234,262
Animal production……………………………………………...307,167 286,095 299,210 304,550 315,407
Support activities to agriculture……………………………………………... 16,627 18,753 21,269 23,139 23,343
Forestry & logging……………………………………………... 94,562 97,686 96,678 93,941 91,219
Fishing & aquaculture……………………………………………... 30,595 37,963 41,554 43,280 43,380
Mining and quarrying……………………………………………...81,280 83,907 79,986 83,386 88,984
Manufacturing……………………………………………... 707,880 712,807 738,305 756,711 756,149
Manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco……………………………………………... 390,145 395,912 417,709 428,625 424,175
Other manufacturing and repair and installation……………………………………………... 317,736 316,895 320,597 328,086 331,974
Electricity supply……………………………………………... 142,630 150,627 156,679 159,283 158,442
Water supply; sewerage, waste management……………………………………………... 58,206 56,323 57,743 58,840 59,987
Construction……………………………………………... 389,251 413,717 438,962 463,626 518,532
Wholesale and retail trade; repairs……………………………………………... 628,416 655,259 694,215 730,684 727,833
Transportation and storage……………………………………………... 773,852 801,274 849,165 902,904 832,527
Land transport……………………………………………... 599,415 636,887 670,319 712,966 692,147
Air transport including support services……………………………………………... 83,571 70,189 74,769 77,498 36,624
All other transport including postal and courier activities……………………………………………...
90,866 94,197 104,078 112,440 103,756
Accommodation and food service activities……………………………………………... 70,250 76,883 88,863 101,584 53,114
Information and communication……………………………………………... 206,755 223,445 241,178 259,279 271,804
Telecommunications……………………………………………... 134,032 150,030 163,634 178,567 197,232
Publishing, broadcasting, other IT and information activities……………………………………………...
72,723 73,415 77,544 80,712 74,572
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………... 588,924 612,981 629,731 673,042 710,594
Financial activities……………………………………………...474,853 493,036 497,023 527,734 550,015
Insurance activities……………………………………………...114,070 119,945 132,708 145,307 160,579
Real estate……………………………………………... 705,877 753,420 802,728 856,588 891,574
Professional, scientific and technical activities……………………………………………... 146,624 152,058 160,325 171,469 148,249
Administrative and support service activities……………………………………………... 77,825 79,064 86,819 92,731 76,362
Public administration and defence……………………………………………... 410,099 426,049 459,667 505,329 532,340
Education……………………………………………... 338,011 365,689 389,114 407,579 363,618
Pre-primary and Primary education……………………………………………... 155,976 177,217 193,608 198,557 180,036
General secondary education……………………………………………... 93,654 96,613 102,370 110,533 92,322
Higher and other education……………………………………………... 88,380 91,859 93,136 98,490 91,260
Human health and social work activities……………………………………………... 156,846 166,956 176,043 187,037 199,637
Arts, entertainment and recreation……………………………………………... 18,281 21,292 22,089 23,979 18,154
Other service activities……………………………………………... 109,694 114,000 118,593 124,449 100,205
Activities of households as employers;……………………………………………... 55,130 55,957 56,797 57,649 58,513
Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured……………………………………………...
-260,609 -245,063 -254,198 -278,418 -272,958
All economic activities 6,926,656 7,178,460 7,580,588 7,967,464 8,001,274
Taxes on products……………………………………………... 667,408 705,356 747,016 774,949 713,498
GDP at market prices 7,594,064 7,883,816 8,327,604 8,742,413 8,714,771
* Provisional
34
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
Table 2.4: Gross Domestic Product by Activity
Percentage Changes (growth)
Industry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Agriculture, forestry and fishing……………………………………………... 1.4 -1.3 5.7 2.6 4.8
Growing of crops……………………………………………... 0.0 -1.0 6.4 3.2 6.0
Animal production……………………………………………...6.8 -6.9 4.6 1.8 3.6
Support activities to agriculture……………………………………………... -7.2 12.8 13.4 8.8 0.9
Forestry & logging……………………………………………...6.9 3.3 -1.0 -2.8 -2.9
Fishing & aquaculture……………………………………………... -9.9 24.1 9.5 4.2 0.2
Mining and quarrying……………………………………………... -9.1 3.2 -4.7 4.3 6.7
Manufacturing……………………………………………... 1.9 0.7 3.6 2.5 -0.1
Manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco……………………………………………... 2.2 1.5 5.5 2.6 -1.0
Other manufacturing and repair and installation……………………………………………... 1.5 -0.3 1.2 2.3 1.2
Electricity supply……………………………………………... 4.1 5.6 4.0 1.7 -0.5
Water supply; sewerage, waste management……………………………………………... 2.8 -3.2 2.5 1.9 2.0
Construction……………………………………………... 5.8 6.3 6.1 5.6 11.8
Wholesale and retail trade; repairs……………………………………………... 2.3 4.3 5.9 5.3 -0.4
Transportation and storage……………………………………………... 8.3 3.5 6.0 6.3 -7.8
Land transport……………………………………………... 7.0 6.3 5.2 6.4 -2.9
Air transport including support services……………………………………………... 22.7 -16.0 6.5 3.7 -52.7
All other transport including postal and courier 3.7
activities……………………………………………...
5.5 10.5 8.0 -7.7
Accommodation and food services……………………………………………... 6.9 9.4 15.6 14.3 -47.7
Information and communication……………………………………………... 10.2 8.1 7.9 7.5 4.8
Telecommunications……………………………………………... 13.2 11.9 9.1 9.1 10.5
Publishing, broadcasting, other IT and information activities……………………………………………...
5.1 1.0 5.6 4.1 -7.6
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………... 3.6 4.1 2.7 6.9 5.6
Financial activities……………………………………………...3.7 3.8 0.8 6.2 4.2
Insurance activities……………………………………………...3.0 5.2 10.6 9.5 10.5
Real estate……………………………………………... 9.8 6.7 6.5 6.7 4.1
Professional, scientific and technical activities……………………………………………... 3.1 3.7 5.4 7.0 -13.5
Administrative and support service activities……………………………………………... 3.4 1.6 9.8 6.8 -17.7
Public administration and defence……………………………………………... 6.0 3.9 7.9 9.9 5.3
Education……………………………………………... 1.5 8.2 6.4 4.7 -10.8
Primary education……………………………………………...0.9 13.6 9.2 2.6 -9.3
General secondary education……………………………………………... 3.4 3.2 6.0 8.0 -16.5
Higher and other education……………………………………………... 0.6 3.9 1.4 5.7 -7.3
Human health and social work activities……………………………………………... 9.5 6.4 5.4 6.2 6.7
Arts, entertainment and recreation……………………………………………... 14.9 16.5 3.7 8.6 -24.3
Other service activities……………………………………………... 5.1 3.9 4.0 4.9 -19.5
Activities of households as employers;……………………………………………... 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured……………………………………………...
0.2 -6.0 3.7 9.5 -2.0
All industries at basic prices 4.4 3.6 5.6 5.1 0.4
Taxes on products……………………………………………... 2.4 5.7 5.9 3.7 -7.9
GDP at market prices 4.2 3.8 5.6 5.0 -0.3
* Provisional
2.19. Table 2.5 presents sources of economic growth for the period 2016-2020 which show
that there was a significant shift in sector contributions to growth in 2020 as a result of the
COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, Transportation and Storage, Accommodation and Food
Services, and Education sectors accounted for the bulk of the contraction. However, growths
in Agriculture, Construction, Financial and Insurance and Real Estate cushioned the economy
from deeper contraction.
35
Economic Survey 2021
Table 2.5: Sources of Growth, 2016-2020
Percentage Changes (growth)
Industry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Agriculture, forestry and fishing……………………………………………... 6.8 -6.8 19.4 10.1 -281.7
Growing of crops……………………………………………...-0.1 -3.9 15.3 8.6 -251.2
Animal production……………………………………………... 6.4 -7.3 3.0 1.3 -39.3
Support activities to agriculture……………………………………………... -0.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 -0.7
Forestry & logging……………………………………………...2.0 1.1 -0.2 -0.7 9.8
Fishing & aquaculture……………………………………………... -1.1 2.5 0.8 0.4 -0.4
Mining and quarrying……………………………………………... -2.7 0.9 -0.9 0.8 -20.2
Manufacturing……………………………………………... 4.3 1.7 5.7 4.4 2.0
Manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco……………………………………………... 2.8 2.0 4.9 2.6 16.1
Other manufacturing and repair and installation……………………………………………... 1.5 -0.3 0.8 1.8 -14.1
Electricity supply……………………………………………... 1.8 2.8 1.4 0.6 3.0
Water supply; sewerage, waste management……………………………………………... 0.5 -0.6 0.3 0.3 -4.2
Construction……………………………………………... 7.0 8.4 5.7 5.9 -198.6
Wholesale and retail trade; repairs……………………………………………... 4.6 9.3 8.8 8.8 10.3
Transportation and storage……………………………………………... 19.3 9.5 10.8 13.0 254.6
Land transport……………………………………………... 12.7 12.9 7.5 10.3 75.3
Air transport including support services……………………………………………... 5.0 -4.6 1.0 0.7 147.9
All other transport including postal and courier 1.1
activities……………………………………………...
1.5 2.2 2.0 31.4
Accommodation and food services…………………………… 1.5 2.3 2.7 3.1 175.4
Information and communication……………………………………………... 6.2 5.8 4.0 4.4 -45.3
Telecommunications……………………………………………... 5.1 5.5 3.1 3.6 -67.5
Publishing, broadcasting, other IT and information activities……………………………………………...
1.1 0.2 0.9 0.8 22.2
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………... 6.7 8.3 3.8 10.4 -135.9
Financial activities……………………………………………...5.6 6.3 0.9 7.4 -80.6
Insurance activities……………………………………………...1.1 2.0 2.9 3.0 -55.2
Real estate……………………………………………... 20.5 16.4 11.1 13.0 -126.6
Professional, scientific and technical activities……………………………………………... 1.4 1.9 1.9 2.7 84.0
Administrative and support service activities……………………………………………... 0.8 0.4 1.7 1.4 59.2
Public administration and defence……………………………………………... 7.5 5.5 7.6 11.0 -97.7
Education……………………………………………………. 1.6 9.6 5.3 4.5 159.0
Primary education……………………………………………...0.4 7.3 3.7 1.2 67.0
General secondary education……………………………………………... 1.0 1.0 1.3 2.0 65.9
Higher and other education……………………………………………... 0.2 1.2 0.3 1.3 26.2
Human health and social work activities……………………………………………... 4.4 3.5 2.0 2.7 -45.6
Arts, entertainment and recreation……………………………………………... 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.5 21.1
Other service activities……………………………………………... 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.4 87.7
Activities of households as employers;……………………………………………... 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 -3.1
Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured……………………………………………...
-0.2 5.4 -2.1 -5.8 -19.8
All industries at basic prices 94.9 86.9 90.6 93.3 -122.3
Taxes on products……………………………………………... 5.1 13.1 9.4 6.7 222.3
GDP at market prices 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
*Provisional
2.20. Production accounts for all industries at current prices for the period 2016-2020 are
presented in Table 2.6. The total value of output increased from KSh 15,574.4 billion in 2019
to KSh 16,245.1 billion in 2020. Intermediate consumption declined from KSh 6,364.5 billion
in 2019 to KSh 6,352.9 billion in 2020. Total value addition to the economy rose to KSh
9,892.2 billion in 2020.
36
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
Table 2.6: Annual Production Accounts by Industry, 2016-2020
Current Prices, KSh Million
Industry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
1,861,293.3 2,161,306.4 2,299,659.7 2,619,312.3 2,990,505.8
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
339,859.8 388,816.3 402,185.2 448,241.1 512,203.0
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 1,521,433.6 1,772,490.1 1,897,474.6 2,171,071.3 2,478,302.8
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
129,753.9 153,173.4 163,855.1 184,196.3 206,633.2
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
1,391,679.6 1,619,316.7 1,733,619.5 1,986,875.0 2,271,669.6
Mining and quarrying
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
139,627.5 141,012.3 136,425.2 141,312.5 151,610.1
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
58,347.7 69,337.3 67,516.5 68,567.6 74,062.8
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 81,279.8 71,675.0 68,908.6 72,744.9 77,547.3
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
1,941.1 14,475.0 15,471.5 17,004.3 15,592.6
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
79,338.7 57,200.0 53,437.2 55,740.6 61,954.7
Manufacturing
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
2,003,566.4 2,109,602.2 2,216,546.9 2,309,174.7 2,374,233.6
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
1,295,686.0 1,368,226.5 1,431,178.2 1,501,360.3 1,555,880.2
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 707,880.4 741,375.7 785,368.7 807,814.4 818,353.5
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
172,207.6 190,338.9 206,419.9 218,349.5 215,563.9
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
535,672.8 551,036.9 578,948.8 589,465.0 602,789.6
Electricity, gas and water supply
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
249,704.4 267,454.5 270,644.5 276,385.3 276,063.0
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
48,869.0 51,446.5 53,475.3 54,702.4 54,832.1
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 200,835.4 216,007.9 217,169.2 221,682.9 221,230.9
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
34,481.7 38,664.3 41,686.5 44,466.6 45,196.5
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
166,353.7 177,343.6 175,482.7 177,216.2 176,034.4
Construction
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
957,493.3 1,074,220.6 1,229,130.0 1,366,986.0 1,625,938.5
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
568,242.1 618,388.1 683,476.2 752,260.7 874,534.6
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 389,251.1 455,832.6 545,653.8 614,725.3 751,403.9
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
249,679.8 294,487.5 352,677.0 397,694.5 467,263.2
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
139,571.3 161,345.1 192,976.8 217,030.8 284,140.7
Wholesale and retail trade
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
1,210,257.3 1,342,702.3 1,465,228.5 1,604,748.4 1,646,666.3
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
581,841.3 629,141.7 702,260.5 763,484.4 777,740.6
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 628,416.0 713,560.6 762,968.0 841,264.0 868,925.7
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
194,980.6 219,945.6 275,818.4 306,540.9 257,590.1
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
433,435.4 493,615.0 487,149.5 534,723.1 611,335.6
Transportation and storage
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
1,465,949.7 1,625,039.2 1,880,796.9 2,082,169.9 1,973,313.8
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
692,097.8 762,082.9 824,533.3 879,288.2 808,652.7
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 773,851.9 862,956.3 1,056,263.6 1,202,881.7 1,164,661.1
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
168,812.8 191,131.7 212,354.2 259,887.6 255,831.3
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
605,039.1 671,824.6 843,909.4 942,994.1 908,829.8
Accomodation and Food Services
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
195,168.3 229,018.7 277,731.0 346,938.9 171,968.1
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
124,918.4 143,766.4 177,711.9 227,476.6 93,916.3
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 70,249.9 85,252.3 100,019.1 119,462.4 78,051.9
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
33,658.9 36,388.3 39,639.4 43,273.9 28,816.5
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
36,591.0 48,863.9 60,379.7 76,188.5 49,235.4
Information and communication
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
432,139.3 462,012.6 494,269.2 522,621.8 535,514.1
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
225,384.4 238,515.6 254,149.3 263,808.7 262,812.5
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 206,754.9 223,497.0 240,119.9 258,813.2 272,701.6
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
74,562.8 83,750.4 95,132.8 101,835.1 97,309.4
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
132,192.0 139,746.6 144,987.1 156,978.1 175,392.1
Financial and insurance activities
Output at basic prices……………………………………………...
802,729.4 865,756.1 864,482.3 910,492.1 939,629.7
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………...
213,805.7 231,666.8 241,857.7 256,559.3 242,841.6
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 588,923.7 634,089.3 622,624.6 653,932.8 696,788.1
Compensation of employees……………………………………………...
124,345.0 135,321.8 136,426.9 147,642.4 153,758.1
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
464,578.7 498,767.5 486,197.7 506,290.4 543,030.0
* Provisional
+
Revised
37
Economic Survey 2021
Table 2.6: Annual Production Accounts by Industry, 2016-2020 (Cont’d)
Current Prices KSh Million
Industry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Real estate
Output at basic prices……………………………………………... 774,890.9 864,898.1 962,638.1 1,035,989.1 1,092,311.1
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………... 69,013.9 72,382.6 81,016.5 89,129.2 96,260.4
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 705,877.0 792,515.5 881,621.7 946,860.0 996,050.8
Compensation of employees……………………………………………... 64,029.8 71,424.0 79,475.0 85,478.1 90,172.5
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
641,847.2 721,091.5 802,146.6 861,381.8 905,878.3
Professional, scientific and technical activities
Output at basic prices……………………………………………... 211,854.6 226,976.6 244,042.9 262,729.7 231,613.9
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………... 65,230.4 72,656.2 80,083.7 86,644.4 75,519.2
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 146,624.1 154,320.4 163,959.2 176,085.2 156,094.7
Compensation of employees……………………………………………... 38,387.7 41,550.5 44,352.1 49,318.6 44,601.0
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
108,236.4 112,769.9 119,607.1 126,766.6 111,493.7
Administrative and support service activities
Output at basic prices……………………………………………... 113,022.4 120,522.4 139,970.3 155,697.1 132,645.1
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………... 35,197.3 37,093.1 42,468.1 46,813.6 39,859.8
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 77,825.0 83,429.3 97,502.2 108,883.5 92,785.3
Compensation of employees……………………………………………... 41,487.2 47,152.4 52,842.6 59,423.7 50,295.8
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
36,337.8 36,276.9 44,659.6 49,459.8 42,489.4
Public administration and defence
Output at basic prices……………………………………………... 641,838.3 705,299.8 776,605.9 854,486.5 910,132.4
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………... 231,739.1 262,337.8 283,425.5 305,269.7 318,057.7
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 410,099.2 442,962.0 493,180.4 549,216.8 592,074.7
Compensation of employees……………………………………………... 316,324.4 334,220.7 367,383.6 403,598.6 428,601.9
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
93,774.8 108,741.3 125,796.8 145,618.2 163,472.8
Education
Output at basic prices……………………………………………... 510,766.7 550,958.0 603,676.0 648,449.6 578,295.5
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………... 172,756.0 185,480.7 204,160.8 217,751.0 171,384.7
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 338,010.7 365,477.2 399,515.2 430,698.7 406,910.8
Compensation of employees……………………………………………... 279,235.3 314,694.5 358,634.2 383,249.5 372,786.1
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
58,775.4 50,782.7 40,880.9 47,449.1 34,124.7
Health and social work
Output at basic prices……………………………………………... 258,387.6 285,712.0 300,199.6 320,007.6 348,597.2
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………... 101,541.2 109,901.1 111,422.1 120,614.5 131,744.5
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 156,846.4 175,810.8 188,777.5 199,393.0 216,852.7
Compensation of employees……………………………………………... 115,224.0 126,233.9 138,350.1 150,823.9 167,971.0
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
41,622.4 49,576.9 50,427.4 48,569.2 48,881.7
Other service activities
Output at basic prices……………………………………………... 228,130.9 253,783.0 278,112.2 296,898.2 266,047.9
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………... 45,025.5 49,328.0 52,322.5 55,932.7 48,479.4
Value added, gross……………………………………………... 183,105.5 204,455.0 225,789.6 240,965.5 217,568.5
Compensation of employees……………………………………………... 92,703.3 103,213.4 114,218.3 122,782.6 123,474.7
Operating surplus/mixed income, gross……………………………………………...
90,402.2 101,241.6 111,571.4 118,182.9 94,093.8
Less: Financial services indirectly measured…
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………... 260,608.8 241,384.2 215,414.2 226,631.1 214,117.3
Value added, gross……………………………………………... -260,608.8 -241,384.2 -215,414.2 -226,631.1 -214,117.3
All industries at basic prices
Output at basic prices……………………………………………... 12,056,820.3 13,286,274.6 14,440,159.1 15,754,399.9 16,245,086.2
Intermediate consumption……………………………………………... 5,130,164.6 5,531,951.9 5,908,657.4 6,364,535.3 6,352,899.2
Gross value added at basic prices……………………………………………...
6,926,655.7 7,754,322.7 8,531,501.7 9,389,864.5 9,892,187.0
Other taxes on production……………………………………………... 211,532.2 224,818.9 246,468.0 260,332.9 277,594.8
Less: Subsidies……………………………..
Compensation of employees……………………………………………... 2,131,816.0 2,396,166.1 2,694,737.6 2,975,566.2 3,021,457.9
Gross operating surplus/mixed income……………………………………………...
4,583,307.5 5,133,337.7 5,590,296.1 6,153,965.5 6,593,134.3
Total economy
Taxes on products…………… 667,407.9 729,073.8 808,804.8 865,789.8 860,804.6
Subsidies on products……………
GDP at market prices 7,594,063.6 8,483,396.5 9,340,306.5 10,255,654.3 10,752,991.6
* Provisional
+
Revised
38
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
2.21. Table 2.7 and table 2.8 presents components of expenditure on GDP at current prices
and the share of each component to GDP at market prices, respectively. Gross domestic
expenditure grew by 3.9 per cent to KSh 11.6 trillion in 2020. Government final consumption
expenditure increased by 8.6 per cent to stand at KSh 1.4 trillion in 2020. The share of
government final consumption and Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) increased slightly
during the review period.
Table 2.7: Expenditure on the Gross Domestic Product, 2016-2020
Current Prices - KSh Million
Expenditure category 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Government final consumption expenditure……………………………………………...
957,593.9 1,046,433.6 1,153,405.5 1,261,504.9 1,369,787.0
Private final consumption expenditure……………………………………………...
5,704,205.0 6,495,722.0 7,099,419.0 7,839,414.5 8,003,646.5
Final consumption expenditure by NPISH2……………………………………………...
98,215.9 113,943.1 102,229.3 107,460.1 115,512.3
Gross fixed capital formation……………………………………………...
1,472,621.0 1,687,832.9 1,783,811.4 1,920,884.5 2,079,760.1
Changes in inventories……………………………………………... -3,288.4 65,133.2 25,965.2 38,930.4 35,357.9
Gross domestic expenditure 8,229,347.4 9,409,064.7 10,164,830.3 11,168,194.4 11,604,063.8
Exports of goods and services……………………………………………...
1,006,194.1 1,080,501.3 1,171,459.0 1,169,967.1 1,040,673.7
Imports of goods and services……………………………………………...
1,641,477.8 1,973,102.0 2,042,984.6 2,081,480.5 1,900,597.5
Discrepancy 1……………………………………………... -0.3 -33,067.9 47,002.3 -1,027.0 8,852.0
Gross domestic product at market prices 7,594,063.5 8,483,396.0 9,340,307.0 10,255,654.0 10,752,992.0
1
Difference between GDP production approach and GDP expenditure approach
2
Non Profit Institutions Serving Households
*
Provisional
+
Revised
Table 2.8: Expenditure on the Gross Domestic Product, 2016-2020
Percentage contribution to GDP
Expenditure category 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Government final consumption expenditure……………………………………………...
12.6 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.7
Private final consumption expenditure……………………………………………...
75.1 76.6 76.0 76.4 74.4
Final consumption expenditure by NPISH……………………………………………...
1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1
Gross fixed capital formation……………………………………………...
19.4 19.9 19.1 18.7 19.3
Changes in inventories……………………………………………... 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.3
Gross domestic expenditure 108.4 110.9 108.8 108.9 107.9
Exports of goods and services……………………………………………...
13.2 12.7 12.5 11.4 9.7
Imports of goods and services……………………………………………...
21.6 23.3 21.9 20.3 17.7
Discrepancy …………………………… 0.0 -0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1
Gross domestic product at market prices 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
*
Provisional
+
Revised
2.22. Table 2.9 presents components of expenditure on GDP valued at 2016 constant
prices. Real private consumption expenditure, which accounts for the bulk of total demand
contracted by 2.9 per cent in 2020, compared to 5.0 per cent growth in 2019. Real Gross Fixed
Capital Formation (GFCF) increased from KSh 1,645.0 billion in 2019 to KSh 1,701.4 billion
in 2020. The real value of exports and imports of goods and services contracted by 8.2 per cent
and 8.5 per cent, respectively during the review period.
39
Economic Survey 2021
Table 2.9: Expenditure on the Gross Domestic Product, 2016-2020
Constant 2016 Prices - KSh Million
Expenditure category 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Government final consumption expenditure……………………………………………...
957,593.9 1,017,294.1 1,088,333.0 1,164,134.9 1,214,499.1
Private final consumption expenditure……………………………………………...
5,704,204.5 5,977,927.0 6,281,580.0 6,588,723.0 6,406,639.5
Final consumption expenditure by NPISH……………………………………………...
98,215.9 109,418.7 93,682.4 97,098.3 101,244.8
Gross fixed capital formation……………………………………………...
1,472,621.0 1,590,554.9 1,584,335.3 1,644,958.6 1,701,434.8
Changes in inventories……………………………………………...
-3,288.4 54,910.4 22,633.4 35,704.1 35,258.9
Gross domestic expenditure 8,229,346.9 8,750,105.0 9,070,564.0 9,530,618.9 9,459,077.1
Exports of goods and services……………………………………………...
1,006,193.8 995,953.8 1,063,400.8 1,029,822.8 945,289.1
Imports of goods and services……………………………………………...
1,641,477.8 1,845,374.5 1,871,835.1 1,905,651.8 1,744,076.4
Discrepancy 1……………………………………………...
0.5 -16,868.3 65,474.3 87,623.1 54,481.2
Gross domestic product at market prices 7,594,063.5 7,883,816.0 8,327,604.0 8,742,413.0 8,714,771.0
1
Difference between GDP production approach and GDP expenditure approach
*
Provisional
+
Revised
Table 2.10: Expenditure on the Gross Domestic Product, 2016-2020
Percentage Changes (growth)
Expenditure category 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Government final consumption expenditure……………………………………………...
5.3 6.2 7.0 7.0 4.3
Private final consumption expenditure……………………………………………...
4.6 4.8 5.1 4.9 -2.8
Final consumption expenditure by NPISH……………………………………………...
-0.8 11.4 -14.4 3.6 4.3
Gross fixed capital formation……………………………………………...
-3.8 8.0 -0.4 3.8 3.4
Gross domestic expenditure 3.0 6.3 3.7 5.1 -0.8
Exports of goods and services……………………………………………...
-6.6 -1.0 6.8 -3.2 -8.2
Imports of goods and services……………………………………………...
-7.4 12.4 1.4 1.8 -8.5
Gross domestic product at market prices 4.2 3.8 5.6 5.0 -0.3
*
Provisional
+
Revised
2.23. The value additions to fixed assets (Gross Fixed Capital Formation) in current prices
increased from KSh 1,920.9billion in 2019 to KSh 2,079.8 billion in 2020 as presented in
Table 2.11a. The value for buildings other than dwellings increased by 22.6 per cent to KSh
218.7 billion in 2020. Table 2.11b provides details on the contribution to GFCF by type of
asset. In the review period, dwellings and other structures contributed 32.4 per cent and 29.0
per cent to GFCF, respectively.
40
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
Table 2.11a: Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 2016-2020
Current Prices - KSh Million
Type of Asset 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Dwellings……………………………………………... 401,847.1 438,881.2 494,867.3 544,309.8 673,101.8
Buildings other than dwellings……………………………………………...
134,090.8 144,429.4 162,595.5 178,414.9 218,723.9
Other structures……………………………………………...
331,930.1 424,860.6 483,791.2 541,020.7 602,998.2
Transport equipment……………………………………………...
208,995.5 257,057.2 242,356.0 273,876.5 218,783.9
ICT equipment……………………………………………...
95,099.5 108,145.9 88,813.1 95,562.7 92,961.1
Other machinery and equipment……………………………………………...
246,477.5 270,777.6 270,493.2 259,353.3 237,642.7
Animal resources yielding repeat products……………………………………………...
17,498.0 8,741.2 13,623.7 8,728.4 17,829.3
Tree, crop and plant resources yielding repeat products……………………………………………...
8,268.9 8,922.0 9,614.9 10,001.4 10,410.0
Intellectual property products……………………………………………...
28,413.6 26,017.9 17,656.6 9,616.7 7,309.2
Total 1,472,621 1,687,833 1,783,811 1,920,884 2,079,760
* Provisional
+
Revised
Table 2.11b: Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 2016-2020
Percentage Contribution
Type of Asset 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Dwellings……………………………………………...27.3 26.0 27.7 28.3 32.4
Buildings other than dwellings……………………………………………...
9.1 8.6 9.1 9.3 10.5
Other structures……………………………………………...
22.5 25.2 27.1 28.2 29.0
Transport equipment……………………………………………...
14.2 15.2 13.6 14.3 10.5
ICT equipment……………………………………………...
6.5 6.4 5.0 5.0 4.5
Other machinery and equipment……………………………………………...
16.7 16.0 15.2 13.5 11.4
Animal resources yielding repeat products……………………………………………...
1.2 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.9
Tree crop and plant resources yielding repeat products……………………………………………...
0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Intellectual property products……………………………………………...
1.9 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
* Provisional
+
Revised
2.24. Real GFCF and its growth by type of asset for the period 2016-2020 is presented in
Tables 2.12a and 2.12b. The value of real GFCF expanded by 2.7 per cent to stand at KSh
1,701.4 billion in 2020. Generally, real value of additions to transport and ICT equipment,
other machinery and equipment and intellectual property products contracted during the
period under review. However, growth in the value of dwellings and buildings other than
dwellings improved during the review period.
Table 2.12a: Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 2016-2020
Constant 2016 Prices - KSh Million
Type of Asset 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Dwellings……………………………………………... 401,847.1 419,096.0 441,612.0 464,649.9 541,283.4
Buildings other than dwellings……………………………………………...
134,090.8 139,951.2 147,587.3 155,435.6 181,252.9
Other structures……………………………………………...
331,930.1 373,632.3 392,376.6 414,507.1 440,321.1
Transport equipment……………………………………………...
208,995.5 249,659.2 232,650.0 259,773.0 206,323.4
ICT equipment……………………………………………...
95,099.5 103,509.2 80,868.6 87,675.9 86,014.6
Other machinery and equipment……………………………………………...
246,477.5 261,448.0 250,929.3 237,184.0 214,960.2
Animal resources yielding repeat products……………………………………………...
17,498.0 8,390.4 12,428.4 8,016.5 15,707.0
Tree crop and plant resources yielding repeat products……………………………………………...
8,268.9 8,406.3 8,623.1 8,669.6 8,701.1
Intellectual property products……………………………………………...
28,413.6 26,462.4 17,260.1 9,047.0 6,871.1
Total 1,472,621.0 1,590,554.9 1,584,335.2 1,644,958.6 1,701,434.7
* Provisional
+
Revised
41
Economic Survey 2021
Table2.12b: Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 2016-2020
Percentage Changes (growth)
Type of Asset 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Dwellings……………………………………………... 5.5 4.3 5.4 5.2 16.5
Buildings other than dwellings……………………………………………...
5.7 4.4 5.5 5.3 16.6
Other structures……………………………………………...
45.0 12.6 5.0 5.6 6.2
Transport equipment……………………………………………...
-41.5 19.5 -6.8 11.7 -20.6
ICT equipment……………………………………………...
2.4 8.8 -21.9 8.4 -1.9
Other machinery and equipment……………………………………………...
-8.2 6.1 -4.0 -5.5 -9.4
Animal resources yielding repeat products……………………………………………...
15.7 -52.0 48.1 -35.5 95.9
Tree crop and plant resources yielding repeat products……………………………………………...
-0.8 1.7 2.6 0.5 0.4
Intellectual property products……………………………………………...
-45.1 -6.9 -34.8 -47.6 -24.1
Total -3.8 8.0 -0.4 3.8 3.4
* Provisional
+
Revised
2.25. Table 2.13 and Table 2.14 presents the relationship between the GDP and Gross National
Income (GNI) for the period 2016-2020. The GNI valued at current prices grew by 4.8 per cent
to stand at KSh 10,573.3 billion in 2020 from KSh 10,091.5 billion in 2019. Gross domestic
product per capita increased from KSh 215,454.9 in 2019 to KSh 220,891.4 in 2020. Primary
incomes receivable from the rest of the world decreased from KSh 22.3 billion in 2019 to KSh
15.2 billion in the year under review. Current transfers receivable from the rest of the world
decreased by 1.7 per cent to stand at KSh 535.3 billion in 2020. Gross National Disposable
Income increased from KSh 10,630.4 billion in 2019 to KSh 11,100.4 billion in 2020.
Table 2.13: Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Income, 2016-2020
Current Prices - KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Current Prices, KSh Million
Compensation of employees.................................. 2,131,816.0 2,396,166.0 2,694,737.8 2,975,566.3 3,021,458.0
Consumption of fixed capital.................................. 940,837.0 1,095,186.3 1,246,988.4 1,365,850.8 1,496,078.4
Net operating surplus............................................. 3,849,752.6 4,258,019.9 4,584,776.1 5,043,447.3 5,369,651.0
Taxes on products................................................... 671,657.9 734,023.8 813,804.8 870,789.8 865,804.6
Gross domestic product at market prices........ 7,594,063.5 8,483,396.0 9,340,307.0 10,255,654.0 10,752,992.0
Primary incomes
Receivable from the rest of the world.................... 10,099.1 14,563.3 20,135.2 22,273.2 15,197.3
Payable to rest of the world.................................. -112,651.2 -170,568.2 -161,135.3 -186,410.2 -194,892.3
Gross national income at market prices.......... 7,491,511.5 8,327,391.1 9,199,306.9 10,091,516.9 10,573,297.0
Current transfers
Receivable from the rest of the world.................... 333,477.1 466,247.6 511,848.0 544,457.2 535,310.5
Payable to rest of the world.................................. -5,191.9 -5,787.4 -4,850.5 -5,574.5 -8,202.5
Gross national disposable income................... 7,819,796.6 8,787,851.3 9,706,304.4 10,630,399.6 11,100,405.0
Per capita, KSh
Gross domestic product at market prices................. 171,472.0 187,271.4 201,299.7 215,454.9 220,891.4
Gross national income at market prices.................. 169,156.4 183,827.6 198,260.9 212,006.7 217,200.0
Constant prices
GDP at market prices, KSh Million........................ 7,594,063.5 7,883,816.0 8,327,604.0 8,742,413.0 8,714,771.0
Per capita................................................................ 171,472.0 174,035.7 179,474.2 183,664.1 179,021.6
- Annual percentage change................................... 1.9 1.5 3.1 2.3 -2.5
* Provisional
+
Revised
42
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
Table 2.14: National Disposable Income and Saving, 2016-2020
Current Prices - KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Gross national disposable income................. 7,819,796.6 8,787,851.3 9,706,304.4 10,630,399.6 11,100,405.0
Consumption of fixed capital................................ 940,837.0 1,095,186.3 1,246,988.4 1,365,850.8 1,496,078.4
Net national disposable income..................... 6,878,959.6 7,692,665.1 8,459,316.1 9,264,548.9 9,604,326.6
Final consumption expenditure........................... 6,760,014.8 7,656,098.6 8,355,053.8 9,208,379.5 9,488,945.8
Private .............................................................. 5,704,205.0 6,495,722.0 7,099,419.0 7,839,414.5 8,003,646.5
Non-Profit Institutions Serving Householuds... 98,215.9 113,943.1 102,229.3 107,460.1 115,512.3
General government......................................... 957,593.9 1,046,433.6 1,153,405.5 1,261,504.9 1,369,787.0
Saving, net.......................................................... 118,944.8 36,566.4 104,262.3 56,169.4 115,380.9
Financing of capital formation
Saving, net........................................................... 118,944.8 36,566.4 104,262.3 56,169.4 115,380.9
Capital transfers from abroad, net......................... 20,878.0 19,046.0 26,593.0 21,146.0 14,023.0
Total................................................................... 139,822.8 55,612.4 130,855.3 77,315.4 129,403.9
Gross fixed capital formation................................ 1,472,621.0 1,687,832.9 1,783,811.4 1,920,884.5 2,079,760.1
Consumption of fixed capital................................ -940,837.0 -1,095,186.3 -1,246,988.4 -1,365,850.8 -1,496,078.4
Changes in inventories......................................... -3,288.4 65,133.2 25,965.2 38,930.4 35,357.9
Net lending (+) / Net borrowing(-).................... -388,672.8 -602,167.4 -431,932.9 -516,648.8 -489,635.8
Total................................................................... 139,822.8 55,612.4 130,855.3 77,315.4 129,403.9
* Provisional
+
Revised
43
Table 2.15 Gross Domestic Product by Activity
Current prices – KSh million
Year Quar- Agriculture Mining and Manufac- Electricity Construc- Wholesale Accommo Transport Informatio Financial
ter quarrying turing and water tion and retail dation & and n and &
supply trade Food storage communic insurance
services ation
2016 1,521,434 81,280 707,880 200,835 389,251 628,416 70,250 773,852 206,755 588,924
1,772,490 71,675 741,376 216,008 455,833 713,561 85,252 862,956 223,497 634,089
Economic Survey 2021
2017
2018 1,897,475 68,909 785,369 217,169 545,654 762,968 100,019 1,056,264 240,120 622,625
2019 2,171,071 72,745 807,814 221,683 614,725 841,264 119,462 1,202,882 258,813 653,933
2020 2,478,303 77,547 818,353 221,231 751,404 868,926 78,052 1,164,661 272,702 696,788
1 387,655 20,804 170,337 49,025 96,425 155,396 17,351 186,956 48,475 133,353
2 425,628 20,495 173,294 49,534 93,574 148,757 16,869 187,526 46,922 137,760
2016
3 356,134 20,712 176,914 50,636 98,208 155,347 17,729 208,081 55,217 152,003
4 352,017 19,270 187,336 51,640 101,044 168,916 18,301 191,289 56,141 165,807
1 455,717 18,853 185,976 52,926 105,861 170,280 19,803 203,224 53,646 148,549
2 525,600 17,227 178,513 53,536 110,531 170,796 19,925 207,655 51,430 155,550
2017
3 414,509 17,059 178,723 54,655 116,065 185,667 21,568 227,799 58,806 161,469
44 4 376,665 18,536 198,164 54,891 123,376 186,817 23,957 224,278 59,614 168,522
1 490,237 18,903 199,902 53,780 128,305 189,364 24,266 249,125 56,499 147,452
2 553,221 17,210 189,065 55,318 130,708 186,473 23,254 260,081 55,110 149,766
2018+
3 447,489 15,751 189,071 53,864 141,169 194,297 24,069 274,585 62,650 154,836
4 406,528 17,045 207,331 54,207 145,472 192,834 28,431 272,473 65,861 170,571
1 532,858 18,783 205,725 54,743 148,239 202,786 28,722 293,615 62,519 151,042
2 599,090 18,536 198,675 56,187 150,400 203,388 25,837 311,430 59,168 156,898
2019+
3 532,697 16,621 195,004 57,358 160,679 214,736 27,690 307,070 67,648 166,608
4 506,426 18,805 208,410 53,395 155,408 220,354 37,213 290,767 69,479 179,386
1 672,901 19,922 270,896 54,532 180,353 212,228 34,128 294,385 65,698 166,335
2 681,847 20,232 180,015 52,061 183,125 209,264 16,322 265,105 60,407 164,118
2020*
3 568,927 17,294 171,393 56,318 191,651 206,193 13,084 299,735 70,299 173,053
4 554,628 20,100 196,050 58,320 196,275 241,241 14,518 305,437 76,298 193,282
+ Revised
* Provisional
Table 2.15: Gross Domestic Product by Activity (Cont’d)
Current prices – KSh million
Year Quar- Public admi- Professional, Real Education Health Other FISIM All indust. at Taxes on GDP at GDP,
ter nistration admin and estate services basic prices products market seasonally
support prices adjusted
services
2016 410,099 224,449 705,877 338,011 156,846 183,105 -260,609 6,926,656 667,408 7,594,064
2017 442,962 237,750 792,515 365,477 175,811 204,455 -241,384 7,754,323 729,074 8,483,396
2018 493,180 261,461 881,622 399,515 188,778 225,790 -215,414 8,531,502 808,805 9,340,307
2019 549,217 284,969 946,860 430,699 199,393 240,966 -226,631 9,389,864 865,790 10,255,654
2020 592,075 248,880 996,051 406,911 216,853 217,569 -214,117 9,892,187 860,805 10,752,992
1 99,134 52,501 168,454 84,416 34,712 44,066 -59,816 1,689,245 146,826 1,836,072 1,830,691
2 107,453 56,193 173,817 84,571 37,853 44,687 -63,372 1,741,562 163,043 1,904,605 1,853,742
2016
3 99,628 58,801 179,151 84,807 39,679 46,894 -67,238 1,732,703 171,946 1,904,649 1,929,512
4 103,884 56,953 184,455 84,215 44,603 47,458 -70,182 1,763,145 185,593 1,948,738 1,988,208
1 104,066 55,293 189,730 92,438 38,731 49,803 -59,713 1,885,181 180,698 2,065,879 2,052,907
2 115,038 59,639 195,199 91,507 42,266 49,789 -60,827 1,983,374 178,421 2,161,795 2,099,777
2017
45 3 110,165 61,857 200,864 91,202 45,055 52,167 -60,495 1,937,135 177,276 2,114,410 2,142,585
4 113,693 60,960 206,723 90,331 49,758 52,695 -60,348 1,948,633 192,679 2,141,312 2,193,962
1 114,705 60,357 212,776 101,526 42,764 54,548 -53,058 2,091,452 193,772 2,285,224 2,262,969
2 127,754 65,292 218,249 101,490 46,240 54,978 -51,893 2,182,317 199,057 2,381,373 2,312,200
2018+
3 123,897 66,800 223,142 100,019 47,842 57,589 -53,278 2,123,790 200,526 2,324,316 2,362,381
4 126,824 69,013 227,454 96,481 51,931 58,675 -57,185 2,133,943 215,450 2,349,393 2,406,893
1 126,898 66,790 231,185 96,031 45,192 59,750 -54,075 2,270,803 198,616 2,469,419 2,446,192
2 143,119 72,126 234,890 97,763 48,810 59,736 -53,193 2,382,860 219,611 2,602,471 2,529,935
2019+
3 138,044 71,447 238,567 110,271 50,364 61,301 -56,059 2,360,046 214,687 2,574,732 2,617,708
4 141,155 74,606 242,218 126,635 55,027 60,178 -63,303 2,376,156 232,875 2,609,032 2,667,558
1 134,825 63,195 245,842 114,823 47,611 61,139 -51,349 2,587,461 237,110 2,824,572 2,786,526
2 150,733 58,513 248,560 84,809 56,056 49,383 -50,820 2,429,729 182,777 2,612,506 2,544,022
2020*
3 150,335 58,338 250,372 94,820 55,345 56,388 -51,990 2,381,556 204,763 2,586,319 2,638,622
4 156,182 68,835 251,278 112,459 57,841 50,658 -59,959 2,493,441 236,155 2,729,596 2,789,243
+ Revised
* Provisional
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
Table 2.16 Gross Domestic Product by Activity
Constant 2016 Prices –KSh Million
Year Quar- Agriculture Mining and Manufac- Electricity & Construc- Wholesale Accommodat Transport Information Financial &
ter quarrying turing water supply tion and retail ion & Food and storage and insurance
trade Services communicat
ion
2016 1,521,433 81,280 707,880 200,835 389,251 628,416 70,250 773,852 206,755 588,924
Economic Survey 2021
2017 1,501,817 83,907 712,807 206,950 413,717 655,259 76,883 801,274 223,445 612,981
2018 1,587,784 79,986 738,305 214,422 438,962 694,215 88,863 849,165 241,178 629,731
2019 1,629,733 83,386 756,711 218,123 463,626 730,684 101,584 902,904 259,279 673,041
2020 1,707,611 88,984 756,149 218,429 518,532 727,833 53,114 832,527 271,804 710,594
1 406,483 20,142 172,429 49,292 92,735 156,496 17,954 184,426 48,997 138,006
2 431,899 20,292 174,758 49,371 96,938 146,618 17,260 185,155 46,896 139,147
2016
3 347,086 20,238 177,120 50,657 98,725 157,954 17,475 211,018 54,992 150,373
4 335,966 20,608 183,574 51,515 100,853 167,348 17,560 193,253 55,870 161,396
1 406,302 20,945 178,428 50,407 101,673 162,341 18,784 198,495 53,257 142,407
2 422,846 21,254 175,185 51,496 101,694 153,316 18,350 195,367 50,790 147,129
2017
3 345,059 20,530 174,647 52,237 104,346 166,363 19,043 207,907 59,051 156,365
46 4 327,609 21,179 184,547 52,810 106,004 173,238 20,706 199,505 60,347 167,079
1 423,098 21,870 187,632 52,487 108,357 170,690 21,935 206,945 57,093 146,213
2 445,341 20,268 180,342 53,065 108,842 163,064 21,264 208,400 54,870 148,476
2018+
3 366,861 18,196 179,287 54,353 112,286 176,077 21,126 218,992 63,589 157,455
4 352,484 19,653 191,045 54,517 109,477 184,383 24,537 214,827 65,627 177,587
1 443,601 21,604 192,249 54,079 113,365 178,606 25,356 221,111 62,528 155,082
2 459,624 21,680 187,763 53,867 114,855 173,497 23,748 226,704 59,008 160,416
2019+
3 369,305 19,191 183,885 55,171 119,094 185,378 23,633 229,169 68,114 172,134
4 357,204 20,912 192,814 55,005 116,312 193,203 28,847 225,920 69,630 185,409
1 462,637 22,984 196,398 54,878 125,847 187,285 23,305 225,901 66,004 166,752
2 482,068 22,626 178,982 51,343 124,370 166,207 10,265 188,629 60,535 167,484
2020*
3 384,826 20,539 180,704 55,299 133,732 176,199 8,653 205,923 70,320 177,294
4 378,079 22,835 200,065 56,910 134,584 198,142 10,891 212,075 74,945 199,065
+ Revised
* Provisional
Table 2.16: Gross Domestic Product by Activity (Cont’d)
Year Quar- Public admi- Professional, Real estate Education Health Other FISIM All indust. at Taxes on GDP at GDP,
ter nistration admin and services basic prices products market prices seasonally
support adjusted
services
2016 410,099 224,449 705,877 338,011 156,846 183,105 -260,609 6,926,656 667,408 7,594,064
2017 426,049 231,122 753,420 365,689 166,956 191,249 -245,063 7,178,460 705,356 7,883,816
2018 459,667 247,144 802,728 389,114 176,043 197,479 -254,198 7,580,588 747,016 8,327,604
2019 505,329 264,200 856,588 407,579 187,037 206,076 -278,418 7,967,464 774,949 8,742,413
2020 532,340 224,611 891,574 363,618 199,637 176,873 -272,958 8,001,274 713,498 8,714,771
1 99,311 53,197 170,667 84,198 35,315 44,997 -63,480 1,711,164 153,890 1,865,055 1,856,064
2 107,929 56,392 174,919 84,175 38,305 45,037 -63,832 1,751,260 167,679 1,918,939 1,889,426
2016
3 99,755 58,549 178,595 84,793 39,605 46,616 -65,582 1,727,970 167,311 1,895,281 1,915,765
4 103,104 56,311 181,696 84,844 43,621 46,456 -67,715 1,736,261 178,527 1,914,788 1,935,051
1 101,827 53,782 184,222 90,637 37,945 47,870 -57,292 1,792,031 173,066 1,965,097 1,950,539
2 111,183 57,462 186,886 90,879 40,951 46,989 -58,777 1,812,998 168,367 1,981,364 1,949,847
2017
3 105,339 60,230 189,687 91,803 42,416 48,417 -62,429 1,781,012 175,131 1,956,143 1,979,196
47 4 107,700 59,648 192,625 92,370 45,645 47,974 -66,566 1,792,419 188,792 1,981,211 2,005,791
1 107,773 57,885 195,701 97,794 40,005 48,578 -60,428 1,883,626 183,188 2,066,814 2,046,555
2 119,262 61,509 198,924 96,541 43,643 48,166 -59,982 1,911,996 188,858 2,100,854 2,067,576
2018+
3 115,123 62,920 202,293 97,260 44,520 50,019 -63,847 1,876,512 182,848 2,059,359 2,092,268
4 117,509 64,829 205,810 97,519 47,874 50,716 -69,941 1,908,454 192,123 2,100,577 2,120,998
1 117,462 62,095 209,474 101,543 42,292 51,597 -66,498 1,985,545 180,397 2,165,942 2,146,393
2 132,113 66,799 212,809 99,806 46,284 51,350 -64,436 2,025,888 198,796 2,224,683 2,192,991
2019+
3 126,855 66,074 215,815 102,677 47,528 52,346 -68,734 1,967,635 190,696 2,158,331 2,194,339
4 128,898 69,232 218,491 103,553 50,933 50,783 -78,750 1,988,396 205,060 2,193,456 2,206,743
1 122,116 62,281 220,839 103,390 45,440 50,816 -64,577 2,072,296 189,607 2,261,903 2,235,934
2 135,694 48,438 222,600 77,422 50,842 40,019 -64,771 1,962,753 157,381 2,120,133 2,094,238
2020*
3 134,786 53,054 223,774 84,766 50,007 45,600 -67,132 1,938,344 174,539 2,112,883 2,153,901
4 139,744 60,838 224,361 98,040 53,349 40,437 -76,479 2,027,881 191,970 2,219,852 2,229,078
+ Revised
* Provisional
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
Table 2.17: Gross Domestic Product by Activity
Constant 2016 Prices –KSh Million
Year Quar- Agriculture Mining Manufac- Electricity Construc- Wholesale Accommoda Transport Information Financial &
ter and turing and water tion and retail tion & and storage and insurance
quarrying supply trade restaurant communicat
ion
Economic Survey 2021
2016 1.4 -9.1 1.9 3.7 5.8 2.3 6.9 8.3 10.2 3.6
2017 -1.3 3.2 0.7 3.0 6.3 4.3 9.4 3.5 8.1 4.1
2018 5.7 -4.7 3.6 3.6 6.1 5.9 15.6 6.0 7.9 2.7
2019 2.6 4.3 2.5 1.7 5.6 5.3 14.3 6.3 7.5 6.9
2020 4.8 6.7 -0.1 0.1 11.8 -0.4 -47.7 -7.8 4.8 5.6
1 1.5 -15.6 3.7 4.4 6.1 -0.4 7.3 8.7 9.7 2.5
2 1.6 -12.0 3.3 2.8 3.3 0.8 5.2 7.9 9.3 0.7
2016
3 1.3 -8.6 0.0 2.4 6.1 2.5 7.4 8.5 9.3 5.7
4 1.0 1.1 0.7 5.2 7.7 6.3 7.7 8.0 12.2 5.2
1 0.0 4.0 3.5 2.3 9.6 3.7 4.6 7.6 8.7 3.2
2 -2.1 4.7 0.2 4.3 4.9 4.6 6.3 5.5 8.3 5.7
2017
3 -0.6 1.4 -1.4 3.1 5.7 5.3 9.0 -1.5 7.4 4.0
48
4 -2.5 2.8 0.5 2.5 5.1 3.5 17.9 3.2 8.0 3.5
1 4.1 4.4 5.2 4.1 6.6 5.1 16.8 4.3 7.2 2.7
2 5.3 -4.6 2.9 3.0 7.0 6.4 15.9 6.7 8.0 0.9
2018+
3 6.3 -11.4 2.7 4.1 7.6 5.8 10.9 5.3 7.7 0.7
4 7.6 -7.2 3.5 3.2 3.3 6.4 18.5 7.7 8.7 6.3
1 4.8 -1.2 2.5 3.0 4.6 4.6 15.6 6.8 9.5 6.1
2 3.2 7.0 4.1 1.5 5.5 6.4 11.7 8.8 7.5 8.0
2019+
3 0.7 5.5 2.6 1.5 6.1 5.3 11.9 4.6 7.1 9.3
4 1.3 6.4 0.9 0.9 6.2 4.8 17.6 5.2 6.1 4.4
1 4.3 6.4 2.2 1.5 11.0 4.9 -8.1 2.2 5.6 7.5
* 2 4.9 4.4 -4.7 -4.7 8.3 -4.2 -56.8 -16.8 2.6 4.4
2020
3 4.2 7.0 -1.7 0.2 12.3 -5.0 -63.4 -10.1 3.2 3.0
4 5.8 9.2 3.8 3.5 15.7 2.6 -62.2 -6.1 7.6 7.4
+ Revised
* Provisional
Table 2.17: Gross Domestic Product by Activity (Cont’d)
Constant 2016 prices – Growth Rates
Year Quar- Public admi- Professional, Real Educatio Health Other FISIM All indust. Taxes on GDP at GDP,
ter nistration admin and estate n services at basic products market seasonally
support prices prices adjusted
services
2016 6.0 3.2 9.8 1.5 9.5 4.9 0.2 4.4 2.4 4.2
2017 3.9 3.0 6.7 8.2 6.4 4.4 -6.0 3.6 5.7 3.8
2018 7.9 6.9 6.5 6.4 5.4 3.3 3.7 5.6 5.9 5.6
2019 9.9 6.9 6.7 4.7 6.2 4.4 9.5 5.1 3.7 5.0
2020 5.3 -15.0 4.1 -10.8 6.7 -14.2 -2.0 0.4 -7.9 -0.3
1 5.2 3.4 9.1 1.6 10.5 4.6 1.8 4.0 2.3 3.8 3.7
2 7.6 3.3 10.2 1.6 9.8 4.8 0.6 4.0 1.9 3.8 3.9
2016
3 8.2 5.1 10.3 1.3 10.9 5.4 0.0 4.8 1.3 4.4 4.5
4 3.0 1.1 9.6 1.4 7.1 4.7 -1.4 4.9 3.9 4.8 4.7
1 2.5 1.1 7.9 7.6 7.4 6.4 -9.7 4.7 12.5 5.4 5.1
2 3.0 1.9 6.8 8.0 6.9 4.3 -7.9 3.5 0.4 3.3 3.2
2017
49 3 5.6 2.9 6.2 8.3 7.1 3.9 -4.8 3.1 4.7 3.2 3.3
4 4.5 5.9 6.0 8.9 4.6 3.3 -1.7 3.2 5.7 3.5 3.7
1 5.8 7.6 6.2 7.9 5.4 1.5 5.5 5.1 5.8 5.2 4.9
2 7.3 7.0 6.4 6.2 6.6 2.5 2.1 5.5 12.2 6.0 6.0
2018+
3 9.3 4.5 6.6 5.9 5.0 3.3 2.3 5.4 4.4 5.3 5.7
4 9.1 8.7 6.8 5.6 4.9 5.7 5.1 6.5 1.8 6.0 5.7
1 9.0 7.3 7.0 3.8 5.7 6.2 10.0 5.4 -1.5 4.8 4.9
2 10.8 8.6 7.0 3.4 6.1 6.6 7.4 6.0 5.3 5.9 6.1
2019+
3 10.2 5.0 6.7 5.6 6.8 4.7 7.7 4.9 4.3 4.8 4.9
4 9.7 6.8 6.2 6.2 6.4 0.1 12.6 4.2 6.7 4.4 4.0
1 4.0 0.3 5.4 1.8 7.4 -1.5 -2.9 4.4 5.1 4.4 4.2
* 2 2.7 -27.5 4.6 -22.4 9.8 -22.1 0.5 -3.1 -20.8 -4.7 -4.5
2020
3 6.3 -19.7 3.7 -17.4 5.2 -12.9 -2.3 -1.5 -8.5 -2.1 -1.8
4 8.4 -12.1 2.7 -5.3 4.7 -20.4 -2.9 2.0 -6.4 1.2 1.0
+ Revised
* Provisional
Chapter 2: Economic Performance
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices Chapter
03
Overview
T he Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has put the world population at great health
risk and adversely affected business operations in 2020. In Kenya, confirmation of the
existence of the disease, necessitated taking drastic measures by the Government, to
curb the spread of the virus and to minimize the risk of infections at workplaces. Consequently,
cessation of movement in and out of some regions, closure of some businesses with high-
exposure and reduction of business operating hours due to introduction of curfew, adversely
affected employment in several sectors. Total employment outside small-scale agriculture and
pastoralist activities contracted by 4.1 per cent to 17.4 million in 2020.
3.2. Overall, the nominal wage bill declined from KSh 2,277.1 billion in 2019 to KSh 2,241.5
billion in 2020, a decrease of 1.6 per cent. Nominal average earnings grew by 7.8 per cent to
KSh 838.1 thousand in 2020. Real average earnings per employee decreased by 1.5 per cent to
740,493.9 in 2020. Inflation rate as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) increased
from 5.3 per cent in 2019 to 5.4 per cent in 2020.
3.3. Total employment outside small-scale agriculture and pastoral activities stood at 17.4
million in 2020 down from 18.1 million recorded in 2019 as shown in Table 3.1. Wage
employment in the modern sector went down by 6.4 per cent to 2,741.1 thousand persons
in 2020. The informal sector employment is estimated to have contracted to 14.5 million jobs
and accounted for 83.4 per cent of the total employment outside of small-scale agriculture.
Further, the total number of self-employed and unpaid family workers within the modern
sector declined from 162.7 thousand in 2019 to 156.1 thousand in 2020.
Table 3.1: Total Recorded Employment1, 2016 - 2020
' 000
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Modern Establishments
Wage Employees .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,683.2.. 2,792.6 2,859.8 2,928.4 2,741.1
Self-employed and unpaid family workers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 132.5
.. 139.4 152.2 162.7 156.1
Sub -Total 2,815.7 2,932.0 3,012.0 3,091.1 2,897.2
Informal Sector2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12,749.9.. 13,539.6 14,283.6 15,051.6 14,508.0
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
15,565.6
.. .. .. .. 16,471.6 17,295.6 18,142.7 17,405.2
* Provisional
1
Refers to employment stock as at 30th June and excludes small scale farming and pastoralist activities.
2
Estimated
Employment 3.4. Analysis of modern sector wage employment by industry and sector for the period 2016
in the to 2020 is presented in Table 3.2. Total wage employment in the sector declined by 6.4 per
Modern cent from 2,928.3 thousand jobs in 2019 to 2,741.1 thousand jobs in 2020.
Sector 3.5. Private Sector: During the review period, the share of private sector employment to total
employment declined to 67.7 per cent in 2020 compared to 70.5 per cent in 2019. Overall,
private sector wage employment recorded a decline of 10.0 per cent from 2,063.2 thousand
jobs in 2019 to 1,856.5 thousand jobs in 2020, mainly attributed to the effects of COVID-19.
51
Economic Survey 2021
3.6. In 2020, the industries that accounted for the highest wage employment in the private
sector were: manufacturing; agriculture, forestry and fishing; and wholesale and retail
trade and repair of motor vehicles at 15.8, 15.1 and 13.5 per cent, respectively. Over the
same period, most industries recorded negative growths in employment with the exception
of activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services producing
activities of households for own use class which recorded a 0.5 per cent growth and
activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies which recorded no change from 2019.
Accommodation and food service activities sector was the most affected with a decline of
38.7 per cent in 2020. This was followed by administrative and support service activities,
transportation and storage and education at 25.0, 21.5 and 20.8 per cent, respectively. The
drastic fall in employment in accommodation and food service sector could mainly be
attributable to public health measures instituted by the Government to contain the spread of
coronavirus in the country. Some of these measures led to closure of entertainment businesses
and eateries forcing most establishments within the sector to lay off workers. In addition, travel
restrictions and ban of night travels led to loss of business by most hotels and rooming places.
Consequently, many businesses in the sector retrenched their workers while others closed
down due to lack of business.
3.7. Public Sector: Wage employment in the public sector registered a slowed growth of 2.2
per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 2.7 per cent in 2019. Education had the highest
share of employment in the public sector accounting for 43.2 per cent, followed by public
administration and defense; compulsory social security at 35.1 per cent, respectively, in
the review period. Human health and social work activities recorded the highest growth of
5.8 per cent in 2020, mainly attributable to the hiring of more health workers to enhance
the fight against the spread of COVID-19. Similarly, financial and insurance activities; arts,
entertainment and recreation; education; and construction activities, recorded growths of 5.0,
4.3, 3.5 and 3.4 per cent, respectively, in 2020. In contrast: employment in electricity, gas,
steam and air conditioning; manufacturing; and water supply, sewerage, waste management
and remediation sectors declined by 5.4, 4.9 and 4.2 per cent, respectively, during the review
period.
52
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
Table 3.2: Wage Employment by Industry and Sector, 2016 - 2020
'000
Percentage
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* change
PRIVATE SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing .. …………………………………………………………
294.5 289.8 294.3 296.7 280.6 -5.4
Mining and quarrying…………………………………………………………………
14.5 14.4 14.6 15.2 13.7 -9.9
Manufacturing……………………………………………………………………………
315.1 317.5 321.3 329.0 293.8 -10.7
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply……………………………………………………
4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.0 -5.7
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities………………………………
4.6 4.6 5.6 5.9 5.5 -6.8
Construction……………………………………………………………………………………
199.1 204.9 209.8 212.7 212.4 -0.1
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles………………………
238.5 249.3 258.9 267.7 249.7 -6.7
Transportation and storage…………………………………………………………………
67.8 68.9 71.0 73.9 58.0 -21.5
Accommodation and food service activities………………………………………………………
75.9 78.2 79.9 81.2 49.8 -38.7
Information and communication ………………………………………………………………
115.2 122.4 129.3 130.4 117.2 -10.1
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………………………
65.0 63.5 64.0 65.9 65.0 -1.4
Real estate activities………………………………………………………………………………
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 3.7 -15.9
Professional, scientific and technical activities………………………………………58.3 60.4 62.4 64.3 57.0 -11.4
Administrative and support service activities…………………………………… 5.4 5.8 6.1 6.4 4.8 -25.0
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security……………………………
- - - - - -
Education………………………………………………………………………………
196.9 212.1 223.9 228.7 181.1 -20.8
Human health and social work activities…………………………………………………
95.7 102.2 108.0 114.6 103.6 -9.6
Arts, entertainment and recreation………………………………………………………
4.6 4.8 5.0 5.1 4.4 -13.7
Other service activities……………………………………………………………………………………… 33.2 34.7 36.3 38.0 32.8 -13.7
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-
producing activities of households for own use …………… 114.4 115.4 115.8 116.4 117.0 0.5
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies…………………………………………
1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.0
TOTAL PRIVATE SECTOR .. .. .. .. 1,908.5 1,959.5 2,017.0 2,063.2 1,856.5 -10.0
PUBLIC SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing .. …………………………………………………………
42.2 42.3 42.3 41.9 41.7 -0.5
Mining and quarrying…………………………………………………………………
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.0
Manufacturing……………………………………………………………………………
26.5 26.4 26.6 24.3 23.1 -4.9
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply……………………………………………………
16.3 17.9 18.0 18.5 17.5 -5.4
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities………………………………
7.9 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.1 -4.2
Construction……………………………………………………………………………………
8.0 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.1 3.4
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles………………………
1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.0
Transportation and storage…………………………………………………………………
18.0 19.0 19.7 18.6 18.7 0.5
Accommodation and food service activities………………………………………………………
1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 0.0
Information and communication ………………………………………………………………
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 0.0
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………………………
11.3 11.3 11.9 12.0 12.6 5.0
Real estate activities………………………………………………………………………………
- - - - - -
Professional, scientific and technical activities………………………………………5.9 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.7 3.1
Administrative and support service activities…………………………………… - - - - - -
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security……………………………
247.6 294.1 296.5 304.6 310.1 1.8
Education……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
349.4 349.6 354.9 369.1 381.9 3.5
Human health and social work activities…………………………………………………
33.9 40.6 40.7 43.4 45.9 5.8
Arts, entertainment and recreation………………………………………………………
2.4 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.4 4.3
Other service activities……………………………………………………………………………………… - - - - - -
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-
producing activities of households for own use …………… - - - - - -
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies…………………………………………
- - - - - -
TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 774.7 833.1 842.8 865.2 884.6 2.2
TOTAL WAGE EMPLOYMENT 2,683.2 2,792.6 2,859.8 2,928.4 2,741.1 -6.4
* Provisional.
53
Economic Survey 2021
3.8. Figure 3.1 shows percentage changes in wage employment in Public, Private and Self-
employed from 2016 to 2020. The number of self-employed and unpaid family workers
declined by 4.1 per cent in 2020 compared to an increase of 6.9 per cent in 2019.
Figure 3.1 Percentage Changes in Wage Employment in Public, Private and Self-employed, 2016 - 2020
3.9. Table 3.3 presents details on wage employment in the public sector by type of employer.
Overall, there was a decelerated growth in employment in the public sector of 2.2 per cent in
2020 compared to a 2.7 per cent growth in 2019. The Teachers Service Commission (TSC)
the largest employer in the public sector registered a growth of 2.0 per cent in employment
in 2020. County governments’ employment increased by 7.7 per cent to stand at 204.6
thousand in the review period. Employment in ministries, other extra-budgetary institutions
and parastatal bodies declined by 0.5 per cent each in 2020. Similarly, employment in
Corporations controlled by the Government registered a negative growth of 0.4 per cent, in
the review period.
Table 3.3: Wage Employment in the Public Sector, 2016 - 2020
'000
Annual
Percentage
Change
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1
Ministries and other exra-budgetary institutions .. .. ..
179.7
.. .. .. ..
197.6
.. .. .. ..
206.4
.. .. .. ..207.2
.. .. .. ..206.1
.. .. .. .. ..-0.5
.. .. .. ..
Teachers Service Commission .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..297.8
.. .. .. .. ..
302.9.. .. .. ..
313.6.. .. .. ..
324.5.. .. 331.1 2.0
2
Parastatal Bodies .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
94.5
.. .. .. ..
110.1
.. .. .. ..96.7
.. .. .. 96.2 95.7 -0.5
3
Corporations controlled by the Government .. .. .. .. ..
45.4.. .. .. ..
47.0.. .. .. ..
47.5
.. .. .. ..
47.3
.. .. .. ..47.1 -0.4
County governments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
157.3
.. .. .. ..175.5
.. .. .. ..178.7
.. .. 190.0 204.6 7.7
TOTAL .. .. .. . 774.7 833.1 842.9 865.2 884.6 2.2
* Provisional.
1
Includes employees of Judiciary and Parliament.
2
Refers to Government wholly-owned corporations.
3
Refers to institutions where the Government has over 50 per cent shares but does not wholly own them.
54
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
3.10. Details on wage employment by industry and sex is presented in Table 3.4. In 2020, total
wage employment declined by 6.4 per cent with employment of females declining by 10.3
per cent and that of males declining by 4.0 per cent. Males accounted for about two-thirds of
total wage employment in the modern sector. Females accounted for 14.6, 17.7 and 21.3 per
cent of total workforce in the mining and quarrying, transportation and storage and electricity,
gas, steam and air conditioning supply sectors, respectively. However, females accounted for
56.1 per cent of workforce in human health and social work and 47.1 per cent of workforce
in the agriculture sector. Overall, casual employment registered a negative growth of 35.7 per
cent and accounted for 15.2 per cent of the total wage employment. The contraction in casual
wage employment was mainly attributable to the effect of COVID-19 pandemic that led to
movement restrictions, reduced working time and closure of businesses.
Table 3.4: Wage Employment by Industry and Sex, 2019 and 2020
`000
Male Female Total
INDUSTRY 2019 2020* 2019 2020* 2019 2020*
Agriculture, forestry and fishing .. …………………………………………………………
178.9 170.6 159.7 151.7 338.6 322.3
Mining and quarrying…………………………………………………………………
13.7 12.3 2.2 2.1 15.9 14.4
Manufacturing……………………………………………………………………………
263.7 236.0 89.6 80.9 353.3 316.9
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply……………………………………………………
19.1 17.7 4.7 4.8 23.8 22.5
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation 11.1
activities………………………………
11.5 3.9 3.5 15.4 14.6
165.8
Construction……………………………………………………………………………………
163.6 57.9 55.7 221.5 221.5
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles………………………
183.1 174.2 86.1 77.0 269.2 251.2
Transportation and storage…………………………………………………………………
76.1 63.1 16.4 13.6 92.5 76.7
Accommodation and food service activities………………………………………………………
53.0 33.7 29.9 17.8 82.9 51.5
75.4
Information and communication ………………………………………………………………
85.5 46.8 43.7 132.3 119.1
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………………………
43.7 42.6 34.2 35.0 77.9 77.6
2.3
Real estate activities………………………………………………………………………………
2.7 1.7 1.4 4.4 3.7
Professional, scientific and technical activities………………………………………
46.9 46.2 23.9 17.5 70.8 63.7
Administrative and support service activities……………………………………
5.0 3.6 1.4 1.2 6.4 4.8
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security……………………………
182.5 208.9 122.1 101.2 304.6 310.1
Education………………………………………………………………………………
339.8 338.0 258.0 225.0 597.8 563.0
Human health and social work activities…………………………………………………
67.4 65.7 90.6 83.8 158.0 149.5
Arts, entertainment and recreation………………………………………………………
5.0 4.6 2.4 2.2 7.4 6.8
Other service activities……………………………………………………….…… 21.0 18.3 17.0 14.5 38.0 32.8
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-
producing activities of households for own use…………… 38.8 39.0 77.6 78.0 116.4 117.0
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies…………………………………………
1.0 1.0 0.4 0.4 1.4 1.4
TOTAL .. .. .. 1,802.0 1,730.1 1,126.5 1,011.0 2,928.4 2,741.1
Of which: Regular .. .. .. 1,365.2 1,467.1 915.9 857.4 2,281.1 2,324.5
Casual .. .. .. 436.8 263.0 210.6 153.6 647.4 416.6
Wage 3.11. Wage payments by industry in the modern sector for the period 2016 to 2020 is shown
Earnings in in Table 3.5. The nominal wage bill declined from KSh 2,279.0 billion in 2019 to KSh 2,197.6
the Modern billion in 2020. The private sector wage bill decreased by 6.6 per cent to KSh 1,503.6 billion
Sector in 2020, while the public sector wage bill rose by 3.7 per cent to KSh 694.0 billion in the same
period. The contribution of the public sector to total wage bill in the modern sector rose from
29.4 per cent in 2019 to 31.6 per cent in 2020.
55
Economic Survey 2021
Table 3.5: Wage Payments1 by Industry and Sector, 2016 - 2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
PRIVATE SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing .. …………………………………………………………
80,709.7 87,915.3 98,220.6 109,613.1 105,614.7
Mining and quarrying…………………………………………………………………
6,593.2 7,373.1 7,896.0 9,600.8 8,896.1
Manufacturing……………………………………………………………………………
124,454.7 139,106.8 154,247.0 174,362.8 164,038.0
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply……………………………………………………
6,529.4 8,163.4 9,015.6 10,129.8 10,330.2
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities………………………………
961.3 1,079.2 1,449.5 1,658.4 1,589.2
Construction……………………………………………………………………………………
120,959.5 129,121.5 140,913.3 152,690.8 161,078.8
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles………………………
147,356.5 169,098.0 192,234.7 219,873.4 218,416.2
Transportation and storage…………………………………………………………………
81,540.8 90,105.8 99,258.8 111,084.2 88,221.2
Accommodation and food service activities………………………………………………………
30,100.1 32,538.5 34,685.2 36,862.4 21,373.3
Information and communication ………………………………………………………………
98,261.6 111,453.1 126,498.7 137,106.0 132,533.2
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………………………
109,094.0 111,658.3 117,989.0 128,416.9 133,010.1
Real estate activities………………………………………………………………………………
1,088.1 1,187.6 1,277.1 1,359.2 1,199.9
Professional, scientific and technical activities………………………………………
61,335.1 69,341.0 77,556.1 86,714.2 82,569.1
Administrative and support service activities…………………………………… 7,585.5 8,540.2 9,495.8 10,620.0 8,085.3
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security……………………………
- - - - -
Education………………………………………………………………………………
176,528.2 197,516.5 215,223.6 227,896.7 177,642.6
Human health and social work activities…………………………………………………
73,170.6 84,684.5 96,890.5 111,236.9 109,037.2
Arts, entertainment and recreation………………………………………………………
2,786.4 3,092.6 3,413.3 3,737.7 3,430.2
Other service activities…………………………………………………………….…… 25,982.3 30,332.7 34,802.1 40,045.4 37,232.1
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and
services-producing activities of households for own use …………… 24,687.6 26,952.8 29,185.5 31,637.8 34,173.3
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies…………………………………………
3,642.2 4,036.4 4,484.4 4,838.7 5,113.3
TOTAL PRIVATE SECTOR .. .. .. .. …………………………… 1,183,366.8 1,313,297.3 1,454,737.0 1,609,485.1 1,503,584.1
PUBLIC SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing .. …………………………………………………………
17,572.5 17,833.6 18,333.7 20,062.1 21,302.7
Mining and quarrying…………………………………………………………………
250.0 261.4 276.8 319.0 349.5
Manufacturing……………………………………………………………………………
23,339.5 23,325.0 24,344.6 24,423.1 24,779.3
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply……………………………………………………
22,019.9 23,674.7 24,235.3 26,945.6 26,627.3
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities………………………………
5,091.6 5,839.8 5,824.9 6,171.8 6,084.5
Construction……………………………………………………………………………………
5,669.8 6,173.1 6,250.7 7,161.6 7,861.9
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles………………………
1,589.6 1,827.7 2,080.7 2,283.1 2,605.9
Transportation and storage…………………………………………………………………
28,854.2 30,799.2 31,789.0 33,706.8 34,771.6
Accommodation and food service activities………………………………………………………
2,133.8 2,464.0 2,864.0 3,507.8 3,964.4
Information and communication ………………………………………………………………
1,424.0 1,457.5 1,518.2 1,701.9 1,812.8
Financial and insurance activities……………………………………………………………
18,822.0 18,339.4 20,532.4 22,856.6 24,216.6
Real estate activities………………………………………………………………………………
- - - - -
Professional, scientific and technical activities………………………………………
3,886.0 5,190.6 5,568.3 6,385.6 7,439.1
Administrative and support service activities…………………………………… - - - - -
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security……………………………
128,273.1 156,353.3 170,631.0 184,694.8 175,640.2
Education………………………………………………………………………………
204,086.1 211,256.8 235,545.7 262,788.2 278,624.1
Human health and social work activities…………………………………………………
38,639.1 48,453.3 52,754.2 64,509.2 75,744.0
Arts, entertainment and recreation………………………………………………………
1,850.0 1,783.8 1,779.9 2,035.2 2,222.1
Other service activities………………………………………………………… - - - - -
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and
services-producing activities of households for own use…………… - - - - -
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies…………………………………………
- - - - -
TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ………………….. 503,501.1 555,033.2 604,329.3 669,552.3 694,045.9
TOTAL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE .. …………………………………………
1,686,867.9 1,868,330.5 2,059,066.3 2,279,037.4 2,197,630.0
* Provisional
1
Annualised June wages.
56
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
3.12. A summary of wage payments in the public sector by type of employer is presented in
Table 3.6. Wage earnings in the Ministries and other extra-budgetary institutions recorded the
highest increase of 6.4 per cent to KSh 152.5 billion in 2020. Similarly, total wage payments for
TSC increased by 5.2 per cent to KSh 241.1 billion in 2020 and accounted for 34.8 per cent of
the total wage payments by the public sector. Wage payments by County governments rose by
2.8 per cent to KSh 147.9 billion in 2020.
Table 3.6: Total Wage Payments in the Public Sector, 2016 - 2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1
Ministries and other extra-budgetary institutions .. .. .. .. ..
95,402.6
.. .. .. .. .. ..
107,989.0
.. .. .. .. .. ..
121,088.3
.. .. .. .. .. ..
143,290.7
.. .. .. .. ..
152,461.6
Teachers Service Commission .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
173,721.1
.. .. .. .. .. ..
180,901.3
.. .. .. .. .. ..
202,176.4 229,191.2 241,142.1
2
Parastatal Bodies .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
84,350.7
.. .. .. .. .. ..
91,521.0
.. .. .. 93,830.4 92,878.5 92,451.2
3
Majority Control by the Government .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
53,648.3
.. .. .. .. .. ..
60,322.4
.. .. .. .. ..
60,951.4 60,333.0 60,055.4
County Governments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
96,378.3
.. .. .. .. .. ..
114,299.4
.. .. 126,282.9 143,859.0 147,935.6
TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR .. .. .. .. 503,501.1 555,033.2 604,329.3 669,552.3 694,045.9
* Provisional.
1
Includes employees of Judiciary and Parliament.
2
Refers to Government wholly-owned corporations.
3
Refers to institutions where the Government has over 50 per cent shares but does not wholly own them.
3.13. Annual average earnings for the period 2016 - 2020 are presented in Table 3.7. In the year
under review, annual average earnings grew by 3.0 per cent to KSh 801.7 thousand compared
to an increase of 8.1 per cent in 2019. This translates to an average monthly earning of KSh
66,803.3 Annual average earnings in the private sector increased by 3.8 per cent to 809.9
thousand in 2020, while that of the public sector recorded a growth of 1.4 per cent, over the
same period. The slower growth in average earnings could be due to implementation of pay
cuts by employers in response to the negative impact of COVID-19 pandemic.
57
Economic Survey 2021
Table 3.7: Average Wage Earnings, 2016 – 2020
KSh
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
PRIVATE SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing .......................................................................................... 274,049.3 303,399.8 333,781.6 369,443.3 376,329.8
Mining and quarrying................................................................................................................ 453,206.1 513,360.1 540,008.7 631,213.0 649,873.2
Manufacturing................................................................................................................................ 395,007.8 438,168.1 480,058.2 529,912.1 558,307.6
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply......................................................... 1,463,985.8 1,613,312.0 1,747,216.0 1,899,820.0 2,052,500.0
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities............. 210,354.0 235,386.0 257,042.0 282,240.0 290,473.3
Construction................................................................................................................................... 607,561.7 630,177.5 671,815.6 717,755.7 758,453.2
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles.................. 617,753.6 678,269.3 742,485.4 821,477.7 874,784.6
Transportation and storage...................................................................................................... 1,203,429.8 1,308,364.8 1,398,523.7 1,502,417.0 1,522,105.5
Accommodation and food service activities....................................................................... 396,554.6 415,943.8 433,879.9 454,070.9 428,829.9
Information and communication .......................................................................................... 852,839.5 910,542.6 978,690.3 1,051,571.8 1,130,713.5
Financial and insurance activities......................................................................................... 1,677,517.7 1,759,562.7 1,844,010.0 1,947,716.7 2,045,207.3
Real estate activities.................................................................................................................... 265,659.8 281,424.2 294,540.4 310,382.7 323,347.9
Professional, scientific and technical activities................................................................ 1,052,295.3 1,147,554.5 1,243,763.7 1,349,343.6 1,448,250.2
Administrative and support service activities.................................................................. 1,393,880.0 1,484,227.4 1,565,150.4 1,658,850.1 1,688,308.7
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security............................... - - - - -
Education.......................................................................................................................................... 896,491.7 931,440.0 961,150.1 996,661.7 980,708.3
Human health and social work activities............................................................................. 764,256.0 828,851.1 896,968.5 970,509.8 1,052,848.4
Arts, entertainment and recreation...................................................................................... 601,034.2 641,752.4 682,669.4 727,743.2 775,896.9
Other service activities.............................................................................................................. 783,612.9 874,366.6 957,892.4 1,053,187.9 1,135,263.9
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-
215,885.3 233,630.7 251,955.3 271,769.4 292,280.0
producing activities of households for own use
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies.................................................. 2,992,746.0 3,163,332.0 3,334,152.0 3,519,080.0 3,699,960.0
TOTAL PRIVATE SECTOR 620,040.0 670,327.7 721,230.1 780,072.9 809,886.2
PUBLIC SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing .......................................................................................... 416,034.3 421,219.1 433,001.5 479,060.9 511,470.3
Mining and quarrying................................................................................................................ 397,378.9 406,580.2 427,174.7 479,654.5 519,280.4
Manufacturing................................................................................................................................ 881,901.1 882,017.9 915,622.5 1,004,156.6 1,073,626.7
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply......................................................... 1,346,867.1 1,322,016.5 1,345,282.0 1,457,147.2 1,518,954.8
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities............. 647,288.6 629,225.0 621,391.7 652,965.2 669,139.8
Construction................................................................................................................................... 712,739.5 729,244.4 730,392.5 810,870.0 864,611.3
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles.................. 1,196,994.4 1,260,480.7 1,369,759.3 1,547,867.2 1,720,098.4
Transportation and storage...................................................................................................... 1,600,876.0 1,618,793.2 1,615,868.1 1,812,289.7 1,856,066.9
Accommodation and food service activities....................................................................... 1,462,490.4 1,587,634.9 1,777,768.7 2,120,817.5 2,310,239.2
Information and communication .......................................................................................... 763,519.9 764,701.5 789,519.2 873,650.3 930,604.3
Financial and insurance activities......................................................................................... 1,662,717.8 1,629,590.0 1,719,491.1 1,899,332.6 1,919,514.2
Real estate activities.................................................................................................................... - - - - -
Professional, scientific and technical activities................................................................ 659,876.6 834,240.7 874,685.9 983,002.0 1,118,322.07
Administrative and support service activities.................................................................. - - - - -
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security............................... 518,021.9 531,643.6 575,465.8 606,318.2 566,446.16
Education.......................................................................................................................................... 584,082.8 604,281.7 663,712.9 712,026.1 729,514.11
Human health and social work activities............................................................................. 1,139,156.5 1,193,786.7 1,295,057.3 1,487,998.2 1,649,584.39
Arts, entertainment and recreation...................................................................................... 774,061.8 772,221.8 793,547.2 867,878.1 916,337.61
Other service activities.............................................................................................................. - - - - -
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-
- - - - -
producing activities of households for own use
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies.................................................. - - - - -
TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR 649,905.6 666,241.1 716,934.7 773,840.4 784,545.6
TOTAL PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR 628,662.9 669,108.4 719,964.0 778,231.5 801,708.3
MEMORANDUM ITEMS IN PUBLIC SECTOR:
Ministries and other extra-budgetary institutions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
530,799.0
.. .. .. .. .. ..
546,428.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
586,551.5.. 691,615.0 739,581.7
Teachers Service Commission .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
583,393.3
.. .. .. .. 597,282.3 644,765.0 706,201.0 728,407.3
Parastatal Bodies2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
893,064.1 831,516.4 970,019.5 965,557.0 965,557.0
Majority Control by the Government3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,180,554.0
.. .. .. 1,283,772.0 1,282,282.4 1,276,383.4 1,276,383.4
County governments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 612,609.1 651,178.7 706,817.6 756,957.3 722,881.7
TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR .. .. .. . .. 649,905.6 666,241.1 716,934.7 773,840.4 784,545.6
* Provisional.
1
Annualised June earnings
2
Refers to Government wholly-owned corporations.
3
Refers to institutions where the Government has over 50 per cent shareholding but does not fully own them.
58
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
3.14. Table 3.8 presents the percentage change in wage employment and average earnings for
2020/2015 and 2020/2019. During the five-year period, total wage employment rose by 5.5
per cent. The public sector recorded a higher growth in wage employment of 17.3 per cent
compared to the private sector, which recorded a growth of 0.7 per cent. Over the last one year,
accommodation and food service activities sector recorded a drop of 38.7 per cent in wage
employment within the private sector. Almost all industries in the private sector have been
recording growths in average earnings over the last five years.
3.15. Real average earnings are analyzed to present the effects of inflationary pressures on
workers’ earnings over a period. This gives the real value of their earnings given the prevailing
inflation rates. Table 3.9 shows the estimated real average earnings for the period 2016 to 2020.
Real average earnings in the private sector decreased by 0.7 per cent to KSh 748,043.9 in 2020.
Similarly, real average earnings in the public sector decreased by 3.1 per cent to KSh 724,649.0
during the review period.
59
Economic Survey 2021
Table 3.8: Wage Employment and Average Earnings1, percentage changes, 2020/2015 and 2020/2019
EMPLOYMENT AVERAGE EARNINGS
2020/2015* 2020/2019* 2020/2015* 2020/2019*
PRIVATE SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing ................................................................................................................................................ -4.6 -5.4 48.0 1.9
Mining and quarrying........................................................................................................................................................................ -0.7 -9.9 52.8 3.0
Manufacturing....................................................................................................................................................................................... -5.1 -10.7 50.5 5.4
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply......................................................................................................... 16.3 -5.7 46.6 8.0
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities.......................................................... 37.5 -6.8 44.4 2.9
Construction.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 19.1 -0.1 26.8 5.7
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles............................................................... 8.2 -6.7 54.1 6.5
Transportation and storage.......................................................................................................................................................... -10.5 -21.5 29.2 1.3
Accommodation and food service activities....................................................................................................................... -33.3 -38.7 10.6 -5.6
Information and communication ............................................................................................................................................. 6.8 -10.1 44.1 7.5
Financial and insurance activities.............................................................................................................................................. 3.7 -1.4 25.9 5.0
Real estate activities........................................................................................................................................................................... -7.5 -15.9 24.1 4.2
Professional, scientific and technical activities................................................................................................................. 0.5 -11.4 46.5 7.3
Administrative and support service activities.................................................................................................................... -7.7 -25.0 23.8 1.8
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security............................................................................ - - - -
Education................................................................................................................................................................................................. -4.2 -20.8 10.8 -1.6
Human health and social work activities.............................................................................................................................. 13.5 -9.6 47.1 8.5
Arts, entertainment and recreation.......................................................................................................................................... -2.2 -13.7 34.9 6.6
Other service activities..................................................................................................................................................................... 3.5 -13.7 53.4 7.8
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities
of households for own use ……………………………….. 2.5 0.5 43.6 7.5
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies................................................................................................. 27.3 0.0 28.3 5.1
TOTAL PRIVATE SECTOR 0.7 -10.0 38.0 3.8
PUBLIC SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing ................................................................................................................................................ -2.8 -0.5 29.7 6.8
Mining and quarrying........................................................................................................................................................................ 16.7 0.0 39.0 8.3
Manufacturing....................................................................................................................................................................................... -12.8 -4.9 27.3 6.9
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply......................................................................................................... 9.4 -5.4 15.4 4.2
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities.......................................................... 26.4 -4.2 6.2 2.5
Construction.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 15.2 3.4 29.3 6.6
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles............................................................... 15.4 0.0 58.9 11.1
Transportation and storage.......................................................................................................................................................... 5.1 0.5 23.7 2.4
Accommodation and food service activities....................................................................................................................... 21.4 0.0 78.7 8.9
Information and communication ............................................................................................................................................. 0.0 0.0 27.7 6.5
Financial and insurance activities.............................................................................................................................................. 13.5 5.0 17.9 1.1
Real estate activities........................................................................................................................................................................... - - - -
Professional, scientific and technical activities................................................................................................................. 13.6 3.1 77.9 13.8
Administrative and support service activities.................................................................................................................... - - 0.0 0.0
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security............................................................................ 30.8 1.8 15.0 -6.6
Education................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12.6 3.5 35.2 2.5
Human health and social work activities.............................................................................................................................. 32.3 5.8 56.8 10.9
Arts, entertainment and recreation.......................................................................................................................................... -4.0 4.3 23.0 5.6
Other service activities..................................................................................................................................................................... - - - -
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities
of households for own use ……………………………….. - - - -
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies................................................................................................. - - - -
TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR 17.3 2.2 28.1 1.4
TOTAL PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR 5.5 -6.4 34.9 3.0
MEMORANDUM ITEMS IN PUBLIC SECTOR:
Ministries and other extra-budgetary institutions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..16.0
.. .. .. -0.5 45.5 6.9
Teachers Service Commission .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.9 2.0 31.8 3.1
Parastatal Bodies2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 -0.5 15.5 0.0
3
Majority Control by the Government .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.8 -0.4 15.5 0.0
County governments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39.9 7.7 29.0 -4.5
TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR .. .. .. . .. 17.3 2.2 28.1 1.4
* Provisional.
1
Annualised June earnings
2
Refers to Government wholly-owned corporations.
3
Refers to institutions where the Government has over 50 per cent shareholding but does not fully own them.
60
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
Table 3.9: Estimated Real Average Wage Earnings1, 2016 – 2020
KSh
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
PRIVATE SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing .. ………………………………………………………… 316,049.7 320,401.2 338,030.9 356,885.6 347,598.7
Mining and quarrying………………………………………………………………… 522,663.8 542,126.8 546,883.4 609,757.6 600,258.2
Manufacturing…………………………………………………………………………… 455,546.1 462,721.4 486,169.7 511,900.0 515,683.3
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply…………………………………………………… 1,688,353.9 1,703,715.8 1,769,459.3 1,835,243.7 1,895,800.7
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities……………………………… 242,592.5 248,576.1 260,314.3 272,646.4 268,296.9
Construction…………………………………………………………………………………… 700,675.7 665,490.3 680,368.3 693,358.6 700,548.7
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles……………………… 712,429.5 716,276.9 751,937.8 793,555.1 807,998.6
Transportation and storage………………………………………………………………… 1,387,865.5 1,381,680.6 1,416,328.0 1,451,348.7 1,405,899.5
Accommodation and food service activities……………………………………………………… 457,329.9 439,251.7 439,403.5 438,636.7 396,090.6
Information and communication ……………………………………………………………… 983,544.3 961,566.0 991,149.7 1,015,828.1 1,044,388.5
Financial and insurance activities…………………………………………………………… 1,934,611.4 1,858,161.9 1,867,485.6 1,881,512.3 1,889,064.8
Real estate activities……………………………………………………………………………… 306,374.4 297,194.2 298,290.1 299,832.5 298,661.7
Professional, scientific and technical activities……………………………………… 1,213,568.4 1,211,859.0 1,259,597.7 1,303,478.4 1,337,682.6
Administrative and support service activities…………………………………… 1,607,503.8 1,567,397.8 1,585,075.9 1,602,464.6 1,559,413.8
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security…………………………… - - - - -
Education……………………………………………………………………………… 1,033,886.6 983,634.4 973,386.2 962,784.4 905,835.5
Human health and social work activities………………………………………………… 881,384.7 875,296.7 908,387.6 937,521.4 972,468.0
Arts, entertainment and recreation……………………………………………………… 693,147.8 677,713.7 691,360.2 703,006.7 716,660.6
Other service activities………………………………………………………… 903,708.2 923,362.8 970,087.0 1,017,389.3 1,048,591.5
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-
producing activities of households for own use …………. 248,971.5 246,722.5 255,162.9 262,531.7 269,789.7
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies………………………………………… 3,451,409.4 3,340,593.0 3,376,598.1 3,399,463.8 3,417,484.4
TOTAL PRIVATE SECTOR .. .. .. .. 715,066.3 707,890.3 730,411.9 753,557.6 748,043.9
PUBLIC SECTOR:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing .. ………………………………………………………… 479,795.1 444,822.6 438,513.9 462,777.3 472,421.8
Mining and quarrying………………………………………………………………… 458,280.5 429,363.4 432,613.0 463,350.7 479,635.6
Manufacturing…………………………………………………………………………… 1,017,059.8 931,442.8 927,279.0 970,024.5 991,660.1
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply…………………………………………………… 1,553,285.8 1,396,097.3 1,362,408.4 1,407,617.7 1,402,989.3
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities……………………………… 746,491.0 664,484.4 629,302.5 630,770.4 618,054.0
Construction…………………………………………………………………………………… 821,972.8 770,108.5 739,691.0 783,307.9 798,602.1
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles……………………… 1,380,443.9 1,331,113.2 1,387,197.4 1,495,254.0 1,588,776.4
Transportation and storage………………………………………………………………… 1,846,223.7 1,709,504.2 1,636,439.3 1,750,688.6 1,714,364.4
Accommodation and food service activities……………………………………………………… 1,686,629.3 1,676,599.8 1,800,401.0 2,048,729.3 2,133,862.6
Information and communication ……………………………………………………………… 880,535.8 807,552.4 799,570.3 843,954.3 859,556.8
Financial and insurance activities…………………………………………………………… 1,917,543.3 1,720,906.0 1,741,381.5 1,834,772.8 1,772,967.8
Real estate activities……………………………………………………………………………… - - - - -
Professional, scientific and technical activities……………………………………… 761,008.2 880,988.3 885,821.3 949,589.0 1,032,943.1
Administrative and support service activities…………………………………… - - - - -
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security…………………………… 597,413.1 561,434.9 582,791.9 585,709.0 523,200.5
Education……………………………………………………………………………… 673,598.4 638,143.3 672,162.4 687,823.8 673,818.9
Human health and social work activities………………………………………………… 1,313,741.8 1,260,681.9 1,311,544.3 1,437,420.0 1,523,645.9
Arts, entertainment and recreation……………………………………………………… 892,693.3 815,494.2 803,649.6 838,378.3 846,379.3
Other service activities………………………………………………………… - - - - -
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-
- - - - -
producing activities of households for own use …
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies………………………………………… - - - - -
TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 749,509.1 703,574.7 726,061.8 747,537.0 724,649.0
TOTAL PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR .. .. . 725,010.8 706,602.7 729,129.7 751,778.8 740,493.9
MEMORANDUM ITEMS IN PUBLIC SECTOR: - - - - -
Ministries and other extra-budgetary institutions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
612,148.4.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
577,048.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
594,018.7 668,106.5 683,117.9
Teachers Service Commission .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
672,803.3
.. .. .. .. 630,751.8 652,973.3 682,196.7 672,796.6
Parastatal Bodies2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,029,933.7
.. 878,111.4 982,368.5 932,737.0 891,841.0
3
Majority Control by the Government .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,361,483.8
.. .. .. 1,355,709.6 1,298,606.7 1,232,998.1 1,178,937.1
County governments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
706,496.6 687,668.2 715,815.9 731,227.8 667,692.8
TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR .. .. .. . .. 749,509.1 703,574.7 726,061.8 747,537.0 724,649.0
* Provisional.
1
Average earnings adjusted for the rise in consumer prices(Base year 2019). Annualised June earnings deflated by June CPI
2
Refers to Government wholly-owned corporations.
3
Refers to institutions where the Government has over 50 per cent shareholding but does not fully own them.
61
Economic Survey 2021
3.16. Table 3.10 shows changes in wage employment, prices and real earnings from 2016 to
2020. Overall, wage employment declined to negative 6.4 per cent in 2020 compared to a
growth of 2.4 per cent in 2019. The inflation rate stood at 4.6 per cent in June 2020, compared
to 4.8 per cent recorded in June 2019 while the real average earnings decreased by 1.5 per cent
in 2020 compared to 3.1 per cent in 2019.
Table 3.10: Changes in Wage Employment, Prices and Real Earnings, 2016 – 2020
Per cent
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Wage employment ………………..……………………………..………………..…..
3.3 4.1 2.4 2.4 -6.4
Average earnings at current prices ………………………………..………………....
9.4 2.5 7.6 7.9 3.0
1
Consumer prices (Inflation rates) ……………………………..………………..…..
5.8 9.2 4.3 4.8 4.6
Real average earnings………………..…………………………..………………..……..
0.0 -2.5 3.2 3.1 -1.5
* Provisional
1
June inflation using the Feb 2019=100 base
3.17. The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and plays a major
role in employment creation, production and income generation. The Kenya informal sector
is broadly characterized by units engaged in the production of goods or services with the
primary objective of generating employment and incomes to the persons concerned. These
units typically operate at a low level of organization, with little or no division between labour
and capital as factors of production and on a small scale. Labour relations are based mostly
on casual employment, kinship or personal and social relations rather than contractual
arrangements with formal guarantees. In 2020, the number of persons estimated to have been
engaged in the informal sector reduced to 14.5 million from 15.1 million persons in 2019 as
shown in Table 3.11.
Table 3.11: Persons Engaged in the Informal Sector by Activity1, 2016- 2020
000
Activity 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Manufacturing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,596.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,728.9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,878.8
.. .. 3,044.9 2,933.9
Construction .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
322.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
348.6 .. .. .. .. .. ..
367.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
385.2.. .. .. 371.5
Wholesale and Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,612.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8,111.3.. .. .. .. .. ..
8,557.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9,005.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8,681.8.. .. .. .. ..
Transport and Communications2 .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 399.7.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
422.3 .. .. .. .. .. ..445.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
470.2.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
453.2 ..
Community, Social and Personal Services .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,239.0.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,316.1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,388.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,462.5.. .. .. .. .. ..
1,409.9
.. .. ..
Others .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
579.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
612.6.. .. .. .. .. 646.2 683.2 657.7
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12,749.9 13,539.6 14,283.6 15,051.6 14,508.0
Urban .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,511.8 4,801.9 5,070.7 5,337.4 5,143.8
Rural .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,238.1 8,737.6 9,212.9 9,714.2 9,364.1
* Provisional
1
Estimated
2
Includes mainly support services to transport activity
3.18. Table 3.12 presents gazetted monthly minimum wages of the agricultural industry for the
last five years. As shown in the table, there has been no review of minimum wages since 2018
and therefore no new minimum wages were gazetted in 2020.
62
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
Table 3.12: Gazetted Monthly Basic Minimum Wages for Agricultural Industry, 2016 – 2020
KSh
Type of Employee 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Unskilled employees……………………………………………………………………
5,437 6,416 6,736 6,736 6,736
Stockman, Herdsman and Watchman……………………………………………………………………
6,279 7,409 7,779 7,779 7,779
Skilled And Semi-Skilled Employees:
House servant or cook……………………………………………………………………
6,207 7,224 7,585 7,585 7,585
Farm foreman……………………………………………………………………
9,808 11,574 12,152 12,152 12,152
Farm clerk……………………………………………………………………
9,808 11,574 12,152 12,152 12,152
Section foreman……………………………………………………………………
6,350 7,492 7,867 7,867 7,867
Farm artisan……………………………………………………………………
6,498 7,668 8,051 8,051 8,051
Tractor driver……………………………………………………………………
6,891 8,131 8,538 8,538 8,538
Combine harvester driver……………………………………………………………………
7,592 8,958 9,406 9,406 9,406
Lorry driver or car driver……………………………………………………………………
7,967 9,401 9,871 9,871 9,871
AVERAGE 7,284 8,585 9,014 9,014 9,014
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
3.19. Table 3.13 presents average gazetted monthly basic minimum wages in urban areas.
Wages remained the same as in 2019 since there have been no reviews since 2018. Average
monthly basic minimum wages for Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu cities were higher than the
rest of the towns.
63
Table 3.13: Average Gazetted Monthly Basic Minimum Wages in Urban Areas in 2019 and 2020
KSh
All former
Municipalities and Town
Nairobi , Mombasa &
Councils of Mavoko, All other towns
Kisumu Cities
Ruiru and Limuru
Economic Survey 2021
Occupation 2019 2020* 2019 2020* 2019 2020*
General labourer including cleaner, sweeper, gardener, children's ayah, house servant, day
watchman, messenger…...........................…...........................…........................... 13,572.88 13,572.88 12,522.72 12,522.72 7,240.96 7,240.96
Miner, stone cutter, turn boy .waiter, cook, logger, line cutter.................................................. 14,658.84 14,658.84 13,005.67 13,005.67 8,366.35 8,366.35
Night watchman....................................................................................................................... 15,141.95 15,141.95 14,037.98 14,037.98 8,636.30 8,636.30
Machine attendant, sawmill sawyer, machine assistant, mass production machinist, shoe
cutter, bakery worker, bakery assistant, tailor's assistant …...........................…...... 15,383.45 15,383.45 14,315.28 14,315.28 11,602.87 11,602.87
Machinist (made-to-measure), shoe upper preparer, chaplis maker, vehicle service worker
(petrol and service stations), bakery plant hand, laundry operator, junior clerk, wheeled
tractor driver (light)…...........................…...........................…...........................…............ 17,560.99 17,560.99 16,428.30 16,428.30 13,431.29 13,431.29
64 Printing machine operator, bakery machine operator, plywood machine operator, sawmill
dresser, shop assistant, machine tool operator, dough maker, table hand baker or confectioner,
copy -typist, driver (cars and light vans)…...........................…...........................….......... 18,319.51 18,319.51 16,907.89 16,907.89 13,975.29 13,975.29
Pattern designer (draughts-man), garment and dress cutter, single hand oven man, charge-
hand baker, general clerk, telephone operator, receptionist, storekeeper…........................... 20,904.92 20,904.92 19,112.05 19,112.05 16,295.95 16,295.95
Tailor, driver (medium sized vehicle)......................................................................................... 23,039.42 23,039.42 21,175.14 21,175.14 18,881.21 18,881.21
Dyer, crawler tractor driver, salesman........................................................................................ 25,435.20 25,435.20 23,731.79 23,731.79 21,418.48 21,418.48
Saw doctor, caretaker (buildings).............................................................................................. 28,147.61 28,147.61 26,283.29 26,283.29 24,485.11 24,485.11
Cashier, driver (heavy commercial vehicle) salesman - driver..................................................... 30,627.45 30,627.45 28,822.13 28,822.13 27,023.96 27,023.96
Ungraded artisan....................................................................................................................... 18,319.51 18,319.51 16,907.89 16,907.89 13,975.29 13,975.29
Artisan Grade III....................................................................................................................... 23,039.47 23,039.47 21,175.14 21,175.14 18,845.56 18,845.56
Artisan Grade II......................................................................................................................... 24,884.06 24,884.06 23,731.79 23,731.79 21,418.48 21,418.48
Artisan Grade I.......................................................................................................................... 30,627.45 30,627.45 28,822.13 28,822.13 27,023.96 27,023.96
Average.................................................................................................................................... 21,310.85 21,310.85 19,798.61 19,798.61 16,841.40 16,841.40
Source:Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
1
Excluding Housing Allowance
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
3.20. Table 3.14 shows the number of collective bargaining agreements registered by the
Industrial Court in 2019 and 2020. The total number of agreements registered decreased
to 172 in 2020 from 263 recorded in 2019. Similarly, the number of unionisable employees
covered by the agreements decreased to 16,138 in 2020 from 47,465 in 2019. The information
and communication activities recorded a high increase in the number of agreements while the
wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles had the highest decline in
number of agreements registered. Overall, an average monthly basic wage of KSh 34,016 was
offered from the agreements in 2020.
Table 3.14: Collective Bargaining Agreements Registered by the Industrial Court, 2019 and 2020
Unionsable Average monthly
1
Agreements employees Average basic wages allowances offered
(Number) (Number) (KSh) (KSh)
Activity 2019 2020* 2019 2020* 2019 2020* 2019 2020*
Agriculture, Forestry And Fishing................................................ 10 2 16,581 2,958 98,545.0 18,434.3 27,489.0 4,160.0
Mining And Quarrying........................................................................ 5 670 20,453.0 11,700.0 0.0
Manufacturing......................................................................................... 44 42 7,819 33,380.4 0.0 11,327.0
Electricity, Gas, Steam And Air Conditioning Supply..... 0.0 0.0
Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management And
109 3,296 34,780.0 51,546.0
Remediation Activities …............ 8 6 12,825.0 25,237.4
Construction............................................................................................ 8 5 989 81 22,894.0 19,632.9 16,606.3 9,405.2
Wholesale And Retail Trade; Repair Of Motor
20,267 60 162,859.0 22,605.8
Vehicles And Motorcycles …............ 88 1 11,303.0 6,550.0
Transportation And Storage........................................................... 24 6 3,680 888 134,547.0 56,457.0 18,300.0 11,525.7
Accommodation And Food Service Activities..................... 5 580 23,400.0 13,861.8 0.0
Information And Communication.............................................. 6 67 1,200 67 26,800.0 54688 43 16,860.0 5,504.5
Financial And Insurance Activities.............................................. 20 28 953 950 6,540.4 33,932.5 10,414.0 16,700.0
Real Estate Activities........................................................................... - -
Professional, Scientific And Technical Activities............... - -
Administrative And Support Service Activities................... - -
Public Administration And Defence; Compulsory
Social Security …............ - -
Education................................................................................................... 29 1,727 76,438.0 13,429.6 -
Human Health And Social Work Activities........................... 8 12 542 14 4,480.0 40,540.8 17,840.0 14,081.7
Arts, Entertainment And Recreation......................................... 5 103 36,891.0 16,763.2 -
Other Service Activities..................................................................... 3 64 10,773.0 17,895.0 -
Activities Of Extraterritorial Organizations And
Bodies …............ 3 5 29,611.7 15,626.0
Total/ Average 263 172 47,465 16,138 50,723.1 34,015.7 10,804.6 6,005.9
Source :Ministry of Labour & Social Protection: Central Planning and Monitoring Unit
*Provisional
1
Includes Housing, Leave and Travel allowances
65
Economic Survey 2021
Consumer 3.21. Annual inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) increased from 5.3 per
Price cent in 2019 to 5.4 percent in 2020. COVID-19 containment measures resulted in disruption
Index of some distribution chains as well as price increases mainly in the transport sector in 2020.
As a result, the Government instituted interventions mainly in the form of tax reliefs under
the COVID-19 Economic Stimulus Programme which were timely in cushioning vulnerable
households.
3.22. During the review period, newly rebased CPI and rates of inflation were published with
effect from March 2020. The base period of February 2009 was revised to February 2019.
The CPI rebasing was necessitated by change in consumer behavior, tastes and preferences
over time, as reflected in the 2015/16 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS)
report. The new indices, therefore, reflect the most recent household consumption patterns.
Table 3.15 presents weights for the new overall CPI as well as the sub-indices.
Table 3.15: New weights for the Nairobi income groups, rest of urban and Kenya
Nairobi Nairobi Nairobi %Shares %Shares
Lower Middle Upper (Nairobi (Rest of %Shares
Division Name Income Income Income combined) Urban) (Kenya)
01 Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages................................... 36.32 21.65 16.81 29.30 35.48 32.91
02 Alcoholic Beverages, Tobacco and Narcotics.............. 2.37 4.74 1.81 3.07 3.51 3.33
03 Clothing and Footwear.............................................................. 3.39 2.05 1.63 2.75 3.17 2.99
04 Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels..... 16.95 15.40 13.02 15.99 13.63 14.61
Furnishings, Household Equipment and Routine
05 3.11 3.48 5.12 3.47 3.93 3.74
Household Maintenance …...........................
06 Health................................................................................................... 1.90 2.88 8.21 2.96 2.88 2.91
07 Transport............................................................................................ 9.25 14.14 17.63 11.81 8.11 9.65
08 Information and Communication....................................... 8.57 8.32 7.61 8.37 7.36 7.78
09 Recreation, Sport and Culture............................................... 1.70 0.87 1.35 1.39 1.96 1.72
10 Education Services........................................................................ 4.92 7.61 3.25 5.59 5.54 5.56
11 Restaurants and Accommodation Services.................... 4.62 11.62 14.54 8.04 8.14 8.10
12 Insurance and Financial Services.......................................... 1.90 3.69 5.09 2.85 1.81 2.24
Personal Care, Social Protection and
13 4.99 3.56 3.94 4.41 4.48 4.45
Miscellaneous Goods and Services …..............................
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
3.23. Table 3.16a shows changes in Consumer Price Indices (CPI) in the broad Classification
of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP) divisions in 2019 and 2020. Food & Non-
Alcoholic Beverages which constitute 32.9 per cent of total household expenditure recorded
an inflation of 9.07 per cent while Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas and other Fuels recorded
an annual inflation of 2.3 per cent. The Transport index recorded inflation of 8.9 per cent
mainly due to the COVID-19 travel regulations that saw public transporters carry half their
passenger capacity.
66
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
Table 3.16a: National Consumer Price Indices and Rates of Inflation by COICOP Divisions, 2019 &
2020
% Change
2020/
Broad Item Group Share (%) 2019 2020 2019
Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages………………………………………………… 32.91 107.03 116.73 9.07
Alcoholic Beverages, Tobacco and Narcotics…………………………………… 3.33 103.53 109.98 6.23
Clothing and Footwear…………………………………..………………………… 2.99 101.05 103.50 2.43
Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels……..………………………… 14.61 101.00 103.33 2.31
Furnishings, Household Equipment and Routine Household Maintenance………… 3.74 101.08 103.00 1.91
Health……………………………..………………………………………………………..
2.91 100.56 102.69 2.11
Transport ………………………..………………………………………………………..
9.65 102.40 111.50 8.89
Information and Communication …..…………………………………………………………………………….
7.78 100.49 101.11 0.62
Recreation, Sport and Culture ………………………………………………………………………………..
1.72 100.61 103.02 2.40
Education Services …………………..……………………………………………………………….
5.56 100.19 101.74 1.55
101.03
Restaurants and Accommodation Services…………………………………………………………….
8.10 104.01 2.95
Insurance and Financial Services…………………………………………………………….
2.24 100.18 100.94 0.76
Personal Care, Social Protection and Miscellaneous Goods and Services………….. 4.45 101.28 103.59 2.28
Weighted average of all Items 100.00 103.16 108.69 5.4
3.24. Table 3.16b presents details of inflation in respect to the COICOP classes of the food and
non-alcoholic beverages division. Vegetables, tubers, plantains, cooking bananas and pulses
recorded the highest inflation of 23.8 per cent. This was followed by ready-made food and
other foods (such as coriander leaves and others) whose inflation stood at 18.9 per cent. Fruits
and nuts inflation stood at 18.2 per cent in 2020.
Table 3.16b: Consumer Price Indices for Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages, 2019 -2020
% Change
Food and non-alcoholic beverages Share (%) 2019 2020 2020/2019
Cereals and cereal products …………………………………………………….
8.865 106.58 111.75 4.85
Live animals, meat and other parts of slaughtered land animals …………… 4.777 101.61 104.64 2.99
Fish and other seafood …………………………………………………………
1.317 105.29 115.90 10.08
Milk, other dairy products and eggs …………………………………………..
4.960 103.68 107.11 3.31
Oils and fats ………………………………………………………………………
1.738 100.33 102.01 1.68
Fruits and nuts…………………………………………………………………..
2.005 112.80 133.36 18.23
Vegetables, tubers, plantains, cooking bananas and pulses ……………….. 6.103 117.93 146.02 23.82
Sugar, confectionery and desserts …………………………………………….
1.525 100.33 103.49 3.15
Ready-made food and other food products n.e.c. ……………………………
0.228 107.71 128.02 18.85
Fruit and vegetable juices ………………………………………………………
0.141 101.15 103.04 1.86
Coffee and coffee substitutes ………………………………………………….
0.009 101.73 102.35 0.61
Tea, maté and other plant products for infusion ……………………………..
0.344 101.40 103.00 1.58
Cocoa drinks ……………………………………………………………………
0.044 100.84 102.16 1.30
Water ……………………………………………………………………………..
0.236 100.81 103.04 2.21
Soft drinks …………………………………………………………………………
0.495 102.10 105.05 2.88
Other non-alcoholic beverages ……………………………………………….. 0.001 100.95 102.52 1.55
Serices for processing primary goods for food and non- 0.122 100.59 102.19 1.59
n.e.c not elsewhere classified
67
Economic Survey 2021
3.25. Table 3.16c presents the annual average retail prices of selected consumer goods in the
CPI basket. The most notable price declines were those of kerosene, cabbages, diesel and
petrol by 17.89, 10.46, 8.72 and 6.56 per cent, respectively in 2020. However, retail prices of
kales (Sukuma wiki), maize grain-loose and gas increased substantially over the review period.
Table 3.16c: Annual Average Retail Prices of Selected Consumer Goods in the Consumer Price Basket,
2016 - 2020
KSh per Unit
ITEM Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* % change
Beef - with bones .................................... 1 Kg 399.59 410.28 439.04 426.66 436.76 2.37
Offals - Matumbo ................................... 1 Kg 244.11 254.12 262.87 253.69 260.46 2.67
Bread,White............................................ 400 Gms 49.16 49.55 50.24 48.41 48.29 - 0.25
Maize grain- loose................................... 1 Kg 42.77 57.66 49.20 47.20 49.79 5.49
Milk - Packeted....................................... 1/2 Litre 53.51 59.60 60.59 49.73 48.72 - 2.03
Sugar....................................................... 1 Kg 118.21 137.82 132.62 116.21 113.94 - 1.95
Wheat Flour............................................ 2 kg 124.25 131.29 122.28 121.94 119.37 - 2.11
English Potatoes...................................... 1 Kg 77.05 81.14 67.86 71.07 67.28 - 5.34
Kales - Sukuma-wiki ............................... 1 Kg 40.06 52.82 50.75 44.19 49.08 11.07
Cabbages ................................................ 1 Kg 59.13 66.52 40.84 43.02 38.52 - 10.46
Petrol (Super)......................................... 1 Litre 90.28 99.30 110.86 110.50 103.25 - 6.56
Diesel...................................................... 1 Litre 77.44 86.02 104.78 102.89 93.91 - 8.72
Kerosene ................................................. 1 Litre 54.60 66.99 90.06 102.97 84.55 - 17.89
Electricity................................................ 200 KW/h 3,394.30 3,727.71 4,269.52 4,647.00 4,561.80 - 1.83
Electricity................................................ 50 KW/h 533.20 597.33 813.72 809.05 789.55 - 2.41
Gas ......................................................... 13 Kg 2,154.80 2,075.32 2,173.40 2,024.75 2,047.28 1.11
3.26. Table 3.17 presents annual inflation rate segmented into Nairobi (lower, middle and
upper) income groups, Nairobi overall as well as the rest of urban areas. Nairobi lower income
group recorded the highest annual inflation of 6.2 per cent while Nairobi middle and upper
income groups each recorded 2.6 per cent inflation in 2020.
Table 3.17: Annual Inflation, 2016-2020
Per cent
Income Group 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Nairobi Lower Income.............................................................................................. 6.8 8.6 4.6 5.3 6.2
Nairobi Middle Income............................................................................................ 4.1 6.1 5.7 5.2 2.6
Nairobi Upper Income.............................................................................................. 4.6 3.4 5.9 5.9 2.6
Nairobi ............................................................................................................................ 6.1 3.4 4.9 5.3 4.7
Rest of Urban Towns................................................................................................. 6.4 8.2 4.6 5.2 5.9
Overall Inflation 6.3 8.0 4.7 5.3 5.4
Note:
1. Nairobi Lower Income Group constitute of Households spending KSh. 46,355 or less per month in February 2015 (they
are 70.89% of the households).
2. Nairobi Middle-Income Group consitute of Households spending between KSh. 46,356 up to and including KSh. 184,394
per month in February 2015 (they are 25.58% of the households).
3. Nairobi Upper Income Group consitute of Households spending above KSh. 184,395 per month in February 2015 (they
are 3.53% of the households).
68
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
3.27. Table 3.18 presents details of the annual average CPI for Nairobi lower income group.
The index was highest in December 2020 at 113.06 and lowest at 107.50 in January 2020. The
movement in the index was mainly driven by food and transport indices.
Table 3.18: Consumer Price Indices for Nairobi Lower Income Group, 2016-2020
February 2019=100
Month 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
January.......................................................................................... 83.95 90.10 95.90 98.72 107.50
February........................................................................................ 83.84 92.07 97.36 100.00 108.36
March............................................................................................ 84.75 94.20 99.26 101.83 108.85
April.............................................................................................. 85.58 96.15 100.34 102.91 109.88
May............................................................................................... 86.10 96.55 101.23 103.63 109.93
June............................................................................................... 87.19 95.01 100.25 104.06 109.70
July................................................................................................ 87.41 93.89 98.87 104.33 110.01
August........................................................................................... 87.36 94.62 98.02 104.37 109.90
September..................................................................................... 87.46 94.28 98.43 104.54 110.04
October......................................................................................... 88.18 94.27 97.17 104.90 110.40
November..................................................................................... 89.00 93.99 97.20 105.76 111.31
December...................................................................................... 89.21 94.53 97.84 106.58 113.06
Annual average 86.67 94.14 98.49 103.47 109.91
3.28. Tables 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22 and 3.23 present five years’ series of CPI for the Nairobi
middle and upper income groups, overall Nairobi, rest of urban areas and the aggregated
national indices, respectively.
Table 3.19: Consumer Price Indices, Nairobi Middle Income Group, 2016- 2020
February 2019=100
Month 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
January........................................................................ 85.51 89.07 94.73 99.62 102.99
February...................................................................... 85.01 90.08 95.28 100.00 103.34
March.......................................................................... 85.24 90.82 95.70 100.23 103.52
April............................................................................. 85.35 92.05 95.92 100.62 104.04
May............................................................................. 85.72 92.37 96.63 101.04 103.74
June............................................................................. 86.31 91.47 96.63 101.30 104.14
July.............................................................................. 86.66 91.41 96.32 101.50 103.37
August......................................................................... 87.00 91.97 97.28 101.67 103.49
September.................................................................... 87.26 92.10 98.39 101.93 103.63
October....................................................................... 87.27 92.51 98.08 102.05 104.42
November.................................................................... 87.51 92.64 98.36 102.38 104.76
December.................................................................... 87.96 93.33 99.09 102.71 105.65
Annual average 86.40 91.65 96.87 101.25 103.92
69
Economic Survey 2021
Table 3.20: Consumer Price Indices, Nairobi Upper Income Group, 2016- 2020
February 2019=100
Month 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
January................................................................. 86.98 90.58 94.08 100.19 102.65
February............................................................... 86.92 91.02 94.83 100.00 103.41
March................................................................... 86.93 91.19 94.98 100.52 103.42
April..................................................................... 87.77 91.21 94.98 100.77 103.69
May...................................................................... 87.97 91.33 95.20 101.30 104.00
June...................................................................... 88.14 90.99 96.22 101.51 103.84
July....................................................................... 88.58 91.22 96.19 101.74 103.79
August.................................................................. 89.42 91.64 98.76 101.82 104.55
September............................................................ 89.65 91.55 100.17 101.92 104.26
October................................................................ 89.62 92.22 98.82 101.97 104.60
November............................................................ 89.96 92.46 98.87 102.26 104.59
December............................................................. 90.23 93.20 100.53 102.66 105.10
Annual average 88.51 91.55 96.97 101.39 103.99
Table 3.21: Consumer Price Indices, Overall Nairobi, 2016-2020
February 2019=100
Month 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
January................................................................. 88.19 89.90 95.59 98.96 105.48
February............................................................... 88.06 91.61 96.83 100.00 106.16
March................................................................... 88.31 93.38 98.36 101.16 106.50
April..................................................................... 88.85 95.11 99.22 101.92 107.27
May...................................................................... 89.34 95.49 100.05 102.52 107.24
June...................................................................... 90.25 94.13 99.35 102.87 107.22
July....................................................................... 91.03 93.27 98.24 103.11 107.14
August.................................................................. 91.11 93.96 97.89 103.20 107.21
September............................................................ 91.53 93.73 98.48 103.39 107.30
October................................................................ 92.10 93.83 97.41 103.64 107.79
November............................................................ 92.72 93.65 97.50 104.26 108.41
December............................................................. 93.72 94.23 98.20 104.88 109.74
Annual average 90.44 93.52 98.09 102.49 107.29
70
Chapter 3: Employment, Earnings and Consumer Prices
Table 3.22: Consumer Price Indices, the Rest of Urban Areas, 2016-2020
February 2019=100
Month 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
January................................................................................. 84.52 90.69 94.16 99.34 107.25
February............................................................................... 84.39 92.15 95.49 100.00 107.89
March................................................................................... 84.63 93.52 96.70 101.81 108.17
April...................................................................................... 85.15 95.15 98.31 102.65 109.36
May....................................................................................... 85.62 96.08 99.35 103.52 109.57
June....................................................................................... 86.49 95.07 98.34 103.98 109.01
July......................................................................................... 87.24 94.12 97.61 104.34 109.22
August................................................................................... 86.19 94.62 98.35 104.64 109.54
September............................................................................ 87.73 93.87 99.62 104.77 109.48
October................................................................................ 88.27 92.81 99.02 105.19 110.89
November............................................................................ 88.86 92.56 98.67 105.82 112.46
December............................................................................ 89.82 93.01 99.28 106.66 113.38
Annual average 86.58 93.64 97.91 103.56 109.69
Table 3.23: Consumer Price Indices Kenya, 2016-2020
February 2019=100
Month 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
January.................................................................................. 84.47 90.37 94.74 99.66 106.51
February............................................................................... 84.31 91.93 96.03 100.00 107.17
March.................................................................................... 84.75 93.46 97.37 101.54 107.47
April....................................................................................... 85.34 95.13 98.68 102.34 108.49
May........................................................................................ 85.81 95.84 99.63 103.11 108.60
June....................................................................................... 86.71 94.69 98.74 103.52 108.27
July......................................................................................... 87.26 93.78 97.86 103.83 108.35
August................................................................................... 87.33 94.35 98.16 104.04 108.57
September............................................................................ 87.63 93.81 99.16 104.20 108.57
October................................................................................. 88.17 93.22 98.38 104.54 109.60
November............................................................................ 88.80 93.00 98.20 105.17 110.78
December............................................................................. 89.48 93.50 98.84 105.92 111.87
Annual average 86.67 93.59 97.98 103.16 108.69
71
Chapter 4: Money, Banking and Finance
Money, Banking and Finance Chapter
04
Overview
D uring the first half of 2020, an accommodative monetary policy stance was adopted
to cushion the banking system from the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
In March 2020, the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) reduced the Central Bank Rate
(CBR) to 7.25 per cent, from 8.25 per cent in February 2020 and 9.00 per cent in December
2019. In its efforts to support the economy, the CBK further lowered the CBR to 7.00 per
cent in April 2020 and made it remain at this level till the end of the year. During the review
period, the CBK in consultation with commercial banks agreed on emergency measures on
extension and restructuring of loans to cushion borrowers from the adverse economic effects
of the COVID-19 pandemic.
4.2. As a result of reduction in the CBR by the Central Bank of Kenya, there was a general
decline in the interest rates during the review period. The lending rate for commercial banks’
loans and advances reduced from 12.24 per cent in December 2019 to 12.02 per cent in
December 2020, while the average deposit rate reduced to 6.30 per cent in December 2020
from 7.11 per cent in December 2019. The savings rate of interest reduced to 2.70 per cent in
December 2020 from 4.02 per cent in December 2019. The interbank rate increased from 2.98
per cent in June 2019 to 3.27 per cent in June 2020. The 91-day Treasury bill rate decreased
from 6.03 per cent in December 2019 to 5.29 per cent in December 2020.
4.3. Net foreign assets reduced from KSh 806.4 billion as at the end of December 2019 to
KSh 748.6 billion as at the end of December 2020. Following accommodative monetary
policy action in the first quarter of 2020, total domestic credit expanded by 18.6 per cent
and 8.4 per cent to KSh 4,340.9 billion and KSh 2,891.3 billion, respectively, as at the end of
December 2020. Broad money supply (M3) expanded from KSh 3,524.0 billion as at the end
of December 2019 to KSh 3,990.9 billion as at the end of December 2020. Total assets under
life insurance business grew by 10.5 per cent to stand at KSh 499.1 billion in December 2020
while total assets of the general insurance businesses grew by 1.8 per cent to KSh 193.5 billion
over the same period. The NSE 20 share index continued to decline for the third consecutive
year to 1,868 points in 2020
Selected 4.4. Table 4.1 shows selected monetary indicators from 2016 to 2020. Net foreign assets
Monetary declined significantly by 7.2 per cent to stand at KSh 748.6 billion as at the end of December
Indicators 2020 from KSh 806.4 billion as at the end of December 2019. Domestic credit to the National
Government grew by 50.9 per cent to KSh 1,358.4 billion as at December 2020 compared to
a growth of 4.8 per cent as at end of December 2019. Credit to the private sector expanded by
8.4 per cent to KSh 2,891.3 billion as at end of December 2020. Broad money supply (M3)
grew by 13.2 per cent to KSh 3,990.9 billion as at the end of December 2020 from KSh 3,524.0
billion as at the end of December 2019.
4.5. Commercial banks’ liquidity ratio was at 56.5 per cent as at the end of December 2020
up from 52.6 per cent as at the end of December 2019. This was significantly higher than the
statutory requirement of 20.0 per cent. The increased liquidity ratio was attributed to growth
in liquid assets compared to the growth of short-term deposit liabilities. On the other hand,
advances to deposit ratio declined from 79.4 per cent as at the end of December 2019 to 75.8
per cent as at the end of December 2020.
73
Economic Survey 2021
Table 4.1: Monetary Indicators, 2016 - 2020
Net Domestic Credit (KS h million)
Broad Money Commercial Advances/
Foreign
S upply (M3) Bank Liquidity Deposits
4
1
As at end of: Assets
Private 2 (KS h Ratio5 (Pe r Ratio
(KS h and other National
Total Million) c e nt) (per cent)
Million) public Government3
bodies
2016 Dec ............ 495,522 2,451,817 581,649 3,033,467 2,785,923 45.1 89.0
2017 Dec ............ 518,393 2,530,592 748,726 3,279,318 3,030,646 46.4 84.1
2018 Dec ............ 716,108 2,591,038 859,113 3,450,151 3,337,832 50.6 78.4
2019 Dec ............ 806,441 2,760,158 900,383 3,660,541 3,524,026 52.6 79.4
2020* M ar ........... 769,721 2,828,938 1,051,699 3,880,637 3,661,011 53.0 78.6
J un ............. 887,470 2,864,751 1,159,900 4,024,650 3,863,633 54.9 75.8
Sep ............ 751,260 2,941,438 1,227,370 4,168,808 3,843,500 55.5 76.6
Dec ............ 748,602 2,982,546 1,358,397 4,340,942 3,990,901 56.5 75.8
Source: Central B ank of K eny a
1
Includes reserve p osition at IM F
2
Includes interest in susp ense in non-p erforming loans
3
Includes Government dep osits w ith Crow n A gents
4
See Table 4.2 and 4.3 for details
5
Commercial B anks' liquid assets as a p ercentage of dep osit liabilities
* Prov is iona l
4.6. Table 4.2 shows changes in the value of components of money supply. Money supply
(M1) which includes currency outside banks and demand deposits, recorded an accelerated
growth of 12.8 per cent to KSh 1,720.3 billion as at the end of December 2020 compared
to 3.2 per cent increase registered as at the end of December 2019. Similarly, quasi money,
money supply (M2), broad money supply (M3) and overall liquidity (L) grew by 10.9, 11.9,
13.2 and 16.6 per cent, respectively, in the same period. The bench-mark monetary policy
aggregate (M3) increased from KSh 3,524.0 billion as at the end of December 2019 to KSh
3,990.9 billion as at the end of December 2020.
74
Chapter 4: Money, Banking and Finance
Table 4.2: Money and Quasi-Money Supply, 2016 – 2020
KSh Million
+
Money (M1) Quasi-Money M2 M3 L
1,298,697
2016 Dec ………………………… 1,076,380 2,375,077 2,785,923 3,730,110
1,385,918
2017 Dec ………………………… 1,165,894 2,551,811 3,030,646 4,104,802
2018 Dec …………………………
1,477,526 1,278,447 2,755,973 3,337,832 4,550,971
2019 Dec …………………………
1,525,237 1,379,115 2,904,352 3,524,026 4,927,141
2020 Jan…………… 1,524,030 1,391,678 2,915,709 3,527,005 4,957,775
Feb …………………………
1,568,052 1,402,049 2,970,101 3,596,050 5,051,668
Mar …………………………
1,595,107 1,423,750 3,018,857 3,661,011 5,180,182
Apr …………………………
1,595,268 1,443,383 3,038,651 3,695,953 5,227,100
May …………………………
1,602,094 1,479,236 3,081,331 3,752,781 5,311,081
Jun …………………………
1,666,550 1,534,707 3,201,257 3,863,633 5,416,072
Jul …………………………
1,683,552 1,553,156 3,236,708 3,905,444 5,514,168
Aug …………………………
1,655,723 1,527,030 3,182,753 3,846,971 5,508,924
Sep …………………………
1,665,778 1,514,748 3,180,526 3,843,500 5,519,778
Oct …………………………
1,741,975 1,481,554 3,223,529 3,922,750 5,615,435
Nov …………………………
1,759,898 1,478,291 3,238,189 3,952,313 5,673,496
Dec …………………………
1,720,337 1,529,886 3,250,223 3,990,901 5,742,695
Source: Central Bank of Kenya.
Notes:
(a) M1 comprises of currency outside banks plus all demand deposits except; those of the National Government,
Commercial Banks and Non Residents deposits
(b) Quasi Money: Refers to near money. It comprises of call plus 7 days deposits, savings and time deposits.
(c) Broad Money, M2, comprise of M1 and Quasi money.
(d) Broad Money, M3, comprises M2 and foreign currency holdings by residents.
(e) Overall Liquidity, L, comprises M3 and Treasury Bill holdings by the non-bank public.
(f) + Revised
Consolidated 4.7. Table 4.3 shows the total assets and liabilities of the banking system (which includes the
Accounts of CBK and commercial banks) from 2016 to 2020. The entire banking sector assets grew by 13.9
the Banking per cent from KSh 4,467.0 billion as at the end of December 2019 to KSh 5,089.5 billion as at
System the end of December 2020. The growth was mainly driven by 50.9 per cent and 8.4 per cent
increase in uptake of credit by the National Government and the private sector, respectively.
Growth in the total liabilities was driven by significant increases in broad money (M1), quasi-
money, foreign currency deposits, and treasury bill holdings at 12.8, 10.9, 19.5 and 25.0 per
cent, respectively. Notable growths were also recorded in currency outside banks and other
deposits held at the Central Bank.
75
Economic Survey 2021
Table 4.3: Consolidated Accounts of the Banking System, 2016 – 2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
LIABILITIES- December December December December March June September December
1. Money (M1):
1.1 Demand Deposits .................................. 1,033,742 1,119,100 1,175,478 1,253,254 1,306,191 1,349,875 1,370,974 1,385,986
1. 2 Other Deposits at Central Bank......... 55,129 41,389 71,704 73,371 90,659 105,814 77,169 100,670
1.3 Currency outside banks ...................... 209,826 225,429 230,344 198,612 198,256 210,862 217,635 233,681
Sub-Total ............................................ 1,298,697 1,385,918 1,549,229 1,525,237 1,595,107 1,666,550 1,665,778 1,720,337
2. Quasi-Money(MS):
2.1 Call + 7 days Notice Deposits ............. 154,504 167,189 145,522 160,398 185,075 185,738 172,059 178,160
2.2 Savings Deposits .................................... 149,863 162,167 177,709 189,358 192,938 207,271 204,812 211,116
2.3 Time Deposits ....................................... 772,013 835,393 955,216 1,029,360 1,045,737 1,141,698 1,137,877 1,140,609
Sub-Total (quasi-money banks) ......... 1,076,380 1,164,748 1,278,447 1,379,115 1,423,750 1,534,707 1,514,748 1,529,886
Broad Money Supply(M2) 2,375,077 2,551,811 2,755,973 2,904,352 3,018,857 3,201,257 3,180,526 3,250,223
3. Foreign Currency Deposits ........................ 410,846 478,834 581,859 619,675 642,154 662,375 662,974 740,678
Broad Money Supply(M3) 2,785,923 3,030,646 3,337,832 3,524,026 3,661,011 3,863,633 3,843,500 3,990,901
5. Treasury Bill Holdings ................................. 944,187 1,074,156 1,213,138 1,403,114 1,519,171 1,552,439 1,676,279 1,751,795
Overall Liquidity(L) 3,730,110 4,104,802 4,550,971 4,927,141 5,180,182 5,416,072 5,519,778 5,742,695
6. Other Items Net(OIN) ................................ 743,065 767,065 828,426 942,956 989,348 1,048,487 1,076,568 1,098,643
TOTAL LIABILITIES (M3+OIN) ....... 3,528,988 3,797,711 4,166,259 4,466,982 4,650,359 4,912,120 4,920,068 5,089,544
ASSETS-
7. Net Foreign Assets1 …………………… 495,522 518,393 716,108 806,441 769,721 887,470 751,260 748,602
8. Domestic Credit:
8.1 National Govt. (Net) …………………… 581,649 748,726 859,113 900,383 1,051,699 1,159,900 1,227,370 1,358,397
8.2 Other Public Bodies …………………… 104,719 112,399 100,950 92,284 90,924 88,400 88,675 91,204
8.3 Private Sector2 …………………… 2,347,098 2,418,192 2,490,088 2,667,874 2,738,014 2,776,351 2,852,763 2,891,342
Sub-Total …………………… 3,033,467 3,279,317 3,450,151 3,660,541 3,880,637 4,024,650 4,168,808 4,340,942
TOTAL ASSETS…………………… 3,528,988 3,797,710 4,166,259 4,466,982 4,650,359 4,912,120 4,920,068 5,089,544
Source: Central Bank of Kenya.
* Provisional
Notes:
(a) Other Items Net(OIN) Includes Special Drawing Rights allocated by IMF.
(b) Treasury Bill holdings by the non-bank public is not included in total liabilities of the banking system.
1
Net Foreign Assets includes Government reserve position in the IMF and deposits with Crown Agents
2
Includes interest in suspense on non-performing loans
Sources 4.8. Table 4.4 presents the changes in money supply and their sources for the period 2016
of Change to 2020. In 2020, broad money supply (M3) increased by KSh 466.9 billion compared to an
in Money increase of KSh 186.2 registered in 2019. However, net foreign assets reduced by KSh 57.8
Supply billion in 2020. The growth in M3 was attributed to KSh 458.0 billion and KSh 223.4 billion
increases in domestic credit to the National Government and the private sector respectively.
Foreign currency deposits grew by KSh 121.0 billion while quasi money grew by KSh 150.8
billion in the review period.
76
Chapter 4: Money, Banking and Finance
Table 4.4: Changes in Money Supply and the Sources, 2016 – 2020
KS h Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 *
MONEY S UPPLY CHANGES
1 Currency plus demand depos its (M1) .. .. .. .... ....
286,130
.. .. .. .. .. .. ....
87,220
.... .. .. .. .. ....
90,463
.... .. .. 47,711 195,100
2 Quas i-money .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. ....
-190,980
.... .. .... .... .. ....
89,514 .... .. .... .... ..
113,699.... .... 100,667 150,771
3 Foreign Currency Depos its .. .. .. . .. .. .. .... .... ....
-14,093.. .. .. .. .. ....
67,988
.... .. .. .. .. ....
103,025
.... .. 37,816 121,004
4 Broad Money s upply (M3) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ....
81,057 244,723
.. ... .. .. .. .. .. 307,187
.... .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. . ..186,194 466,875
S OURCES OF CHANGES
5 Net foreign as s ets .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .... ..
3,778
.. .. .. .. .... ....
22,871.. .. .. .. .... ....
197,715 .. .. 90,333 -57,839
6 A ll Domes tic Credit .. .. . ..
(a) to National Gov ernment (net) .. . .. .. .. ..... ..
67,676
.. .. .. .. .... ....
167,077
.. .. .. .. .... ....
110,387
.. . .... .. 41,271 458,013
(b) to other public s ector .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ......
22,272.. .. .. .. .. ....7,680
.... .. .. .. .. ....
-11,450
.... .. .. -8,666 -1,080
(c) to priv ate s ector .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ..... .. .. .. .. .. ....71,094
114,794 71,896.. . ..
.... .. .. .. .. .... .... 177,785 223,468
7 Other Items (Net) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... ..
-127,463 -24,000
.. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. ....
-61,361
.... .. .. -114,529 -155,687
8 Total s ources of change (5+6+7) .. .. . .. .. .. .... ....
81,057.. .. .. .. .. ..
244,723
.... .... .. .. .. ..
307,187
.... .... .. .. 186,194 466,875
Note: Changes in Money Supply and the s ources compares y ear-end v alues
* Prov is ional
Selected 4.9. Real values of selected financial aggregates for the period 2016 to 2020 are presented in
Financial Table 4.5. Broad Money supply (M3) increased in real terms from KSh 1,721.0 billion in 2019
Aggregates in to KSh 1,743.7 billion in 2020. Similarly, total commercial bank credit to the private sector
Real Values grew by 6.1 per cent to KSh 1,380.9 billion in 2020. Total liabilities of the banking system grew
by 8.3 per cent in 2020 compared to a growth of 1.3 per cent in 2019.
Table 4.5: Trends in the Real Values of Selected Financial Aggregates1, 2016 - 2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1 Money Supply (M3).... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ..
1,578,105
.. .. .. .. ..
1,655,601
.. .... .. .. ..
1,724,889
.. .. .. .. .
1,720,968
.. .. 1,743,685
2 Ov erall Liquidity (L).... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ..
2,117,090
.. .. .. .. ..
2,242,398
.... .. .. .. ..
2,354,976
.. .. .. ... ..
2,406,183
.. .. .. 2,471,631
3 Commercial bank credit to priv ate sector .. .. ..1,382,305
.. .. .. .. .. 1,382,428
.. .. .. .... ..1,285,058
.. .. .. .. .. 1,301,159
.. . .... .. .. 1,380,946
.. .. .. .. ..
4 Total commercial bank credit .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ..
1,720,685
.. .... .. .. ..
1,776,606
.. .... .. .. ..
1,831,395
.. .. .. .. .
1,874,687
.. .. .. .. .. ..
1,993,167
...
5 Commercial Banks' Deposit Liabilities .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,697,221 .. .... .. .. ..
1,765,907 .. .. .. .. ...
1,764,615 .. .. .. .. ..
1,775,160 .. ..
1,898,510
6 Total liabilities of banking sy stem .... .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,979,883
.. .. .. ..
2,047,960
.... .. .. .. ..
2,152,994
.. .. .. . .... ..
2,181,463.. .. .. .. ..
2,362,961
.. .
Mem ora ndu m item :
7 Line 5 as per cent of line 6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ..
85.0.. .. .. .. ..
85.7.. .. .... .. ..
86.2.. .. .. .. ..
82.0. .. .. 80.3
*
Prov isional
1
Selected financial aggregates v alues are deflated using December Consumer Price Indices
Nominal and 4.10. During the year under review, the CBK, in an effort to support the economy from the
Real Interest negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lowered the Central Bank Rate (CBR) from 7.25
Rates per cent in March 2020 to 7.0 per cent in April through to December 2020. As a result, most
nominal interest rates declined in June 2020. The loans to deposits interest rate spread widened
to 5.73 per cent as at the end of December 2020 from 5.14 per cent as at the end of December
2019. Inter-bank lending rate reduced to 5.29 per cent as at the end of December 2020 from
6.03 per cent as at the end of December 2019. The savings rate fell during the review period to
close at 2.70 per cent as end of December 2020 from 4.15 per cent as at the end of June 2020
and 4.02 per cent as at the end of December 2019. The 91-Day Treasury bill rate dropped to
6.90 per cent at end of December 2020 from 7.17 per cent as at the end of December 2019.
77
Economic Survey 2021
Table 4.6: Nominal Principal Interest Rates, 2016-2020
Per cent
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
December December December December June December
C ENTR A L B A NK O F KENY A
91- day T reasury Bills Rate .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8.44.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8.01.. .. . .. .. .. .. ..
7.34.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7.17 .. .. 7.14 6.90
Central Bank Rate.. …... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
10.00.. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
10.00 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9.00.. .. .. .. . .. ..
8.50
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7.00.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7.00
Repo rate.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....
.. .. .. .. ... .. .. ..
7.75
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7.72.. .. .. . .. .. ..
7.45.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3.80.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6.93..
Inter- bank rate.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5.92.. .. ... .. .. ..
7.27
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8.15
.. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
6.03.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3.27.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5.29
C O MMER C IA L B A NKS 1
A v erage deposits.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7.33 .. .. . .. .. .. ..
8.22.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7.41
.. .. .. ... .. .. ..
7.11.. .. .. .. . 6.86 6.30
Sav ings deposits.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6.37.. .. .. .. ... .. ..
6.91.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5.13.. .. .. .. .. . ..
4.02
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4.15.. .. .. .. .. ..
2.70
.. .. .. .. ..
L oan and A dv ances (max imum).. .. .. .. ..
13.69 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13.64 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12.51.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12.24.. . .. .. .. .. ..
11.89
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12.02 .. . ..
Ov erdraf t.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13.49.. .. .. .. .. ... ..
13.54 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12.17.. .. .. .. .. .. .
11.67
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
11.24
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
11.51
.. ..
L oans- Deposits Spread.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6.36 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5.41 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5.09.. .. .. . .. .. ..
5.14
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5.02
.. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
5.73
Source: Central Bank of K eny a.
1
W eighted av erage commercial bank interest rates
.. Data not av ailable
4.11. Table 4.7 shows the selected real principal interest rates from 2016 to 2020. The average
real interest rate for commercial bank deposits declined to 0.68 per cent in 2020 from 1.29 per
cent in 2019. Similarly, real interest rate for loans and advances dropped to 6.40 per cent from
6.42 per cent, over the same period.
Table 4.7: Selected Real Principal Interest Rates, 2016-2020
Per cent
1
Year Nominal Interest Inflation Rate Real Interest
2016 8.44 6.35 2.09
A v erag e Interes t 2017 8.01 4.50 3.51
Rate for 91-day 2018 7.34 5.71 1.63
Treas ury Bills
2019 7.17 5.82 1.35
2020 6.90 5.62 1.28
2016 7.33 6.35 0.98
2017 8.22 4.50 3.72
Commercial bank
depos its (av erag e) 2018 7.41 5.71 2.72
2019 7.11 5.82 1.29
2020 6.30 5.62 0.68
2016 13.69 6.35 7.34
Commercial bank 2017 13.64 4.50 9.14
loans and
adv ances 2018 12.51 5.71 6.71
(maximum) 2019 12.24 5.82 6.42
2020 12.02 5.62 6.40
Inter-Bank Rate 2016 5.92 6.35 -0.43
2017 7.27 4.50 2.77
2018 8.15 5.71 2.44
2019 6.03 5.82 0.21
2020 5.29 5.62 -0.33
Note: Interes t rates are as at December
1
Real Interes t Rate equals Nominal Rate minus Inflation Rate
4.12. The assets and liabilities of the CBK for the period 2016 to 2020 are shown in Table 4.8.
Total assets and liabilities grew by 7.6 per cent in 2020 to KSh 1,221.2 billion compared to a
growth of 6.7 per cent in 2019. On the assets side, a notable growth was observed in balances
with external banks which rose to KSh 638.9 billion as at the end of December 2020 from KSh
560.3 billion as at the end of December 2019.
78
Chapter 4: Money, Banking and Finance
Table 4.8: Central Bank of Kenya Assets and Liabilities, 2016 - 2020
KS h Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Dec Dec De c Dec March June September December
A S S ETS
1. Foreign Ex change:-
1.1 Balances with Ex ternal Bank s 580,215 485,322 392,126 316,693 258,609 280,904 202,239 200,502
1.2 Securities................................. 131,717 229,344 414,902 560,287 583,503 723,867 713,331 638,788
1.3 Other Inv estments ................. 36,232 38,693 40,304 56,101 55,111 89,770 61,924 85,285
1.4 Special Drawing Rights ........... 3,747 1,487 2,577 5,974 4,541 3,256 8,588 2,868
TO TA L ................................ 751,911 754,846 849,909 939,056 901,765 1,097,796 986,082 927,442
2. A dv ances & Disc. to Bank s ......... 43,229 28,292 53,210 50,685 50,519 59,374 87,863 70,018
3. Direct A dv ances & Ov erdraf t
to the Gov ernment ……… 29,956 42,335 64,843 63,730 54,190 126,873 139,020 132,877
4. Other A ssets including
Treasury Bills & Bonds ………… 83,622 80,507 95,627 81,476 83,608 93,563 84,595 90,827
TO TA L A S S ETS .......................... 908,718 905,980 1,063,590 1,134,946 1,090,082 1,377,606 1,297,560 1,221,165
LIA B ILITIES :
1. Capital .......................................... 5,000 5,000 5,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000
2.General Reserv e Fund..................... 111,919 129,062 123,982 119,494 119,494 119,494 158,535 158,535
3. Currency -
3.1 Notes ..................................... 254,784 270,593 279,192 249,572 237,389 248,363 258,695 280,991
3.2 Coins & RTGs2........................ 7,951 8,566 9,107 9,373 9,390 9,429 9,426 9,553
Tota l C u rre n cy ............................ 262,734 279,159 288,299 258,945 246,779 257,792 268,121 290,544
4. Deposits
4.1 Gov ernment ........................... 181,804 144,903 207,553 276,335 203,054 245,439 344,679 197,796
4.2 Local Bank s1 ......................... 148,411 159,619 203,725 202,148 198,730 169,091 184,087 179,321
4.3 Ex ternal Bank s ....................... 130,329 127,717 110,417 105,754 101,188 179,707 181,183 188,958
4.4 Other .................................... 55,129 41,389 71,704 73,371 90,659 105,814 77,169 100,670
Tota l De posits ....................... 515,673 473,628 593,398 657,607 593,632 700,050 787,118 666,744
5. Other Liabilities+ ......................... 13,392 19,132 52,910 63,900 95,177 265,269 48,787 70,341
TO TA L LIA B ILITIES ..................... 908,718 905,980 1,063,590 1,134,946 1,090,082 1,377,606 1,297,560 1,221,165
*Provisional
1
Deposits f rom commercial bank s ex cluding Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs)
2
Includes currency in suspense in Real Time Gross settlement(RTGs)
+
The s e rie s f or Othe r Lia bilitie s ha s be e n re v is e d ba c kw a rds to hig hlig ht ite m 2, Ge ne ra l Re s e rv e Fund
4.13. Table 4.9a shows credit advanced by commercial banks to various sectors of the economy
from 2016 to 2020. Commercial banks’ credit increased by 13.8 per cent from KSh 3,841.5
billion as at the end of December 2019 to KSh 4,371.4 billion as at the end of December 2020.
Credit advanced to the National Government increased by 28.3 per cent to KSh 1,392.1 billion
as at the end of December 2020 while credit advanced to the County Government increased by
31.5 per cent to KSh 5.7 billion as at the end of December 2020. Credit advanced to parastatals
bodies and other public entities decreased by 2.8 per cent from KSh 88.0 billion as at the end
of December 2019 to KSh 85.6 billion as at the end of December 2020. Credit advanced to the
agriculture, transport, storage and communication and manufacturing increased by 15.3, 13.6
and 12.0 per cent to KSh 93.4 billion, KSh 212.1 billion and KSh 409.3 billion, respectively,
as at the end of December 2020. On the other hand, credit advanced to mining and quarrying
decreased by 12.9 per cent from KSh 13.9 billion as at the end of December 2019 to KSh 12.1
billion as at the end of December 2020.
79
Economic Survey 2021
Table 4.9a: Commercial Banks’ Bills, Loans and Advances1, 2016–2020
KS h Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 *
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
PUBLIC S ECTOR:
National Gov ernment (net)2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
697,530 .. .. .. .. .. ..
817,775 956,267 1,084,808 1,392,132
County Gov ernment (net) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..3,807
.. .. .. .. .. ..
3,975
.. .. .. .. ..
4,342 4,299 5,654
Enterpris es , Paras tatal bodies and other Public entities .. .. .. ..
100,912
.. .. .. .. .. ..
108,424.. .. .. .. ..
96,608
.. .. .. 87,985 85,550
TOTAL PUBLIC S ECTOR 802,249 930,174 1,057,217 1,177,091 1,483,336
PRIVATE ENTERPRIS ES :
A g riculture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..91,582
.. . .. .. .. .. ..
84,697
.. .. .. .. ..
83,005
.. .. .. . .. ..
80,990 93,418
Mining and Quarry ing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
17,329.. .. .. .. ..
16,470
.. .. .. .. ..
14,700
.. .. . .. .. ..
13,852
.. 12,065
Manufacturing 278,165
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
314,176
.. .. .. .. ..
334,618
.. .. .. .. ..
365,351
.. 409,293
Building and Cons truction .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
106,694
.. .. .. .. ..
111,985
.. .. .. .. .. ..
114,015
.. . .. .. ..
115,800
.. .. 119,700
Trans port, Storag e and Communication .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
204,635
.. .. .. .. .. ..
190,531
.. .. .. .. ..
172,695
.. .. .. .. ..
186,665
.. .. .. 212,059
W holes ale and retail trade, hotels and res taurants .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
382,876
.. .. .. .. ..
417,376
.. .. .. .. .. ..
429,314
.. .. .. 467,420 485,042
Real Es tate .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
341,125
.. .. .. .. ..
370,732
.. .. .. .. ..
368,710
.. .. .. 374,089 406,789
Financial Ins titutions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
85,652
.. .. .. .. .. ..
82,082.. .. .. .. ..
96,482
.. .. .. .. ..
96,877 103,720
Other Bus ines s .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
361,157
.. .. .. .. .. ..
315,720
.. .. .. .. ..
346,249
.. .. .. .. ..
400,709 451,493
TOTAL PRIVATE ENTERPRIS ES 1,869,216 1,903,769 1,959,787 2,101,754 2,293,580
Community and Pers onal Serv ices (including Non-Profit
Making Ins titutions ) ... …………………… .. .. 390,906 385,078 411,738 434,761 453,951
Other A ctiv ities (nec) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
83,515
.. .. .. .. .. ..
127,076.. .. .. ..
115,190 127,867 140,486
TOTAL BILLS , LOANS AND ADVANCES 3,145,886 3,318,907 3,543,932 3,841,474 4,371,353
Source: Central Bank of Keny a
1 Commercial Banks' bills,loans and adv ances ex cludes portf olio inv estment by priv ate enterprises and bank
deposits placed with non-bank f inancial institutions.
2 Data on Credit to National Gov ernment includes inv estments in Gov ernment Securities
* Provisional
4.14. The share of total credit advanced to the public sector increased from 30.6 per cent as at
the end of December 2019 to 33.9 per cent as at the end of December 2020 as shown in Table
4.9b. However, the share of total credit advanced to the private enterprises decreased from
54.7 per cent as at the end of December 2019 to 52.5 per cent as at the end of December 2020.
80
Chapter 4: Money, Banking and Finance
Table 4.9b: Commercial Banks’ Bills, Loans and Advances Sector Shares1 2016–2020
Per cent
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
PUBLIC S ECTOR
National Gov ernment 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22.2 24.4 27.0 28.2 31.8
County Gov ernment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Enterpris es , Paras tatal bodies and other Public entities .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..3.2.. .. .. ..3.2.. .. .. ..2.7.. .. .. 2.3 2.0
TOTAL PUBLIC S ECTOR 25.5 27.8 29.8 30.6 33.9
PRIVATE ENTERPRIS ES
A griculture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.1
Mining and Quarry ing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3
Manufacturing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.8 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.4
Building and Cons truction .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.7
Trans port, Storage and Communication .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.5 5.7 4.9 4.9 4.9
W holes ale and retail trade, hotels and res taurants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.2 12.5 12.1 12.2 11.1
Real Es tate .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.8 11.1 10.4 9.7 9.3
Financial Ins titutions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.4
Other Bus ines s .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.5 9.4 9.8 10.4 10.3
TOTAL PRIVATE ENTERPRIS ES 59.5 56.9 55.3 54.7 52.5
Community and Pers onal Serv ices (including Non-Profit Making Ins titutions ) ... 12.4
……………………
11.5 11.6 11.3 10.4
Other A ctiv ities (nec) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..2.7.. .. .. ..3.8.. .. .. 3.3 3.3 3.2
TOTAL BILLS , LOANS AND ADVANCES 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Central Bank of Keny a
1
Commercial banks, bills, loans and adv ances ex cludes portfolio inv estment by priv ate enterprises and bank
deposits placed with non-bank financial institutions
2
Data on Credit to National Gov ernment includes inv estments in Gov ernment Securities
4.15. Table 4.10 shows commercial banks deposit liabilities and liquid assets for the period
2016 to 2020. Deposit liabilities increased by 12.8 per cent to KSh 4,100.9 billion as at the
end of December 2020 from KSh 3,635.0 billion as at the end of December 2019 while liquid
assets increased by 21.2 per cent to KSh 2,316.0 billion as at the end of December 2020 from
KSh 1,911.3 billion as at the end of December 2019. Overall liquidity ratio increased from
52.6 per cent as at the end of December 2019 to 56.5 per cent as at the end of December 2020.
81
Economic Survey 2021
Table 4.10: Commercial Banks’ Deposit Liabilities and Liquid Assets, 2016–2020
Deposit Liabilities1 Liquid A ssets2 Ov erall Liquidity Ratio
(KSh Million) (KSh Million) (P er cent)
2016 December ............. 2,771,711 1,269,312 45.8
2017 December ............. 3,068,346 1,444,155 47.1
2018 December ............. 3,414,706 1,726,988 50.6
2019 December ............. 3,634,996 1,911,337 52.6
2020 January ................ 3,627,790 1,937,657 53.4
February ................ 3,688,460 1,983,461 53.8
March................... 3,767,235 1,995,125 53.0
A pril..................... 3,823,842 2,038,917 53.3
May ...................... 3,849,735 2,071,670 53.8
June...................... 3,984,600 2,188,663 54.9
July ....................... 4,029,402 2,238,959 55.6
A ugust................... 3,982,726 2,239,132 56.2
September............. 3,987,433 2,214,167 55.5
October................. 4,039,499 2,244,134 55.6
Nov ember............. 4,106,860 2,310,762 56.3
December.............. 4,100,921 2,315,961 56.5
Source: Central Bank of Keny a.
1
Deposits and Liquid A ssets are calculated as an av erage of three day s balances.
2
Includes notes and coins, balances at Central Bank , net inter-bank balances in Keny a and
Ov erseas (included only if positiv e) and Treasury Bills.
Deposit 4.16. Table 4.11 presents the key performance indicators of the Deposit Taking Savings and
Taking Credit Cooperatives (DTSs) for the period 2016 to 2020. Assets increased by 13.5 per cent
Savings from KSh 555.9 billion in 2019 to KSh 630.9 billion in 2020. Deposits increased by 13.1 per
and Credit cent to KSh 431.1 billion while loans and advances increased by 12.2 per cent to KSh 450.8
Cooperatives billion, in 2020. On the contrary, capital reserves decreased from KSh 175.2 billion in 2019 to
KSh 142.9 billion in 2020.
Table 4.11: Performance Indicators for Depoit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperatives, 2016-2020
KSh Million
Indicator 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 *
Assets .......................................................................................... 393,499 442,919 497,276 555,917 630,884
Deposits ...................................................................................... 272,579 305,305 342,296 381,081 431,094
Loans and Adv ances .................................................................... 288,921 320,494 358,617 401,994 450,841
Capital Reserv es .......................................................................... 74,899 84,117 107,113 175,183 142,907
*
prov isional
Source: Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority(SASRA)
Capital 4.17. Table 4.12 shows performance of the secondary market for the period 2016 to 2020. The
Markets total number of shares traded increased from 4.8 billion in 2019 to 5.3 billion in 2020 while
the value of shares traded decreased by 3.2 per cent to KSh 149.0 billion in 2020 from KSh
154.0 billion in 2019. The NSE 20 share index continued to decline for the third consecutive
year to 1,868 points in 2020. A significant drop in the index of more than 5.0 per cent was
recorded in 13th March 2020 which caused the NSE to close temporarily as per the trading
rules. Market capitalization decreased by 8.0 per cent to KSh 2,337.0 billion while total bond
turnover increased by 6.1 per cent to KSh 692.0 billion in 2020.
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Chapter 4: Money, Banking and Finance
Table 4.12: Gross Secondary Market Statistics, 2016–2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 *
Equ itie s Ma rk e t
Total No. of Shares Traded (million) .................................... 5,813 7,065 6,336 4,832 5,260
Total No. of Deals................................................................. 300,455 284,982 307,597 247,815 263,907
Total Value of Shares Traded (KSh billion) ............................ 147 172 176 154 149
NSE 20 Share Index (Base Jan 1966=100) ............................. 3,186 3,712 2,834 2,654 1,868
Mark et Capitalization (KSh billion) ...................................... 1,932 2,522 2,102 2,540 2,337
Fix e d In com e S e cu ritie s Ma rk e t
Total bond Turnov er (KSh billion) ........................................ 433 429 563 652 692
C a pita l Ma rk e ts, Lice n se d/
a pprove d In stitu tion s
Securities Ex change (NSE) .................................................... 1 1 1 1 1
Central Depositories (CDSC) ................................................. 1 1 1 1 1
Inv estment Bank s ................................................................. 14 14 14 16 15
Stock brok ers ......................................................................... 10 10 10 10 10
Inv estment adv isers .............................................................. 13 14 12 14 14
Fund Managers ...................................................................... 28 26 26 25 24
Collectiv e Inv estment Schemes ............................................. 23 23 23 24 23
A uthorized depositories/Custodians ....................................... 14 14 15 19 18
Credit Rating A gencies ......................................................... 3 3 3 4 5
Venture Capital Companies ................................................... 1 0 0 9 10
Real Estae Inv estment Trust(REIT) Managers .......................... 8 8 8 3 3
Real Estate Inv estment Trust (REIT) Trustees ............................ 3 3 3 16 14
Employ ee Share Ownership Plans (ESOPS) ........................... 11 14 14 1 3
A uthorized Real Estate Inv estment Trusts ............................ 3 1 1 3 2
Non-Dealing Online Foreign Ex change Brok er....................... .. .. 1 2 4
Money Manager..................................................................... .. .. .. 1 1
Tota l 133 132 143 149 148
Source: Capital Mark ets A uthority
*
Prov isional
.. Da ta not a v a ila ble
Selected 4.18. Table 4.13 presents indicators for life insurance business from 2016 to 2020. Total
Insurance assets of the life insurance business grew by 10.5 per cent to KSh 499.1 billion in 2020 while
Indicators total liabilities grew by 11.7 per cent to KSh 446.5 billion over the same period. The value of
shareholders’ funds grew slightly by 0.9 per cent in 2020 compared to 26.1 per cent growth in
2019. Investments grew by 11.2 per cent to KSh 461.9 billion in 2020 while benefits payment
increased by 21.2 per cent to KSh 65.5 billion over the same period. The amount of gross
premium income in the reinsurance life business, declined from KSh 3.8 billion in 2019 to
KSh 3.1 billion in 2020. Similarly, commissions and management expenses declined by 17.3
per cent and 36.5 per cent, respectively. However, in the same year, benefits payment and
shareholders’ funds recorded growths of 29.7 per cent and 22.8 per cent, respectively.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 4.13: Performance Indicators of the Life Insurance Business, 2016-2020
KSh Million
Indicator 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Life Business
Gross Premium Income............... 73,062 82,971 87,408 97,669 102,116
Net Premium Income.................. 67,579 77,165 80,360 90,545 95,799
Benefits Payment ........................ 36,985 45,912 52,670 54,056 65,520
Commissions............................... 5,598 5,357 4,888 5,926 6,114
Management Expenses................ 12,011 12,020 13,928 15,023 14,084
Shareholders' Funds...................... 45,258 45,962 41,352 52,128 52,592
Total Assets.................................. 305,389 353,608 392,262 451,868 499,132
Total Liabilities............................ 260,131 307,646 350,910 399,740 446,540
Investments................................. 271,906 318,922 354,778 415,350 461,881
Reinsurance-Life
Gross Premium Income............... 2,393 2,771 3,254 3,792 3,146
Net Premium Income.................. 2,069 2,445 2,919 3,393 2,817
Benefits Payment......................... 1,038 1,208 1,293 1,553 2,015
Commissions............................... 606 672 781 989 818
Management Expenses................ 291 313 329 381 242
Shareholders' Funds...................... 4,643 5,164 6,322 7,038 8,642
Total Assets.................................. 8,983 9,923 12,137 13,342 15,076
Total Liabilities............................ 4,340 4,759 5,815 6,304 6,434
Investments................................. 8,529 9,029 10,626 12,101 13,941
Source: Insurance Regulatory Authority
* Provisional
4.19. Table 4.14 presents indicators of the general insurance business for 2016 to 2020. In
general, under the general insurance business, total assets grew by 1.8 per cent to KSh 193.5
billion in 2020 compared to a growth of 2.4 per cent in 2019. Similarly, total liabilities and
investments increased from KSh 116.8 billion and KSh 125.9 billion in 2019 to KSh 121.0
billion and KSh 132.2 billion, respectively, in 2020. Commissions declined by 9.9 per cent to
KSh 5.5 billion while management expenses declined by 4.8 per cent to KSh 28.5 billion during
the review period. In the reinsurance general business, total liabilities declined from KSh 19.0
billion in 2019 to KSh18.2 billion in 2020. In contrast, total assets grew by 6.8 per cent to
KSh 53.6 billion in 2020 from KSh 50.2 billion in 2019. Claims incurred and commissions
increased significantly by 34.4 per cent and 31.6 per cent to KSh 15.9 billion and KSh 6.6
billion, respectively, in 2020.
84
Chapter 4: Money, Banking and Finance
Table 4.14: Performance Indicators of the General Insurance Business, 2016 - 2020
KSh Million
Indicator 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
General Business
Gross Premium Income............ 121,674 124,709 127,512 129,450 129,054
Net Premium Income............... 89,213 87,552 91,963 91,566 91,159
Net Earned Premium Income.... 86,148 90,044 91,084 90,667 90,176
Claims Incurred ....................... 53,701 54,861 56,928 57,601 57,362
Commissions........................... 6,718 6,819 6,600 6,082 5,482
Management Expenses.............. 26,120 27,808 30,144 29,956 28,511
Shareholders' Funds................. 67,018 70,397 72,042 73,352 72,549
Total Assets............................. 172,809 179,023 185,691 190,132 193,526
Total Liabilities........................ 105,792 108,626 113,649 116,781 120,977
Investments............................. 113,637 117,483 123,175 125,946 132,191
Reinsurance-General business
Gross Premium Income............ 15,267 17,494 17,692 20,984 23,089
Net Premium Income............... 14,498 16,778 16,168 19,498 21,312
Net Earned Premium Income.... 14,846 15,931 16,381 18,001 25,300
Claims Incurred........................ 7,993 9,218 10,264 11,793 15,853
Commissions........................... 4,167 4,560 4,515 4,993 6,571
Management Expenses.............. 1,522 1,900 2,098 3,363 2,525
Shareholders' Funds................. 23,369 26,640 29,419 31,247 35,372
Total Assets............................. 38,069 42,290 44,945 50,204 53,607
Total Liabilities........................ 14,701 15,650 15,526 18,957 18,235
Investments............................. 29,243 32,763 35,658 39,367 44,720
Source: Insurance Regulatory Authority
Pension 4.20. Total assets of the pension funds increased by 1.9 per cent from KSh 1,298.2 billion
Funds as at the end of December 2019 to KSh 1,322.6 billion as at the end of June 2020. The slow
growth in the assets during the period was attributed to the adverse effects of the COVID-19
pandemic which negatively impacted on the financial markets and the wider economy.
Table 4.15: Assets of the Pension Funds, 2016-2020
KSh Billion
Asset item Dec-16 Jun-17 Dec-17 Jun-18 Dec-18 Jun-19 Dec-19 Jun-20
Gov ernment Securities 349.2 353.5 394.2 423.7 459.7 518.4 563.4 581.8
Quoted Equities 159.1 180.4 210.2 241.5 201.5 203.6 234.6 187.5
Immov able Property 178.4 204.6 226.7 229.3 229.9 233.6 238.5 246.1
Guaranteed Funds 129.6 103.7 143.0 159.6 167.5 186.5 201.6 221.4
Listed Corporate Bonds 47.0 46.8 42.0 41.5 40.3 34.5 19.6 9.2
Fix ed Deposits 24.6 45.5 32.9 31.6 36.4 40.0 39.4 44.8
Offshore 7.0 9.7 12.8 15.0 13.1 7.2 6.3 5.9
Cash 12.9 13.9 13.0 19.0 12.7 15.8 15.0 21.8
Unquoted Equities 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 2.5
Priv ate Equity 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2
Real Estate Inv estment Trusts(REITs) 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3
Commercial paper, non-listed bonds by
priv ate companies .. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
To tal 912.7 963.1 1,080.1 1,166.7 1,166.5 1,244.9 1,298.2 1,322.6
Source: Retirement Benefits Authority
.. Data not available
85
Economic Survey 2021
Banking and finance
Developments 4.21. The Central Bank of Kenya Amendment Bill, 2020 was published on 19 June 2020, with
th
in the financial the principal objective allowing the Central Bank of Kenya to supervise and to regulate the
sector digital financial products and services. This is in line with possible revisions in the definition
of traditional credit sources as well as to loop in deposits held by Mobile Network Operators
(MNOs).
Pensions 4.22. In 2020, Section 38 of the Retirement Benefits Act was amended to allow members
of retirement benefits schemes to access a portion of their accrued benefits for purposes of
purchasing residential houses. This would not only enable members to utilize a portion of
their accrued benefits for home ownership but also to support the post COVID-19 public
works programmes. The guidelines were gazetted through a Legal Notice number 192 of 2020.
86
Chapter 5: Public Finance
Public Finance Chapter
05
T
Overview he Budget Policy Statement (BPS) for the year 2020/21 sets out strategic priorities
and policy goals that guide the National and County Governments in preparing their
budgets for the subsequent financial year and the medium term. The Policy Statement
informs Government interventions to maintain fiscal stability and improve liquidity to the
private sector, including initiating innovative products to boost credit to Micro Small and
Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). In addition, the budget programme for the period 2020/21
is aligned to the Big Four Agenda as prioritized in the Third Medium Term Plan (MTP III).
The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and the resulting containment measures
adversely affected economic activities in the country in 2020. To this end, the 2020/21 budget
aims at stimulating economic recovery where the Government intends to roll out the post
COVID-19 Economic Recovery Strategy (ERS) in order to mitigate the adverse impact of the
pandemic on the economy and further reposition the economy on a steady and sustainable
growth path.
5.2. Overall Fiscal Results: In the fiscal year 2020/21, total National Government
expenditure is expected to grow by 16.0 per cent from KSh 2,947.6 billion in 2019/20 to KSh
3,419.3 billion in 2020/21. Recurrent and development expenditures are estimated to grow
by 21.8 per cent and 11.5 per cent, to KSh 2,740.8 billion and KSh 678.4 billion, respectively
in 2020/21. Total revenue, including grants, is expected to grow by 6.5 per cent from KSh
1,816.0 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 1,933.6 billion in 2020/21. Similarly, expense is estimated
to grow by 9.4 per cent from KSh 2,493.3 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 2,727.0 billion in 2020/21.
Total ordinary revenue is estimated to grow by 9.0 per cent to KSh 1,892.6 billion, while tax
revenue is estimated to increase by 9.0 per cent to KSh 1,669.8 billion, over the same period.
The total stock of public debt stood at KSh 6,057.8 billion as at the end of June 2020, with
public external debt accounting for 55.3 per cent of the total debt. In 2020/21, a total of KSh
713.3 billion is expected to be spent on servicing public debt.
5.3. Expenditure by County Governments is expected to increase by 11.8 per cent from KSh
417.2 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 466.4 billion in 2020/21. Compensation of employees is
estimated to increase by 1.6 per cent to KSh 170.1 billion, accounting for 36.5 per cent of total
County Governments’ expenditure. Revenue is estimated to increase to KSh 416.3 billion in
2020/21 from KSh 365.7 billion received in 2019/20, translating to a growth of 13.8 per cent.
National 5.4. Table 5.1 details the statement of National Government operations for the period 2016/17
Government to 2020/21. During 2020/21, total revenue is expected to grow by 6.5 per cent to KSh
1,933.6 billion, while expense is estimated to grow by 9.4 per cent to KSh 2,727.0 billion. Net
acquisition of non-financial assets is expected to decrease by 5.3 per cent to KSh 99.6 billion
during the review period. Gross operating balance is estimated to widen by 17.2 per cent from
KSh 677.3 in 2019/20 to KSh 793.5 billion in 2020/21. Net borrowing is also estimated to
deteriorate by 14.1 per cent to KSh 893.0 billion, over the same period.
87
Economic Survey 2021
Table 5.1: Statement of National Government Operations, 2016/17-2020/21
KSh Million
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21+
1
1,466,532.05
1. Revenue ……………………………………….. 1,549,875.82 1,733,668.82 1,816,009.10 1,933,567.64
2. Expense ……………………………………..1,816,187.99 2,018,655.91 2,223,927.23 2,493,299.05 2,727,036.15
2.1 Current Expenditure …………………………………………… 1,462,394.12 1,766,703.26 1,929,382.36 2,058,544.89 2,294,679.69
2.2 Capital Transfers …………………………………………………. 353,793.87 251,952.65 294,544.87 434,754.17 432,356.45
3. Gross Operating Balance (1-2) …....…......................
-349,655.94 -468,780.09 -490,258.40 -677,289.95 -793,468.51
2
223,827.45
4. Acquisition of Non-Financial Assets(net) …………… 191,994.61 185,064.82 105,141.01 99,569.28
5. Net lending/Borrowing (3-4)…………………….. -573,483.39 -660,774.70 -675,323.22 -782,430.97 -893,037.79
FINANCING (6-7)………………………………….. -618,002.94 -614,662.82 -613,823.76 -717,804.68 -694,440.02
6. Net Acquisition of financial assets ………….……………
17,808.26 18,301.34 16,942.82 21,804.67 29,925.38
6.1. Domestic……………………………………….. 17,808.26 18,301.34 16,942.82 21,804.67 29,925.38
6.2. External………………………………………………………..… - - - - -
7. Net Incurrence of liabilities 661,897.43
……………………………………..…………… 707,526.84 723,820.11 739,609.34 724,365.40
7.1. Domestic………………………………………..……………….. 276,152.79 352,549.94 309,302.58 399,178.01 377,572.33
7.2. Foreign………………………………………….……………….. 385,744.64 354,976.90 414,517.54 340,431.33 346,793.07
MEMORANDUM ITEMS:
8. Public debt redemption……………………………. 216,943.22 344,334.90 475,483.17 280,451.50 499,662.41
8.1. External .. .. .. .. ………………………………….. 44,839.00 150,282.37 266,241.02 101,599.73 137,707.38
8.2. Internal .. .. .. .. ………………………………….. 172,104.23 194,052.52 209,242.15 178,851.77 361,955.03
* Provisional
+
Revised Budget estimates
1
includes grants
2
Acquisition of non financial assets(net) equals acquisition of non financial assets minus gross disposal of non financial assets
5.5. Table 5.2 presents the key fiscal ratios from 2016/17 to 2020/21. Gross operating balance
as a percentage of revenue is estimated to worsen to a deficit of 41.0 per cent in 2020/21
from a deficit of 37.3 per cent in 2019/20. Net borrowing position as a percentage of revenue
is estimated to deteriorate from a deficit of 43.1 per cent to a deficit of 46.2 per cent. Over
the same year, net borrowing position as a percentage of total expenditure is expected to
improve slightly from 27.0 per cent to 26.6 per cent. The ratio of net short-term borrowing to
acquisition of non-financial assets is estimated to deteriorate to negative 115.6 per cent, while
net borrowing to GDP ratio is estimated to worsen to negative 8.31in the review period.
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Chapter 5: Public Finance
Table 5.2: Analysis of Key Fiscal Ratios, 2016/17 - 2020/21
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* +
2020/21
Gross operating balance as a % of Revenue ................... -27.02 -29.28 -27.35 -37.30 -41.04
Gross operating balance as a % of Acquisition of
Non financial assets (net) ….................................. -172.61 -238.15 -258.09 -644.17 -796.90
Ratio of Acquisition of Non financial assets (net)
to Current Expenditure ….......................................... 15.31 10.87 9.59 0.05 0.04
Net lending/Borrowing as % of Revenue ...................... -42.67 -41.58 -37.95 -43.09 -46.19
Net lending/Borrowing as % of Total Expenditure -26.82 -25.23 -22.88 -26.97 -26.61
External Grants and Loans as % of Acquisition of
Non financial assets (net) …....................................... 183.91 199.26 199.36 342.64 159.68
Net Short-Term Borrowing as % of Acquisition of
Non financial assets (net) …........................................... 47.79 90.84 38.60 -68.35 -115.59
Revenue as % of GDP at Current Market Prices ....... 18.24 17.39 17.69 17.29 17.98
Total Government Expenditure as % of GDP
at Current Market Prices …............................................... 28.40 28.91 30.06 28.06 31.80
Net lending/Borrowing as % of GDP at
Current Market Prices ….................................................. -7.13 -7.41 -6.89 -7.45 -8.31
*Provisional
+
Revised estimates
5.6. Table 5.3 provides a comparison of National Government budgetary estimates with
the actual out-turns for the period 2017/18 to 2020/21 and revised budget estimates for
2020/21. In 2019/20, actual revenue collected was 14.2 per cent higher than the budgeted
amount of KSh 1,573.4 billion. Absorption of recurrent expenditure was 2.1 per cent less than
the budgeted amount of KSh 2,291.4 in 2019/20, while that of development expenditure was
2.3 per cent higher than the budgeted amount. Over the same period, an additional 5.8 per
cent of the budgeted external financing was realized.
Table 5.3: Comparison of National Government Budget Estimates with Actual Out-turns, 2017/18 –
2020/21
KSh Million
2017/18 2018/19
Budget Actual Difference Budget Actual Difference
Total Ordinary Revenue .. .. .. .. .. ………….... ..
1,650,989.40 1,522,275.68 -128,713.72 1,794,522.17 1,704,362.53 -90,159.64
Recurrent Expenditure1 .. .. .. .. .. …………. 2,107,177.12 2,083,677.89 -23,499.23 1,947,932.11 2,375,052.84 427,120.74
Recurrent Balance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. …………… -456,187.72 -561,402.21 -105,214.49 -153,409.94 -670,690.32 -517,280.38
Development Expenditure ……………….. 670,621.48 492,387.11 -178,234.37 607,199.40 569,745.19 -37,454.21
External Financing (Net)2 .. .. ………….. .. 390,326.54 382,577.14 -7,749.40 479,840.96 368,947.00 -110,893.96
Balance for Domestic Financing (Net)…….. -736,482.66 -671,212.18 65,270.48 -280,768.38 -871,488.51 -590,720.13
2019/20* 2020/21+
Printed Revised
Budget Actual Difference Budget Budget Difference
Total Ordinary Revenue .. .. .. .. .. ………….... ..
1,573,418.45 1,796,189.36 222,770.91 1,060,668.91 1,892,646.88 831,977.97
Recurrent Expenditure1 .. .. .. .. .. …………. 2,291,413.24 2,339,114.26 47,701.02 2,700,588.01 2,740,849.15 40,261.15
Recurrent Balance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. …………… -717,994.79 -542,924.90 175,069.89 -1,639,919.10 -848,202.28 791,716.82
Development Expenditure ……………….. 594,943.67 608,460.56 13,516.90 589,704.98 678,424.41 88,719.43
External Financing2 (Net) .. .. ………….. .. 340,431.33 360,251.07 19,819.74 346,793.07 387,713.84 40,920.77
Balance for Domestic Financing (Net)…….. -972,507.12 -791,134.39 181,372.73 -1,882,831.00 -1,138,912.85 743,918.16
Source: The National Treasury
* Provisional
+
Revised budget estimates
1
Recurrent expenditure consists of current expenditure , acquisition of non financial assets (net), Consolidated Fund Services and current transfers to county
2
Includes external grants
5.7. National Government’s gross receipts on recurrent account from 2016/17 to 2020/21 is
89
Economic Survey 2021
presented in Table 5.4. Total ordinary revenue is estimated to grow by 5.4 per cent from KSh
1,796.2 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 1,892.6 billion in 2020/21. Total tax revenue is estimated to
increase by 9.0 per cent from KSh 1,532.2 billion to KSh 1,669.8 billion, over the same period.
During the same period, income tax is estimated to decline by 3.1 per cent to KSh 685.0 billion,
while Value Added Tax (VAT) is estimated to increase by 25.5 per cent to KSh 481.6 billion.
The decrease in income tax is partly because of tax measures instituted to cushion the public
from the severe effects of COVID-19 pandemic. Some of these measures included: lowering
maximum Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE) band from 30.0 per cent to 25.0 per cent; 100 per cent tax
relief for low-income earners (persons earning gross monthly income of up to KSh 24,000);
decrease of Value-Added-Tax (VAT) rate from 16.0 per cent to 14.0 per cent; and lowering
corporate tax rate for resident companies from 30.0 per cent to 25.0 per cent. The non-tax
revenue is expected to account for 11.8 per cent of the ordinary revenue in 2020/21.
Table 5.4: National Government Gross Receipts on the Recurrent Account, 2016/17 - 2020/21
KSh Million
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21+
Taxes on income, profits and capital gains1 625,050.38 640,546.17 685,329.95 707,146.57 685,013.95
Income tax from individuals (P.A.Y.E) .. .............................................................................................................................. 337,661.39 363,305.11 393,439.73 399,411.48 376,991.47
Income tax from corporations (other income tax) ......................................................................................................... 287,388.99 277,241.06 291,890.22 307,735.09 308,022.48
Value Added Tax (VAT) .. ................................................................................................................ 339,033.92 357,128.74 414,143.41 383,713.19 481,611.59
VAT on domestic goods and services .. .. .. .. ........................................................................................................................ 194,233.86 206,242.94 230,775.54 213,884.17 262,864.82
VAT on imported goods and services .. . .. ............................................................................................................................ 144,800.06 150,885.81 183,367.86 169,829.02 218,746.77
Taxes on other goods and services.. ................................................................................................. 249,382.05 274,126.48 292,413.82 290,102.09 340,501.96
Taxes on financial and capital transactions 2..................................................................................................................... 11,190.88 28,928.42 13,258.70 13,758.24 17,575.28
Excise taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .............................................................................................................................................................. 165,474.08 167,753.13 196,608.90 198,031.61 244,807.09
Taxes on use of goods and on permission to use the goods or to perform services and activities............... 1,383.67 1,580.25 2,222.19 1,809.97 2,466.60
Taxes on goods and services collected as AIA .................................................................................................................... 71,333.42 75,864.67 80,324.03 76,502.27 75,653.00
Taxes on international trade transactions…................................................................................... 131,829.98 138,285.55 152,374.87 151,274.15 162,704.39
Custom duties .. .. .. .. .. ................................................................................................................................................................... 89,943.34 93,685.38 106,874.93 98,022.24 106,762.07
Other taxes on international trade and transactions ..................................................................................................... 41,886.64 44,600.17 45,499.94 53,251.91 55,942.32
TOTAL TAX REVENUE.. ................................................................................................................ 1,345,296.32 1,410,086.94 1,544,262.05 1,532,236.00 1,669,831.89
Social security contributions .. .. .. ............................................................................................................................................ 746.86 510.96 475.37 507.64 492.43
Property income .. .. .. .. .................................................................................................................................................................. 32,497.01 26,833.34 29,718.58 118,541.89 43,560.17
Sale of goods and services .. .. .. ................................................................................................................................................... 15,470.12 16,094.97 24,767.80 19,284.54 19,760.48
Fines penalties and forfeitures .. .. ............................................................................................................................................ 1,930.44 2,078.74 2,601.59 2,266.90 1,811.80
Ministerial Appropriation in Aid.. ........................................................................................................................................... 42,728.72 60,754.12 20,210.49 20,282.31 28,127.15
Other receipts not elsewhere classified .. .. .. ........................................................................................................................ 901.00 5,916.61 91,931.14 103,070.07 129,062.95
TOTAL NON-TAX REVENUE.. ..................................................................................................... 94,274.15 112,188.73 169,704.97 263,953.35 222,814.98
TOTAL ORDINARY REVENUE.. ................................................................................................... 1,439,570.48 1,522,275.68 1,713,967.02 1,796,189.36 1,892,646.88
Source: The National Treasury
* Provisional
+
Revised Estimates
1 What was initially classified under capital gains tax has been reclassified under taxes on financial and capital
transactions
2Taxes on financial and capital transactions include what was initially Capital Gain Tax,Second Hand motor
vehicle tax and stamp duty which was previously classified under "Other taxes not elsewhere classified".
5.8. Import duties levied on selected categories of commodities for calendar years 2016 to
2020 are presented in Table 5.5. Total import duty collected on selected commodities declined
by 18.7 per cent to KSh 84.5 billion in 2020. This was due to the decline in imports caused by
disruptions in air and sea cargo trade as a result of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. During
the review period, the import duty collected from transport equipment and basic materials
declined by 44.8 per cent and 31.0 per cent, respectively.
90
Chapter 5: Public Finance
Table 5.5: Import Duty Collections on Selected Categories of Commodities2, 2016 – 2020
KSh Million
End-Use Category 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Food, drinks and tobacco ............................................................. 18,540.89 24,204.83 23,944.30 25,190.24 21,751.92
Basic materials ............................................................................... 5,203.49 5,242.27 6,280.80 6,729.61 4,645.22
Fuels .................................................................................................. 1,195.70 1,380.31 2,539.23 1,707.49 1,698.59
Chemicals ........................................................................................ 3,862.54 4,050.77 4,412.57 4,933.82 4,229.26
Textiles ............................................................................................. 2,288.59 2,653.99 3,931.42 4,357.12 4,195.69
Semi-manufactures1……………………………….. 4,994.29 5,126.76 6,515.45 6,607.99 6,506.46
Metals .............................................................................................. 8,594.05 6,386.79 9,547.60 10,950.90 9,913.57
Transport equipment ................................................................... 16,252.85 16,597.57 17,462.38 18,504.73 10,222.17
Machinery ...................................................................................... 9,319.10 8,736.77 10,304.67 10,916.16 9,760.01
Miscellaneous commodities ....................................................... 9,246.60 9,852.98 12,854.18 13,987.41 11,568.90
TOTAL 79,498.10 84,233.04 97,792.60 103,885.48 84,491.79
Source: Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional
1
Excludes non-metallic mineral manufactures
5.9. Table 5.6 presents excise revenue collected from locally manufactured commodities
and services for calendar years 2016 to 2020. Total excise revenue collected from locally
manufactured commodities and services amounted to KSh 102.7 billion in 2020, a decline
of 12.1 per cent from KSh 116.9 billion collected in 2019. Excise revenue levied went down
across most of the sub categories with notable declines of 57.6 per cent and 31.2 per cent in
financial transactions and beer categories, respectively. The decrease in excise revenue from
beer could be attributed to the closure of bars and other entertainment joints owing to the
COVID-19 restrictions while that of financial transactions was as a result of waivers in some
transactional costs. During the review period, excise revenue from airtime increased by 30.1
per cent to KSh 37.2 billion.
Table 5.6: Excise Revenue Levied3 on Commodities and Services1, 2016 – 2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Beer ........................................................................................................................ 24,443.46 24,842.54 27,627.32 27,772.48 19,112.87
Wines and Spirits ............................................................................................ 10,681.38 8,772.87 11,477.89 13,637.28 15,684.42
Mineral Water, Soft Drinks and Juices ................................................. 3,318.56 3,464.11 4,156.94 3,743.25 5,216.29
Cigarettes ............................................................................................................ 12,440.94 13,052.09 12,804.50 12,236.22 11,466.16
Airtime ................................................................................................................. 15,540.89 16,129.29 26,285.35 28,609.96 37,210.80
Financial Transactions ................................................................................ 11,312.92 13,701.09 10,101.61 27,479.40 11,656.32
Other Commodities2 ………………………………………. 2,642.24 2,881.04 829.79 3,379.01 2,368.45
TOTAL ................................................................................... 80,380.39 82,843.03 93,283.40 116,857.62 102,715.30
Source: Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional
1
Locally manufactured commodities
2
Includes revenue from betting,cosmetics internet and plastic shopping bags
3
Data presented for calender years
5.10. In 2020/21, external loan disbursements are expected to increase by 1.9 per cent to KSh
346.8 billion as highlighted in Table 5.7. On the other hand, external grants disbursements are
estimated to increase by 109.6 per cent to more than double in the review period.
91
Economic Survey 2021
Table 5.7: National Government Financing of Non-Financial Assets, 2016/17 - 2020/21
KSh Million
*
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21+
EXPENDITURE:
Acquisition of Non financial Assets (Net)……………………..
223,827.45 191,994.61 185,064.82 105,141.01 99,569.28
TOTAL 223,827.45 191,994.61 185,064.82 105,141.01 99,569.28
FINANCING: 688,859.00 735,126.98 743,521.93 759,429.09 765,286.17
External Grants .……………………………………………. 26,961.57 27,600.14 19,701.81 19,819.74 40,920.76
LONG TERM BORROWING: 554,928.59 533,128.12 652,376.60 811,477.05 839,460.03
External Borrowing ..……………………….. 385,744.64 354,976.90 414,517.54 340,431.33 346,793.07
Long-Term Domestic Borrowing (Net)….…………………... 169,183.95 178,151.22 237,859.06 471,045.71 492,666.95
SHORT TERM BORROWING: 106,968.84 174,398.72 71,443.52 -71,867.70 -115,094.63
Treasury Bills (Net) .…………………...………………….. 151,172.51
.. .. .. 117,549.48
………………. 70,965.05 -61,689.78 -123,344.76
Other Short-Term Borrowing (Net) …………………………... -44,203.67 56,849.24 478.47 -10,177.92 8,250.13
CHANGE IN CASH BALANCES1: Increase=(-)……………………………..
-465,031.55 -543,132.37 -558,457.11 -654,288.07 -665,716.88
TOTAL 223,827.45 191,994.61 185,064.82 105,141.01 99,569.28
Source: The National Treasury and Central Bank of Kenya
* Provisional.
+
Revised estimates
1
Balancing item
5.11. Table 5.8 presents National Government expenditure classified by functions of
government from 2016/17 to 2020/21. Total expenditure is expected to grow by 16.0 per cent
to KSh 3,419.3 billion in 2020/21. Recurrent and development expenditures are estimated
to grow by 21.8 per cent and 11.5 per cent, to KSh 2,740.8 billion and KSh 678.4 billion,
respectively. Expenditure on economic affairs is expected to increase by 8.7 per cent to KSh
529.3 billion, partly attributed to a significant increase in allocation to fuel and energy. Outlays
on health and education for the same period are estimated to increase by 16.2 per cent and 8.9
per cent, to KSh 119.8 billion and KSh 506.2 billion in 2020/21, respectively. The increase
in health expenditure was mainly because of purchases of goods and services to support the
management of COVID-19. Expenditure on housing and community amenities is expected to
grow by 15.3 per cent to KSh 100.3 billion in the same period.
5.12. Outlays on public debt transactions in 2020/21 are estimated at KSh 958.4 billion,
accounting for 28.0 per cent of the total budgeted expenditure. Current transfers to other
levels of government inclusive of conditional grants to County Governments are estimated
at KSh 369.2 billion, translating to 10.8 per cent of the total expenditure during the review
period. Expenditure on general public services is estimated to grow by 53.7 per cent to KSh
426.4 billion during the review period.
92
Table 5.8: National Government Expenditure Classification by Functions of Government, 2017/18-2020/21
KSh Million
2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21⁺
Recur- Deve- Recur- Deve- Recur- Deve- Recur- Deve-
rent lopment rent lopment rent lopment rent lopment
Account Account Total Account Account Total Account Account Total Account Account Total
General public services ………………………..……………………………………………………………….
166,588.45 61,547.32 228,135.76 161,097.87 60,516.70 221,614.57 210,942.30 66,413.28 277,355.59 324,128.17 102,260.69 426,388.86
Public debt transactions 668,225.04
.……………………………………………………………………………….……. - 668,225.04 846,358.14 - 846,358.14 717,653.50 - 717,653.50 958,402.99 - 958,402.99
Transfers of general character betw. levels of - 345,681.02
govt……………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………..….
345,681.02 372,481.38 - 372,481.38 325,278.06 - 325,278.06 369,207.99 - 369,207.99
Defense ……………………………………..………………………………………………………………. 146,267.88 - 146,267.88 142,264.75 - 142,264.75 138,018.08 - 138,018.08 145,323.96 - 145,323.96
Public order and safety ……………………………………………………………………………...
135,076.32 14,968.47 150,044.80 …………………………………
150,161.52 16,410.78 .. …………………………….
166,572.31 162,874.32 9,303.49 172,177.82 162,125.45 8,186.27 170,311.72
Economic affairs ……………………………….……………………………………………………………….
91,434.01 290,143.90 381,577.91 104,900.19 339,139.19 444,039.38 114,589.19 372,469.06 487,058.25 171,267.67 358,039.15 529,306.82
General economic, commercial & labour affairs……………………………..
10,693.62 7,843.01 18,536.63 10,002.44 8,082.84 18,085.27 9,955.51 16,822.75 26,778.26 22,068.12 16,672.63 38,740.75
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ……………………………………………………………….
25,652.29 18,059.14 43,711.43 28,341.19 25,850.55 54,191.74 20,175.08 32,497.95 52,673.03 48,445.06 57,778.12 106,223.18
Fuel and energy …………………………….………………………………………………………………………………....
1,880.10 76,265.13 78,145.23 2,359.56 …………………………….
50,750.55 53,110.11 2,330.66 49,743.72 52,074.37 6,125.12 75,725.14 81,850.26
Mining, manufacturing and construction ……………………………………………………………….……
1,381.25 130.00 1,511.25 1,000.16 324.13 1,324.29 577.44 337.55 914.99 637.14 312.00 949.14
Transport ………………………………….……………………………………………………………….. 45,605.96 176,166.24 221,772.20 53,172.48 231,741.55 284,914.03 69,233.89 256,379.29 325,613.18 75,951.63 183,508.25 259,459.88
Communication ……………………………..……………………………………………………. 3,578.90 11,082.13 14,661.03 6,229.87 21,453.44 27,683.31 6,498.90 16,078.73 22,577.63 8,399.11 19,732.20 28,131.32
Other industries………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….
2,641.90 598.25 3,240.14 3,794.50 936.13 4,730.63 5,817.71 609.08 6,426.79 9,641.48 4,310.80 13,952.28
Environmental protection ……………………….…………………. 9,022.78 2,309.75 11,332.53 4,947.38 2,389.38 7,336.75 9,799.08 1,520.06 11,319.14 13,625.24 2,477.90 16,103.14
Housing and community amenities ……………………………………………….. 9,936.95 53,019.47 62,956.42 13,441.84 70,813.96 84,255.81 13,166.75 73,827.25 86,994.00 14,520.58 85,792.68 100,313.25
93 Health ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 28,635.25 33,206.03 61,841.28 42,472.11 34,211.92 76,684.03 60,802.30 42,322.87 103,125.17 52,746.97 67,057.22 119,804.19
Outpatient services ………………………..……………………………………………….. 804.86 8,368.20 9,173.06 2,650.04 9,364.00 12,014.04 2,637.35 6,681.24 9,318.59 3,991.28 8,670.22 12,661.50
Hospital services …………………………………………………………………………….………………………...
13,618.56 503.06 14,121.61 22,952.41.. .. …………………………..………………………..
487.23 23,439.64 26,905.60 1,772.78 28,678.38 27,577.87 2,169.83 29,747.70
Public health services …………………………………………………………………….... 7,735.58 23,067.24 .. ..
30,802.82
………………………………………………..
9,897.75 23,993.11 33,890.86 12,741.91 32,361.84 45,103.75 4,274.12 47,417.07 51,691.19
Health expenditure not elsewhere classified …………………………………………………....………………………..
6,476.26 1,267.53 7,743.79 6,971.91 367.58 7,339.49 18,517.44 1,507.01 20,024.45 16,903.70 8,800.09 25,703.79
Recreation, culture and religion……………………………………………………………..
5,572.94 2,827.51 .. ..
8,400.45 .. ………………
6,847.85 1,458.13 8,305.98 4,466.07 10,127.99 14,594.06 4,126.00 14,198.67 18,324.67
Education……………………………………..…………………………………………….... 391,359.77 21,095.18 412,454.96 428,200.60 26,879.24 455,079.84 449,349.24 15,320.38 464,669.62 481,117.34 25,039.31 506,156.65
Administration …………………………………………………………..……………………….. 17,344.40 1,793.46 19,137.86 2,148.72 - 2,148.72 2,668.28 - 2,668.28 3,308.61 - 3,308.61
Pre-primary and primary education …………………………………………………………………………………….....
168,416.45 4,605.32 173,021.77 165,667.43 .. .. .. 3,871.03
…………..………………………..…………………………………
169,538.47 178,965.28 574.52 179,539.80
.. …………………………….
180,039.91 4,953.00 184,992.91
Secondary education………………………………………………………………………... 103,519.09 2,510.09 .. .. ..
106,029.18 ………………………..………………………..
135,263.34 2,724.53 137,987.88 138,827.34 2,678.90 141,506.24 151,280.09 7,899.80 159,179.89
Tertiary education …………………………………………………………………………………...…….………………………..………………………..
99,959.37 12,143.26 112,102.62 108,271.52 19,938.54 128,210.06 113,113.50 11,885.52 124,999.02 129,478.69 11,905.11 141,383.79
Education expenditure not elsewhere
classified……………………. 2,120.47 43.05 2,163.52 16,849.59 345.13 17,194.71 15,774.84 181.44 15,956.29 17,010.04 281.40 17,291.44
Social protection ……………………………………………………………... 85,877.49 13,269.47
.. .. ……………………………. ..
99,146.96 101,879.19
…………………………….17,925.90 119,805.09 132,175.37 17,156.17 149,331.55 44,256.79 15,372.52 59,629.31
TOTAL OUTLAYS1 ………………………………………………………………………………
2,083,677.89 492,387.11 2,576,065.00 2,375,052.84 569,745.19 2,944,798.04 2,339,114.26 608,460.56 2,947,574.82 2,740,849.15 678,424.41 3,419,273.56
Source: The National Treasury
* Provisional
+
Revised estimates
1
Total in this Table vary from that in Table 5.9 by disposal of non financial assets and disposal of financial assets
Chapter 5: Public Finance
Economic Survey 2021
5.13. Table 5.9 presents National Government expenditure by economic classification from
2016/17 to 2020/21. Total expenditure less disposal of non-financial assets is expected to
increase by 15.7 per cent to KSh 3,356.2 billion in 2020/21. Total expense is expected to
increase by 9.4 per cent to KSh 2,727.0 billion in 2020/21, accounting for 81.3 per cent of
the total expenditure. Total consumption expenditure on goods and services is expected to
grow by 12.7 per cent to KSh 840.5 billion during the review period. Similarly, total current
grants are expected to grow by 11.8 per cent to KSh 798.6 billion in 2020/21. Over the same
period, expenditure on interest payments is estimated to increase by 4.9 per cent to KSh 458.7
billion. On the contrary, net expenditure on acquisition of non-financial assets is estimated
to decrease by 5.3 per cent to KSh 99.6 billion. During the same period, KSh 432.4 billion is
expected to be allocated to capital transfers for public corporations and extra budgetary units
to finance priority public development projects.
Table 5.9: Economic Analysis of National Government Expenditure, 2016/17-2020/21
KSh Million
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21+
Expense
Consumption expenditure on goods and services:
Compensation of employees .......................................... 419,797.77 482,905.41 527,191.25 536,884.94 597,599.37
Use of Goods and Services ........................................... 206,909.14 233,159.20 215,089.28 208,879.69 242,881.68
Total Consumption Expenditure....................... 626,706.91 716,064.60 742,280.54 745,764.63 840,481.05
Subsidies ....................................................................... 29,970.48 55,477.04 60,278.98 61,372.62 64,136.94
Interest:
Domestic ..................................................................... 171,323.40 239,469.90 272,351.03 315,362.00 339,992.18
External ....................................................................... 62,387.48 84,420.24 103,372.13 121,840.00 118,748.39
Total Interest.................................................... 233,710.88 323,890.14 375,723.16 437,202.00 458,740.58
Current Grants:
International organisations .......................................... 2,619.73 3,517.71 3,858.25 4,175.27 4,268.01
General Government units .......................................... 192,267.13 235,485.20 282,388.28 358,157.38 395,158.14
County Governments ................................................ 302,198.52 345,681.02 372,481.38 325,278.06 369,207.99
Other Grants ............................................................. 3,517.27 11,625.02 15,479.98 26,758.62 29,929.62
Total Current Grants......................................... 500,602.65 596,308.96 674,207.89 714,369.32 798,563.77
Social benefits .............................................................. 66,755.73 71,983.70 75,889.99 97,399.85 126,395.26
Other expense .............................................................. 4,647.47 2,978.81 1,001.80 2,436.47 6,362.10
Total Current Expenditure 1,462,394.12 1,766,703.26 1,929,382.36 2,058,544.89 2,294,679.69
Capital Grants (Transfers)............................................ 353,793.87 251,952.65 294,544.87 434,754.17 432,356.45
1 Total Expense ............................................................. 1,816,187.99 2,018,655.91 2,223,927.23 2,493,299.05 2,727,036.15
2 A cquisition of Non Financial A ssets(net) .................... 223,827.45 191,994.61 185,064.82 105,141.01 99,569.28
Building and structures .................................................. 183,762.76 153,621.59 195,387.73 131,685.54 126,872.58
Machinery and equipment ............................................. 36,518.50 26,368.68 24,320.78 13,840.38 15,804.69
Inventories ................................................................... 6,294.56 10,879.50 8,352.30 567.28 11,799.75
Non- produced assets & Land ...................................... 5,480.32 3,903.08 5,232.20 5,926.40 8,172.60
Less Disposal of Non financial assets ............................ (8,228.69) (2,778.24) (48,228.19) (46,878.59) (63,080.33)
3 Equity Participation and on-lending ............................. 17,808.26 18,301.34 16,942.82 21,804.67 29,925.38
4 Public Debt Redemption .............................................. 216,943.22 344,334.90 470,634.98 280,451.50 499,662.41
Total Outlays (1+2+3+4) .............................................. 2,274,766.93 2,573,286.76 2,896,569.85 2,900,696.23 3,356,193.23
Source: The National Treasury
* Provisional.
+
Revised Budget Estimates
5.14. Table 5.10 presents National Government outstanding debt by source as at 30th June for
the period between 2016 and 2020. Total stock of public debt rose by 14.3 per cent from KSh
5,301.6 billion as at end of June 2019, to KSh 6,057.8 billion as at the end of June 2020, with
external debt accounting for 55.3 per cent of the total debt. External debt increased by 10.8 per
cent to KSh 3,350.6 billion, while domestic debt rose by 18.8 per cent to KSh 2,707.3 billion,
as at the end of June 2020. The stock of debt from China rose by 8.8 per cent to KSh 719.4
billion, accounting for 72.4 per cent of the total debt from bilateral lenders.
5.15. In the multilateral debt category, stock of debt attributed to International Development
Association/International Fund for Agricultural Development (IDA/IFAD) rose by 50.5
per cent to KSh 889.9 billion as at the end of June, 2020. The stock of debt from African
Development Bank (Af DB) grew by 14.9 per cent to KSh 263.7 billion. Outstanding debt
94
Chapter 5: Public Finance
due to commercial banks declined by 21.0 per cent to KSh 372.6 billion as at the end of June
2020. The stock of Treasury bonds and bills accounted for 36.6 per cent and 14.6 per cent of
the overall debt, respectively as at end of June 2020. Whereas the stock of Treasury bonds
increased by 26.9 per cent to KSh 2,219.4 billion, the stock of Treasury bills decreased by 7.0
per cent to KSh 887.60 billion during the review period.
Table 5.10: National Government Outstanding Debt by Source, 2016-2020
KSh Million
Outstanding as at 30th J une 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
EXTERNA L DEBT:
Lending Countries:
Germany................................. 30,935.11 31,669.11 34,149.33 37,276.69 30,486.93
Japan...................................... 94,413.95 91,455.62 97,713.22 135,229.21 76,115.15
France.................................... 59,371.47 63,262.08 60,803.04 72,567.94 79,719.38
USA ....................................... 4,035.13 3,497.23 2,672.67 2,089.28 1,579.55
Netherlands............................ 2,349.99 1,752.72 983.02 343.19 54.68
Denmark................................ 1,540.67 1,355.76 1,049.23 874.88 604.16
Finland.................................... 269.38 1,711.78 1,642.15 1,796.41 1,427.41
China...................................... 313,127.34 478,606.83 560,534.48 661,058.54 719,359.13
Belgium.................................. 7,468.84 9,938.02 10,198.56 11,590.96 11,974.77
Other...................................... 34,838.82 39,319.32 45,642.22 73,232.15 72,374.75
Total(bilateral)...................... 548,350.70 722,568.47 815,387.92 996,059.25 993,695.91
International Organisations:
IDA /IFA D.............................. 504,490.39 526,579.50 524,854.74 591,253.15 889,916.59
EEC/EIB................................ 21,073.19 20,399.45 19,544.23 17,240.62 16,795.86
IMF........................................ 84,847.00 77,637.37 71,588.41 49,208.15 110,605.19
A DF/A fDB............................ 179,226.58 197,490.09 204,706.87 229,638.40 263,748.67
Other multilateral..................... 9,204.40 22,282.33 9,151.67 27,054.50 35,768.72
Total(multilateral)................. 798,841.56 844,388.74 829,845.92 914,394.82 1,316,835.02
Commercial Banks.................. 154,346.23 426,685.45 426,452.14 471,733.98 372,615.43
International Sovereign Bond.... 278,031.05 285,207.18 479,987.50 624,019.63 649,786.64
Suppliers' Credit...................... 16,628.00 15,303.14 16,725.20 16,931.81 17,630.96
TOTA L EXTERNA L........... 1,796,197.54 2,294,152.98 2,568,398.68 3,023,139.49 3,350,563.97
INTERNA L DEB T:
1
Treasury Bills ……………………...…………………
587,478.70 744,154.90 878,621.65 954,250.00 887,142.00
Treasury Bonds …………………………..…………………
1,152,041.17 1,331,975.09 1,511,872.67 1,748,602.57 2,219,444.00
2
Non Interest bearing debts 25,559.00
………………………..…………....
24,448.76 23,338.76 22,228.76 21,674.00
Others(includes stocks) ………………………………………………………………………………..
50,391.63 11,131.70 64,447.02 60,854.77 49,267.00
3
Less government deposits and
on-lending.. -408,389.00 -434,475.22 -509,038.00 -507,429.01 -470,228.00
TOTA L INTERNA L (net) ……………………… 1,677,235.21
1,407,081.50 1,969,242.09 2,278,507.09 2,707,299.00
TOTA L DEBT …………………………………………… 3,203,279.04 3,971,388.19 4,537,640.77 5,301,646.58 6,057,862.97
Source: The National Treasury and Central Bank of Kenya
* Provisional
1
Excludes Repo Bills
2
Pre-1997 Government Overdraft debt(Repo T-bills)
3
Government deposits in Central Bank and Commercial Banks
5.16. National Government debt servicing charges, and receipts from interest and loan
repayments from 2015/16 to 2019/20 are shown in Table 5.11. Net servicing charges on
internal and external debt declined by 15.7 per cent to KSh 713.3 billion in 2019/20. In the
same period, the receipts on interest and loan repayments declined by 13.1 per cent to KSh 4.4
billion. Net charges on external debt servicing decreased by 39.5 per cent to KSh 223.4 billion
in 2019/20, while net domestic debt servicing charges increased by 2.8 per cent to KSh 489.8
billion.
95
Economic Survey 2021
Table 5.11: National Government Debt Servicing, 2015/16-2019/20
KSh Million
Interest
and
Debt Servicing Charges Loan Net Servicing Charges
Year
Repayment
Receipts
External Internal Total Internal External Internal Total
2015/16............................... 78,104.86 360,120.36 438,225.22 2,683.19 78,104.86 357,437.17 435,542.03
2016/17............................... 107,226.48 343,427.63 450,654.11 4,865.74 107,226.48 338,561.89 445,788.37
2017/18............................... 234,702.61 433,522.43 668,225.04 4,507.32 234,702.61 429,015.11 663,717.72
2018/19............................... 369,613.15 481,593.18 851,206.33 5,055.62 369,613.15 476,537.56 846,150.71
2019/20*.............................. 223,439.82 494,213.71 717,653.53 4,395.80 223,439.82 489,817.91 713,257.73
Source: The National Treasury
* Provisional
5.17. The ratio of external debt servicing charges to foreign exchange earnings from exports of
goods and services is an indicator of the economy’s ability to service external debt. As shown
in Table 5.12, the percentage of debt servicing charges to export earnings declined to 21.5 per
cent compared to 31.6 per cent recorded in 2018/19.
Table 5.12: National Government Debt Service Charges and Earnings from Export of Goods and
Services, 2015/16-2020/21
Debt Service Charges on Exports of Goods and Services External debt service Charges as a
Percentage of Exports of Goods and
External Debt1 (Calender Year) Services
K Sh M illion K Sh M illion Percentage
2015/16........ 78,104.86 1,006,194.14 7.8
2016/17........ 107,226.48 1,080,501.25 9.9
2017/18........ 234,702.61 1,171,459.05 20.0
2018/19........ 369,613.15 1,169,967.15 31.6
2019/20* ...... 223,439.82 1,040,673.71 21.5
* Provisional.
1
Includes debt redemption and Interest Payment.
County 5.18. Table 5.13 presents County Governments annual revenue by source for 2019/20 and
Governments 2020/21. County Governments’ revenue is estimated to grow by 13.8 per cent to KSh 416.3
billion in 2020/21 from actual receipts of KSh 365.7 billion in 2019/20. In addition, County
Governments’ target to collect KSh 52.4 billion in own source revenue in 2020/21, compared
to KSh 35.6 billion realized in 2019/20. The National Government transferred an additional
KSh 7.7 billion, which was not part of the County Allocation of Revenue Act, 2019 (CARA)
allocations to the counties. This was part of emergency response measures to the COVID-19
pandemic.
96
Chapter 5: Public Finance
Table 5.13: County Government Revenues, 2019/20-2020/21
K Sh M illion
1
Equitable S hare Grant Conditional Grant Annual Local Revenue Total Revenue
County 2019/2020* 2020/21+ 2019/2020*
2020/21+ 2019/2020* 2020/21+ 2019/2020* 2020/21+
Baringo........................ 4,657.42 5,127.30 553.71 752.87 301.66 346.09 5,512.79 6,226.25
Bomet.......................... 5,033.49 5,507.10 701.54 832.35 201.51 275.92 5,936.54 6,615.37
Bungoma..................... 8,128.80 8,956.95 1,140.47 876.59 777.46 700.00 10,046.72 10,533.54
Busia........................... 5,496.34 6,108.45 726.08 865.23 225.83 350.00 6,448.25 7,323.68
Elgey o M arakw et........ 3,529.23 3,861.30 545.25 735.21 131.10 80.00 4,205.58 4,676.51
Embu........................... 3,934.22 4,557.60 1,003.32 1,012.40 509.65 909.00 5,447.19 6,479.00
Garissa........................ 6,422.04 7,026.30 1,245.95 1,651.83 109.92 150.00 7,777.91 8,828.13
Homa Bay ................... 6,161.69 6,741.45 582.68 719.52 274.60 385.51 7,018.96 7,846.48
Isiolo........................... 3,876.37 4,177.80 664.58 942.48 122.08 113.69 4,663.02 5,233.96
K ajiado........................ 5,872.40 6,393.30 881.98 939.28 616.80 1,500.00 7,371.18 8,832.58
K akamega.................... 9,517.34 10,571.10 1,494.41 1,545.69 1,180.81 2,113.00 12,192.57 14,229.79
K ericho........................ 4,917.78 5,443.80 775.25 780.03 473.73 644.06 6,166.76 6,867.89
K iambu........................ 8,620.57 9,843.15 2,762.21 1,436.75 2,466.26 3,669.55 13,849.04 14,949.46
K ilifi............................ 9,546.27 10,602.75 1,203.89 1,807.24 788.78 1,100.00 11,538.94 13,509.99
K iriny aga..................... 3,876.37 4,272.75 631.35 602.77 374.74 400.00 4,882.45 5,275.52
K isii............................. 7,116.31 7,817.55 1,315.24 1,266.83 333.15 650.00 8,764.71 9,734.38
K isumu........................ 6,248.47 6,836.40 1,518.56 1,215.05 804.35 1,579.17 8,571.38 9,630.62
K itui............................ 8,070.94 8,862.00 1,096.65 833.88 408.29 - 9,575.87 9,695.88
K w ale.......................... 7,116.31 7,659.30 973.15 1,164.15 254.45 365.64 8,343.90 9,189.09
Laikipia....................... 3,818.51 4,810.80 528.76 715.83 727.96 1,006.88 5,075.23 6,533.51
Lamu........................... 2,372.10 2,753.55 490.48 770.20 108.91 100.00 2,971.49 3,623.75
M achakos.................... 7,087.38 8,039.10 1,858.99 1,263.71 1,376.17 1,729.80 10,322.55 11,032.61
M akueni...................... 6,769.18 7,279.50 921.47 825.71 465.94 1,065.00 8,156.58 9,170.21
M andera...................... 9,343.78 10,222.95 898.25 1,158.45 124.96 - 10,366.99 11,381.40
M arsabit...................... 6,190.61 6,868.05 639.24 1,070.97 126.71 150.00 6,956.56 8,089.02
M eru........................... 7,347.74 8,102.40 1,185.86 1,178.05 383.30 600.00 8,916.90 9,880.45
M igori......................... 6,190.61 6,868.05 1,099.22 745.25 305.69 292.00 7,595.53 7,905.30
M ombasa.................... 7,057.95 7,437.75 1,117.07 2,076.40 3,260.01 5,252.45 11,435.03 14,766.60
M urang'a..................... 5,756.69 6,456.60 814.16 865.83 580.30 900.00 7,151.16 8,222.43
Nairobi City County ... 11,446.44 15,951.60 417.31 869.61 8,715.07 14,402.00 20,578.82 31,223.21
Nakuru........................ 9,575.20 9,748.20 1,968.31 1,228.94 2,551.21 1,800.00 14,094.73 12,777.14
Nandi........................... 4,888.85 5,380.50 815.84 772.17 283.19 405.41 5,987.87 6,558.08
Narok.......................... 7,347.74 7,121.25 801.60 785.35 2,345.48 3,133.92 10,494.82 11,040.52
Ny amira...................... 4,397.07 4,905.75 672.30 900.98 185.57 250.00 5,254.94 6,056.73
Ny andarua................... 4,454.93 4,905.75 624.90 856.79 379.48 830.00 5,459.31 6,592.54
Ny eri........................... 4,946.71 5,095.65 1,013.27 1,182.60 664.86 1,000.00 6,624.83 7,278.25
Samburu...................... 4,223.50 3,987.90 575.38 602.39 215.67 280.31 5,014.56 4,870.61
Siay a............................ 5,293.84 5,855.25 617.18 870.51 179.43 1,100.00 6,090.45 7,825.76
Taita/Taveta................ 3,876.37 4,399.35 624.33 1,120.24 296.04 363.00 4,796.73 5,882.59
Tana River................... 5,351.70 5,602.05 592.34 919.77 64.47 72.60 6,008.51 6,594.42
Tharaka -Nithi............. 3,587.08 3,861.30 596.39 866.92 270.15 325.00 4,453.62 5,053.22
Trans Nz oia................ 5,264.91 5,791.95 919.06 733.14 356.08 500.00 6,540.06 7,025.09
Turkana....................... 9,633.06 10,571.10 658.70 1,295.35 176.23 150.00 10,467.98 12,016.45
Uasin Gishu................ 5,785.62 6,045.15 1,096.87 877.39 779.33 991.00 7,661.82 7,913.54
Vihiga.......................... 4,252.43 4,525.95 852.04 737.84 148.20 216.10 5,252.67 5,479.89
Wajir............................ 7,810.59 8,545.50 581.07 1,288.48 60.42 - 8,452.07 9,833.98
West Pokot................. 4,570.64 5,000.70 567.13 813.58 65.20 168.35 5,202.97 5,982.63
Total 2 286,783.59 316,500.00 43,363.80 47,372.61 35,551.15 52,415.45 365,698.55 416,288.06
Source: Office of the Controller of Budget
+
A pprov ed Estimates
1
Conditional grants are monetary transfers from one lev el of Gov ernment to another, either through competitiv e project grants or through
more general block grants, which place conditions on the use of the transferred funds by the recipient Gov ernment.
2
Ks hs .26.22 billion a s e quita ble s ha re of the re v e nue ra is e d na tiona lly w hic h w a s a ba la nc e from FY 2019/20 w a s dis burs e d in FY
5.19. County Governments’ expenditure by economic classification for the period 2016/17 to
2020/21 is presented in Table 5.14. County Governments’ expenditure is expected to grow by
11.8 per cent from KSh 417.2 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 466.4 billion in 2020/21. Expenditure
on compensation of employees is estimated to increase by 1.7 per cent to KSh 170.1 billion
in 2020/21. Over the same period, outlay on use of goods and services is expected to decline
by 1.7 per cent to KSh 84.4 billion. Expenditure on acquisition of non-financial assets, is
estimated at KSh 111.0 billion with building and structures category estimated to rise by 31.0
per cent to KSh 91.8 billion in 2020/21.
97
Economic Survey 2021
Table 5.14: Economic Classification of County Governments Expenditure, 2016/17 - 2020/21
KSh Million
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21+
Compensation of Employees...................................................... 117,767.64 150,526.27 155,833.81 167,311.37 170,068.06
Salaries................................................................................... 87,233.99 112,115.30 114,796.79 122,096.61 125,191.35
A llowances............................................................................. 28,673.89 35,088.75 37,723.26 40,631.41 40,384.80
Social Contributions................................................................. 1,859.76 3,322.22 3,313.76 4,583.36 4,491.91
Use of goods and services......................................................... 70,879.15 74,033.21 88,944.57 85,904.58 84,432.14
Utilities, Supplies and Services.................................................. 2,073.12 2,128.84 3,050.88 2,415.19 2,354.75
Printing , A dvertising and Information Supplies and Services...... 2,813.14 2,269.85 2,825.15 2,680.27 3,365.80
Rentals................................................................................... 1,657.73 1,426.07 2,295.70 1,799.54 2,344.50
Communication, Supplies and Services ..................................... 721.81 777.67 831.77 777.09 1,188.40
Transportation Costs................................................................ 13,309.25 13,474.53 14,063.19 15,861.19 13,488.20
Training Expenses .................................................................. 3,854.77 4,307.96 7,261.60 3,671.13 4,411.45
Hospitality Supplies and Services.............................................. 5,097.58 5,210.77 6,300.42 6,232.56 5,826.75
Insurance................................................................................ 5,359.23 6,889.76 6,390.80 7,850.34 9,037.48
Specialised Materials............................................................... 11,450.18 11,797.26 14,096.59 14,688.70 14,152.10
Office and General Supplies and Services and Materials............ 1,774.43 1,756.93 2,202.19 2,202.23 2,519.53
Fuel Oil and Lubricants ........................................................... 2,740.61 2,676.42 3,312.88 3,280.36 3,421.38
Other Operating Expenses....................................................... 14,750.40 15,531.06 18,986.53 17,196.85 14,947.61
Routine Maintenance............................................................... 5,276.91 5,786.09 7,326.87 7,249.14 7,374.20
Subsidies....................................................................................... 387.09 106.58 980.21 818.97 1,239.78
Interest......................................................................................... 6,819.50 3,652.36 5,607.34 8,537.25 4,144.92
Grants.......................................................................................... 12,454.56 13,986.57 34,216.97 49,659.29 81,949.16
Other Expense.............................................................................. 40,356.44 9,639.88 9,351.32 4,703.87 619.30
Social Benefits ............................................................................ 10,282.42 7,639.18 2,025.57 2,360.47 2,855.78
Acquisition of Non-financial Assets........................................... 84,887.80 66,336.42 96,959.00 84,427.99 110,995.52
Buildings and Structures........................................................... 70,374.24 52,937.88 77,548.44 70,064.35 91,766.67
Plant and Machinery................................................................ 10,420.25 9,247.47 12,473.17 9,775.68 12,193.05
Inventories ............................................................................. 1,336.22 1,757.06 2,214.96 1,749.40 1,869.67
Non- Produced A ssets & Land............................................... 2,757.08 2,394.01 4,722.42 2,838.56 5,166.12
Acquisition of Financial Assets.................................................. 6,612.00 10,477.02 11,612.93 13,429.75 10,057.01
Total............................................................................................ 350,446.59 336,397.48 405,531.74 417,153.55 466,361.67
Source: The National Treasury
* Provisional
+
A pproved Estimates
General 5.20. Table 5.15 details the classification of expenditure by functions of County Governments,
Government from 2016/17 to 2020/21. Expenditure on general public services is estimated to increase
by 16.2 per cent to KSh 159.2 billion in 2020/21, accounting for 34.1 per cent of the total
expenditure. Expenditure on economic affairs function is expected to grow by 7.0 per cent
to KSh 87.5 billion, while expenditure on health is estimated to grow by 6.5 per cent to KSh
113.7 billion in 2020/21. In addition, expenditure on education is estimated to grow by 12.4
per cent to KSh 35.2 billion in 2020/21.
98
Chapter 5: Public Finance
Table 5.15: Expenditure of County Governments Classified by Functions, 2016/17 - 2020/21
KSh Million
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21+
General Public Services........................... 145,768.03 130,647.39 133,667.56 137,001.84 159,160.33
Economic A ffairs.................................... 67,319.94 58,715.78 88,250.79 81,821.80 87,513.97
General Economic A ffairs................. 13,331.83 12,945.02 17,386.02 15,664.84 15,842.88
A griculture....................................... 12,963.41 11,783.83 21,055.53 21,792.72 25,187.91
Transport.......................................... 38,407.28 29,496.22 45,608.79 39,924.98 43,487.05
Other Economic A ffairs.................... 2,617.42 4,490.72 4,200.45 4,439.25 2,996.13
Environmental Protection......................... 10,164.82 10,809.34 14,391.45 11,840.48 13,271.70
Housing and Community A mmenities....... 24,814.79 22,671.51 37,915.84 38,986.15 46,427.92
Health.................................................... 70,774.35 83,978.29 92,023.58 106,727.14 113,678.12
Recreation, Culture and Religion.............. 6,454.43 4,869.95 5,965.27 7,619.42 8,848.85
Education............................................... 24,609.43 23,754.34 31,038.16 31,285.14 35,155.92
Social Protection..................................... 540.80 950.87 2,279.09 1,871.57 2,304.85
Total 350,446.59 336,397.48 405,531.74 417,153.55 466,361.67
Source: The National Treasury
* Provisional
+
A pproved Estimates
5.21. Total revenue for General Government sector increased by 4.7 per cent to KSh 2,138.9
billion in 2019/20 as presented in Table 5.16. Tax revenue and other revenue accounted for
72.1 per cent and 24.8 per cent of the total revenue, respectively. Expense rose from KSh 2,213.1
billion in 2018/19 to KSh 2,693.7 billion in 2019/20 with compensation of employees, and
use of goods and services accounting for 33.5 per cent and 18.8 per cent of the total expense,
respectively. Expenditure on net acquisition of non-financial assets declined by 22.2 per cent
to KSh 371.4 billion in 2019/20. Net borrowing by General Government increased by 43.0
per cent to KSh 926.3 billion in 2019/20.
99
Economic Survey 2021
Table 5.16: General Government¹ Consolidated² Statemement of Operations, 2016/17 - 2020/21
KSh Million
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
Revenue 1,512,828.19 1,661,784.65 1,804,761.93 2,042,968.98 2,138,792.78
Tax revenue............................................................................ 1,147,236.09 1,286,814.89 1,350,988.58 1,557,817.34 1,542,740.75
Social contributions......................................................... 41,551.71 45,704.32 55,354.32 15,558.25 46,494.79
Grants:
International organisation................................... 29,596.68 25,903.99 27,600.14 47,483.00 19,819.74
Other revenue....................................................................... 294,443.71 303,361.46 370,818.89 422,110.39 529,737.50
Sale of Goods & Services....................................... 119,079.23 122,583.60 122,292.96 230,556.31 255,080.60
Property income........................................................ 45,873.89 53,892.51 52,965.75 43,445.92 127,228.28
Ministerial AIA............................................................ 62,398.11 75,881.13 139,056.53 99,379.85 20,282.31
Fines, Penalties &Forfeits..................................... 12,443.68 17,555.26 18,414.57 3,018.68 2,288.44
Other transfers NEC............................................... 54,648.79 33,448.97 38,089.08 45,709.63 124,857.88
Expense 1,426,498.36 1,578,274.92 1,800,999.47 2,213,109.05 2,693,679.56
Compensation of employees....................................... 622,268.55 670,762.20 784,526.08 851,682.87 903,425.06
Use of goods and services............................................... 415,166.74 408,853.15 439,545.94 348,579.16 505,869.43
CFC/Depreciation............................................................ 13,914.36 14,537.86 15,029.16 17,455.53 21,844.21
Interest...................................................................................... 225,287.27 243,616.09 329,429.36 382,705.62 446,992.86
Subsidies.................................................................................. 42,568.02 53,950.42 64,547.92 61,259.19 62,191.59
Grants:
International Organisation...................................... 2,744.44 2,619.73 3,517.71 3,858.25 4,175.27
Other General Government.................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Social benefits....................................................................... 87,974.91 104,527.19 117,296.33 136,476.37 106,150.29
Other expense....................................................................... 16,574.08 79,408.29 47,106.97 411,092.05 643,030.85
Net Operating Balance 86,329.82 83,509.73 3,762.46 -170,140.07 -554,886.78
Acquisition of Non-Financial Assets.............. 405,355.54 421,070.30 378,082.48 477,674.91 371,416.55
Acquisition of fixed assets.............................................. 399,957.63 425,753.35 373,873.01 522,107.19 432,477.32
Inventories.............................................................................. 6,185.47 7,630.78 12,636.56 10,567.26 2,316.69
Non-produced Assets and Land................................ 18,381.65 10,452.73 9,380.32 10,684.18 5,345.35
Disposal of non-financial assets................................. -19,169.21 -22,766.56 -17,807.40 -65,683.72 -68,722.81
Net lending/Borrowing.................................. -319,025.71 -337,560.58 -374,320.02 -647,814.98 -926,303.33
Net Financial Worth........................................ -436,194.06 -693,548.49 -683,734.29 -706,009.45 -759,912.35
Transactions in Financial assets ..................... 264,618.14 269,299.29 298,035.90 310,539.64 453,484.65
Currency and deposits..................................................... 189,861.24 47,199.76 105,712.40 -67,330.04 72,525.89
Debt securities..................................................................... 21,484.01 40,675.14 51,631.34 2,483.97 20,952.82
Loans.......................................................................................... 41,784.49 24,420.26 28,778.36 28,555.75 0.00
Equity and investment fund shares ......................... -5.88 447.07 2,430.69 -659.41 43,018.58
Accounts receivable ......................................................... 11,494.28 156,557.06 109,483.10 347,489.37 316,987.36
Transactions in Liabilities .............................. 700,812.20 962,847.78 981,770.19 1,016,549.09 1,213,397.00
Debt securities..................................................................... 350,705.06 320,356.46 490,481.02 521,153.58 409,355.94
Domestic........................................................................ 350,705.06 320,356.46 295,700.70 308,824.11 409,355.94
Foreign............................................................................. 0.00 0.00 194,780.33 212,329.48 0.00
Loans.......................................................................................... 322,550.71 456,335.66 301,091.77 161,703.18 461,360.71
Equity and investment fund shares ......................... - 51,452.25 48,892.78 2,203.83 86,237.94
Accounts payable ............................................................... 27,556.43 134,703.41 141,304.62 331,488.49 256,442.41
Source: The National Treasury, Central Bank of Kenya and KNBS
*Provisional
1
Refers to netting out of Intra-sectoral transactions to avoid double counting.
2
Consists of the National &County governements, and State-owned state corporations classified as non-market producers in the
Public Sector Institutional Table.
100
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
International Trade and Balance of Chapter
Payments
06
Overview
T he year 2020 started normally, until March when the first case of the Coronavirus
disease (COVID-19) was reported in the country. The COVID-19, which started
in Wuhan, China in 2019 took the world by surprise and by early 2020, spread
exponentially to the rest of the world. It was declared a pandemic by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Consequently, there were serious disruptions to normal
world trade that affected both the supply and demand sides of the global economy. In Kenya,
the Government ordered temporary closure of international boundaries, imposed curfews and
restricted movements. These policy measures affected both international and domestic trade,
tourism and international travel. As a result, the year registered reduced international trade
with the sharpest drop occurring in the second quarter of 2020. Global merchandise trade
contracted by more than 20 per cent relative to the same quarter of 2019. In the third quarter of
2020, trade trends were still negative on a year-on-year basis, but relatively better than during
the second quarter of the same year. The sharp decline in international trade during 2020 was
widespread globally but more pronounced in developed countries.
6.2. In Kenya, total volume of trade declined to KSh 2,287.2 billion in 2020 from KSh 2,403.0
billion in 2019, following a higher decline in imports coupled with a moderate growth in total
exports. This resulted to an improved balance of trade from a deficit of KSh 1,209.7 billion in
2019 to a deficit of KSh 999.9 billion in 2020.
6.3. Total export earnings increased by 7.9 per cent to KSh 643.7 billion in 2020 mainly on
account of increases in the value of domestic exports of tea, horticulture, coffee, titanium
ores and concentrates. Conversely, the value of total imports went down by 9.0 per cent to
KSh 1,643.6 billion in 2020. The decline in total import value was mainly due to decreases in
import value of petroleum products, industrial machinery and road motor vehicles.
6.4. During the review period, the current account deficit improved to KSh 512.5 billion from
KSh 536.8 billion recorded in 2019, mainly on account of a 7.6 per cent increase in exports
and 8.7 per cent decrease in imports valued on free on board (f.o.b) basis. Net inflows of
international trade in services decreased by 79.0 per cent from a surplus of KSh 178.0 billion
in 2019 to a surplus of KSh 37.5 billion in 2020. Travel restrictions imposed during the review
period to contain the spread of COVID-19 in the country and the rest of the world mainly
caused the depressed performance of the services sector. Despite economic hardships abroad,
diaspora remittances remained robust increasing to KSh 330.8 billion in 2020 from KSh 289.5
billion in 2019. Net financial inflows declined by 43.0 per cent from KSh 607.6 billion in 2019
to KSh 346.5 billion in 2020. Other investment inflows registered a surplus of KSh 396.6
billion in net inflows in the review period, reflecting an increase of 4.1 per cent. Net foreign
direct investment inflows declined by 11.9 per cent from a surplus of KSh 87.5 billion in 2019
to a surplus of KSh 77.1 billion in 2020. These developments, coupled with a draw-down in
reserve assets led to deterioration in the overall Balance of Payments (BOP) position to a
deficit of KSh 152.5 billion from a surplus of KSh 111.4 billion in 2019.
101
Economic Survey 2021
Balance 6.5. Table 6.1 illustrates the balance of international merchandise trade for the period 2016
of Trade to 2020. Volume of trade went down to KSh 2,287.3 billion in 2020 from KSh 2,403.0 billion
in 2019, representing a 4.8 per cent decline. Total exports increased by 7.9 per cent to KSh
643.7 billion in 2020 from KSh 596.7 billion in 2019 mainly on account of increased value
of domestic exports. Earnings from domestic exports increased by 8.9 per cent to KSh 567.4
billion in 2020. On the contrary, total imports, on cost, insurance and freight (c.i.f) valuation
exhibited a decline of 9.0 per cent from KSh 1,806.3 billion in 2019 to KSh 1,643.6 billion
in 2020. These developments led to an improvement in trade balance from a deficit of KSh
1,209.7 billion in 2019 to a deficit of KSh 999.9 billion in 2020. Similarly, the export to import
cover ratio improved from 33.0 per cent in 2019 to 39.2 per cent in 2020.
Table 6.1: Balance of Merchandise Trade, 2016-2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
EXPORTS (f.o.b) :
Domestic Exports1 .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
510,042.3
. .. .. . .. . 534,392.8 542,856.5 520,787.4 567,370.4
Re-exports .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .
71,519.0.. . .. . .. . .. . ..
63,511.3. .. . .. . .. . .. .
71,459.2
.. 75,889.3 76,335.8
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .
581,561.3
.. . .. . .. . .. . .. .
597,904.1.. . .. . .. . .. . ..
614,315.7. .. 596,676.6 643,706.2
IMPORTS (c.i.f) :
Commercial1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
1,396,792.0
. .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
1,682,573.6. .. . .. . .. . .. .
1,705,062.1
.. . .. 1,758,963.8 1,590,249.1
Government .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
42,013.9. .. . .. . .. . .. .
53,898.5.. .. . .. . .. . ..
59,409.3. .. 47,370.8 53,310.9
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .
1,438,805.9
.. . .. . .. . .. . ..
1,736,472.1
. .. . .. . .. . .. .
1,764,471.5
.. . .. 1,806,334.6 1,643,560.1
BALANCE OF TRADE .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. -857,244.6. .. .. . .. . .. .
-1,138,568.1.. . .. . .. . .. . ..
-1,150,155.8. .. . .. . ..
-1,209,658.0 -999,853.9
TOTAL TRADE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
2,020,367.2
. .. . .. . .. . .. .
2,334,376.2
.. . .. . .. . .. . ..
2,378,787.2
. .. . .. . ..2,403,011.2 2,287,266.2
COVER RATIO2 (in percentage) .. .. .. .. .. .. .
40.4.. . .. . .. . .. . ..
34.4.. . .. . .. . .. .
34.8
.. . .. . .. . .. . ..
33.0
. .. . .. 39.2
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
*Provisional
1
Adjusted for data on Small Scale Cross Border Trade and Electricity
2
Cover Ratio =(Total Exports/Total Imports)*100
f.o.b: free on board
c.i.f: cost, insurance and freight
Price 6.6. Table 6.2 presents export and import unit price indices of commodity groups for the
Changes period 2016 to 2020. All exports price index increased slightly from 145.1 in 2019 to 146.1
in 2020. The increase was largely on account of increase in export price indices of inedible
crude materials (36.9 %); beverages and tobacco (13.3%); and manufactured goods (12.6%).
During the period under review, all imports price index declined by 10.3 per cent to 191.4
from 213.4 in 2019. This was due to a drop in import price indices of all commodity groupings
except, animal and vegetable oils and fats; and miscellaneous manufactured articles whose
import price index increased by 36.0 per cent and 23.2 per cent, respectively, in 2020.
102
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.2: Export and Import Price Indices, 2016-2020
2009=100
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
EXPORTS:
Food and live animals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..145.5 .. .. .. ..
169.6 .. .. .. ..
150.4 .. .. .. 144.0 135.0
Beverages and tobacco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..161.3 167.9
.. .. .. .. .. 164.7
.. .. .. .. 154.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. 174.6
Crude materials (inedible) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103.1.. .. .. ..
113.9 .. .. .. ..
141.1 .. .. .. ..146.9
.. .. .. ..201.1
Mineral fuels .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
114.9
.. .. .. .. ..
108.3.. .. .. ..167.4 .. .. .. 152.6 147.3
Animal and vegetable oils and fats . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..156.4 .. .. .. ..
125.8.. .. .. ..114.4
.. .. .. .. ..
157.3 .. .. .. . ..
135.0 ..
Chemicals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..185.4 .. .. .. .. ..
116.0.. .. .. ..156.2 .. .. 123.4 126.1
Manufactured goods .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..108.3
.. .. .. .. ..
132.3 .. .. .. ..
109.4 .. .. .. ..
106.2.. .. 119.6
Machinery and transport equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 243.9.. .. .. ..
213.4 .. .. .. ..
254.7 .. .. .. ..
188.9
.. .. .. .. ..
100.4.. ..
Miscellaneous manufactured articles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 184.1 .. .. .. ..
190.6 .. .. .. ..189.2
.. .. .. .. ..
200.2.. .. .. ..
172.0 .. ..
All Exports .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..142.5 .. .. .. ..
150.4 .. .. .. ..
151.1.. .. .. 145.1 146.1
Non-oil Exports .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..142.9.. .. .. ..151.2
.. .. .. .. ..
150.8.. .. ..145.0 146.0
IMPORTS:
Food and live animals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..168.6
.. .. .. ..191.3
.. .. .. .. ..
260.0 .. .. .. ..
274.5.. 205.2
Beverages and tobacco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..149.6 .. .. .. ..
125.2.. .. .. ..176.0
.. .. .. .. ..
191.8 .. 170.7
Crude materials (inedible) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
156.9.. .. .. ..
152.3 .. .. .. ..
187.1 .. .. .. ..181.1
.. .. .. 167.1
Mineral fuels .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..94.9.. .. .. ..125.3
.. .. .. .. ..
159.5.. .. 147.8 101.1
Animal and vegetable oils and fats .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ..135.4
.. .. .. .. ..
148.8.. .. .. ..126.5 .. .. .. ..
109.1 .. .. .. ..
148.4
.. .
Chemicals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..142.8
.. .. .. ..161.2
.. .. .. .. ..
184.5 .. 190.8 158.6
Manufactured goods .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 145.0 .. .. .. ..
147.0.. .. .. ..151.5
.. .. .. .. ..
152.0 .. 159.0
Machinery and transport equipment .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 292.3 .. .. .. ..
331.1.. .. .. ..339.5
.. .. .. .. ..
335.1 .. .. .. ..
295.4 .. .. .
Miscellaneous manufactured articles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 150.1
.. .. .. ..159.3
.. .. .. .. ..
160.8 .. .. .. ..
177.3 .. .. .. ..
218.5
.. ..
All imports .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..180.8
.. .. .. ..199.2
.. .. .. .. ..
222.1 .. .. .. ..
213.4 .. 191.4
Non-oil Imports .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..209.4 .. .. .. ..
221.6.. .. .. ..241.8
.. .. .. .. ..
233.4 .. .. 219.7
* Provisional
Terms of 6.7. The terms of trade for the period 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table 6.3. The terms of trade
Trade for all items increased to 76.3 in 2020 from 68.0 in 2019. This was occasioned by a marginal
increase in all exports price index coupled with a notable decline in all imports price index.
Terms of trade for non-oil items slightly rose by 4.4 percentage points to 66.5 per cent in 2020.
Table 6.3: Terms of Trade1, 2016-2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
All Items .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
78.8.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
75.5.. .. . 68.0 68.0 76.3
Non-oil Items .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..68.2.. .. .. .. .. .. ..68.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..62.4
.. .. .. .. 62.1 66.5
* Provisional
1
Terms of Trade is the ratio of Export Price Index to Import Price Index
Quantum 6.8. Table 6.4 presents quantum indices for the period 2016 to 2020. During the review period,
Indices quantum index of all exports rose by 7.9 per cent to 119.6. Similarly, quantum index of non-oil
exports rose by 8.0 per cent to 121.1 in 2020. The rise was due to increase in quantum indices
of all export commodity groups except inedible crude materials and manufactured goods that
declined by 23.9 per cent and 12.3 per cent, respectively, in 2020.
6.9. All imports quantum index increased slightly to 108.7 in 2020 from 107.1 in 2019
occasioned by mixed performances in quantum indices of all import commodities. Similarly,
the quantum index of non-oil import commodities increased to 103.5 in 2020 from 101.2 in
2019.
103
Economic Survey 2021
Table 6.4: Quantum Indices, 2016-2020
2009=100
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
EXPORTS :
Food and liv e animals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..119.6.. .. ..113.7
.. .. .. ..130.0.. .. .. ..
121.2 .. .. ..147.4
Bev erag es and tobacco 84.8.. .. ..75.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..78.5.. .. .. ..
75.2.. .. .. ..
78.3.. ..
Crude materials (inedible) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
182.6.. .. ..178.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
149.1 142.7 .. .. .. ..
108.6.. .. ..
Mineral fuels .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..64.0 .. .. .. ..
70.0.. .. .. ..
39.0.. .. ..53.9.. .. .. ..56.0
A nimal and v eg etable oils and fats .. .. .. .. .. .. ..66.4 .. .. .. ..
58.4.. .. .. ..
79.3.. .. ..69.2.. .. .. ..
127.1.. .. .. .. .. ..
Chemicals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 74.3 .. .. ..
115.0.. .. .. ..92.1.. .. .. ..
117.1.. .. 124.3
Manufactured g oods .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
99.8.. .. ..75.2 .. .. .. ..85.5.. .. .. ..
94.8.. .. .. ..
83.1.. ..
Machinery and trans port equipment .. .. .. .. .. ..60.9 .. .. .. ..38.1.. .. .. ..
39.5.. .. .. ..
66.5.. .. .. 101.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mis cellaneous manufactured articles .. .. .. .. .. ..98.4 .. .. .. ..96.3.. .. .. ..
98.0.. .. .. ..
90.7.. .. .. 109.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
All Exports .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 111.6.. .. .. ..
109.2 .. .. .. ..
110.9.. .. .. .. .. 119.6
110.8
Non-oil Exports .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..112.6.. .. ..109.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
112.6 112.1 .. .. 121.1
IMPORTS :
Food and liv e animals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..76.5 .. .. .. ..
148.7 .. .. .. ..
77.2.. .. .. ..
76.3.. .. ..94.9 ..
Bev erag es and tobacco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..149.1 .. .. .. ..
164.4 .. .. .. ..
149.9.. .. .. ..
148.3.. .. ..123.5
.. ..
Crude materials (inedible) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 112.9
.. .. .. ..
109.6 .. .. .. ..
108.8.. .. ..137.5
.. .. .. ..
140.0
.. .. ..
Mineral fuels .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 132.3 .. .. .. ..
133.3.. .. ..127.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. 135.7
135.3
A nimal and v eg etable oils and fats .. .. . .. .. .. .. 142.8 167.0.. .. ..170.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..199.1 229.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Chemicals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 154.6
.. .. .. ..144.1.. .. .. ..
134.7.. .. .. ..
129.7 169.1
Manufactured g oods .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..161.7
.. .. .. ..163.2.. .. .. ..
184.9.. .. .. ..
183.0.. .. ..171.4
.. .. ..
Machinery and trans port equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. 64.0.. .. .. ..
61.7 .. .. ..57.2.. .. .. ..
62.6 .. .. .. ..
60.4.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mis cellaneous manufactured articles .. .. .. .. .. .. 173.7
.. .. .. ..
194.3 .. .. .. ..
210.1.. .. ..181.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
133.4
All imports .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..100.6 109.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..100.6 107.1
.. .. .. .. .. 108.7
Non-oil Imports .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94.3.. .. .. ..
105.2.. .. .. ..94.7.. .. ..101.2.. .. .. 103.5
* Provisional
Quantities 6.10. Quantities of principal domestic exports for the period 2016 to 2020 are shown in Table
of Principal 6.5. Quantities of domestic exports of horticultural products and tea rose by 124.7 thousand
Domestic metric tonnes and 100.6 thousand metric tonnes, respectively, in 2020. Similarly, quantities of
Exports essential oils; animal and vegetable oils; and sugar confectionery exported increased by 14.7,
15.8 and 43.4 per cent, respectively, in the review period. Notably, the quantity of cement
exported almost doubled to 120.0 thousand metric tonnes in 2020, while quantities of maize
exports more than doubled to 6.6 thousand metric tonnes over the same period.
6.11. On the contrary, export quantities of titanium ores and concentrates, and soda ash dropped
significantly by 25.8 thousand metric tonnes and 26.5 thousand metric tonnes, respectively, in
2020. Similarly, the quantity of salt exported reduced slightly from 266.4 thousand metric
tonnes in 2019 to 264.6 thousand metric tonnes in 2020. In addition, quantities of exported
coffee, automatic data processing machines, and leather declined by 10.9, 36.9 and 45.3 per
cent, respectively, in 2020.
104
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.5: Quantities of Principal Domestic Exports, 2016-2020
Commodity Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Fish and fish preparations .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. .. 5,995.0 5,321.1 7,250.2 8,844.3 8,418.3
Maize(unmilled,excluding sweet corn) .. .. . .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne 3,191.5
.. .... .. .... .. .... 5,419.7
.. .... .. . .. .... .. 2,673.3
.... .. .... .. .... 3,128.8
.. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. 6,640.6
Meals and flours of wheat .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. .... ..
1,479.5 .... .. .... .. ....
1,648.0
.. .... .. .... .. ....
2,281.6.. .... .. .. 2,032.1 2,748.6
Horticulture .. .. . .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .. 501,573.0 457,201.3 497,416.9 467,602.7 592,068.2
Sugar confectionery .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. .... .. ....
28,836.4 .. .. 31,064.0 29,042.3 34,800.7 49,901.5
Coffee, unroasted .. .. . .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .. 45,303.4 43,469.4 44,679.6 48,735.1 43,407.0
Tea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... ..Tonne .... .. .... .. ..479,969.3 467,032.9 501,785.7 475,502.9 576,052.9
Margarine and shortening .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. .... .. ....
17,786.7 .. .. 18,102.2 19,523.1 20,795.4 20,863.3
Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. .. … .. … .. … .. … .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. .... ..
19,788.8
.... .. .... .. .. 25,463.4 27,685.3 32,116.6 35,493.7
Beer made from malt .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. 000'....Lt... .... .. .... ..
31,331.9 .. 28,593.7 33,965.1 21,739.2 18,583.4
Tobacco and tobacco manufactures.. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. ....
25,367.2.. .... .. .. 21,439.3 21,775.2 20,295.0 24,081.7
Hides and skins .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. .... .. ....
2,777.0 .. .. 1,105.2 1,221.4 1,662.4 1,083.3
Sisal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... ..Tonne .... .. .. .... .. ....9,594.8
.. .... .. .... .. ....
7,441.3
.. .... .. .... .. ..
8,552.7 8,834.9 9,386.3
Stone, sand and gravel . .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. .. 104,492.9 92,408.4 147,615.1 159,663.3 163,996.5
Fluorspar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne.. .... .. .... .. 48,662.0
.. 8,925.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Salt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ....
Tonne .. .... .. .... ..
306,323.5
.... .. .. 320,441.9 311,816.6 266,402.0 264,615.3
Soda ash .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. ..
258,702.7 342,639.3 294,305.6 254,714.3 228,199.8
Titanium ores and concentrates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. ..614,609.0 533,762.5 563,835.2 425,502.4 399,743.0
Metal scrap .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ....Tonne .. .... .. .... .. ....
10,657.3 .. .. 12,647.3 14,211.7 12,726.7 12,462.0
Animal and Vegetable oils .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. .... .. ....
57,274.7 .. .. 36,058.8 56,507.7 85,936.2 99,506.4
Alcohols and derivatives thereof … … … .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ....000' .. ....
Lt... .. 17,456.1 4,871.6 1,698.4 1,123.7 1,189.6
Pigments, paints, varnishes and related materials .. … .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. .... .. ....
13,203.9 .. .. 14,337.9 15,162.4 13,514.3 14,963.6
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products .. .. . .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. ....
13,378.5
.. .... .. .... .. ..
13,876.5 13,085.6 12,576.7 13,258.1
Essential oils .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. ..
81,769.0 88,158.4 101,972.5 124,860.6 143,252.4
Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastics .. … .. … .. … .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. .... ..
5,309.4 .... .. .. 5,194.0 5,105.2 5,211.6 5,696.7
Insecticides and fungicides .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. .... .. ....
2,314.2 .. .. 2,455.3 2,873.8 2,659.5 3,698.1
Leather .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .. 21,656.6 24,270.6 23,141.6 15,775.4 8,626.3
Wood manufactures n.e.s .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne.. .... .. .... .. .... 309.3.. .. 263.3 279.4 415.7 375.4
Paper and paperboard .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne .. .... .. .... .. ..
62,373.8 32,769.6 33,860.5 27,018.9 22,695.0
Textile yarn .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. .... ..
1,552.5 .. 1,921.1 1,797.9 1,916.1 2,048.1
Made-up articles, wholly or chiefly of textile materials, n.e.s. .. … .. … .. …Tonne 11,018.2 7,763.8 7,245.7 8,285.7 8,894.7
Glassware .. … .. … .. … … .. … .. … .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ....
11,373.2 .. ..
14,192.8 14,558.3 16,572.0 18,518.9
Cement .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... Tonne.. .... .. .... ..420,157.2
.... .. .. 387,593.1 144,275.3 61,658.0 120,023.5
Iron and steel .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. .... ..
139,018.8 .. 108,717.4 110,471.6 149,325.2 151,053.1
Metal containers .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. .... ..
3,569.0 .... .. .. 2,456.1 1,931.7 3,120.3 3,939.3
Wire products: nails screws, nuts, etc. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ..7,211.6
4,580.9 5,121.9 4,083.3 4,550.7
Household equipment of base metal, n.e.s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. 9,689.6 6,224.5 3,550.5 3,741.8 3,677.1
Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. .. … .. … .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne.... .. .... .. ..10,740.6 11,480.2 12,107.6 11,955.7 10,223.6
Automatic data proccessing machines and units thereof … … … … … … … No.… … … … … 25,031.0 … … 33,050.0 8,560.0 23,335.0 14,724.4
Footwear .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. '....000' .. ....Pairs.. .... .. .... ..
37,175.6 .. 34,480.2 34,411.0 39,268.7 35,518.7
Printed matter … … .. … … … .. … … … .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne.... .. .... .. .. 6,724.5 4,909.2 5,643.8 4,544.1 5,173.0
Articles of plastic .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne .... .. .... .. ....
47,381.7
.. .... .. .. 43,306.8 33,900.9 43,563.5 47,750.1
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional.
105
Economic Survey 2021
Quantities 6.12. Quantities of principal imports for the period 2016 to 2020 are presented in Table 6.6.
of Principal During the review period, there was a marked decline in the quantities of imported unmilled
Imports wheat; sugars, molasses, and honey; and second-hand clothing of 5.8, 23.1 and 34.0 per cent,
respectively. Similarly, the quantity of petroleum products and the number of road motor
vehicles imported reduced by 11.6 per cent and 14.0 per cent to 5,514.3 million litres and
94,569 units, respectively, in 2020.
6.13. Quantities of imported animal and vegetable fats and oils; cement clinkers; and iron and
steel went up by 20.0, 10.7 and 9.0 per cent to 1.2 million tonnes, 2.0 million tonnes and 1.7
million tonnes, respectively, in the same period. Similarly, the quantities of imported plastics
in primary and non-primary forms and chemical fertilizers increased from 501.5 thousand
tonnes and 768.8 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 569.4 thousand tonnes and 836.1 thousand
tonnes, respectively, in 2020. Imports of medicinal and pharmaceutical products further
increased to 39.4 thousand metric tonnes in 2020 from 32.4 thousand metric tonnes in 2019.
106
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.6: Quantities of Principal Imports, 2016-2020
Commodity Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Wheat, unmilled …………………………………………………………………………………... Tonne 1,362,309.1 1,854,953.8 1,736,691.7 1,998,852.1 1,882,450.5
Rice…………………………………………………………………………………… Tonne 507,998.7 625,142.7 599,338.8 608,601.9 605,147.5
Maize(unmilled,excluding sweet corn) .. .. . .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne 148,558.1
.... .. .... .. .... .. 1,327,971.7
.... .. .... .. .... .. .. 529,558.3 228,783.5 273,472.2
Wheat flour …………………………………………………………………………………… Tonne 15,925.1 13,951.2 22,641.7 987.8 4,942.9
Sugars, Mollases and Honey …………………………………………………………………………………… Tonne 377,333.7 1,119,609.4 408,383.0 627,167.6 482,070.2
Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.… … … … … .. … … … … … Tonne
.. … … … … … 93,952.1.. … … … … 104,972.5
… .. … … …92,864.5
… … .. 102,742.1 89,959.0
Textile fibres and their waste… … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … … Tonne… … .. … … … 21,452.5 … … .. … … 20,124.7
… … … .. …
24,145.6
… … … … ..24,344.6 26,867.4
Second - hand clothing … … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … … … Tonne
… .. … … … … 131,940.8… .. … … … 135,868.4
… … .. … …177,160.0
… … … .. 184,555.2 121,778.2
Petroleum products … … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … … … … Mn... Lt.
…………… 5,478.2
.. … … … … 5,542.1 5,471.3
… .. … … … … … .. 6,234.9 5,514.3
Residual petroleum products, n.e.s. and related materials … Tonne 71,780.5 87,123.6 177,988.8 150,110.7 198,441.6
Liquefied propane and butane … … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … Tonne… … … .. … 167,056.8
… … … … .. … 198,481.9 240,484.3
… … … … .. 304,407.7 321,183.9
Animal/vegetable fats and oils … … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … Tonne
… … … .. … … 750,512.0 … … … .. … 850,497.4
… … … … ..
867,296.9
…………… 1,006,481.3
.. 1,208,218.6
Organic & inorganic chemicals… … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … Tonne… … … .. … 279,396.5
… … … … .. … 279,539.7… … … … ..
315,055.3
…………… 342,366.9
.. 360,441.3
Pigments, paints, varnishes and related materials… … … … … .. … … Tonne
… … … .. … … 38,003.8
… … … .. … 43,330.6
… … … … ..52,511.7 44,341.8 49,431.7
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products … … … … … .. … … … … … Tonne.. … … … … … 25,872.9 .. … … … … 24,790.8
… .. … … …
29,847.8
… … .. … … …
32,377.7
… … .. 39,389.1
Essential oils & pefumes… … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … … … Tonne
… .. … … … … 56,046.4
… .. … … … 64,353.3 64,187.5
… … .. … … … … … .. 72,427.3 73,134.0
Chemical fertilizers … … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … … … … .. Tonne…………… 671,780.8
.. … … … … 853,113.0
… .. 632,074.6 768,824.9 836,071.9
Plastics in primary & non-primary forms… … … … … .. … … … … … Tonne .. … … … … 469,426.3
… .. … … … 453,783.5
… … .. … … …471,676.2
… … .. 501,451.4 569,396.2
Insecticides and fungicides … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Tonne… … .. 16,781.4 17,986.0 20,340.1 15,606.0 25,809.7
Miscellaneous chemical products, n.e.s.… … … … … .. … … … … … Tonne
.. … … … … … 49,766.6.. 50,075.8 49,330.3 49,388.6 54,012.7
Rubber tyres and inner tubes, for wheels of all kinds … … … … … …000' …… No.… … … … 7,757.1 8,123.6 10,476.2 10,182.3 10,985.2
Paper and Paperboard … … … … … … … … … … … … … …… … Tonne
… … … .. … … 348,684.8… … … .. … 365,370.7
… … … … ..
400,137.1 359,150.6 317,842.0
Textile yarn.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. … … … … … … … …
Tonne
… 23,572.1 19,696.1 21,917.8 21,828.1 18,874.3
Cement Clinkers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. … … … … … … … Tonne 2,002,864.6 1,504,626.5 2,016,670.0 1,813,898.4 2,008,427.2
Iron and steel … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … .. … … … Tonne
… … .. … … 1,443,869.2
…………… 1,374,712.5
.. 1,313,822.2 1,594,243.5 1,737,982.6
Non-ferrous metals … … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … … … … .. Tonne …………… 51,397.1
.. … … … … 46,035.8
… .. … … … …46,321.9
… .. 40,226.0 48,470.2
Structures and parts of structures of iron, steel or aluminium ………….Tonne 103,980.8 69,821.4 59,363.5 45,920.2 47,972.2
Hand & machine tools … … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … … … … Tonne.. … … … … 11,648.6
… .. 9,471.9 11,932.9 12,731.6 14,438.8
Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. … … … … … … … … … … … … … Tonne… … … …60,269.9 45,873.3 45,327.4 42,730.3 45,064.1
Industrial Machinery1 .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..- .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..- . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. -.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .- .. .. .. . .. .. .. - -
1
Agricultural Machinery and Tractors .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . -.. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..- .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . -.. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. -.. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..- .. .. . .. .. .. -
Automatic data proccessing machines and units thereof … … … … …000' …No. …………… 1,025.3
…………… 1,245.3… 498.4 1,089.2 938.3
1
Telecommunications equipment, n.e.s., and parts, n.e.s. … … …. … …- … … - - - - -
1
Parts, n.e.s. and accessories of the motor vehicles … … … … … … … …- … … … … -… … … … … -… - - -
Motorcycles and cycles fitted with an auxilliary motor … … … … … ..000'…No.… … … … .. …
145.9… … … … ..
199.7
…………… 204.2
.. 231.4 232.9
Bicycles, assembled or partly assembled… … … … … … … … … …000' …… No.… … … 108.1 151.2 159.7 198.9 210.9
Road Motor Vehicles… … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … … … …No. .. … … … … …
85,067.0
.. … … … …
94,464.0
… .. … … …
101,964.0
… … .. … … …
109,933.0
… … .. 94,569.0
Aircraft and associated equipment1 .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … - - - - - -
Prefabricated buldings … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Tonne
… 18,205.2 19,263.2 18,185.4 9,403.7 9,205.4
Furniture and parts thereof1 … … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … …-… … .. … …- … … … .. … -… … … … .. - - -
1
Quality control instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. … … … … … .. … …- … … … .. -… … … … … ..- … … … … …- .. … … … … -… .. … … … -… … ..
Printed matter … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Tonne
… … … … 18,100.2 8,876.4 14,150.5 13,835.5 6,298.5
Articles, n.e.s., of plastics… … … … … .. … … … … … .. … … … … Tonne
… .. … … … …
50,648.6
… .. … … …
42,345.5
… … .. 42,043.2 38,540.8 37,569.8
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional.
1
Items have different units of measurements
107
Economic Survey 2021
Values of 6.14. The value of principal domestic exports for the period 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table
Principal 6.7. The value of domestic exports increased by 8.9 per cent to KSh 567.4 billion in 2020,
Exports mainly on account of increase in the value of domestic exports of horticulture and tea. During
the period under review, export value of horticultural products increased by 10.6 per cent to
KSh 136.0 billion and accounted for 24.0 per cent of the total domestic export earnings. Tea
was the second leading foreign exchange earner after horticulture, accounting for 23.0 per
cent of the total domestic export value in 2020. The value of domestic exports of animal and
vegetable oils; tobacco and tobacco manufactures and; titanium ores and concentrates went
up by 58.8, 25.4 and 20.5 per cent to KSh 10.4 billion, KSh 16.3 billion and KSh 16.7 billion,
respectively, in 2020. Notably, domestic exports of maize, which had declined by 1.0 per cent
in 2019, more than doubled to KSh 1.1 billion in 2020.
6.15. On the other hand, the values of domestic exports of articles of apparel and clothing
accessories; soda ash; leather; iron and steel; and fish and fish preparations, declined in
2020. This decline resulted to slowdown in the growth of earnings from domestic exports.
Additionally, the value of domestic exports of paper and paperboard declined for the second
consecutive year to KSh 4.3 billion in 2020.
108
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.7: Values of Principal Domestic Exports1, 2016-2020
KSh Million
Commodity 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Fish and fish preparations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,898.9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,124.8.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,975.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,412.8 .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,739.1.. ..
Maize(unmilled,excluding sweet corn) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 510.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
766.4.. 513.8 508.7 1,147.7
Meals and flours of wheat .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64.5.. .. .. .. .. ..72.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
88.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
94.3.. .. .. .. .. ..150.8 .. .. ..
Horticulture .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
110,338.3 113,349.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. 124,266.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 122,916.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 135,959.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sugar confectionery. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,894.6 5,073.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. 4,854.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,884.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..5,721.1
Coffee, unroasted .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21,371.4 .. .. .. .. .. ..
23,452.7.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
23,094.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
20,309.9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
22,242.7
Tea .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
124,496.7 .. .. .. .. .. ..
147,250.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
138,835.5.. .. .. .. .. ..
113,550.7
.. .. 130,353.4
Margarine and shortening .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,125.9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,368.1.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,705.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,492.1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,803.0.. .. .. .. ..
Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,328.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,985.2 .. .. . 5,938.6 6,740.1 7,510.7
Beer made from malt .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,316.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,520.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,641.1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,695.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,573.3 .. .. .. .
Tobacco and tobacco manufactures .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14,573.9 13,735.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,988.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,024.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. 16,334.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Hides and skins (undressed) . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 170.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..51.1 66.1.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 152.2 56.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sisal .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,762.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,220.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,399.0 .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,459.0.. .. .. .. 1,514.5
Stone, sand and gravel . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 725.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
578.9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
791.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
769.6 .. .. .. .. .. ..855.3
Fluorspar .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 842.5 .. .. .. .. .. ..158.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0.. .. .. .. .. ..0.0 .. .. .. .. 0.0
Salt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4,336.6 4,039.6 4,141.1 3,870.7 4,806.4
Soda ash .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,432.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7,090.7 .. .. .. .. .. ..
6,663.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6,113.0.. .. .. 5,198.1
Titanium ores and concentrates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,043.1 .. .. .. .. .. .
13,792.7 15,364.2 13,852.5 16,687.9
Metal scrap .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..2,490.1 3,328.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,943.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3,388.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,082.3
Animal and Vegetable oils .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,040.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,356.0 .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,338.4.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6,516.9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
10,347.1 .. .. .. .. ..
Alcohols and derivatives thereof .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,604.9.. .. .. .. .. . 405.4 197.6 109.0 132.4
Pigments, paints, varnishes and related materials .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,817.5.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,171.8 .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,653.3. 2,197.1 2,248.3
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,190.4 .. .. .. .. .. ..
10,951.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
10,445.0 .. .. .. .. .. ..
10,326.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
10,964.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Essential oils .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9,139.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
10,113.1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
11,850.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13,391.3 .. .. .. .. .. ..
15,811.9.. ..
Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastics .. … .. … … … … … … … 1,995.2 1,636.8 1,815.5 2,005.3 2,022.3
Insecticides and fungicides .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,034.1 1,716.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. 1,981.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,871.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,662.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Leather .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,605.3 .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,088.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,420.4 .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,947.9
.. .. .. .. .. 2,086.4
Wood manufactures n.e.s .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 107.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
135.2 .. .. .. .. .. ..
149.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
148.4 .. .. .. .. .. ..120.9
.. .. .. .. ..
Paper and paperboard .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,994.5.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,855.0 .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,626.7.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,716.1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,265.4
.. .. .. ..
Textile yarn .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. … … … … … … … 636.9 859.0 798.6 835.3 1,052.3
Made-up articles, wholly or chiefly of textile materials, n.e.s. .. … .. … .. … 3,017.8 2,080.9 1,962.4 2,192.3 2,506.1
Glassware .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 606.7 924.1 927.3 1,069.2 1,245.9
Cement .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,360.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,505.2 .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,482.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
679.0.. .. .. 1,148.2
Iron and steel .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13,182.9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
11,716.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12,344.0 .. .. .. .. .. ..
15,697.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
14,889.0 ..
Metal containers. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 575.5 .. .. .. .. .. ..
511.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
393.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
669.0.. .. .. 768.6
Wire products: nails screws, nuts, etc.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..646.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,077.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
557.4 .. .. .. .. .. ..
525.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
538.6 .. .. .. .. .. .
Household equipment of base metal, n.e.s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,708.8 1,907.3 867.7 1,083.9 1,272.8
Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,553.3 2,562.4 2,821.7 2,813.4 2,195.1
Automatic data proccessing machines and units thereof .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..336.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
167.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
243.7 .. .. . 299.4 359.1
Electrical machinery and apparatus, n.e.s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,285.2 1,517.7 1,966.6 2,114.5 2,474.3
Trailers and semi-trailers; other vehicles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,494.2.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
947.9 .. .. . 1,315.7 1,121.9 950.3
Furniture and parts thereof; .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. … … … … 1,214.6 1,068.5 1,025.2 1,293.7 1,094.9
Footwear .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,473.1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,229.5.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,369.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,825.9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,210.1..
Printed matter .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 5,205.0 5,682.6 6,859.9 3,241.2 5,578.8
Articles of plastics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9,906.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8,800.8 .. .. .. .. .. ..
7,200.1.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6,759.5 .. .. .. .. .. ..
7,581.5
.. .. .
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30,741.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
32,447.6 .. .. .. .. .. ..
34,328.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
34,767.7.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
32,918.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SUB-TOTAL 446,196.8 467,394.9 475,213.1 443,452.9 491,182.2
All other Commodities .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63,845.4
.. .. . 66,997.9 67,643.4 77,334.5 76,188.2
GRAND TOTAL 510,042.3 534,392.8 542,856.5 520,787.4 567,370.4
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional
1
Includes data on Small Scale Cross Border Trade and Electricity
109
Economic Survey 2021
Values of 6.16. Table 6.8 presents the value of principal commodities imported for the period 2016
Principal to 2020. In 2020, expenditure on imports reduced to KSh 1,643.6 billion from KSh 1,806.3
Imports billion in 2019. This decline was mainly occasioned by a 34.6 per cent drop in the import bill of
petroleum products, largely contributed by low prices and low consumption, stemming from
industrial slow-downs and travel restrictions in the wake of COVID-19. Despite the decline,
petroleum products accounted for 12.2 per cent of the total value of imports during the review
period at KSh 201.1 billion. Expenditure on principal imports of industrial machinery and
road motor vehicles similarly declined by 10.0 per cent and 11.9 per cent, respectively, during
the period under review.
6.17. On the other hand, values of imported animal and vegetable oils and fats; and medicinal
and pharmaceutical products rose by 57.1 per cent and 15.5 per cent to KSh 94.1 billion and
KSh 75.9 billion, respectively, in 2020. In addition, there was an increase in expenditure on
imported insecticides and fungicides (46.9%); edible products and preparations (25.5%); and
miscellaneous chemical products (18.3%), during the review period.
110
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.8: Values of Principal Imports, 2016-2020
KSh Million
Commodity 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Wheat, unmilled .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
28,882.9
. 42,400.1 42,898.5 51,346.5 48,934.0
Rice .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
14,200.0 .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
26,781.9
.. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
25,589.5.. .. 25,062.6 26,336.1
Maize(unmilled,excluding sweet corn) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,636.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
40,265.0.. .. 12,008.4 6,297.3 7,460.2
Wheat flour .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 766.7 618.2 823.0 43.9 213.7
Sugars, Mollases and Honey .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
22,037.0
.. .. .. .. .. ..61,626.8 22,508.3 33,257.3 26,920.5
Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12,461.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
11,941.7.. .. . 11,034.9 13,060.7 16,393.8
Textile fibres and their waste. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
6,365.3.. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
5,386.8
.. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
6,549.5.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
6,584.7 6,584.6
Second - hand clothing . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
12,859.4.. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
13,061.3 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
16,933.2 .. .. .. . .. .. .. 17,770.2 12,242.0
Petroleum Products .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
183,842.1 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
234,896.0. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
295,059.6 .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
307,468.6 201,141.7
Residual petroleum products, n.e.s. and related materials … 3,979.4 4,780.5 7,429.0 7,914.4 8,969.9
Liquefied propane and butane …………………….. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 7,894.8 11,748.7 15,090.0 16,042.4 15,384.5
Animal/vegetable fats and oils .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
53,284.9 . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
68,553.5
.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
59,425.9.. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
59,891.7
.. . .. .. .. 94,105.2
Organic & inorganic chemicals .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
22,677.1 .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
26,046.6
.. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
30,318.5 . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
26,485.6 .. .. .. .. 27,955.7
Pigments, paints, varnishes and related materials ……………. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
7,080.5 .. .. . 7,670.8 8,747.1 8,565.3 8,952.1
Medicinal & Pharmaceauticals Products ... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
60,454.6.. .. 55,623.4 59,746.4 65,758.0 75,918.8
Essential oils & perfumes .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
19,413.1 .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
21,926.9 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
22,859.6. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
24,229.1 .. 21,124.6
Chemical Fertilizers .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
23,064.0 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
29,159.2 .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
23,492.3.. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
27,011.3 27,413.8
Plastics in primary & non-primary forms .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
59,318.9 .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
61,308.0.. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
68,868.4 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
66,498.2 .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
69,232.9
..
Insecticides and fungicides . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 11,381.3 11,892.1 14,034.0 11,255.8 16,538.1
Miscellaneous chemical products, n.e.s. …………... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 14,061.7 15,873.2 16,071.2 15,024.4 17,770.3
Rubber tyres and inner tubes, for wheels of all kinds . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . ..
14,269.5 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .
14,027.7 16,273.1 16,118.1 15,585.4
Paper and Paperboard .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
30,064.9 .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
33,009.8
.. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
41,852.7.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
34,707.6 29,063.7
Textile yarn.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. … . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 4,137.2 3,881.6 4,939.6 4,660.2 3,706.4
Cement Clinkers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 8,365.3 6,544.6 9,576.3 8,378.1 8,646.4
Iron and Steel .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
75,469.1 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
83,579.8 .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
97,686.4.. . .. .. .. 104,111.9 105,100.6
Non-ferrous metals .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
14,353.0. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
16,902.2 .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
16,424.7
.. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
14,014.6 16,010.4
Structures and parts of structures, n.e.s., of iron, steel or aluminium ………….
17,140.8 13,436.6 11,221.7 9,398.9 10,094.6
Hand & machine tools .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
2,848.2
.. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
2,626.2.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
2,749.4.. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
2,930.9
.. 3,257.3
Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. ………………... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 11,916.4 9,258.3 10,975.9 9,351.3 9,622.4
Industrial Machinery .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
253,541.1 .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
238,366.3.. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
252,461.4 . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
257,635.1
.. .. 231,854.3
Agricultural Machinery and Tractors .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
8,917.8 .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .
8,477.6.. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
9,298.0 . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
7,006.0
.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
9,188.0
Automatic data proccessing machines and units thereof . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .
18,959.4 25,233.2 11,725.2 17,955.5 14,012.3
Telecommunications equipment, n.e.s., and parts, n.e.s. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .
28,693.9 32,014.7 25,512.0 26,055.3 25,911.8
Parts, n.e.s. and accessories of the motor vehicles . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
9,078.3 . .. .. .. . .. .. . 9,016.6 10,103.4 11,129.6 11,998.5
Motorcycles and cycles fitted with an auxilliary motor . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ..
8,246.7. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
11,432.1 . 11,316.0 13,273.1 13,630.8
Bicycles, assembled or partly assembled .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
356.9 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
434.0. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
505.3 .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
600.0 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
662.3
Road Motor Vehicles .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
85,839.5. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
85,219.9 .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
92,585.9 .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
92,140.5 81,181.4
Aircraft and associated equipment … … … … … … … … … … … . .. .. . .. .. ..
7,753.3. .. .. .. . .. .. .11,311.6 16,159.5 22,146.0 9,094.4
Prefabricated buldings .. .. . .. .. .. .. . ... .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 4,641.3 4,112.3 5,181.7 2,704.7 3,447.0
Furniture and parts thereof … … … … … … … … … … … … …. .. .. . .. .. .. .
7,131.7.. .. .. . .. .. . 7,965.3 8,802.7 8,402.8 7,218.6
Quality control instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
9,590.5 . .. .. . 12,692.1 12,952.0 11,393.4 8,788.3
Printed matter .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
5,707.5.. .. .. . 8,876.7 7,544.8 8,185.2 4,949.7
Articles, n.e.s., of plastics .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 7,802.4 8,248.1 8,880.0 8,575.4 7,997.4
SUB-TOTAL 1,202,486.3 1,398,227.9 1,444,215.0 1,480,442.1 1,360,614.4
All other Commodities . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. … … … … … … … … … …
236,319.6
… 338,244.2 320,256.5 325,892.5 282,945.6
GRAND TOTAL 1,438,805.9 1,736,472.1 1,764,471.5 1,806,334.6 1,643,560.1
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional
111
Economic Survey 2021
Unit Prices 6.18. Unit prices of principal domestic exports for the period 2016 to 2020 are presented in
of Principal Table 6.9. In the year under review, export prices of horticulture and tea went down by 12.6
Domestic per cent and 5.2 per cent to sell at KSh 229.6 per kilogramme and KSh 226.3 per kilogramme,
Exports respectively. Similarly, export prices of construction materials, such as cement; wire products;
and iron and steel deteriorated by 13.1, 7.9 and 6.2 per cent, respectively, during the review
period. A kilogramme of sugar confectionery fetched KSh 114.6 in 2020 compared to KSh
140.4 in 2019, translating to 18.3 per cent decline. The price per tonne of exported maize rose
from KSh 162,571.2 in 2019 to KSh 172,836.7 in 2020.
6.19. Export prices of unroasted coffee, rose from KSh 416.7 per kilogramme in 2019 to KSh
512.4 in 2020. Moreover, beer made from malt exchanged for KSh 84.7 per litre while tobacco
and tobacco manufactures exchanged for KSh 678.3 per kilogramme, in 2020. Notably, the
average unit price of automatic data processing machine rose significantly from KSh 12,832.6
in 2019 to KSh 24,388.3 in 2020.
112
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.9: Unit Prices of Principal Domestic Exports, 2016-2020
KSh/Unit
Commodity Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Fish and fish preparations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
316.8 .. .. .. .. .. 399.3 410.3 385.9 325.4
Maize(unmilled,excluding sweet corn)1 .. .. . .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. Tonne 160,052.3
.... .. .... .. .... 141,418.5
.. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. 192,206.8 162,571.2 172,836.7
Meals and flours of wheat .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
43,610.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
43,716.5
.. .. 38,981.5 46,418.9 54,849.9
Horticulture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
220.0.. .. 247.9 249.8 262.9 229.6
Sugar confectionery .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 169.7.. .. .. 163.3 167.2 140.4 114.6
Coffee, unroasted .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 471.7 .. .. .. .. 539.5 516.9 416.7 512.4
Tea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
259.4 315.3 276.7 238.8 226.3
Margarine and shortening .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119.5 130.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 138.6 167.9 182.3
Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. .. … .. … .. … .. … .. … Kg 218.8 235.1 214.5 209.9 211.6
Beer made from malt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Lt... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73.9.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
88.2 77.8 78.0 84.7
Tobacco and tobacco manufactures .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 574.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
640.7 .. .. .. .. 642.4 641.7 678.3
Hides and Skins(undressed) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..61.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
46.2.. .. .. 54.1 91.5 51.9
Sisal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
183,642.7 .. .. 163,996.2 163,578.0 165,138.0 161,350.2
Stone, sand and gravel .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6,943.6 .. .. .. .. 6,264.8 5,361.9 4,820.4 5,215.2
Fluorspar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
17,313.4.. .. .. 17,794.7 .. .. ..
Salt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne 14,156.8 12,606.2 13,280.5 14,529.7 18,163.9
Soda Ash .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
20,998.4
.. .. .. 20,694.4 22,642.4 23,999.5 22,778.8
Titanium ores and concentrates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne 17,967.7 25,840.5 27,249.4 32,555.6 41,746.5
Metal scrap .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tonne .. .. .. .. .. ..
233,651.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
263,139.1
.. .. .. 277,455.0 266,260.5 247,336.7
Animal and vegetable oils .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. ..105.5 120.8..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94.5 75.8 104.0
Alcohols and derivatives thereof … … … … … … Lt. 91.9 83.2 116.3 97.0 111.3
Pigments, paints, varnishes and related materials .. … .. … Kg 137.7 151.5 175.0 162.6 150.2
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 985.9.. .. .. .. .. .. ..789.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 798.2 821.1 827.0
Essential oils .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. ..111.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 114.7 116.2 107.2 110.4
Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastics .. … .. … .. … .. … Kg 375.8 315.1 355.6 384.8 355.0
Insecticides and fungicides .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 879.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
699.0 .. .. 689.6 703.6 720.0
Leather .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
212.6 .. .. 209.6 191.0 186.9 241.9
Wood manufactures n.e.s .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. ..
345,992.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
513,422.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
533,695.6 357,019.3 322,007.6
Paper and paperboard .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. ..
80,073.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
148,155.3
.. 166,172.4 174,546.6 187,942.0
Textile yarn .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 410.2 .. .. .. .. .. 447.1 444.2 435.9 513.8
Made-up articles, wholly or chiefly of textile materials, n.e.s. .. … .. … .. … Kg 273.9 268.0 270.8 264.6 281.8
Glassware .. … .. … .. … … .. … .. … … .. … .. … Kg 53.3 65.1 63.7 64.5 67.3
Cement .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
10,377.5 .. 9,043.5 10,276.1 11,012.3 9,566.1
Iron and steel .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
94,827.9 .. .. .. .. ..107,772.1 111,738.8 105,123.7 98,568.1
Metal containers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
161,239.4 .. .. 208,254.2 203,475.9 214,415.3 195,106.5
Wire products: nails screws, nuts, etc... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
141,121.0.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
149,362.0
.. .. .. .. 108,817.1 128,561.0 118,359.0
Household equipment of base metal, n.e.s. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. 279,561.1 306,417.4 244,390.9 289,670.4 346,131.1
Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. .. … .. … .. … .. … … … … … … … Tonne… … …237,724.1 223,197.1 233,052.5 235,319.3 214,712.9
Automatic data proccessing machines and units thereof … … … … … … No.… … … … 13,460.2… … … 5,065.7 28,469.8 12,832.6 24,388.3
Footwear .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Pair.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..93.4.. .. .. .. 93.7 97.9 97.4 118.5
Printed matter … … .. … … … .. … … … .. … … … .. … Kg 774.0 1,157.5 1,215.5 713.3 1,078.5
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional.
1
Mainly seeds
113
Economic Survey 2021
Unit Prices 6.20. The unit prices of principal imports for the period 2016 to 2020 are presented in Table
of Principal 6.10. The price of imported petroleum products declined significantly from KSh 49.3 per litre
Imports in 2019 to KSh 36.5 per litre in 2020. This decline was mainly occasioned by a noteworthy
decline in the demand for transportation and weakened economic prospects in 2020. Similarly,
import prices of liquefied propane and butane fell from KSh 52.7 per kilogramme in 2019 to
KSh 47.9 per kilogramme in 2020. Import prices of wheat flour went down by 2.6 per cent
while that of unmilled maize slightly declined to KSh 27.3 per kilogramme in 2020. Other
commodities whose import prices declined in 2020 were insecticides and fungicides (11.2%);
iron and steel (7.4%) and cement clinkers (6.8%).
6.21. The cost of edible products and preparations in the international market rose by 43.4 per
cent to KSh 182,235.9 per tonne, in 2020. Similarly, import prices of rice; and sugars, molasses
and honey increased by 5.7 per cent and 5.3 per cent to KSh 43,520.2 and KSh 55,843.5 per
tonne, respectively. During the review period, import price of bicycles, second-hand clothing
and prefabricated buildings went up by 4.1, 4.4 and 30.2 per cent, respectively.
114
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.10: Unit Prices of Principal Imports, 2016-2020
KSh/Unit
Commodity Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Wheat, unmilled .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
21,201.4 22,857.8 24,701.3 25,688.0 25,994.8
Rice .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tonne .. .. .. 27,952.9 42,841.2 42,696.2 41,180.7 43,520.2
Maize, unmilled .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
24,479.6 .. .. 30,320.7 22,676.3 27,525.0 27,279.6
Wheat flour .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
48,142.5 44,312.8 36,348.7 44,400.6 43,230.2
Sugars, mollases and honey .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
58,179.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
54,956.6 55,012.7 53,027.7 55,843.5
Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. … … … … … … … … … … … Tonne ………… 132,632.1 113,760.3 118,828.2 127,121.1 182,235.9
Textile fibres and their waste .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
296,716.3.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
267,671.1 271,251.3 270,477.4 245,075.9
Second - hand clothing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
97,463.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 96,132.1 95,581.2 96,286.5 100,526.7
Petroleum products .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Lt.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..33.6 .. .. .. 42.4 53.9 49.3 36.5
Residual petroleum products, n.e.s. and related materials … Kg 55.4 54.9 41.7 52.7 45.2
Liquefied propane and butane … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Kg… … … 47.3 59.2 62.7 52.7 47.9
Animal and vegetable oils .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 80.6 68.5 59.5 77.9
Organic & inorganic chemicals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81.2.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
93.2 96.2 77.4 77.6
Pigments, paints, varnishes and related materials …………… Kg 186.3 177.0 166.6 193.2 181.1
Medicinal & pharmaceauticals products .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,336.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,243.7.. .. .. .. .. 2,001.7 2,031.0 1,927.4
Essential oils & pefumes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
346.4 .. .. .. .. .. 340.7 356.1 334.5 288.8
Chemical fertilizers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
34,332.7.. .. .. .. 34,179.8 37,167.0 35,133.3 32,788.8
Plastics in primary & non-primary forms .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
126,364.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
135,104.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
146,007.8 132,611.5 121,590.0
Insecticides and fungicides … … … … … … … … … … … Tonne 678,208.8 661,189.6 689,964.2 721,247.3 640,773.3
Miscellaneous chemical products, n.e.s. …………………………. Tonne 282,553.4 316,984.0 325,788.2 304,207.9 329,002.5
Rubber tyres and inner tubes, for wheels of all kinds … … … … … … …No. …………… 1,839.5
…… 1,726.8 1,553.3 1,583.0 1,418.8
Paper and paperboard .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. Tonne .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..
86,223.8 . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ..
90,346.0
.. .. .. .. .. . .. ..
104,596.0
.. . .. .. .. 96,638.1 91,440.7
Cement clinkers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne 4,176.7 4,349.6 4,748.6 4,618.8 4,305.0
Iron and steel .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
52,268.7 60,798.0 74,352.8 65,304.9 60,472.7
Non-ferrous metals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tonne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
279,256.2 .. .. .. .. 367,154.0 354,577.9 348,396.7 330,314.7
Structures and parts of structures of iron, steel or aluminium ………….Tonne 164,845.6 192,442.3 189,034.3 204,678.8 210,425.1
Hand & machine tools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Kg.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 244.5 .. .. .. .. 277.3 230.4 230.2 225.6
Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. … … … … … … … … … … … …Tonne 197,717.9 201,822.6 242,147.7 218,844.5 213,528.0
Automatic data proccessing machines and units thereof … … … … … …No. …………… 18,491.4 … 20,263.0 23,523.7 16,484.5 14,933.1
Motorcycles and cycles fitted with an auxilliary motor …………………No. 56,509.7 57,241.5 55,420.4 57,352.2 58,517.2
Bicycles, assembled or partly assembled .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..No. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,301.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,869.7 .. .. .. .. .. 3,164.6 3,016.1 3,141.2
Road motor vehicles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. No... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,009,081.6.. .. .. .. 902,141.2 908,025.1 838,151.5 858,435.9
Prefabricated buldings … … … … … … … … … … … … … ... Tonne 254,944.3 213,479.7 284,934.8 287,624.1 374,460.3
Printed matter … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Tonne 315,328.0 1,000,031.7 533,179.7 591,604.8 785,850.4
Articles, n.e.s., of plastics … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Tonne 154,049.8 194,780.0 211,211.3 222,501.3 212,867.6
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional.
115
Economic Survey 2021
Composition 6.22. Domestic exports by Broad Economic Category (BEC) for the period 2016 to 2020
of Exports are presented in Table 6.11. During the year under review, domestic exports rose by 8.9 per
cent to KSh 567.4 billion from KSh 520.8 billion in 2019. Food and beverages category grew
by 14.3 per cent and was the dominant category accounting for 46.4 per cent of the total
domestic exports in 2020. The increase was on account of growth in the value of both primary
and processed food and beverages for industry and household consumption. Earnings from
domestic exports of non-food industrial supplies increased from KSh 124.7 billion in 2019
to KSh 134.9 billion in 2020. Another category which exhibited an upward trend was the
consumer goods, whose domestic export value increased by 3.9 per cent to KSh 148.7 billion
in 2020, largely due to increase in exports of non-durable commodities.
6.23. Earnings from domestic export of fuel and lubricants, reduced by 3.8 per cent to KSh 5.9
billion in 2020. The decrease is attributed to the decline in the exports of primary and other
processed fuel and lubricants. Similarly, the value of domestic exports under machinery and
other equipment category declined by 5.4 per cent to KSh 9.5 billion in the same period.
116
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.11: Domestic Exports1 by Broad Economic Category, 2016-2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
FOOD AND BEVERAGES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 229,987.1 .. 256,256.8 258,728.0 230,315.0 263,273.7
Primary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
188,542.1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
212,307.2 212,923.7 180,015.7 207,727.1
For Industry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
23,917.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
26,920.6
.. .. .. .. 25,380.9 22,720.5 25,643.5
For Household Consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 164,624.8 185,386.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 187,542.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 157,295.2 182,083.6
Processed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
41,445.0 43,949.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45,804.4 50,299.2 55,546.6
For Industry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,605.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,335.6
.. .. .. .. 3,939.6 4,079.2 4,756.0
For Household Consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37,839.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
40,614.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
41,864.8
.. .. .. .. .. 46,220.0 50,790.6
INDUSTRIAL SUPPLIES (Non-Food) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 125,074.9.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
126,525.7.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
127,684.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
124,660.4
.. .. 134,917.0
Primary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
45,111.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
48,683.9
.. 49,201.5 46,260.8 50,849.0
Processed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
79,963.6 77,841.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 78,483.0 78,399.6 84,067.9
FUEL AND LUBRICANTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,256.8 5,527.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,379.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,175.8 5,943.8
Primary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13.0.. .. .. .. .. .. ..48.1 48.5 1,691.5 25.4
Processed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,243.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,479.1
.. .. 5,331.0 4,484.3 5,918.5
Motor Spirit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
139.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
63.5.. .. 62.7 149.3 12.5
Other .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,104.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,415.6 .. .. .. 5,268.3 4,335.0 5,905.9
MACHINERY & OTHER CAPITAL EQUIPMENT .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,330.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7,172.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6,810.3.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
10,073.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9,529.2
Machinery & Other Capital Equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,911.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,939.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,407.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..7,981.1 7,819.0
Parts and Accessories .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,418.5 1,233.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..1,402.9 2,092.6 1,710.2
TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,868.6.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,479.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6,089.4 .. .. .. .. .. 6,365.7 4,975.1
Passenger Motor Vehicles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..517.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
260.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
224.7 .. 381.2 164.6
Other .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,563.1 2,113.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,472.6 3,429.7 4,810.5
For Industry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..3,474.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,012.5 .. .. .. .. 3,352.5 3,188.7 1,772.0
Non-Industrial .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88.8.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
101.3 .. .. .. .. 120.1 241.0 284.2
Parts and Accessories .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,787.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,105.9.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,392.2 2,554.7 2,754.3
CONSUMER GOODS NOT ELSEWHERE
SPECIFIED .. .. .. .. 130,448.3 134,415.6 138,145.3 143,173.4 148,714.1
Durable .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,347.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,510.2 1,354.9 1,666.7 1,548.3
Semi-Durable .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..35,753.6.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
35,739.7 .. .. .. .. 35,353.7 36,861.9 36,967.9
Non-Durable .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
93,347.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
97,165.6
.. .. .. .. 101,436.7 104,644.8 110,197.9
GOODS NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED .. 76.6 15.6 19.5 23.3 17.6
TOTAL .. .. .. 510,042.3 534,392.8 542,856.5 520,787.4 567,370.4
SHARES:
Food and Beverages .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45.09 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
47.95 .. .. .. .. .. ..47.66 44.22 46.40
Industrial Supplies (Non-Food) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24.52.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23.68 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
23.52 .. .. .. .. 23.94 23.78
Fuel and Lubricants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.03.. .. .. .. .. .. ..1.03 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.99 1.19 1.05
Machinery and other Capital Equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.61.. .. .. .. .. .. ..1.34 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1.25.. .. .. .. .. .. 1.93 1.68
Transport Equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.15.. .. .. .. .. .. ..0.84 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.12 1.22 0.88
Consumer Goods not elsewhere specified .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25.58.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
25.15 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
25.45 .. .. .. .. .. 27.49 26.21
Goods not elsewhere specified .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.02 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
0.00.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
0.00.. .. 0.00 0.00
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.00 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
100.00 .. .. 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional
1
Includes data on Small Scale Cross Border Trade and Electricity
117
Economic Survey 2021
Composition 6.24. Composition of imports by Broad Economic Category (BEC) for the period 2016 to
of Imports 2020 is shown in Table 6.12. During the period under review, import expenditure went down
to KSh 1,643.6 billion from KSh 1,806.3 billion in 2019, following a decline in all import
categories except non-food industrial supplies. The value of imported non-food industrial
supplies increased by 5.8 per cent to KSh 639.0 billion, in 2020. Notably, the value of imported
fuel and lubricants declined significantly to KSh 224.6 billion in 2020 from KSh 334.5 billion
in 2019, in spite of a progressive increase over the last four years. The drastic drop is largely
attributed to travel restrictions occasioned by COVID-19, leading to low demand and
consumption of petroleum products.
118
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.12: Total Imports1 by Broad Economic Category, 2016-2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
FOOD AND BEVERAGES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119,134.2 .. .. .. .. ..
250,067.0
.. .. .. .. ..176,149.5
.. .. .. 186,763.6 176,314.5
Primary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
51,683.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
117,580.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
88,962.3 87,431.4 80,460.9
For Industry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
38,953.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
92,555.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
63,494.5
.. .. .. .. .. 67,078.9 64,378.7
For Household Consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12,730.9.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
25,025.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
25,467.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
20,352.4
.. .. .. .. 16,082.2
Processed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
67,450.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
132,486.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
87,187.2.. .. .. 99,332.2 95,853.6
For Industry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
15,212.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
57,566.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
19,260.3
.. .. .. .. .. 28,253.1 22,375.9
For Household Consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
52,237.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
74,920.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
67,926.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
71,079.1
.. .. .. 73,477.7
INDUSTRIAL SUPPLIES (Non-Food) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
518,933.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
551,420.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
610,090.4.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
604,125.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
638,952.3
..
Primary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
30,459.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
29,245.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
34,146.9
.. .. .. 36,937.2 28,370.1
Processed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
488,474.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
522,175.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
575,943.5
.. .. .. 567,187.8 610,582.2
FUEL AND LUBRICANTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 209,458.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
282,687.8.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
338,671.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
334,184.1
.. .. .. .. .. 224,582.3
Primary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,799.6.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,784.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7,482.5
.. .. .. 5,112.8 6,192.4
Processed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
205,658.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
277,902.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
331,188.8
.. .. .. 329,071.3 218,389.9
Motor Spirit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
53,148.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
70,873.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
86,977.6
.. .. .. .. .. 92,003.2 70,082.6
Other .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
152,510.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
207,029.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
244,211.2
.. .. .. 237,068.1 148,307.3
MACHINERY AND OTHER CAPITAL EQUIPMENT ………………………………… 312,080.5 310,776.6 290,556.0 324,531.8 278,805.9
Machinery and Other Capital Equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
251,203.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
260,185.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
237,848.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
262,767.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. 222,521.9
Parts and Accessories .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
60,876.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
50,591.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
52,707.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
61,764.2 56,284.0
TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 147,469.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
197,405.9.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
189,104.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
190,545.2.. .. .. .. .. 163,588.9
Passenger Motor Vehicles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..50,047.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
53,895.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
58,200.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
60,287.0
.. .. 49,180.3
Other .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
58,736.6.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
103,199.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
90,282.5
.. .. 80,751.9 114,408.6
Industrial .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
48,950.7.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
90,421.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
77,632.5
.. .. .. .. 65,602.5 57,141.3
Non-Industrial .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9,785.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12,777.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12,650.0
.. .. .. .. .. ..15,149.4 15,164.8
Parts and Accessories .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
38,685.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
40,311.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
40,621.5
.. .. .. .. .. ..49,506.3 42,102.4
CONSUMER GOODS NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED 127,473.4 138,920.2 148,661.7 156,442.9 157,065.1
Durable .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
23,763.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
25,802.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
31,010.1
.. .. .. .. 30,979.7 31,132.7
Semi-Durable .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
31,556.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
39,638.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
41,413.6
.. .. .. .. .. 42,698.0 44,166.4
Non-Durable .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
72,153.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
73,479.8.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
76,238.0
.. .. .. .. .. ..82,765.2 81,766.0
GOODS NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,256.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,194.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
11,238.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9,742.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,251.1
.. ..
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,438,805.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,736,472.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,764,471.5
.. .. .. .. ..1,806,334.6 1,643,560.1
SHARES:
Food and Beverages .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..8.28.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
14.40 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9.98.. .. .. .. .. ..10.34 10.73
Industrial Supplies (Non-Food) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..36.07.. .. .. .. .. .. ..31.76
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
34.58 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
33.44.. .. 38.88
Fuel and Lubricants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
14.56.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
16.28.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
19.19.. .. .. .. .. ..18.50 13.66
Machinery and other Capital Equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..21.69 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
17.90.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
16.47.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.97 .. .. .. .. .. 16.96
Transport Equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
10.25 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..11.37
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
10.72.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.55 9.95
Consumer Goods not elsewhere specified .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.86.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.00.. .. .. .. .. .. ..8.43 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..8.66.. .. .. .. 9.56
Goods not elsewhere specified .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..0.30 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..0.30.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..0.64.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
0.54.. 0.26
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..100.00
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
100.00 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
100.00 .. .. .. .. .. 100.00 100.00
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional
1
Includes data on Small Scale Cross Border Trade and Electricity
119
Economic Survey 2021
Direction 6.25. The value of total exports by destination for the period 2016 to 2020 are presented in
of Trade Table 6.13. In 2020, exports to Africa rose by 9.8 per cent to KSh 246.1 billion from KSh
224.2 billion in 2019. Africa contributed 38.2 per cent to the total export earnings in 2020,
remaining the largest market for the county’s exports. Exports to East Africa region increased
from KSh 140.4 billion in 2019 to KSh 158.3 billion in 2020, accounting for 64.3 per cent of
the total exports to Africa.
6.26. Exports to Uganda, Rwanda and South Sudan jointly amounted to KSh 120.6 billion
compared to KSh 99.9 billion in 2019, reflecting a growth of 20.8 per cent. Uganda remained
the largest export destination accounting for 29.3 per cent of the total exports to Africa.
Export earnings from South Sudan almost doubled from KSh 12.6 billion in 2019 to KSh
23.2 billion 2020, while the value of exports to Rwanda went up by 8.8 per cent over the same
period. In addition, the value of exports to Ethiopia and Sudan rose by 32.4 and 42.0 per cent,
respectively, in 2020.
6.27. Total value of exports to Asia marginally increased from KSh 156.0 billion in 2019 to
KSh 157.6 billion in 2020. This sustained performance was majorly due to improvement in
the domestic exports of tea to Pakistan, India and Jordan. Despite the overall increase in export
earnings from Asia, exports to the United Arab Emirates and Afghanistan declined by 11.0 per
cent and 36.2 per cent, respectively, in 2020. The decline was largely attributable to a decrease
in re-exports of kerosene type jet fuel to the United Arab Emirates and domestic exports of tea
to Afghanistan.
6.28. Earnings from exports to Europe amounted to KSh 171.5 billion, accounting for 26.6
per cent of the total export earnings in the review period. Notably, the value of exports to
Germany considerably increased from KSh 11.3 billion in 2019 to KSh 14.5 billion in 2020,
majorly driven by increase in domestic exports of coffee and pineapples to this destination.
In addition, the value of exports to the United Kingdom increased by 24.4 per cent from KSh
40.1 billion in 2019 to KSh 49.9 billion in 2020, on account of increased domestic exports of
tea, vegetables and cut flowers.
6.29. The value of exports to America decreased from KSh 56.1 billion in 2019 to KSh 52.3
billion in 2020. Specifically, export earnings to the United States of America fell from KSh 51.9
billion in 2019 to KSh 49.4 billion in 2020. The decline is partly attributed to the decrease in
the value of domestic exports of shelled macadamia nuts, and articles of apparel and clothing
accessories.
120
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.13: Values of Total Exports1 by Destination, 2016-2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
EUROPE
WESTERN EUROPE:
European Union
Belgium ………………………………………………………………..
5,394.9 6,025.5 6,344.5 7,368.5 6,855.7
Finland ………………………………………………………………..
1,412.0 1,029.8 736.9 811.3 984.4
France ………………………………………………………………..
6,412.1 7,773.3 7,924.8 7,864.4 9,150.6
Germany ………………………………………………………………..
11,864.5 11,740.9 11,160.4 11,306.2 14,533.4
Italy ………………………………………………………………..
3,733.4 3,408.7 3,968.0 3,479.6 3,589.4
Netherlands ………………………………………………………………..
43,492.3 43,891.8 46,365.2 48,004.8 48,737.6
Spain ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2,301.7 2,963.0 4,443.5 4,436.5 5,372.5
Sweden ……………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………..
3,066.1 2,863.0 2,829.3 1,975.3 2,252.6
United Kingdom3 ………………………………………………………………..
37,581.4 38,552.7 40,192.1 40,082.3
Poland ……………………………………………………………….………………………………………….
1,804.1 2,213.9 2,220.4 2,652.5 2,375.2
Other ……………………………………………………………….
4,205.0 5,152.8 5,016.7 5,413.5 5,435.0
Total EU 121,267.5 125,615.3 131,201.7 133,394.9 99,286.4
United Kingdom3…..…………. 49,920.9
Other Western Europe………. 9,631.5 8,945.7 9,146.4 7,027.2 9,224.4
Total Western Europe 130,899.0 134,561.0 140,348.1 140,422.1 158,431.7
EASTERN EUROPE:
Russian Federation ………………………………………………………………..
6,995.5 7,996.8 8,572.7 6,348.3 8,008.5
Kazakhstan …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3,027.8 3,432.6 2,949.2 3,226.9 3,783.2
Other ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
611.4 995.3 863.3 1,313.1 1,295.3
Total Eastern Europe 10,634.7 12,424.8 12,385.3 10,888.3 13,087.0
TOTAL EUROPE 141,533.7 146,985.7 152,733.3 151,310.5 171,518.7
AMERICA
U.S.A ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
43,353.9 47,269.9 47,341.0 51,921.6 49,378.0
Canada ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5,729.0 3,633.9 3,140.1 2,926.4 1,244.4
Other ……………………………………………………………….. 3,807.7 3,860.8 5,392.4 1,227.6 1,677.6
TOTAL AMERICA 52,890.6 54,764.6 55,873.5 56,075.6 52,300.0
AFRICA
EAC
Uganda …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
63,488.3 63,421.5 62,628.8 64,106.1 72,219.6
Tanzania ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
35,686.9 29,265.2 29,972.2 33,864.9 31,833.0
Rwanda ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
17,499.6 17,124.0 17,842.2 23,174.9 25,211.3
South Sudan ….......…..……… 16,844.2 12,967.7 12,574.7 23,194.7
Burundi ………………………………………………………………..
7,242.2 7,382.0 6,592.6 6,725.9 5,878.8
Total EAC 123,917.1 134,037.0 130,003.5 140,446.4 158,337.3
Rest of Africa
South Africa ………………………………………………………………..
4,149.0 2,758.6 4,387.0 3,312.2 3,480.9
Egypt ………………………………………………………………..20,618.5 19,005.2 20,125.1 18,927.4 18,983.0
Somalia …………………………………………………….. 18,041.9 19,745.1 15,145.3 11,841.8 11,394.4
South Sudan ………………………………………………… 16,406.4
Ethiopia ………………………………………………….. 9,141.6 8,230.4 6,677.7 7,104.4 9,403.7
Sudan …………………………………………………… 5,360.7 6,906.5 6,201.6 5,824.1 8,269.5
Democratic R of Congo …………………………………..
20,035.5 18,879.3 15,177.1 13,466.0 14,298.1
Zambia ……………………………………………………. 5,171.6 3,869.0 5,290.3 4,364.1 4,440.4
Other 2 ………………………………………………………………..
15,325.3 14,209.7 14,595.2 18,961.0 17,523.0
TOTAL AFRICA 238,167.6 227,640.8 217,602.7 224,247.4 246,130.2
ASIA
MIDDLE EAST
Iran ……………………………………………………………….. 1,757.2 1,523.7 2,173.9 2,123.5 1,626.3
Israel ……………………………………………………………….. 1,064.1 747.5 922.1 592.4 623.5
Jordan ……………………………………………………………….. 1,059.3 1,593.7 1,449.3 1,338.6 2,701.9
Saudi Arabia ……………………………………………………………….. 6,727.3 7,845.7 10,018.5 8,903.1 8,150.0
United Arab Emirates ………………………………………………………………..
30,974.3 26,370.1 35,008.8 38,685.0 34,434.9
Yemen Arab Republic ……………………………………… 4,802.9 6,387.3 4,890.3 4,977.6 4,691.5
Other …………………………………………………………….. 4,140.4 6,906.6 .9,244.2 9,367.2 7,231.4
Total Middle East 50,525.4 51,374.7 63,707.1 65,987.3 59,459.5
FAR EAST
China(Mainland) ……………………………………………………………….. 10,061.0 9,997.5 11,132.9 15,160.3 14,794.5
India ……………………………………………………………….. 11,918.6 5,981.7 9,100.9 5,404.4 7,686.2
Indonesia ……………………………………………………………….. 934.3 1,190.9 1,092.3 1,084.0 861.0
Japan ……………………………………………………………….. 4,071.2 4,504.8 5,072.5 5,478.0 4,789.8
Korea Republic (South Korea) ………………………………………………………………..
1,869.4 2,352.5 2,828.4 2,350.7 2,359.4
Pakistan ……………………………………………………………….. 40,254.3 64,057.8 59,387.4 45,239.5 54,656.5
Singapore ……………………………………………………………….. 356.8 375.4 525.0 1,962.1 665.0
Afghanistan ………………………………………………… 10,685.8 3,146.8 3,772.7 3,609.3 2,301.5
Thailand ……………………………………………………. 1,727.2 5,000.8 7,258.0 2,771.4 2,082.7
Other ……………………………………………………………….. 8,132.1 14,477.4 17,041.5 6,916.5 7,966.9
Total Far East 90,010.5 111,085.7 117,211.5 89,976.2 98,163.5
TOTAL, ASIA 140,536.0 162,460.3 180,918.5 155,963.5 157,623.0
AUSTRALIA & OCEANIC
Australia ……………………………………………………………….. 2,203.3 2,284.8 2,878.8 2,411.8 2,351.5
Other ……………………………………………………………….. 3,920.1 1,291.7 1,520.7 3,035.9 261.1
TOTAL Australia & Oceania 6,123.4 3,576.5 4,399.5 5,447.7 2,612.6
All Other Countries ………………………………………………………………..1,045.3 1,213.3 1,269.4 1,585.4 873.8
Aircraft and Ships Stores ……………………………………………………………..
1,264.8 1,262.9 1,518.7 2,046.7 12,647.9
Total All Other Counties n.e.s 2,310.2 2,476.2 2,788.0 3,632.0 13,521.6
GRAND TOTAL EXPORTS 581,561.3 597,904.1 614,315.7 596,676.6 643,706.2
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
Total Exports=Domestic Exports plus Re-Exports
*Provisional
1
Includes data on Small Scale Cross Border Trade and Electricity
2
See Table 6.15 for details
3
United Kingdom exited the EU in February 2020
121
Economic Survey 2021
6.30. Table 6.14 highlights the value of imports by country of origin for the period 2016 to
2020. In the period under review, imports from Asia declined by 9.5 per cent from KSh 1,151.7
billion in 2019 KSh 1,042.6 billion in 2020. Despite this decrease, Asia remained the leading
source of imports accounting for 63.4 per cent of the total import expenditure in 2020. The
decline is partly attributed to a reduction in the value of imported petroleum products from
Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
6.31. Total value of imports from the Far East marginally rose to KSh 846.1 billion in 2020
from KSh 829.7 billion in 2019. This was mainly on account of increased imports of crude
palm oil from Malaysia and Indonesia. Conversely, there was a decrease in the value of imports
from China and Japan of 4.1 per cent and 11.9 per cent, respectively, in 2020.
6.32. The value of imports from Europe slightly increased from KSh 307.4 billion in 2019
to KSh 309.4 billion in 2020. The growth was largely driven by an increase in the value of
imported premium gas oil from the Netherlands; vaccines for human medicine from Belgium;
and iron and steel from the Russian Federation. On the other hand, there was a notable decline
in imports from Germany (13.4%), United Kingdom (17.2%) and Ireland (60.1%), during the
review period.
6.33. In 2020, the import bill attributable to America contracted by 9.4 per cent to KSh 96.6
billion from KSh 106.7 billion in 2019. This decline is partly as a result of reduced imports of
wheat from the United States of America; and aeroplanes and other aircrafts from Canada.
122
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.14: Values of Imports by Origin1, 2016-2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
EUROPE
WESTERN EUROPE
European Union
Germany ……………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
43,353.4 42,988.8 46,599.2 46,439.1 40,206.5
United Kingdom2 ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
33,487.1 30,050.2 31,555.4 35,265.9
France ……………………………………… ………………………………………….………………………………………..
21,534.2 26,834.8 23,929.5 24,691.0 23,283.1 ……………………
Italy ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
23,738.3 22,388.0 25,731.4 21,125.2 23,587.0
Netherlands ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
16,510.4 19,539.5 19,364.1 31,926.0 41,884.7
Belgium ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
13,496.4 15,364.0 16,204.8 14,586.9 18,580.2
Spain ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
11,023.2 10,696.4 10,586.1 11,475.8 10,079.4
Poland ………………………………………………………………….
6,020.5 6,354.3 4,620.3 5,375.4 5,422.0
Sweden ……………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
5,843.6 6,255.5 7,338.6 5,972.4 6,286.0
Czech Republic …………………………………………………….
3,300.0 4,442.6 4,078.6 2,550.6 3,588.0
Denmark ……………………………………………………………4,251.5 3,763.6 4,307.1 4,083.4 3,954.8
Ireland ………………………………………………………………………
6,948.6 3,255.8 6,651.8 10,134.1 4,044.9
Austria …...…………………………………………………………...
2,707.3 2,343.9 2,593.9 4,711.1 2,787.1
Finland ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
3,339.3 2,122.7 2,972.2 3,979.4 5,234.6
Hungary ………………………………………………………………..
2,493.6 1,252.5 1,781.2 2,480.8 996.0
Other ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
14,519.0 8,881.5 11,289.5 10,630.8 14,211.5
Total EU 212,566.5 206,534.0 219,603.8 235,427.9 204,145.7
United Kingdom2………………………. 29,190.4
Other Western Europe 23,835.6 29,696.4 32,878.5 30,167.3 29,571.0
Total Western Europe 236,402.1 236,230.3 252,482.3 265,595.2 262,907.2
EASTERN EUROPE
Russian Federation ………………………………………………………………..……………………………….………………………………………..
24,260.4 36,178.9 31,720.7 33,733.4 37,996.4
Ukraine ………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….
3,818.6 9,516.8 7,456.3 6,960.9 7,473.4
Other ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….………………………………………..
842.5 788.9 901.7 1,070.8 1,024.2
Total Eastern Europe 28,921.5 46,484.6 40,078.8 41,765.2 46,493.9
TOTAL EUROPE 265,323.5 282,714.9 292,561.0 307,360.4 309,401.1
AMERICA
U.S.A ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
47,819.0 57,377.4 53,245.1 62,271.7 56,306.3
Canada ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….…………
7,806.5 9,902.0 8,920.4 13,891.5 10,436.2
Brazil 27,819.0 9,275.8
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
4,369.6 5,202.0 5,848.6
Mexico ………………………………………………… 2,307.6 21,139.6 1,885.3 2,190.3 5,039.1
Argentina 9,536.2 10,825.9
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………
852.0 15,019.2 16,431.5
Other ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
2,035.5 2,772.3 1,701.5 8,098.5 2,561.2
TOTAL AMERICA 65,190.1 128,546.7 85,853.9 106,673.3 96,623.0
AFRICA
South Africa ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……
49,857.2 61,879.6 64,733.5 74,040.4 45,779.2
Egypt ………………………………………….. 30,042.7 35,382.6 36,338.9 42,571.1 44,853.5
Tanzania 18,224.6 18,011.9 27,699.7
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….…………
13,329.1 27,881.0
Uganda 50,726.2 52,586.4 38,478.3
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….…………
25,415.0 25,900.4
Swaziland 11,230.6 8,628.2
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………
6,397.8 12,557.0 8,661.8
Mauritius ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………
5,173.6 7,318.0 6,100.1 7,876.4 4,748.0
Rwanda ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………
774.6 1,683.6 1,186.3 1,404.3 2,040.8
Zambia 7,739.4 6,884.6
………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………
4,200.6 6,685.1 3,616.8
Other 1 17,209.6
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….…………
12,103.0 15,727.7 22,885.4 21,796.7
TOTAL AFRICA 147,293.6 211,394.2 210,197.8 234,197.6 185,278.2
ASIA
MIDDLE EAST
Iran ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
6,134.3 13,169.1 10,419.3 6,089.1 4,847.2
Israel ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
5,027.0 6,292.6 6,302.3 5,061.2 4,453.2
Jordan ………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………….……………
806.4 3,197.5 1,461.4 1,150.2 619.3
Saudi Arabia ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……
69,259.1 114,606.9 172,703.0 127,164.8 69,002.4
United Arab Emirates 138,359.3
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
91,482.0 147,416.7 167,877.0 92,282.9
Bahrain ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………
8,095.3 8,845.1 5,408.5 1,075.7 4,197.5
Oman ………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………….
5,697.3 5,107.0 6,680.3 9,295.0 10,028.5
Other ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
8,186.1 3,822.8 5,324.8 4,306.3 11,045.5
Total Middle East 194,687.5 293,400.4 355,716.3 322,019.2 196,476.5
FAR EAST
China 390,622.3
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
337,450.1 370,826.4 376,725.6 361,366.7
India ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
205,498.9 170,410.2 185,252.1 178,873.4 188,588.4
Indonesia ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….………
45,372.5 56,861.9 46,104.6 50,630.4 62,692.7
Japan ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
82,409.6 81,662.9 99,822.7 99,433.2 87,594.3
Korea South ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….………
14,210.6 17,595.4 18,983.1 14,813.1 20,436.4
Pakistan ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….…………
18,175.1 25,496.6 21,454.6 24,848.2 21,449.4
Singapore ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….………
6,794.6 5,829.2 3,116.1 6,891.2 8,884.0
Taiwan ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………..
12,295.5 11,813.7 10,105.0 15,039.7 14,475.1
Malaysia ………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………
12,320.6 17,867.6 21,482.9 25,651.1 45,563.3
Thailand ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………….
12,059.5 21,006.7 19,971.5 19,339.4 15,370.1
Other ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
15,405.7 15,015.9 15,686.2 17,416.5 19,660.2
Total Far East 761,992.7 814,182.4 812,805.2 829,661.8 846,080.4
TOTAL, ASIA 956,680.1 1,107,582.7 1,168,521.5 1,151,681.0 1,042,556.9
AUSTRALIA & OCEANIA
Australia ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….…………
2,878.1 4,934.1 6,328.8 5,386.8 7,018.2
Other ………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………
1,190.1 1,093.3 887.1 754.5 496.9
TOTAL AUSTRALIA & OCEANIA 4,068.1 6,027.4 7,215.9 6,141.3 7,515.0
All Other Counties n.e.s 250.4 206.2 121.3 281.0 2,185.9
GRAND TOTAL IMPORTS 1,438,805.9 1,736,472.1 1,764,471.5 1,806,334.6 1,643,560.1
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
*Provisional
1
Includes data on Small Scale Cross Border Trade and Electricity
123
Economic Survey 2021
6.34. Trade with other African countries for the period 2016 to 2020 is presented in Table 6.15.
The value of total exports to Africa increased by 9.8 per cent to KSh 246.1 billion in 2020 from
KSh 224.2 billion in 2019. Export earnings from the East African Community (EAC) went up
by 12.7 per cent to KSh 158.3 billion in 2020 from KSh 140.4 billion in 2019. The countries
that largely accounted for the increase are Rwanda, Uganda and South Sudan whose exports
went up by 8.8, 12.7 and 84.5 per cent, respectively. The value of exports to COMESA rose
from KSh 164.2 billion in 2019 to KSh 189.8 billion in 2020. Export earnings from Sudan and
Ethiopia went up by 42.0 per cent and 32.4 per cent respectively, jointly contributing KSh 17.7
billion to total export earnings in 2020. Additionally, the value of exports to Nigeria increased
by 43.3 per cent to KSh 4.0 billion in 2020 from KSh 2.8 billion in 2019. On the other hand,
a decrease in re-exports of boring machinery and its parts resulted to reduced export earnings
from Mozambique from KSh 3.7 billion in 2019 to KSh 901.4 million in 2020.
6.35. Import expenditure from Africa dropped by 20.9 per cent to KSh 185.3 billion in 2020.
The decrease is largely attributed to notable decline in imports of iron and steel from South
Africa and; milk and cream from Uganda, during the review period.
124
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.15: Trade with African Countries1, 2016-2020
KSh '000
TOTAL EXPORTS TOTAL IMPORTS
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
(EAC)
Tanzania ………………………………………………………………..
35,686,942.1 29,265,238.4 29,972,186.8 33,864,855.0 31,832,967.6 13,329,096.0 18,224,635.4 18,011,924.9 27,699,677.8 27,880,998.1
Uganda …………………………………………..
63,488,327.9 63,421,501.3 62,628,771.2 64,106,065.0 72,219,585.0 25,414,976.5 50,726,238.0 52,586,404.5 38,478,296.7 25,900,422.2
Rwanda …………………………………………..
17,499,629.7 17,124,028.3 17,842,204.1 23,174,876.1 25,211,279.2 774,593.3 1,683,595.7 1,186,307.9 1,404,275.5 2,040,838.4
Burundi …………………………………………..
7,242,222.6 7,381,994.2 6,592,609.1 6,725,941.6 5,878,806.4 68,353.0 59,481.4 67,760.4 65,077.9 355,335.9
South Sudan …...………….. 16,844,222.9 12,967,744.5 12,574,655.3 23,194,679.8 33,203.7 16,554.5 26,955.4 55,993.1
Total, EAC2 123,917,122.3 134,036,985.2 130,003,515.7 140,446,393.1 158,337,318.0 39,587,018.7 70,727,154.1 71,868,952.3 67,674,283.2 56,233,587.6
3
COMESA
Egypt …………………………………………..
20,618,514.1 19,005,227.8 20,125,101.0 18,927,359.3 18,982,955.5 30,042,739.2 35,382,586.2 36,338,938.7 42,571,055.9 44,853,458.5
Congo, D.R …………………………………………..
20,035,482.8 18,879,329.9 15,177,067.8 13,466,012.9 14,298,069.1 208,299.5 504,619.1 1,289,056.1 1,951,927.4 2,754,354.8
Ethiopia …………………………………………..
9,141,551.0 8,230,358.8 6,677,739.6 7,104,395.0 9,403,730.0 915,622.3 3,209,969.8 1,785,385.6 2,082,511.9 1,848,605.7
South Sudan …………………………………………..
16,406,371.7 8,167.9
Sudan …………………………………………..
5,360,749.4 6,906,507.5 6,201,573.1 5,824,133.3 8,269,478.3 479,445.3 2,186,197.2 665,631.2 3,214,940.5 448,465.4
Zambia …………………………………………..
5,171,559.3 3,868,968.5 5,290,334.9 4,364,091.9 4,440,422.1 4,200,643.5 7,739,372.0 6,884,645.3 6,685,124.1 3,616,770.2
Malawi …………………………………………..
2,791,806.9 2,972,318.5 3,223,000.1 3,631,902.5 4,115,243.4 377,280.7 402,119.3 1,410,425.4 3,284,611.8 2,988,290.3
Zimbabwe …………………………………………..
914,061.8 1,506,220.0 1,146,964.4 979,212.1 1,136,964.4 1,256,194.3 2,946,018.2 1,767,851.0 4,314,144.0 5,664,150.7
Mauritius …………………………………………..
976,999.2 1,111,360.5 1,211,628.2 1,267,034.5 1,149,942.8 5,173,580.4 7,317,990.0 6,100,113.1 7,876,377.5 4,747,981.0
Djibouti …………………………………………..
1,318,177.8 779,675.1 641,115.9 675,277.3 728,207.2 3,010.4 47,183.9 980.2 112,828.0 4,658.3
Comoros …………………………………………..
1,127,581.9 559,762.0 444,515.6 247,215.9 145,384.3 1,247.0 788.5 2,064.2 15.2 14.4
Madagascar …………………………………………..
205,534.7 328,854.2 353,157.0 658,126.8 216,939.1 801,749.3 1,644,846.4 749,642.9 2,105,015.4 1,898,424.6
Eritrea …………………………………………..
117,935.2 175,703.0 129,399.0 140,220.3 73,329.8 0.0 3,034.7 0.0 0.0 32.2
Seychelles …………………………………………..
161,718.1 174,562.3 238,610.0 206,909.8 188,425.6 236.2 0.0 2,975.0 10,729.8 3,740.3
Swaziland …………………………………………..
24,153.7 56,433.0 222,192.4 33,316.3 59,923.3 6,397,799.6 11,230,575.2 8,628,195.8 12,557,040.1 8,661,804.9
Libya ………………………………………….. 126,329.6 47,493.3 30,509.5 124,082.2 56,186.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 122.2
Sub-Total, COMESA 84,498,527.1 64,602,774.4 61,112,908.6 57,649,290.1 63,265,201.2 49,866,015.6 72,615,300.7 65,625,904.4 86,766,321.6 77,490,873.7
Total, COMESA 172,728,707.3 169,374,521.2 161,144,237.4 164,230,828.2 189,769,551.6 76,123,938.4 125,117,819.5 119,482,931.8 126,740,927.1 105,843,463.3
OTHER COUNTRIES
Algeria …………………………………………..
122,582.9 30,196.5 40,154.3 118,180.8 36,102.0 300,993.2 8,678.9 2,016.8 21,920.5 15,821.3
Angola …………………………………………..
74,732.7 39,138.2 102,839.7 68,561.2 155,715.1 59,990.2 161,827.9 389,445.4 565.9 21,661.4
Ghana …………………………………………..
534,358.5 542,356.5 1,258,065.2 596,630.9 914,241.4 205,282.7 202,174.3 187,016.9 135,309.1 229,304.4
Nigeria …………………………………………..
2,559,421.9 2,649,018.9 2,231,631.4 2,806,310.8 4,021,785.0 459,985.4 425,429.2 663,467.8 1,113,014.4 184,672.2
Lesotho …………………………………………..
28,801.5 325,832.2 13,717.5 11,235.6 9,472.4 1,829.2 1,173.2 2,416.8 3,188.4 2,321.5
Mozambique …………………………………………..
2,358,729.7 1,215,776.0 1,214,261.6 3,652,744.9 901,447.5 2,363,996.9 3,173,283.8 3,243,683.6 2,521,151.1 2,090,593.8
Reunion …………………………………………..
160,437.8 149,490.3 193,112.8 172,689.0 108,594.3 1,560.9 0.0 20.6 1,269.8 2,129.8
Somalia ………………………………………….. 18,041,853.6 19,745,139.3 15,145,272.3 11,841,821.1 11,394,369.6 57,562.7 102,618.7 954,489.9 485,778.4 58,819.5
South Africa ………………………………………….. 4,149,032.5 2,758,621.2 4,386,989.9 3,312,165.3 3,480,852.8 49,857,193.6 61,879,610.9 64,733,515.6 74,040,376.4 45,779,182.4
All Other African Countries …………………………………………..
1,721,975.1 1,545,464.1 1,900,279.3 3,571,336.6 3,505,067.0 4,532,170.1 2,096,910.3 2,526,838.3 1,434,410.0 3,169,196.8
Sub-Total 29,751,926.2 29,001,033.2 26,486,323.9 26,151,676.2 24,527,647.1 57,840,564.8 68,051,707.3 72,702,911.8 79,756,984.0 51,553,703.2
TOTAL AFRICA 238,167,575.6 227,640,792.8 217,602,748.1 224,247,359.5 246,130,166.3 147,293,599.2 211,394,162.1 210,197,768.5 234,197,588.9 185,278,164.5
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & Kenya Revenue Authority
* Provisional
1
Includes data on Small Scale Cross Border Trade and Electricity
2
South Sudan joined EAC in April 2016
3
EAC Partner States are also members of COMESA except Tanzania
125
Economic Survey 2021
Balance of 6.36. In 2020, the current account deficit improved to KSh 491.7 billion from KSh 539.2
Payments billion recorded in 2019 as shown in Table 6.16. The narrowing of the current account deficit
was mainly on account of 7.6 per cent increase in exports and 8.7 per cent decrease in imports
valued on f.o.b basis. The increased export earnings were supported by growth in export values
of horticulture and tea. Improvement in tea exports was due to increased production reflecting
minimal disruptions in the international supply chain. Relatively low international oil prices
during the review period partly contributed to reduced import bill on petroleum products
which further occasioned reduction in import value.
6.37. Receipts from international trade in services declined by 30.6 per cent to KSh 396.5
billion from KSh 571.2 billion in 2019. Travel restrictions imposed during the review period
to contain the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in the country and the rest of the world mainly
caused the depressed performance of the services sector. Travel receipts declined by 43.9
per cent to KSh 57.6 billion in 2020. The ban on international passenger flights negatively
affected transport services during the second quarter of 2020. However, diaspora remittances
remained robust increasing to KSh 330.8 billion in 2020 from KSh 289.5 billion in 2019.
The primary income account deficit improved by 4.6 per cent to KSh 158.8 billion in 2020
compared to KSh 166.5 billion in 2019. The current account deficit accounted for 4.6 per cent
of the country’s nominal GDP in 2020 compared to 5.3 per cent in 2019.
6.38. Financial inflows were lower in 2020 compared to 2019 but remained positive mainly due
to other investment inflows which registered a surplus of KSh 396.5 billion in net inflows in
the review period, reflecting an increase of 4.1 per cent. However, net foreign direct investment
inflows declined by 41.4 per cent from a surplus of KSh 90.9 billion in 2019 to a surplus of
KSh 53.3 billion in 2020. During the review period, there was a draw-down in reserve assets
pushing the overall BOP position to a deficit of KSh 152.5 billion from a surplus of KSh 111.4
billion in 2019.
126
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.16: Balance of Payments, 2016-2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018+ 2019 2020*
A. Current Account...……………………………………………. -409,550.4 -588,145.5 -505,528.1 -539,172.6 -491,656.8
Goods: exports f.o.b………………………………………………. 583,416.5 599,900.2 616,581.5 598,764.1 644,206.2
Goods: imports f.o.b………………………………………………. 1,364,123.5 1,653,359.8 1,649,818.6 1,688,325.5 1,541,580.8
Services: credit…………………………………………………………422,777.6 480,601.1 554,877.6 571,203.1 396,467.6
of which Travel……………………………………………………... 83,614.1 94,705.3 108,623.9 102,743.0 57,616.9
Services: debit………………………………………………………. 277,354.2 319,742.2 393,166.0 393,155.0 359,016.7
-635,283.6
Balance on goods and services………………………………………………………. -892,600.8 -871,525.6 -911,513.3 -859,923.8
Primary income: credit……………………………………………………….
10,099.1 14,563.3 20,135.2 22,273.2 15,197.3
Primary income: debit……………………………………………………….
112,651.2 170,568.2 162,519.3 188,815.2 174,038.3
-737,835.6 -1,048,605.7
Balance on goods, services, and primary income………………………………………………………. -1,012,525.7 -1,078,055.3 -1,018,764.8
Secondary income : credit……………………………………………………….
333,477.1 466,247.6 511,848.0 544,457.2 535,310.5
of which Diaspora Remittances….……………………………………... 177,088.5 202,918.7 275,577.4 289,470.9 330,841.8
Secondary income: debit……………………………………………………….
5,191.9 5,787.4 4,850.5 5,574.5 8,202.5
B. Capital Account....……………………………………………………….20,878.0 19,046.0 26,593.0 21,146.0 14,023.0
Capital account: credit……………………………………………………….
20,878.0 19,046.0 26,593.0 21,146.0 14,023.0
Capital account: debit………………………………………………………. - - - - -
C. Financial Account…..……………………………………………………….
-525,448.0 -574,793.8 -675,200.0 -610,831.4 -321,934.8
Direct investment: assets……………………………………………………….
15,977.3 26,534.0 2,391.1 8,766.5 2,502.2
Direct investment: liabilities….……………………………………………………….
68,901.4 130,931.8 155,434.4 99,689.6 55,786.8
Portfolio investment: assets.……………………………………………………….
42,939.3 68,791.9 109,539.4 97,401.5 117,615.9
Equity and investment fund shares……………………………………………………….
41,283.6 68,077.3 104,145.8 80,829.1 90,146.8
Debt securities………………………………………………………. 1,655.7 714.6 5,393.7 16,572.4 27,469.1
Portfolio investment: liabilities…..……………………………………………………….
7,501.5 -12,785.4 178,795.1 228,302.9 -18,010.5
Equity and investment fund shares……………………………………………………….
5,759.0 -13,046.5 -29,670.1 1,377.8 -28,629.4
Debt securities………………………………………………………. 1,742.5 261.1 208,465.2 226,925.1 10,618.9
Financial derivatives: net……………………………………………………….
1,090.41 447.58 (5,289.11) (8,062.26) (7,728.18)
Other investment: assets……………………………………………………….
-21,016.2 18,517.4 92,519.9 58,552.0 110,745.1
Other debt instruments……………………………………………………….
-21,016.2 18,517.4 92,497.2 58,533.3 110,724.5
Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank,…………… -27,960.6 20,751.9 90,609.0 55,709.5 109,485.7
Other sectors……………………………………………………….
6,944.3 -2,234.5 1,910.8 2,842.5 1,259.4
2
Nonfinancial corporations, households, and NPISHs ….. 6,944.3 -2,234.5 1,910.8 2,842.5 1,259.4
Other investment: liabilities…....……………………………………………………….
488,035.8 570,938.2 540,131.8 439,496.6 507,293.7
Other equity………………………………………………………. 11.7 883.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Special Drawing Rights……………………………………………………….
- - - -
Other debt instruments……………………………………………………….
488,024.2 570,054.7 540,131.8 439,496.6 507,293.7
Central bank……………………………………………………….
-3,607.2 1,513.5 -17,426.6 -8.4 190.2
Deposit-taking corporations, except the central bank…….. -26,658.3 12,147.3 13,696.1 57,581.4 59,663.7
General government……………………………………………………….
200,087.9 297,287.9 249,739.9 139,550.9 200,372.8
Other sectors……………………………………………………….
318,201.8 259,106.1 294,122.4 242,372.8 247,066.9
Nonfinancial corporations, households, and NPISHs2……. 318,201.8 259,106.1 294,122.4 242,372.8 247,066.9
D. Net Errors and Omissions……………………………………………………….
-126,636.7 -17,715.1 -103,619.6 18,598.9 3,215.0
E. Overall Balance………………………………………………………. -10,138.8 12,020.9 -98,719.4 -111,403.7 152,483.9
F. Reserves and Related Items……………………………………………………….
10,138.8 -12,020.9 98,719.4 111,403.7 -152,483.9
Reserve assets………………………………………………………. 3,321.4 -24,432.9 83,997.1 95,673.3 -87,470.8
Credit and loans from the IMF……………………………………………………….
-6,817.5 -12,412.0 -14,722.3 -15,730.4 65,013.1
Exceptional financing………………………………………………………. - - - - -
Current Account balance as % of GDP -5.4 -6.9 -5.4 -5.3 -4.6
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics/Central Bank of Kenya
* Provisional
+ Revised
2
NPISHs: Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households
127
Economic Survey 2021
International 6.39. The stock of gross foreign reserves held by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) reduced
Liquidity from KSh 922.8 billion as at end of December 2019 to KSh 905.0 billion as at end of December
2020, as highlighted in Table 6.17. The stock of foreign liabilities by the Bank which comprise
external banks’ deposits and use of fund credit more than doubled to KSh 143.1 billion as at
end of December 2020. This resulted to 11.1 per cent decline in the stock of net foreign assets
held by CBK to KSh 759.7 billion as at end of December 2020. However, the reserve position
in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) improved during the period under review to KSh
2.1 billion from KSh 1.9 billion as at the end of 2019. Consequently, Government reserves
increased by 12.2 per cent to KSh 2.2 billion as at the end of December 2020.
128
Chapter 6: International Trade and Balance of Payments
Table 6.17: Central Monetary Authorities: Foreign Exchange Reserves+, 2016-2020
KSh Million
Official Foreign Assets and Liabilities
Assets Liabilities Gross Foreign
Other Net Foreign 3
Reserves of
Foreign Reserve External Use of Reserves of
1
Holdings Assets of 2 Central
As at end of SDR Holdings Exchange Reserves Position Banks' Fund Government
(Crown Central Bank Monetary
(Incl. cash + gold) in IMF Deposits Credit
Agents) Authorities
2016.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,872.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
768,293.4.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,843.0 .. 48.0 17,272.8 77,196.3 676,696.7 1,891.0 773,056.8
2017.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,491.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
751,960.7.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,967.5 .. 48.4 18,991.6 69,815.9 664,644.9 2,015.8 755,468.3
2018.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,579.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
822,603.8.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,899.1 .. 47.5 17,455.2 52,132.8 755,595.1 1,946.5 827,129.6
2019.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
January .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,959.6.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
824,770.1.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,893.1 .. .. .. .. .. ..47.5 19,148.9 51,968.8 755,612.1 1,940.5 828,670.3
February .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
939.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
852,168.7.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,874.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..47.0 20,238.4 50,543.2 782,327.0 1,921.3 855,029.9
March .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8,352.5.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
840,023.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,873.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..47.1 20,078.1 50,524.3 777,773.4 1,920.7 850,296.5
April .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,357.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
810,018.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,882.0.. .. .. .. .. .. 47.2 17,928.7 47,718.0 749,729.2 1,929.2 817,305.1
May .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,237.2.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,015,742.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,870.5 .. .. .. .. .. 47.0 16,298.7 47,426.1 957,254.8 1,917.5 1,022,897.1
June .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,069.2.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
934,749.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,905.1 .. .. .. .. .. 47.9 24,020.6 44,039.7 867,758.2 1,953.0 937,771.6
July .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
12,638.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
989,245.4.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,920.1 .. .. .. .. .. 48.7 20,527.8 43,762.9 937,593.1 1,968.8 1,003,852.6
August .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
11,487.4.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
977,256.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,898.1.. .. .. .. .. .. 47.8 16,420.0 42,339.1 929,985.2 1,945.9 990,690.1
September .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
11,482.2.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
984,181.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,897.2.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
47.7 24,334.2 42,320.1 929,009.3 1,945.0 997,608.6
October .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9,493.9.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
952,375.6.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,907.1 .. .. .. .. .. ..47.9 21,363.7 40,491.4 900,014.5 1,954.9 963,824.5
November .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8,341.5.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
929,640.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,890.7.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
47.5 20,459.6 39,129.8 878,392.6 1,938.3 939,920.3
December .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,980.8.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
914,887.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,877.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
47.2 30,119.9 36,548.4 854,199.7 1,924.4 922,792.3
2020*.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
January .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,309.8.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
886,491.7.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,855.3 .. .. .. .. .. ..46.7 20,763.6 35,521.6 835,516.2 1,902.0 893,703.5
February .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,357.7 876,799.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,857.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..46.6 19,871.4 34,663.6 826,621.9 1,904.3 883,061.2
March .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4,526.6.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
896,634.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,914.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..48.3 24,439.6 35,715.3 841,006.2 1,962.4 903,123.6
April .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,480.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
892,254.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,963.9.. .. .. .. .. .. 49.3 23,737.9 33,481.7 836,516.1 2,013.2 895,748.8
May .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,455.1 1,036,973.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,965.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49.2 23,800.4 113,154.7 901,473.9 2,014.8 1,040,443.6
June .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3,252.9 1,031,259.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,963.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49.5 24,450.1 110,605.1 899,457.3 2,012.6 1,036,525.2
July .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,717.5 1,032,400.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,038.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51.0 27,264.7 114,212.6 893,640.9 2,089.9 1,037,208.1
August .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1,734.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
990,350.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,056.8.. .. .. .. .. .. 51.7 29,097.2 114,218.5 848,769.6 2,108.5 994,193.8
September .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8,597.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
939,359.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,045.8.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
51.4 22,174.4 113,607.5 812,175.5 2,097.2 950,054.6
October .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,333.9 901,693.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,057.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..52.0 27,205.1 110,959.5 768,863.1 2,109.8 909,137.4
November .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,457.2.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
893,523.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,108.3.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
52.8 25,431.8 113,685.1 759,863.2 2,161.2 901,141.3
December .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2,870.2 899,952.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,106.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32,115.1 110,995.3 759,712.0 2,159.3 904,981.7
Source: Central Bank of Kenya
* Provisional
+
Revised
1
Comprises SDR Holdings Plus Foreign Exchange Reserves less External Banks' Deposits and Use of Fund Credit
2
Comprises Reserve Position in IMF plus Other Holdings
3
Comprises SDRs; Cash and Gold Foreign Exchange of Central Bank Plus Reserves of Government constitute foreign assets, which are readily available for meeting
external financial needs
129
Economic Survey 2021
Foreign 6.40. The Kenyan Shilling depreciated against currencies of key trading countries as reflected
Exchange by the Trade Weighted Index (TWI), which rose from 113.0 in 2019 to 115.4 in 2020, as
Rates of presented in Table 6.18. The Kenyan Shilling weakened against the Euro, the Pound Sterling,
the Kenyan the US Dollar and UAE Dirham by 6.5, 5.0, 4.4 and 4.4 per cent respectively, in 2020. However,
Shilling the Kenyan Shilling appreciated against the South African Rand by 7.7 per cent. In the East
against Africa region, the Ugandan Shilling and the Tanzanian Shilling strengthened against the
Selected Kenyan Shilling by a magnitude of 3.8 per cent each, in the period under review.
Currencies
Table 6.18: Foreign Exchange Rates1 of the Kenyan Shilling against Selected Currencies, 2016-2020
Currency 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
2
1 Euro ……………………………………………………………… 112.33 116.73 119.63 114.18 121.65
1 US Dollar……………………………………………………………………… 101.50 103.41 101.29 101.99 106.47
1 Pound Sterling……………………………………………………………… 137.66 133.20 135.25 130.18 136.73
1 UAE Dirham……………………………………………………………………………..27.64 28.15 27.58 27.77 28.99
1 Deutsche Mark.......………………………………………………………………………
57.44 59.68 61.17 58.38 62.20
1 Dutch Guilder............………………………………………………………………………
50.97 52.97 54.29 51.81 55.20
1 French Franc........……………………………………………………………………….........
17.13 17.80 18.24 17.41 18.54
100 Italian Lira.....……………………………………………………………………….......
5.80 6.03 6.18 5.90 6.28
1 Belgian Franc......……………………………………………………………………….............
2.78 2.89 2.97 2.83 3.02
1 Indian Rupee……………………………………………………………… 1.51 1.59 1.48 1.45 1.44
1 Chinese Yuan…………………………………………………………………………………
15.29 15.30 15.33 14.76 15.45
1 SA Rand .. .. .. .. .. .. ..………………………………………………………………
6.93 7.77 7.69 7.06 6.51
100 Japanese Yen ………………………………………………………………………
93.55 92.22 91.74 93.59
.. .. …………………………………
99.80
1 Saudi Riyal……………………..………………………………………………………………
27.06 27.57 27.01 27.19 28.37
1 Egyptian Pound3……….………………………………………………………………
10.14 5.80 5.69 6.07 6.74
4
TSh/KSh ………………………………………………………………………
21.54 21.63 22.48.. .. .. .. ..
22.63.. .. ...…………………………………
21.76
1 Pakistan Rupee3 .……………………………………………………………………….
0.98 0.98 0.84 0.68
.. ……………………………………
0.66
1 Swedish Kroner………………………………………………………………………
11.87 12.12 11.67 10.79
.. .. .. …………………………………
11.62
1 Swiss Franc………………………………………………………………………
103.04 105.04 103.58 .. ..
102.62.. .. 113.61
…………………………………
USh/KSh4 ………………………………………………………………………..
33.68 34.92 36.81 .. .. .. ..
36.32.. .. ..…………………………………
34.93
1 Congolese Franc3…………..………………………………………………………………
0.11 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06
3
100 Rwanda Francs ………………………………………………………………………
7.53 8.11 8.50 8.82.. …………………………………
8.86
Overall Trade Weighted Index, (2009=100)……………………………………………………………………
114.83 116.52 115.66 113.04 115.37 .. .. .. .. …
Source: Central Bank of Kenya
*
Provisional
1
Annual average
2
Countries in the Euro area included in the computation of Trade Weighted Fisher's Ideal Index are:
Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium and Italy.
3
Via US dollar Exchange Rates
4
Calculated as 1Kenya Shilling to Uganda or Tanzania Shilling
130
Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Agriculture Sector Review Chapter
07
Overview
T he agriculture sector recorded mixed performance in the year 2020. Agriculture
growth increased from 3.0 per cent recorded in 2019 to 5.4 per cent in 2020. This
was despite the poor short rains, COVID-19 pandemic and desert locust incidence in
various parts of the country. Tea production increased by 24.1 per cent from 458.8 thousand
tonnes in the 2018/19 crop year to 569.5 thousand tonnes in the 2019/20 crop year on account
of adequate rainfall in tea growing areas. The volume of sugar cane deliveries increased 4.4
million tonnes in 2019 to 6.0 million tonnes in 2020. This was largely attributed to availability
of mature sugar cane. However, maize production decreased slightly from 44.0 million bags in
2019 to 42.1 million bags in 2020.
7.2 The volume of marketed milk increased by 2.1 per cent from 668.2 million litres in 2019
to 682.3 million litres in 2020. Coffee production declined from 45.0 thousand tonnes in
2018/19 to 36.9 thousand tonnes in 2019/20. Multiple factors affected coffee production
such as poor weather conditions in the coffee growing areas, inadequate application of farm
inputs by smallholder farmers and the shift in land use from coffee farming to real estate among
others. The volume of horticultural exports decreased by 4.5 per cent from 328.3 thousand
tonnes in 2019 to 313.6 thousand tonnes in 2020.
Agriculture 7.3 Tables 7.1 shows agricultural output, intermediate consumption and value added at
Output and current and constant prices for the period 2016 to 2020. Output at current prices increased
Input by 13.9 per cent from KSh 2,342.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 2,669.1 billon in 2020. Intermediate
consumption and value added under current prices increased by 14.2 per cent and 13.9 per
cent from KSh 418.9 billion and KSh 1,923.7 billion in 2019 to KSh 478.3.1 billion and KSh
2,180.9 billion, respectively, in 2020. Output at constant prices increased from KSh 1,849.6
billion in 2019 to KSh 1,957.5 billion in 2020. Value added and intermediate consumption
grew by 5.4 per cent and 7.7 per cent from KSh 1,492.5 billion and KSh 357.1 billion in 2019
to KSh 1,573.0 billion and KSh 384.5 billion, respectively, in 2020.
Table 7.1: Agriculture Output and Input1, 2016-2020
KSh Million; Base 2016=100
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
PRODUCTION AT CURRENT PRICES
Output at basic prices…………………………………
1,714,411 1,992,705 2,099,266 2,342,571 2,669,134
Intermediate consumption……………………….
318,135 365,519 378,805 418,885 478,311
Value added at basic prices, gross……………………
1,396,276 1,627,186 1,720,461 1,923,686 2,190,823
PRODUCTION CONSTANT PRICES
Output……………………………………………
1,714,411 1,689,721 1,785,520 1,849,638 1,957,541
Intermediate consumption…………………………
318,135 323,554 335,969 357,125 384,530
VALUE ADDED, GROSS……………………..
1,396,276 1,366,168 1,449,552 1,492,513 1,573,011
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
* Provisional
1
Excludes Forestry and Fishing
131
Economic Survey 2021
Figure 7.1: Real Agricultural Growth Rate, 2016 - 2020
Marketed 7.4. The earnings from marketed agricultural production from 2016 to 2020 are shown in
Production Table 7.2. Overall value of marketed agricultural production increased by 9.3 per cent from
KSh 466.3 billion in 2019 to KSh 509.7 billion in 2020. Crops contributed the highest share
of the marketed production in 2020, at 68.0 per cent. Favourable weather conditions resulted
in higher production and hence higher earnings for various commodities.
7.5. Earnings from coffee increased marginally from KSh 10.2 billion in 2019 to KSh 10.8
billion in 2020. The decrease in the quantity of marketed coffee was outweighed by better
coffee prices resulting in higher earnings. Similarly, earnings from tea increased by 17.4 per cent
from KSh 104.1 billion in 2019 to KSh 122.2 billion in 2020. The effect of higher quantities of
marketed tea far outweighed the effect of lower prices paid resulting in the observed increase
in earnings. Earnings from sugar cane increased from KSh 17.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 25.2
billion in 2020. Earnings to farmers for dry pyrethrum flowers decreased by 16.8 per cent from
a revised KSh 68.5 million in 2019 to KSh 57.0 million in 2020. This is attributed to lower
production coupled with lower prices for the pyrethrum extract. The value of marketed maize
decreased by 22.9 per cent from KSh 10.7 billion in 2019 to KSh 8.2 billion in 2020. Lower
prices paid for the crop coupled with decreased quantities of marketed maize resulted in lower
earnings during the review period. The lower prices may be partly due to the dampening effect
of the maize imports during the review period. The value of marketed wheat similarly declined
by 23.1 per cent from KSh 13.4 billion in 2019 to KSh 10.3 billion in 2020. The lower prices
paid resulted in lower earnings received for marketed wheat. The value of horticulture exports
increased from KSh 144.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 150.2 billion in 2020. This is explained by
better international prices despite lower quantities exported during the year under review.
The value of marketed milk increased by 10.4 per cent from 20,576.2 million in 2019
to 22,721.5 million in 2020. This is attributable to better prices for the milk produce.
132
Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Table 7.2: Recorded Marketed Agricultural Production at Current Prices, 2016-2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
CEREA LS-
Maize .. .. …………… 7,891.2 8,478.7 9,986.9 10,681.2 8,232.5
W heat .. .. ………….. 8,028.1 5,283.1 11,744.7 13,373.4 10,281.5
Others .. .. …………. 7,266.2 5,965.1 7,268.0 11,818.3 11,756.5
Total .. ……………. 23,185.4 19,726.9 28,999.6 35,872.9 30,270.5
1
HORTICULTURE -
Cut flowers .. .. …….. 70,829.5 82,248.9 113,165.2 104,141.8 107,508.6
Veg etables .. .. ………23,366.8 24,064.6 27,685.2 27,247.8 24,228.4
Fruits .. .. ……………. 7,317.3 9,009.3 12,831.1 13,189.0 18,426.9
Total .. ……………..1 01,513.5 115,322.8 153,681.5 144,578.6 150,163.9
TEMPORA RY INDUSTRIA L CROPS-
Sug ar-cane .. …………24,221.3 20,133.8 20,985.5 17,576.9 25,207.3
Py rethrum2 .. .. ……….. 22.0 19.2 28.5 68.5 57.0
Others .. .. ………….. 1,470.4 1,689.7 1,510.4 1,223.2 3,021.0
Total .. ……………..25,713.7 21,842.7 22,524.4 18,868.6 28,285.3
PERMA NENT CROPS-
Coffee .. .. ………….. 16,192.3 16,037.1 14,837.7 10,164.8 10,817.4
Tea .. .. ………………
116,547.3 134,826.0 127,669.3 104,072.6 122,161.6
Sis al .. .. …………… 4,729.6 3,557.8 3,794.3 4,379.6 4,981.1
Total .. …………137,469.1 154,420.9 146,301.3 118,617.1 137,960.1
TOTAL CROPS …287,881.8 311,313.3 351,506.8 317,937.2 346,679.8
LIVESTOCK A ND PRODUCTS-…….
Cattle and Calv es ………84,701.2 93,630.2 100,248.7 107,352.6 117,144.0
Goats and Sheep……… 5,767.4 6,782.4 7,758.8 7,591.4 8,527.1
Milk3 .. .. ……... ……….23,020.1 23,047.9 23,026.7 20,576.2 22,721.5
Chicken and eg g s …………8,788.4 10,674.8 12,069.2 9,227.8 10,686.7
Others .. .. …………… 3,124.9 3,634.9 4,040.5 3,661.3 3,957.7
Total .. ……….
125,401.9 137,770.2 147,143.9 148,409.3 163,037.1
GRAND TOTAL .. ………………….413,283.7 449,083.6 498,650.8 466,346.4 509,716.8
* Prov isional.
1
Data ref ers to f resh horticultural ex ports only
2
Series rev ised f rom 2016 to 2019
3
Series rev ised f rom 2017 to 2019
7.6. Trends in the quantum and price indices for selected agricultural commodities are shown
in Table 7.3. The overall price index increased from 255.3 in 2019 to 269.4 in 2020. This
increase is attributable to higher prices offered for some commodities such as milk, coffee and
horticulture. Similarly, all crops price index increased from 183.2 in 2019 to 189.9 in 2020. The
price index for permanent crops increased from 189.6 in 2019 to 198.2 in 2020 in response
to better prices offered for coffee. The price index for livestock and products increased from
330.8 in 2019 to 352.7 in 2020. The overall quantum index increased from 262.7 in 2019 to
277.5 in 2020. The increase is attributable to favourable weather resulting in higher quantities
of marketed agricultural produce. The quantum index for livestock and products rose from
359.3 in 2019 to 367.1 in 2020. Quantum index for all crops rose from 170.4 in 2019 to 192.0
in 2020. The quantum index for permanent crops rose from 141.7 in 2019 to 171.5 in 2020 in
response to higher production recorded for some of the crops such as tea and sisal.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 7.3: Volume and Price Indices of Recorded Sales of Agricultural Production, 2016-2020
Bas e: 2001=100
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
QUA NTUM Cereals .. .. .. ………………………………….
95.8 73.0 118.8 133.3 108.7
INDICES 2 Temporary Indus trial Crops ………………………
166.0 117.1 129.4 111.2 174.2
Horticulture 1 .. .. .. .. .. …………………………..
277.1 323.8 332.6 338.4 302.8
Permanent Crops .. .. .. ………………………..
146.6 136.0 152.0 141.7 171.5
TOTA L CROPS .. .. 158.7
…………………………….
160.3 176.1 170.4 192.0
Liv es tock and Products .. .. ………………………
328.2 321.3 348.2 359.3 367.1
TOTA L …. 242.3 236.5 260.1 262.7 277.5
PRICE Cereals .. .. .. ………………………………….
213.4 255.6 182.4 236.9 226.3
INDICES 2 Temporary Indus trial Crops .. ……………………
170.8 221.9 204.6 209.4 193.3
Horticulture 1 .. .. .. .. .. ……………
151.7 146.6 187.7 176.6 203.9
Permanent Crops .. .. ………………………….
216.9 261.9 222.2 189.6 198.2
TOTA L CROPS .. .. ………………………….
185.3 246.8 195.7 183.2 189.9
Liv es tock and Products .. .. …………………….
321.7 331.2 333.0 330.8 352.7
TOTA L … 252.8 273.4 262.8 255.3 269.4
* Prov isional.
1
Data ref ers to f resh horticultural ex ports only
" 2 Indices of temporary industrial crops and Liv estock and Products rev ised
7.7. Table 7.4 shows trends in average prices paid to farmers for selected agricultural
commodities for the period 2016 to 2020. During the year under review, the price of coffee
increased by 46.6 per cent from KSh 30,227.22 per 100 Kg in 2019 to KSh 44,304.00 per 100
Kg in 2020. This could be partly attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic where fewer buyers
were involved in the virtual coffee auction thereby affecting demand for the product. Similarly,
the price of seed cotton per 100Kg increased by 13.5 per cent from KSh 5,200.00 in 2019 to
5,903.77 in the same period. However, price for maize declined by 6.5 per cent to KSh 3,152.6
per 100Kg, while that of 100Kg of tea, wheat and sugar decreased by 5.5, 4.5 and 3.8 per cent
respectively in the review period. Increased supply of tea in the global market contributed to
the reduced prices of the crop. Price for a ton of sisal declined by 0.2 per cent while that of
pyrethrin extract stagnated at KSh 25,000.00 per Kilo over the same period. The price of milk
increased by 10.7 per cent from KSh 30,000.00 per 100 Litres in 2019 to KSh 3,320.05 per 100
Litres in 2020. Price for 100Kg of third grade beef increased marginally by 0.7 per cent from
KSh 42,221.67 in 2019 to KSh 42,509.52 in 2020 and that of pig meat increased by 10.7 per
cent to KSh 3,320.50 in 2020.
134
Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Table 7.4: Average Gross Commodity Prices1 to Farmers, 2016-2020
KSh per Unit
Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Coffee ......………………………… 100 Kg 40,815.54 47,547.71 40,286.41 30,227.22 44,304.00
Tea ............…………………….. 100 Kg 24,732.35 30,652.18 25,896.47 22,681.04 21,414.38
Sis al ......………………………… 100 Kg 19,463.35 16,121.73 16,445.42 16,459.01 16,424.19
Sugar-cane ......…………………… Tonne 3,386.81 4,237.25 3,959.00 3,853.00 3,707.00
Seed Cotton ........…………………. 100 Kg 4,200.00 4,600.00 4,600.00 5,200.00 5,903.77
Maize ……....…………………….. 100 Kg 2,968.80 3,987.33 2,261.83 3,372.59 3,152.59
W heat ............……………………. 100 Kg 3,718.40 3,197.99 3,555.50 3,833.53 3,662.00
Beef (third grade) ….………………. 100 Kg 35,904.54 38,090.90 38,122.72 42,221.67 42,509.52
Pig meat ........…………………….. 100 Kg 22,666.04 23,172.37 23,191.73 23,295.92 25,933.31
Milk .............…………………….. 100 Litres 3,543.00 3,897.30 3,530.00 3,000.00 3,320.50
* Prov isional.
1
Prices refer to the calendar y ear and may differ from those based on crop y ears. For tea and coffee , the prices are
for black tea and coffee beans, respectiv ely .
7.8. The performance of large and small farms in terms of marketed agricultural output is shown
in Table 7.5. The share of marketed agricultural output for small farms increased marginally
to 73.3 per cent in 2020. This is a reflection of the continued dominance of the smallholder
sector in the marketing of agricultural produce during the year under review. The value of sales
through small farms increased by 9.4 per cent from KSh 341.4 billion in 2019 to KSh 373.6
billion in 2020. Similarly, the value of sales by large farms increased by 8.9 per cent from KSh
125.0 billion in 2019 to KSh 136.1 billion in 2020.
Table 7.5: Recorded Sale of Produce from Large and Small Farms, 2016-2020
1
Large Farms S mall Farms Total Percentage
Annual Annual Annual S hare of
KS h Mn. Percentage KS h Mn. Percentage KS h Mn. Percentage S mall
Year change change change Farms
2016 111,586.6 10.4 301,697.1 11.0 413,283.7 10.8 73.0
2017 119,905.3 7.4 329,178.2 9.1 449,083.6 8.7 73.3
2018 134,137.1 11.9 364,513.7 10.7 498,650.8 11.0 73.1
2019 124,980.8 (6.8) 341,365.6 (6.4) 466,346.4 (6.5) 73.2
2020* 136,094.4 8.9 373,622.4 9.5 509,716.8 9.3 73.3
* Prov isional.
1
20 hectares and abov e
7.9. Trends in the quantum and price indices of agricultural inputs are reflected in
Table 7.6. The overall quantum index of agriculture inputs increased from 356.8 in 2019
to 381.1 in 2020. The increase was attributed to higher volumes of input of fertilizers bags
and manufactured feeds used during the review period. The quantum index for manufactured
feeds similarly increased from 960.3 in 2019 to 988.7 in 2020. The quantum index for fuel and
power declined from 155.4 in 2019 to 101.0 in 2020. The overall price index decreased from
192.1 in 2019 to 158.2 in 2020. The decrease is attributable to lower prices for some inputs
such as fuel and power and manufactured feeds during the review period. The price index of
fuel and power decreased from 127.1 in 2019 to 121.5 in 2020.
135
Economic Survey 2021
Table 7.6: Quantum and Price indices for Purchased inputs, 2016 – 2020
Bas e: 2001=100
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Quantum Indices
Fertilizers .. .. .. ………..280.4 307.7 262.8 284.8 310.4
Fuel and Power .. .. .. …….
123.6 145.9 152.5 155.4 101.0
Bag s .. .. .. .. …………..55.2 43.6 68.9 58.9 67.1
Manufactured Feeds .. .. ….
415.3 542.7 678.4 960.3 988.7
Seeds .. .. …… 158.9 185.2 187.3 224.9 221.2
Other Material Inputs .. .. 179.0 157.2 156.7 188.1 176.9
Total Material Inputs .. ..1 79.0 232.1 263.5 295.0 550.3
Serv ice Inputs .. .. .. ……..373.0 316.4 326.5 342.8 319.6
TOTAL INPUTS .. .. .. ..304.7 301.6 321.8 356.8 381.1
Price Indices -
Fertilizers .. .. .. ………..197.8 234.1 241.6 208.1 234.2
Fuel and Power .. .. .. ……123.3 148.5 168.1 127.1 121.5
Bag s 277.6
.. .. .. .. ………….. 259.4 263.9 228.4 227.9
252.7
Manufactured Feeds .. .. .... 279.2 240.6 255.9 177.3
Seeds .. .. …… 159.4 175.9 163.3 172.2 221.5
Other Material Inputs .. .. 196.5 221.3 221.9 255.2 267.9
Total Material Inputs .. ..1 84.7 212.6 194.9 191.9 137.5
Serv ice Inputs .. ………………….
241.8 263.7 246.5 268.7 271.1
TOTAL INPUTS .. .. ..196.6
……… 208.9 196.0 192.1 158.2
* Prov isional
7.10. The total value of inputs purchased increased by 8.5 per cent from KSh 63.9 billion
in 2019 to KSh 69.3 billion in 2020 as shown in Table 7.7. The value of fertilizer purchased
increased by 3.2 per cent to KSh 16.2 billion in 2020. The value of fuel and power consumed
in the agricultural sector increased by 2.4 per cent from KSh 16.8 billion in 2019 to KSh 17.2
billion in 2020. During the year under review, value of purchased manufactured feeds and
certified seeds stood at KSh 9.9 billion and KSh 4.2 billion, respectively.
Table 7.7: Value of Purchased Agricultural Input1, 2016 – 2020
K Sh M illion
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
M A TERIA L INPUTS-
Fertiliz ers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13,930.7
…. 17,612.1 14,950.4 15,697.9 16,207.8
Crop chemicals.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5,572.3 7,044.8 11,871.1 11,043.7 14,193.2
Livestock drugs and medicines.. ..4,179.2 4,610.7 2,296.7 2,888.8 1,947.5
Fuel and p ow er.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
17,170.3
…. 16,140.1 16,378.7 16,816.7 17,171.3
B ags .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
130.2
….. 135.2 139.3 127.3 131.9
M anufactured feeds .. .. .. .. .. …..
8,628.3 9,519.1 7,900.0 7,669.7 9,865.6
Certified Seeds .. .. …… 3,384.9 4,194.7 3,540.3 4,167.4 4,184.2
Other material inp uts .. .. .. .. ..
1,414.0
.. 1,560.0 1,751.5 1,787.8 1,956.6
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .
54,409.8
.. …. 60,816.7 58,828.2 60,199.4 65,657.9
SERVICE INPUTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. …………..
3,588.0 3,793.4 3,578.7 3,652.8 3,648.2
TOTAL INPUTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57,997.8
………….. 64,610.1 62,406.9 63,852.2 69,306.1
* Provisional.
1
Excluding labour
136
Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
7.11. Agriculture Terms of Trade: Price indices and terms of trade for agriculture from 2016
to 2020 are shown in Table 7.8. The general index of agricultural output prices expanded by
5.6 per cent from 167.3 in 2019 to 176.5 in 2020. The index of purchased consumer goods in
rural areas rose by 4.0 per cent to 580.3 in 2020, while that of purchased inputs decreased by
7.0 per cent to 158.2 in the same period. This led to an improvement in the overall agriculture
terms of trade from 44.6 in 2019 to 47.8 in 2020.
Table 7.8: Price Indices and Terms of Trade for Agriculture, 2016– 2020
Bas e: 2001=100
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
General Index of A g ricultural Output Prices …………………………………..
166.4 180.1 173.8 167.3 176.5
PRICE PA ID
Purchas ed Inputs .. .. ……………………………………..
196.6 208.1 196.0 192.1 158.2
Index of Purchas ed Cons umer Goods -Rural A reas ………………………….
478.6 513.1 536.5 558.0 580.3
INDICES OF PRICES PA ID .. .. ……………………………………………
337.6 360.6 366.3 375.1 369.3
A g ricultural Sector Terms of Trade…………………………..
49.3 49.9 47.5 44.6 47.8
* P rov isional
Crops 7.12. Crop production: Table 7.9 shows estimates of production of selected food crops from
2016 to 2020. Estimated production of maize decreased by 4.3 per cent from 44.0 million
bags in 2019 to 42.1 million bags in 2020. The decrease is mainly attributable to unfavorable
weather conditions during the short rains of 2020. The short rains of 2019 were good especially
in the marginal areas giving rise to overall increased production in 2019. Similarly, estimated
production of beans increased by 3.6 per cent to 8.6 million bags in 2020. Estimated production
of millet increased by 13.3 per cent to 1.7 million bags in 2020. Estimated production of
potatoes decreased by 5.0 per cent to 1.9 million tonnes while that of sorghum increased by
9.4 per cent to 3.5 million bags in the period under review.
Table 7.9: Estimated Production of Selected Agricultural Commodities, 2016– 2020
Crop Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
M aiz e .. .. .. M ..illion bags 37.8 35.4 44.6 44.0 42.1
B eans .. .. .. M..illion bags 8.1 9.4 9.3 8.3 8.6
Potatoes .. ..M ..
illion tonnes 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.9
Sorghum .. .. ..M
…illion bags 1.3 1.6 2.1 3.2 3.5
M illet……………..
M illion bags 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.5 1.7
Source: M inistry of A griculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Coop eratives
* Provisional
7.13. The average retail market prices of selected food crops from 2016 to 2020 are shown in
Table 7.10. The average retail prices of finger millet, bananas, sorghum, potatoes, tomatoes,
cabbages, beans and maize increased by 0.6, 4.3, 6.6, 11.7, 21.5, 23.5, 24.9 and 36.7 per cent
respectively in March 2020. There was a decrease in average prices of all commodities in
September 2020 except finger millet and beans compared to the corresponding period in
2019.
137
Economic Survey 2021
Table 7.10: Average Retail Market Prices of Selected Food Crops, 2016- 2020
K Sh p er K g
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
CROP M ar Sep t M ar Sep t M ar Sep t M ar Sep t M ar Sep t
M aiz e…………….33.92 35.10 48.02 43.86 41.32 30.87 31.89 41.49 43.60 41.40
B eans………………
76.74 74.36 93.96 87.46 88.10 70.86 77.01 81.57 96.20 96.60
Finger M illet………84.03 84.62 108.59 105.20 107.69 89.73 92.54 86.54 93.10 94.30
Sorghum………….54.36 52.58 72.65 64.85 73.41 54.68 64.37 61.89 68.60 72.20
Potatoes…………..39.56 38.91 55.96 30.67 41.54 55.51 43.35 67.88 48.40 46.90
Cabbages………….25.71 31.73 37.54 29.79 32.87 26.28 20.73 25.43 25.60 21.90
Tomatoes………….
70.23 52.60 73.84 79.82 65.29 63.76 77.20 70.11 93.80 57.90
B ananas…………..37.36 41.82 49.18 50.68 45.57 50.81 45.08 48.72 47.00 46.90
7.14 Table 7.11 presents sale of selected crops to various marketing boards from 2016 to 2020.
The quantity of wheat sold decreased by 19.5 per cent from 348.8 thousand tonnes in 2019
to 280.8 thousand tonnes in 2020. During the review period, the quantity of paddy rice sold
increased by 5.9 per cent to 156.0 thousand tonnes. In contrast, the volumes of maize sold to
marketing boards decreased by 17.5 per cent from 316.7 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 261.3
thousand tonnes in 2020. The quantity of tea sold increased by 24.1 per cent to 569.5 thousand
tonnes in 2020, while coffee sales to marketing boards, declined by 18.0 per cent from 45.0
thousand tonnes in 2019 to 36.9 thousand tonnes in 2020. The quantity of sugar cane and sisal
sold increased by 36.4 and 13.9 per cent respectively in 2020.
Table 7.11: Sale of Selected Crops to Marketing Boards, 2016– 2020
Crop Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
M aiz e1 '000 Tonnes
…................................................ 265.8 239.2 441.5 316.7 261.3
Wheat 2 ….................................................
'000 Tonnes 215.9 156.9 330.3 348.8 280.8
Coffee ….................................................
'000 Tonnes 39.7 33.7 36.8 45.0 36.9
Tea ….................................................
'000 Tonnes 473.0 439.9 493.0 458.9 569.5
Cotton2 ….................................................
'000 Tonnes 15.8 11.9 12.0 3.0 3.4
2
Sugar-cane ….................................................
M illion Tonnes 7.2 4.8 5.3 4.4 6.0
Sisal ….................................................
'000 Tonnes 24.3 22.5 23.1 26.6 30.3
Rice Paddy 2,+ .….................................................
'000 Tonnes 78.8 83.6 117.8 147.3 156.0
* Provisional.
1
Includes p urchases by National Cereals and Produce B oard and millers.
2
Deliveries to factories/ginneries.
+ Series revised based on K IHB S 2015/16 data
7.15. Wheat: Table 7.12 presents production and importation of wheat from 2016 to 2020.
Total amount of wheat produced locally and imported decreased by 3.3 per cent from 2.4
million tonnes in 2019 to 2.3 million tonnes in 2020. During the year under review, wheat
production increased by 10.6 per cent from 366.2 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 405.0 thousand
tonnes in 2020. The increased production is as a result of favourable weather conditions
experienced during the year 2020 in wheat growing areas. On the hand, wheat imports
decreased from 2.0 million tonnes in 2019 to 1.9 million tonnes in 2020.
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Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Table 7.12: Production and Imports of Wheat, 2016– 2020
'000 Tonnes
1
Year Production Imports Total
2016 .. ……….. 214.7 1,362.3 1,577.0
2017 .. ………….. 165.2 1,855.0 2,020.2
2018 .. ……….. 336.6 1,736.7 2,073.3
2019 .. ………….. 366.2 1,998.9 2,365.1
2020* ………….. 405.0 1,882.5 2,287.5
* Provisional.
1
Includes retention for seed.
7.16. Coffee: The overall area under coffee marginally increased from 10,019.6 thousand
hectares in 2019 to 10,019.7 thousand hectares in 2020 as presented in Table 7.13. Coffee
acreage under cooperatives constituted 79.2 per cent of total area under coffee. During the
review period, production of coffee declined by 18.0 per cent to 36.9 thousand tonnes. Coffee
production by cooperatives decreased by 16.2 per cent while that of estates likewise decreased
by 22.0 per cent in 2020. The decreased coffee production was attributed to decrease in yields,
where production under cooperatives declined by 17.0 per cent while that of estates declined
by 22.5 per cent.
Table 7.13: Production, Area and Average Yield of Coffee by Type of Grower, 2015/2016-2019/20
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
A REA (Ha) '000-
Co-op eratives .. .. .. .. .. ………....
8 8 .2 .. 8 8 .8 8 9 .6 9 4 .1 9 4 .8
Estates .. .. .. .. .. …………....
2 5 8.. .. .. 2 5 .9 2 6 .1 2 5 .5 2 4 .9
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. …….. 1..1..4 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .7 119.6 119.7
PRODUCTION (Tonnes) '000-
Co-op eratives .. .. .. .. .. .. .. …………....
3 0 .8 .. 2 4 .5 3 0 .4 3 0 .9 2 5 .9
Estates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 5 .3
…………… 1 4 .2 11 1 4 .1 11
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 6 .1
………. 3 8 .7 4 1 .4 45 3 6 .9
A VERA GE Y IELD (K g/Ha.)-
Co-op eratives .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. …………..
35 1 279 344 348 289
Estates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 9
…………..
5 551 426 543 421
Source: A griculture and Food A uthority , Coffee Directorate
* Provisional.
Note:
The coffee y ear is from October to Sep tember
Y ield is obtained by dividing current p roduction by p revious acreage three y ears ago
7.17. Tea: Table 7.14 shows the production, area and average yield of tea by type of grower
from 2016 to 2020. During the year under review, the area planted with tea remained the same
at 269.4 thousand hectares as the previous year 2019. However, tea production increased by
24.1 per cent to 569.5 thousand tonnes in 2020 from 458.9 thousand tonnes in 2019. The
smallholder sub-sector registered an increase of 25.0 per cent from 258.1 thousand tons to
322.6 thousand tons while the estate sub-sector recorded an increase of 23.0 per cent from
200.7 thousand tons to 246.9 thousand tonnes. Consequently, the average yield increased
from 2,502.5 Kg/Ha in 2019 to 2,695.4 Kg/Ha in 2020 for the estate sub-sector and from
1,866.2 Kg/Ha in 2019 to 2,286.3 Kg/Ha in 2020 for the smallholder sub-sector. Higher
production was attributed to enhanced rainfall experienced during the first quarter of the year.
139
Economic Survey 2021
Table 7.14: Production, Area and Average Yield of Tea by Type of Grower, 2016-2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
A REA ('000 Ha)
Smallholders .. .. .. .. .. .. ……………...
138.3 141.1 141.8 163.1 163.1
80.2
Es tates .. .. .. …………………. .. .. .. 91.6 92.5 106.3 106.3
218.5
TOTAL .. .. .. ……………... .. .. .. .. 232.7 234.3 269.4 269.4
PRODUCTION ('000 Tonnes )
Smallholders .. .. .. .. .. ………………...
265.6 246.1 272.5 258.1 322.6
Es tates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ……………….
207.4 193.7 220.5 200.7 246.9
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ……………
473.0 439.8 493.0 458.8 569.5
1
A VERA GE YIELD (Kg/Ha)
Smallholders .. .. ………………... ..
2,086.4
.. 1,913.7 2,030.6 1,866.2 2,286.3
Es tates .. .. .. .. .. .. ………………….
2,908.8 2,603.5 2,932.2 2,502.5 2,695.4
Source: A griculture and Food A uthority , Tea Directorate
* Prov isional
1
Obtained by div iding current production by the area four y ears ago
7.18. Sugarcane: Table 7.15 shows planted area, area harvested, production and average
yield of sugarcane from 2016 to 2020. The area under cane production increased by 1.6
per cent to 200.5 thousand hectares in 2020 from 197.4 thousand hectares in 2019. Good
payment from private owned mills motivated the farmers to expand the area under cane. The
area harvested therefore increased by 24.9 per cent from 71.9 thousand hectares in 2019 to
89.8 thousand hectares in 2020. At the same time, total cane production increased by 47.8
per cent from 4.6 million tonnes in 2019 to 6.8 million tonnes in 2020. This was attributed
to improved availability of mature cane for harvesting brought about by conducive weather
pattern over the year. Consequently, the average yield increased by 20.9 per cent from 51.0
tonnes per hectare in 2019 to 61.6 tonnes per hectare in 2020.
Table 7.15: Planted Area, Area Harvested, Production and Average Yield of Sugarcane, 2016- 2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
A rea under cane ('000 Ha)............................................... 220.8 191.2 202.4 197.4 200.5
A rea harv es ted ('000 Ha)1............................................... 85.8 67.7 73.1 71.9 89.8
Total Production ('000 Tonnes )...................................... 7,151.7 4,751.6 5,262.2 4,606.1 6,799.9
Production by non-contracted farmers ('000 Tonnes ) 1,816.7 1,004.3 1,233.1 938.8 1,264.2
A v erag e y ield (Tonnes /Ha)2.......................................... 62.2 55.3 55.1 51.0 61.6
Source: A griculture and Food A uthority , Sugar Directorate
* P rov isional
1
Ex cludes area harv ested by non-contracted f armers
2
Y ield = (Total production - production by non-contracted f armers)/area harv ested
7.19. Table 7.16 and Figure 7.2 show domestic sugar production and imports for the period
2016 to 2020. During the review period, total domestic sugar production increased by 36.9
per cent from 440.9 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 603.8 thousand tonnes in 2020 which was as
a result of increased harvest and delivery of mature canes for crushing. Sugar imports declined
by 3.1 per cent from 458.6 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 444.5 thousand tonnes in 2020. The
decrease was mainly attributed to lower shipment of white refined sugar in 2020 as a result
low consumption by the hotels, restaurants and cafes due to the COVID-19 pandemic effects.
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Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Table 7.16: Production, Imports and Exports of Sugar, 2016-2020
'000 Tonnes
Year Production Imports Exports
2016…………….. 639.7 334.1 0.1
2017…………….. 376.1 989.6 0.4
2018…………….. 491.1 284.2 2.0
2019……….. 440.9 458.6 0.8
2020* ……….. 603.8 444.5 2.4
Source: A griculture and Food A uthority , Sugar Directorate
* Prov isional
Figure 7.2: Sugar Production and Imports, 2016-2020
7.20. Horticulture: Table 7.17 presents volume and earnings from exports of fresh
horticultural produce from 2016 to 2020. During the year under review, earnings from
exports of horticulture produce increased by 3.9 per cent from KSh 144.6 billion in 2019 to
KSh 150.2 billion in 2020. The volume of horticulture exports declined by 4.5 per cent from
328.3 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 313.6 thousand tonnes in 2020. Export earnings from cut
flowers increased by 3.2 per cent to KSh 107.5 billion in 2020 and accounted for 71.6 per
cent of total fresh horticulture exports earnings. The high export earnings from cut flowers are
attributed to better prices offered in the export market. Fruits in 2020 earned KSh 18.4 billion
accounting for 12.3 per cent of fresh horticultural exports earnings. During the period under
review, the value of vegetable exports decreased by 11.1 per cent from KSh 27.2 billon in 2019
to KSh 24.2 billion in 2020.
Table 7.17: Exports of Fresh Horticultural Produce1, 2016-2020
Cut Flowers Fruits Vegetables Total
Volume Value Volume Value Volume Value Volume Value
Year 000 Tonnes KSh billion 000 Tonnes KSh billion 000 Tonnes KSh billion '000 Tonnes KSh billion
2016………. 133.7 70.8 48.7 7.3 78.8 23.4 261.2 101.5
2017..…… 160.0 82.2 56.9 9.0 87.2 24.1 304.1 115.3
2018..…… 161.2 113.2 75.6 12.8 85.8 27.7 322.6 153.7
2019…… 173.7 104.1 81.9 13.2 72.7 27.2 328.3 144.6
2020* …… 146.0 107.5 105.1 18.4 62.6 24.2 313.6 150.2
Source: A griculture and Food A uthority , Horticulture Directorate
* P rov isional.
1
Ex cludes ex ports of processed horticultural produce and nuts.
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Economic Survey 2021
7.21. Monthly quantity and value of horticultural exports for 2020 are as shown in Figure
7.3. The highest quantities of fresh horticultural exports of over 30.0 thousand tonnes were
recorded in the month of February 2020. Export earnings from horticulture were highest in
March 2020 and lowest in June, 2020.
Figure 7.3: Monthly Performance of Fresh Horticultural Exports, 2020
7.22 Irrigation: Table 7.18 presents data on the performance of various irrigation schemes
across the country from 2015/16 to 2019/20. During the review period, all area cropped
decreased by 2.3 per cent from 32.3 thousand hectares to 31.6 thousand hectares. However,
the number of plot holders increased by 8.5 per cent from 15.7 thousand to 17.0 thousand in
2019/20. Paddy rice production rose by 12.6 per cent from 160.6 thousand tonnes in 2018/19
to 180.9 thousand tonnes in 2019/20. Paddy rice production from Mwea Irrigation Scheme
increased by 17.3 per cent from 121.0 thousand tonnes in 2018/19 to 141.9 thousand tonnes
in 2019/20, accounting for 78.0 per cent of total paddy rice production. The high production
was attributed to good climatic conditions during the cropping season with efficient water
distribution and management in the scheme and farmers practicing good crop husbandry. All
other schemes registered slight increases in paddy production except West Kano, Bunyala, and
South West Kano which recorded a decline of 39.5, 5.3 and 1.5 per cent respectively. Gross
value of rice output from all scheme areas increased from KSh 10.1 billion in 2018/19 to KSh
10.5 billion in 2019/20, while payment to plot-holders decreased from KSh 6.4 billion to KSh
5.8 billion in 2019/20.
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Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Table7.18: Rice Production of Irrigation Schemes, 2015/16-2019/20
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
MWEA-
Area cropped-Hectares .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,629 17,146 23,076 25,710 25,911
Plot-holders-Number .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,178 7,178 7,684 7,684 7,684
Gross value of output-KSh Million .. .. .. .. 4,726 3,558 6,122 8,748 9,017
Payments to plot-holders-KSh Million .. .. .. 3,938 1,816 3,522 5,759 5,177
ALL SCHEME AREAS-
Area cropped-Hectares .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14,586 21,949 27,383 32,324 31,591
Plot-holders-Number .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,055 16,326 14,028 15,688 17,020
Gross value of output-KSh Million .. .. .. .. 5,673 4,395 6,964 10,109 10,457
Payments to plot-holders-KSh Million .. .. .. 4,591 2,169 3,849 6,374 5,801
CROPS PRODUCED - Tonnes
Mwea-Paddy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..78,760 59,291 89,960 120,996 141,920
Ahero-Paddy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,494 7,752 4,596 8,473 9,600
W.Kano-Paddy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,634 4,083 4,527 9,423 5,704
Bunyala-Paddy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,522 3,632 3,741 3,686 3,492
South West Kano- Paddy.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,100 6,440 7,386 8,184 8,062
North Kano Paddy .. .. .. .. .. - - 1,921 3,040 3,584
Bura Paddy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - - 474 1,083 1,728
Tana Paddy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - - - 900 1,200
Lower Kinja Paddy.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - - - 4,800 5,600
TOTAL PADDY 101,510 81,198 112,605 160,585 180,890
Source: National Irrigation Authority
* Provisional
7.23. Pyrethrum: Production and earnings from Pyrethrum production are shown in Table
7.19. In 2020, pyrethrum production declined by 9.4 per cent from 314.6 tonnes in 2019 to
284.9 tonnes in 2020. The average price paid to farmers for the produce similarly declined by
8.2 per cent from KSh 217.77 per kilogramme in 2019 to KSh 200.0 per kilogramme. Earnings
from sale of dry pyrethrum flowers during the review period consequently declined to KSh
57.0 million in 2020. Similarly, the production of pyrethrum extract declined from 7.4 tonnes
in 2019 to 5.7 tonnes in 2020. The average price paid for pyrethrum extract declined to KSh
23,151 per kilogramme of the extract. Earnings from the sale of pyrethrum extract declined to
KSh 131.9 million in 2020.
Table 7.19: Pyrethrum Flowers and Pyrethrum Extract Production, Prices and Value, 2016-2020
Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Pyrethrum flowers (dry)
P roduction……………….Tonne s 239.3 147.6 187.9 314.6 284.9
P rice ……………………… KS h/ Kg 91.89 130.00 151.91 217.77 200.00
Va lue ……………………… KS h million 22.0 19.2 28.5 68.5 57.0
Pyrethrum Extrac t
P roduction…………….. Tonne s 4.8 3.0 3.8 7.4 5.7
P rice …………………….KS h/ Kg 25,010.08 24,990.35 24,980.19 24,999.26 23,151.35
Va lue …………………….KS h million 119.7 73.8 94.0 185.3 131.9
Source AFA, Ministry of Agriculture , livestock fisheries and cooperatives
* Provisional
7.24. Dairy Produce: Livestock slaughtered and dairy products for 2016 to 2020 is presented
in Table 7.19. During the period under review, the quantities of milk production decreased
marginally from 685.9 million litres in 2019 to 684.4 million litres in 2020. Similarly, the
quantities of processed milk and cream decreased by 6.9 per cent from 491.8 million litres
in 2019 to 458.1 million litres in 2020. Production of processed butter and ghee, and cheese
decreased by 6.5 per cent and 48.3 per cent to 947.0 tonnes and 158.0 tonnes, respectively,
in 2020. This reduction was partly attributed to low demand for processed milk and milk
products due to reduced disposable household income coupled with the closure of the hotel
industry and other eateries during the COVID-19 lockdown period.
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Economic Survey 2021
7.25. Livestock slaughtered: The number of cattle and calves slaughtered declined by 36.6
per cent from 3,080.8 thousand head in 2019 to 1,953.7 thousand head in 2020. Similarly, the
number of pigs slaughtered declined by 4.1 per cent from 413.5 thousand in 2019 to 396.7
thousand head in 2020. Hotels and eateries where beef and pork are part of the menu were
closed down reducing the demand for the commodity. However, the number of sheep and
goats slaughtered increased by 6.5 per cent from 11,302.7 thousand head in 2019 to 12,040.2
thousand head in 2020.
Table 7.20: Livestock Slaughtered and Dairy products, 2016-2020
Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Recorded Milk Production1 …………………….
Mn. Litres 648.2 591.4 652.3 685.9 684.4
Milk Processed
Milk and cream……………….. Mn. Litres 448.6 410.6 468.4 491.8 458.1
Butter and g hee …………….. .. Tonnes 1,444.9 1,127.3 1,249.4 1,013.4 947.0
Chees e .. .. .. ………………. Tonnes 311.2 338.3 384.3 305.4 158.0
Livestock S laughtered
Cattle and Calv es .. .. ………………
'000 Head 2,460.2 2,590.0 2,781.7 3,080.8 1,953.7
Sheep and Goats .. .. ………………….
'000 Head 8,220.2 9,206.7 10,247.6 11,302.7 12,040.2
Pig s .. .. .. ………………. '000 Head 313.6 360.1 388.2 413.5 396.7
Source: Keny a National Bureau of Statistics, Keny a Dairy Board, State Department of Liv estock
* P rov isional
1
Series revised from 2017 to 2019
7.26. Agricultural Training: Agricultural education is important in promoting the best
practices in agricultural production. Trainings in this sector are geared towards incorporating
the latest scientific advances and technology tools towards improving farmer operations and
increased agricultural productivity. Table 7.21 shows enrolment levels for agricultural courses
at various institutions in the country. Overall, the sector recorded increased enrolment in
agricultural courses. Student enrolment at degree level increased by 17.0 per cent from 17,392
students in 2019 to 20,356 students in 2020. Enrolment at Egerton University for agricultural
diploma courses also increased significantly from 47 students in 2019 to 233 students in 2020.
Bukura Agricultural College registered a reduction in enrolment from 1,751 students in 2019
to 1,448 students in 2020, representing a 17.3 per cent decline. The Animal Health Training
Institutes (AHTIs) together with the Athi River Meat Training Institute did not admit students
in 2020. This was due to the closure of all learning institutions in the country occasioned by
the COVID-19 pandemic. Diploma, certificate and short-term certificate level courses offering
institutions did not admit students during the review period.
144
Table 7.21: Enrolment in Agricultural Training Institutions, 2016-2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
DEGREE LEVEL -Public Universities
All Universities............................................................. 10,165 6,930 17,095 14,835 9,386 24,221 10,715 7,450 18,165 10,626 6,766 17,392 12,913 7,443 20,356
DIPLOMA LEVEL -Public Universities
Egerton........................................................................ 459 206 665 116 80 196 25 6 31 37 10 47 169 64 233
DIPLOMA LEVEL - MOA
Bukura Institute of Agriculture..................................... 705 326 1,031 791 406 1,197 887 498 1,385 1,079 672 1,751 891 557 1,448
Naivasha Dairy Training Institute............................... 23 19 42 27 13 40 23 18 41 19 20 39 - - -
Total........................................................................... 728 345 1,073 818 419 1,237 910 516 1,426 1,098 692 1,790 891 557 1,448
DIPLOMA - Animal Health Training Institutes1
Kabete.......................................................................... - - - 101 19 120 81 18 99 96 38 134 - - -
Ndomba...................................................................... - - - 41 9 50 48 13 61 59 10 69 - - -
Total........................................................................... - - - 142 28 170 129 31 160 155 48 203 - - -
CERTIFICATE LEVEL-
145 Naivasha Dairy Training Institute............................... 64 59 123 54 65 119 64 68 132 84 62 146 - - -
Animal Health Training Institutes-
Kabete.......................................................................... 91 13 104 35 18 53 70 20 90 77 28 105 - - -
Nyahururu................................................................... 52 24 76 46 28 74 45 26 71 50 28 78 - - -
Ndomba...................................................................... 118 28 146 95 25 120 91 39 130 81 33 114 - - -
Total........................................................................... 261 65 326 176 71 247 206 85 291 208 89 297 - - -
SHORT-TERM VOCATIONAL COURSES-
Naivasha Dairy Training School.................................. 214 103 317 201 84 285 128 73 201 48 45 93 - - -
Athi River M.T. School................................................ 44 12 56 41 23 64 47 22 69 72 21 93 - - -
Total........................................................................... 258 115 373 242 107 349 175 95 270 120 66 186 - - -
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives; Public Universities and other Institutions
* Provisional
1
Diploma courses at the Animal Health Training Institutes (AHTIs) were introduced in 2017.
Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Economic Survey 2021
Societies and 7.27. Co-operative societies have played a significant role in socio-economic development of
Unions in nations for centuries and are a reminder to the international community that it is possible
Agricultural to pursue both economic viability and social responsibility. In Kenya, co-operative societies
activities have been important in socio-economic development of the country especially in agriculture,
forestry, finance, consumer/retail, insurance, housing, health, industrial and general utility
sectors, among others. The role of co-operative societies in agricultural value chains cannot be
over emphasized as they play a pivotal role in supporting channeling farm inputs to improve
production, provide market linkages and facilitate post-harvest management. On the other
hand, Savings and Credit Co-operatives (SACCOs) form an integral part of the financial
services sector in Kenya.
7.28. Table 7.22 shows the number of registered agricultural societies and unions for the
period 2016 to 2020. Number of societies and unions increased by 22.0 per cent from 21,002
registered in 2019 to 25,627 in 2020. The increase was mainly from the ‘Other Non-Agricultural
Societies’ which increased by 55.0 per cent from 4,091 in 2019 to 6,342 in 2020. Despite the
increase in the registered societies, those engaged with cotton, farm purchase, and fisheries
remained constant at 62,126 and 118 respectively. The number of Savings and Credit societies
grew by 12.0 per cent from 10,463 in 2019 to 11,723 in 2020. There was no new agricultural
union registered in 2020.
Table 7.22: Number of Societies and Unions, 2016 – 2020
Number
TYPE OF SOCIETY 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Agricultural:
Coffee......................................................... 613 616 651 659 662
Sugar-cane.................................................. 199 206 211 211 214
Pyrethrum.................................................. 146 147 149 150 152
Cotton........................................................ 62 62 62 62 62
Dairy........................................................... 465 518 623 639 641
Multi-produce............................................. 2,222 2,289 2,364 2,399 2,729
Farm Purchase............................................ 118 118 122 126 126
Fisheries...................................................... 99 111 116 118 118
Other Agricultural Societies........................ 1,706 1,843 1,916 1,983 2,757
Sub- Total................................................ 5,629 5,910 6,214 6,347 7,461
Non-Agricultural:
Savings and Credit...................................... 9,567 10,029 10,231 10,463 11,723
Other Non-Agricultural Societies............... 3,279 3,913 4,002 4,091 6,342
Sub- Total................................................ 12,846 13,942 14,233 14,554 18,065
Unions (Agricultural)................................. 98 99 100 101 101
GRAND TOTAL..................................... 18,573 19,951 20,547 21,002 25,627
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives, State Department of Cooperatives
* Provisional
146
Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Food 7.29. Food Balance Sheets (FBS) are used to measure food consumption from the supply
Balance side. They are generally constructed for primary crops, livestock and fish commodities. In this
Sheet regard, food balance sheets show the primary level quantities of commodities where all derived
commodities are converted back to their primary equivalent. The FBS provides information of
food situation in a country based on domestic food supply of the food commodities, domestic
food utilization and per capita values for the supply of all food commodities (in kilograms per
person per year) and the corresponding calories, proteins and fat contents.
FBS 7.30. The food balance sheet indicators for the period 2016 to 2020 are shown in Table
Indicators 7.23 and Figure 7.4. The total per caput daily supply of calories increased by 5.7 per cent
from 2,171.7 thousand calories in 2019 to 2,295.9 thousand calories in 2020. The bulk of
contribution usually comes from vegetal products. During the period under review, per caput
caloric daily supply from vegetal products was 2,178.4 thousand calories, an increase of 11.8
per cent from 1,948.5 thousand calories in 2019. The increase was mainly from maize, rice
and sugar together with their products. On the other hand, per caput daily caloric supply from
animal products decreased by 2.6 per cent from 223.2 thousand calories in 2019 to 217.5
thousand calories in 2020. This was largely attributable to decreased production of bovine
meat and its products whose per caput caloric daily supply reduced by 10 thousand calories in
the review period. Proteins and fats also registered increases of 3.4 per cent and 6.5 per cent,
respectively, in the per caput daily supply. Overall, Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) increased by
0.7 per cent from 87.8 per cent in 2019 to 88.4 per cent in 2020 while Import Dependency
Ratio (IDR) decreased by 10.7 per cent from 14.9 per cent in 2019 to 16.5 per cent in 2020.
Table 7.23: Food Balance Sheet, 2016-2020
Indicator 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Per Caput Daily Supply Calories - '000...................................... 2,105.1 2,130.2 2,243.0 2,171.7 2,295.9
Proteins - Grams................................. 64.9 67.1 68.1 61.9 64.0
Fats - Grams........................................ 52.2 47.3 46.3 46.2 49.2
SSR - Per Cent Total.................................................. 92.6 87.2 89.1 87.8 88.4
Vegetable Products.............................. 90.9 84.5 87.3 86.5 87.0
Animal Products................................. 99.8 98.7 97.6 95.3 97.4
Fishery Products.................................. 81.5 82.2 77.4 79.9 81.2
IDR - Per Cent Total.................................................. 11.2 18.5 15.4 16.5 14.9
Vegetable Products.............................. 13.9 22.5 18.1 18.6 16.7
Animal Products................................. 0.5 1.5 2.9 5.3 4.1
Fishery Products.................................. 30.6 27.6 27.0 25.2 23.3
Per Caput Caloric Daily Supply Vegetable Products - '000 calories........ 1,826.1 1,863.9 1,982.4 1,948.5 2,078.4
Of which Cereals - '000 calories......... 885.6 953.4 1,033.2 1,014.4 1,087.3
Animal Products - '000 calories............ 279.0 266.3 260.6 223.2 217.5
*Provisional
147
Economic Survey 2021
Figure 7.4: Import Dependency and Self-Sufficiency Ratios, 2020
7.31. Caloric supply by the main food groups for the year 2020 is as shown in Figure 7.5. The
contribution of the various food commodities to the total per caput daily caloric supply shows
that cereals continue to be the main source of calories, followed by pulses, sugar & sweeteners
and starchy roots at 47.4, 8.7, 8.2 and 6.6 per cent, respectively.
Figure 7.5: Caloric Supply by Main Food Groups, 2020
148
Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Table 7.24 (a): Food Balance Sheet, 2020
FOOD BALANCE SHEET 2020 Population('000): 48,680
Products DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPUT SUPPLY
PER
Prod. Imports Exports Stock Total Processed Loss Feed Seed Other Food YEAR PER DAY
changes D.S. Uses FOOD Calories Proteins Fats
1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams
Grand total 2296 64 49
Vegetable prod. 2078 50 36
Animal prod. 218 14 13
bg bi bk bo bq bs bu ce cg ci ck
Cereals (excl. beer) 4878 3289 121 -17 8063 144 144 461 99 31 7185 148 1087 29 11
Wheat and products 405 1926 5 178 2148 0 4 0 21 27 2095 43.0 313 9 5
Barley and products 35 2 22 -54 69 51 0 0 1 0 17 0.3 3 0 0
Maize and products 3789 337 9 -99 4215 41 88 429 67 0 3590 73.7 570 15 7
Rye and products 0 0 4 -4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Oats and products 0 2 0 -1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.0 0 0 0
Millet and products 153 10 0 53 110 16 15 7 2 0 70 1.4 12 0 0
Sorghum and products 315 59 77 41 255 36 33 25 5 0 156 3.2 27 1 0
Cereals, Others & Products 0 0 1 -27 26 0 0 0 0 0 26 0.5 4 0 0
Rice & Prod (Milled Equivalent) 181 953 2 -106 1238 0 4 0 2 3 1229 25.3 158 3 0
Starchy roots 3473 2 1 0 3474 0 274 0 107 3 3090 63 151 1 0
Potatoes and products 1860 0 1 0 1860 0 186 0 107 2 1565 32.1 63 1 0
Cassava and products 898 1 0 0 899 0 17 0 0 1 881 18.1 53 0 0
Sweet potatoes 686 0 0 0 686 0 69 0 0 0 617 12.7 33 0 0
Roots & Tubers, Other & Prod. 20 0 0 0 20 0 2 0 0 0 17 0.4 1 0 0
Yams 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 0.2 1 0 0
Sugar crops 6802 0 0 0 6802 4834 0 0 0 0 1968 40 33 0 0
Sugar cane 6802 0 0 0 6802 4834 0 0 0 0 1968 40.4 33 0 0
Sugar Beets 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Sugar & Sweeteners 645 485 19 178 933 28 0 0 0 5 900 18 189 0 0
Sugar non-centrifugal 23 1 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 0.5 4 0 0
Sugar & Prod. (raw equivalent) 604 483 19 178 891 28 0 0 0 5 859 17.6 182 0 0
Sweeteners, other & prod. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Honey 18 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 18 0.4 3 0 0
Pulses 1229 90 79 -6 1247 0 180 0 9 0 1057 22 200 13 1
Beans, Dry & Products 774 3 9 -21 790 0 158 0 0 0 632 13.0 120 8 1
Peas, Dry & Products 0 68 23 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 45 0.9 9 1 0
Pulses, Other and products 455 19 47 15 412 0 23 0 9 0 381 7.8 72 4 0
Treenuts 35 1 2 -8 42 0 0 0 0 0 42 1 5 0 0
Nuts and products 35 1 2 -8 42 0 0 0 0 0 42 0.9 5 0 0
Oilcrops 180 78 10 -16 265 81 6 0 21 2 154 3 37 1 3
Soyabeans & Products 2 23 0 0 26 0 0 0 20 0 5 0.1 1 0 0
Groundnuts (Shelled Eq) 16 51 2 0 65 0 1 0 1 0 63 1.3 13 1 1
Sunflower seed 0 3 0 -17 19 19 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Rape and Mustardseed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Coconuts - Incl Copra 110 1 5 0 106 23 5 0 0 0 78 1.6 20 0 2
Sesame seed 11 0 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 8 0.2 3 0 0
Palmkernels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Olives (including preserved) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Oilcrops, Other 41 0 1 0 40 38 0 0 0 2 0 0.0 0 0 0
Vegetable oils 244 1079 149 206 969 169 0 0 0 486 314 6 139 0 17
Soyabean Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Groundnut Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Sunflowerseed Oil 5 6 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 0.2 5 0 1
Rape and Mustard Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Cottonseed Oil 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.0 1 0 0
Palmkernel Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Palm Oil 0 1069 128 206 735 169 0 0 0 486 81 1.7 39 0 5
Coconut Oil 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 0.2 4 0 0
Sesameseed Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Olive & Residue Oil 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0 0 0
Maize Germ Oil 14 3 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 0.4 9 0 1
Oilcrops Oil, Other 217 1 21 0 196 1 0 0 0 0 195 4.0 80 0 10
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Economic Survey 2021
FOOD BALANCE SHEET 2020 Population('000): 48,680
Products DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPUT SUPPLY
PER
Prod. Imports Exports Stock Total Processed Loss Feed Seed Other Food YEAR PER DAY
changes D.S. Uses FOOD Calories Proteins Fats
1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams
Vegetables 3812 36 96 8 3745 0 206 0 0 1 3538 73 46 3 0
Tomatoes and products 1046 21 4 0 1063 0 105 0 0 0 959 19.7 11 1 0
Onions, Dry 197 2 0 0 199 0 20 0 0 0 180 3.7 4 0 0
Vegetables, Other & Prod. 2569 13 92 8 2482 0 82 0 0 1 2399 49.3 31 2 0
Fruits (Excluding Wine) 3870 42 320 -23 3616 1 155 0 0 93 3367 69 105 1 1
Oranges, Tang-Mand & Prod. 0 9 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 0.2 0 0 0
Lemons, Limes and products 99 1 1 0 99 0 5 0 0 0 94 1.9 1 0 0
Grapefruit and products 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.1 0 0 0
Citrus Fruit nes & prod 135 0 0 0 135 0 14 0 0 0 121 2.5 2 0 0
Bananas 1856 0 0 0 1856 0 0 0 0 93 1763 36.2 60 1 0
Plantains 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Apples and products 0 17 2 0 15 0 2 0 0 0 13 0.3 0 0 0
Pineapples and products 330 0 184 -23 170 0 33 0 0 0 137 2.8 2 0 0
Dates 18 7 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 25 0.5 2 0 0
Grapes and products (excl wine) 0 4 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 3 0.1 0 0 0
Fruits, Other & Products 1430 3 131 0 1301 0 101 0 0 0 1200 24.7 39 0 1
Stimulants 606 4 629 -639 621 0 0 0 0 0 621 13 16 0 0
Coffee and products 37 4 53 -585 574 0 0 0 0 0 574 11.8 14 0 0
Cocoa Beans and products 0 0 0 -1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.0 1 0 0
Tea (including mate) 570 0 576 -52 46 0 0 0 0 0 46 0.9 1 0 0
Spices 271 2 1 0 273 0 0 0 0 0 273 6 52 2 2
Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Cloves 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Spices, other 270 2 0 0 272 0 0 0 0 0 272 5.6 52 2 2
Alcoholic beverages 655 19 19 0 655 0 0 0 0 27 627 13 19 0 0
Wine 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 0.1 0 0 0
Barley Beer 340 7 19 0 328 0 0 0 0 0 328 6.7 8 0 0
Beverages, fermented 262 0 0 0 262 0 0 0 0 0 262 5.4 6 0 0
Beverages, alcoholic 30 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 30 0.6 5 0 0
Alcohol, non food 17 11 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 27 0 0.0 0 0 0
Meat 565 2 42 0 525 0 0 0 0 0 525 11 51 3 4
Meat & Products, Bovine 244 0 1 0 243 0 0 0 0 0 243 5.0 26 2 2
Meat & Prod, Sheep & Goat 160 0 12 0 149 0 0 0 0 0 149 3.1 14 1 1
Meat & Products, Pig 27 2 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Meat & Products, Poultry 69 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 0 0 69 1.4 5 0 0
Meat & Products, Other Anim. 64 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 64 1.3 6 0 0
Offals 74 0 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 0 74 2 4 1 0
Offals, Edible 74 0 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 0 74 1.5 4 1 0
Animal fats 41 0 1 21 19 12 0 0 0 0 6 0 4 0 0
Fats, Animals, Raw 40 0 1 21 19 12 0 0 0 0 6 0.1 3 0 0
Butter, Ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 1 0 0
Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 1 0 0
Fish, body oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Fish, liver oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Milk - Excluding Butter 4049 199 3 8 4237 39 0 14 0 0 4185 86 146 8 9
Milk & Prod (Excluding Butter) 4049 199 3 8 4237 39 0 14 0 0 4185 86.0 146 8 9
Eggs 86 0 0 0 86 0 0 0 4 0 83 2 6 0 0
Eggs and products 86 0 0 0 86 0 0 0 4 0 83 1.7 6 0 0
Fish & sea food 148 42 8 0 182 0 0 0 0 0 182 4 7 1 0
Freshwater fish 124 19 2 0 141 0 0 0 0 0 141 2.9 5 1 0
Demersal fish 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Pelagic fish 0 21 3 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 18 0.4 1 0 0
Marine fish, other 20 2 1 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 21 0.4 1 0 0
Crustaceans 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0 0 0
Molluscs other 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0 0 0
Cephalopods 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Aquatic products, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Aquatic mammals meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Aquatic animals, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Aquatic plants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Infant food 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
150
Chapter 7: Agriculture Sector Review
Table 7.24 (b): Food Balance Sheet, 2019
FOOD BALANCE SHEET 2019 Population('000): 47,564
Products DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPUT SUPPLY
PER
Prod. Imports Exports Stock Total Processed Loss Feed Seed Other Food YEAR PER DAY
changes D.S. Uses FOOD Calories Proteins Fats
1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams
Grand total 2172 62 46
Vegetable prod. 1949 48 33
Animal prod. 223 14 13
bg bi bk bo bq bs bu ce cg ci ck
Cereals (excl. beer) 4618 3401 102 483 7434 129 203 424 81 51 6547 138 1014 29 11
Wheat and products 366 2022 8 210 2170 0 98 0 19 47 2007 42.2 307 10 5
Barley and products 86 4 26 5 60 42 1 0 1 0 16 0.3 3 0 0
Maize and products 3582 258 4 96 3740 40 51 395 54 1 3200 67.3 520 15 7
Rye and products 0 0 3 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Oats and products 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0 0 0
Millet and products 135 6 0 40 100 14 16 6 2 0 62 1.3 11 0 0
Sorghum and products 288 142 58 138 234 32 35 23 4 0 139 2.9 25 1 0
Cereals, Others & Products 0 1 2 -24 23 0 0 0 0 0 23 0.5 4 0 0
Rice & Prod (Milled Equivalent) 161 969 1 22 1106 0 2 0 1 3 1099 23.1 145 3 0
Starchy roots 3830 1 2 0 3829 0 316 0 85 4 3424 72 170 2 0
Potatoes and products 1979 0 2 0 1977 0 202 0 85 3 1688 35.5 69 1 0
Cassava and products 845 0 0 0 846 0 20 0 0 1 825 17.3 51 0 0
Sweet potatoes 977 0 0 0 977 0 92 0 0 0 884 18.6 49 1 0
Roots & Tubers, Other & Prod. 19 0 0 0 20 0 2 0 0 0 18 0.4 1 0 0
Yams 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 0.2 1 0 0
Sugar crops 4607 1 0 0 4608 3586 0 0 0 0 1022 21 18 0 0
Sugar cane 4607 1 0 0 4608 3586 0 0 0 0 1022 21.5 18 0 0
Sugar Beets 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Sugar & Sweeteners 526 499 12 167 846 45 0 0 0 4 797 17 162 0 0
Sugar non-centrifugal 23 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 22 0.5 4 0 0
Sugar & Prod. (raw equivalent) 489 499 12 167 809 45 0 0 0 4 760 16.0 156 0 0
Sweeteners, other & prod. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Honey 14 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 14 0.3 2 0 0
Pulses 1143 64 13 -36 1231 0 190 0 7 -2 1035 22 200 13 1
Beans, Dry & Products 747 15 1 -20 782 0 149 0 0 0 632 13.3 122 9 1
Peas, Dry & Products 0 40 9 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 31 0.6 6 0 0
Pulses, Other and products 396 9 3 -16 418 0 41 0 7 -2 372 7.8 71 4 0
Treenuts 35 1 1 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 35 1 4 0 0
Nuts and products 35 1 1 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 35 0.7 4 0 0
Oilcrops 180 8 0 0 188 61 7 0 4 2 114 2 28 0 2
Soyabeans & Products 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Groundnuts (Shelled Eq) 15 8 0 0 23 0 1 0 1 0 21 0.4 5 0 0
Sunflower seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Rape and Mustardseed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Coconuts - Incl Copra 110 0 0 0 110 22 6 0 0 0 83 1.7 20 0 2
Sesame seed 11 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 0.2 3 0 0
Palmkernels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Olives (including preserved) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Oilcrops, Other 41 0 0 0 41 39 0 0 0 2 0 0.0 0 0 0
Vegetable oils 223 911 125 194 816 153 0 0 0 388 275 6 124 0 15
Soyabean Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Groundnut Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Sunflowerseed Oil 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.1 2 0 0
Rape and Mustard Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Cottonseed Oil 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.0 1 0 0
Palmkernel Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Palm Oil 0 882 104 194 585 153 0 0 0 360 72 1.5 36 0 5
Coconut Oil 6 28 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 28 7 0.1 3 0 0
Sesameseed Oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Olive & Residue Oil 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0 0 0
Maize Germ Oil 14 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 14 0.3 7 0 1
Oilcrops Oil, Other 196 1 21 0 175 0 0 0 0 0 175 3.7 74 0 9
151
Economic Survey 2021
FOOD BALANCE SHEET 2019 Population('000): 47,564
Products DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPUT SUPPLY
PER
Prod. Imports Exports Stock Total Processed Loss Feed Seed Other Food YEAR PER DAY
changes D.S. Uses FOOD Calories Proteins Fats
1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams
Vegetables 3058 29 77 8 3003 0 147 0 0 1 2855 60 38 1 0
Tomatoes and products 568 19 4 0 583 0 65 0 0 0 518 10.9 6 0 0
Onions, Dry 117 1 0 0 117 0 6 0 0 0 111 2.3 3 0 0
Vegetables, Other & Prod. 2374 10 74 8 2302 0 75 0 0 1 2226 46.8 30 1 0
Fruits (Excluding Wine) 3642 38 261 -22 3441 0 152 0 0 1 3287 69 104 1 1
Oranges, Tang-Mand & Prod. 0 8 0 0 8 0 3 0 0 0 4 0.1 0 0 0
Lemons, Limes and products 89 1 2 0 88 0 4 0 0 0 83 1.7 1 0 0
Grapefruit and products 3 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.1 0 0 0
Citrus Fruit nes & prod 135 0 0 0 135 0 14 0 0 0 120 2.5 2 0 0
Bananas 1716 0 0 0 1716 0 0 0 0 0 1715 36.1 59 1 0
Plantains 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Apples and products 0 17 1 0 17 0 2 0 0 0 15 0.3 0 0 0
Pineapples and products 335 0 178 -22 179 0 38 0 0 0 141 3.0 2 0 0
Dates 27 5 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 32 0.7 3 0 0
Grapes and products (excl wine) 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.1 0 0 0
Fruits, Other & Products 1337 2 79 0 1260 0 90 0 0 0 1170 24.6 37 0 1
Stimulants 503 12 530 -624 609 0 0 0 0 0 609 13 16 0 0
Coffee and products 45 2 54 -573 565 0 0 0 0 0 565 11.9 15 0 0
Cocoa Beans and products 0 1 0 -1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.0 1 0 0
Tea (including mate) 459 9 476 -49 42 0 0 0 0 0 42 0.9 1 0 0
Spices 265 2 1 0 266 0 0 0 0 0 266 6 52 2 2
Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Cloves 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Spices, other 264 1 0 0 266 0 0 0 0 0 266 5.6 52 2 2
Alcoholic beverages 622 22 53 0 591 0 0 0 0 16 575 12 18 0 0
Wine 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 0.1 0 0 0
Barley Beer 335 11 43 0 304 0 0 0 0 0 304 6.4 8 0 0
Beverages, fermented 234 4 0 0 237 0 0 0 0 0 237 5.0 5 0 0
Beverages, alcoholic 37 0 10 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 27 0.6 5 0 0
Alcohol, non food 16 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 16 0 0.0 0 0 0
Meat 598 2 12 0 588 0 0 0 0 0 588 12 60 5 4
Meat & Products, Bovine 329 0 1 0 328 0 0 0 0 0 328 6.9 36 3 3
Meat & Prod, Sheep & Goat 107 0 10 0 97 0 0 0 0 0 97 2.0 9 1 1
Meat & Products, Pig 14 1 1 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 14 0.3 3 0 0
Meat & Products, Poultry 89 0 0 0 89 0 0 0 0 0 89 1.9 6 1 0
Meat & Products, Other Anim. 59 0 0 0 59 0 0 0 0 0 59 1.2 6 0 0
Offals 74 0 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 0 74 2 5 1 0
Offals, Edible 74 0 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 0 74 1.6 5 1 0
Animal fats 38 0 0 19 18 12 0 0 0 0 6 0 4 0 0
Fats, Animals, Raw 37 0 0 19 18 12 0 0 0 0 6 0.1 3 0 0
Butter, Ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 1 0 0
Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 1 0 0
Fish, body oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Fish, liver oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Milk - Excluding Butter 3984 265 1 0 4248 35 198 14 0 1 4000 84 142 7 9
Milk & Prod (Excluding Butter) 3984 265 1 0 4248 35 198 14 0 1 4000 84.1 142 7 9
Eggs 86 1 0 0 87 0 0 0 3 0 83 2 6 0 0
Eggs and products 86 1 0 0 87 0 0 0 3 0 83 1.8 6 0 0
Fish & sea food 147 46 9 0 184 0 0 0 0 0 184 4 6 1 0
Freshwater fish 122 23 2 0 142 0 0 0 0 0 142 3.0 5 1 0
Demersal fish 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Pelagic fish 0 21 3 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 18 0.4 1 0 0
Marine fish, other 22 2 1 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 23 0.5 1 0 0
Crustaceans 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.0 0 0 0
Molluscs other 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0 0 0
Cephalopods 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Aquatic products, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Aquatic mammals meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Aquatic animals, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Aquatic plants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0
152
Chapter 8: Environment and Natural Resources
Environment and Natural Resources Chapter
08
Overview
I n 2020, the Government through the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MEF)
continued to intensify environmental conservation measures aimed at improving
management and protection of natural resources for sustainable economic growth. During
the year, the Government extended the moratorium on logging in public and community
forests and submitted to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) Secretariat its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The NDCs aim
at providing priority framework for adaptation and mitigation measures for the period 2020
to 2030.
8.2. During the year under review, total development expenditure on Water Supplies and
Related Services is expected to increase from KSh 44.5 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 55.2 billion
in 2020/21. Total forest area increased marginally from 4,228.8 thousand hectares in 2019 to
4,231.9 thousand hectares in 2020. Overall Government forest plantations stocking increased
by 2.0 thousand hectares from 147.6 thousand hectares in 2019 to 149.6 thousand hectares
in 2020. Total value of fish production increased from KSh 23.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 26.2
billion in 2020. Total value of minerals declined from KSh 24.1 billion in 2019 to KSh 22.7
billion in the review period. Rainfall performance was far above normal in most parts of the
country during the long rains season March-April-May (MAM) 2020.
Environment 8.3. The total Gross Value Added from the environment and natural resources sector increased
and Natural from KSh 380.5 billion in 2019 to KSh 425.8 during the review period. This resulted in an
Resources increase to the overall share of the environment and natural resources sector to the country’s
Gross Value Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 3.7 per cent in 2019 to 4.0 per cent in the year 2020.
Added Gross Value Added from the mining and quarrying sector grew by 6.6 per cent from KSh
72.7 billion in 2019 to KSh 77.5 billion in 2020. Similarly, Fishing and Aquaculture sector
registered a growth of 9.1 per cent to stand at KSh 62.8 billion during the period under review.
Table 8.1: Trends in Environment and Natural Resources Gross Value Added at Current Prices, 2016 –
2020.
KSh Million
Industry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Forestry and Logging……………………
94,562.1 102,617.4 125,979.4 189,816.3 224,687.6
Fishing and Aquaculture………………..
30,595.0 42,687.2 51,033.8 57,569.3 62,792.2
Mining and Quarrying…………………..
81,279.8 71,675.0 68,908.6 72,744.9 77,547.3
1
Water Supply ……………………… 58,205.5 59,270.7 59,648.4 60,365.6 60,763.4
Total 264,642.4 276,250.2 305,570.3 380,496.1 425,790.4
GDP at Market Prices…………………
7,594,063.6 8,483,396.5 9,340,306.7 10,255,654.4 10,752,991.5
Resource as per cent of GDP 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.7 4.0
1
Includes Sewerage and Waste Management
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Economic Survey 2021
Water 8.4. Access to adequate and reliable water supply is a key input to economic development and
Supply the well-being of the population. In 2020/21, the Ministry of Water, Sanitation and Irrigation
in collaboration with the County Governments undertook programmes geared towards
increasing the number of households with access to an improved water source. Some of the
initiatives undertaken include rehabilitation and expansion of existing water supply schemes,
construction of water storage dams and pans, and drilling of boreholes across the country.
8.5. In pursuit of the policy to increase access to improved water sources, the Government
continued to construct and maintain modest Water Purification Points (WPPs) as shown
in Table 8.2. The number of WPPs increased by 11 points to reach 334 points in 2020/21
from 323 points in 2019/20. The increase was mainly attributed to the construction of water
supplies across the major towns through the Kenya Towns Sustainable Water Supply and
Sanitation Programme.
8.6. The total number of boreholes which are mainly done by the private sector, is expected
to increase by 2,019 to 21,027 boreholes in 2020/21 from 19,008 boreholes in 2019/20 as
shown in Table 8.2. The demand for boreholes in both the public and private sectors has been
increasing.
Table 8.2: Water Purification Points and Boreholes Drilled, 2016/17 - 2020/211
Number
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21*
Water Purification Points (WPPs) …………………. 248 258 315 323 334
Boreholes (BH) Total……………………………… 13,567 14,628 15,418 19,008 21,027
Public ………………………………………….. 1,832 1,902 1,957 2,249 2,511
Private Sector………………………………….. 11,825 12,726 13,461 16,759 18,516
Source: Ministry of Water, Sanitation and Irrigation
1
Cumulative
* Provisional
8.7. Table 8.3 shows the development expenditure on water supplies and related services over
the financial years 2016/17 to 2020/21. The total development expenditure is expected to
increase by 24.0 per cent from KSh 44.5 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 55.2 billion in 2020/21.
This is mainly attributed to increased budget for water projects under the Big Four Agenda and
initiatives aimed at curbing spread of COVID-19 disease by making water available, especially
in the informal settlements.
8.8. During the five-year period, high expenditure was also maintained on Water Development
despite some declines that were recorded in 2017/18 and 2018/19 financial years. Expenditure
on Water Development is expected to increase by 12.8 per cent to KSh 36.4 billion in 2020/21,
accounting for 65.9 per cent of the total development expenditure on water supplies and related
services. This is due to increased budgetary support to Water Works Development Agencies
across the country in their functional role of expanding and rehabilitating the existing water
supply projects across the country.
8.9. The allocation to National Irrigation Authority (NIA) is expected to grow from KSh 6.9
billion in 2019/20 to KSh 11.8 billion in 2020/21 in line with the Government policy of
increasing the area under irrigation across the country. Positive growths in expenditure were
also recorded in other activities such as Special Water Programmes, Irrigation Development
and National Water Harvesting and Storage Authority.
154
Chapter 8: Environment and Natural Resources
Table 8.3: Development Expenditure on Water Supplies and Related Services by the National
Government, 2016/17 - 2020/21
KSh Million
Sector 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21*
Water Development …………………………………………………………………….
34,829.1 22,532.0 21,253.7 32,247.0 36,389.7
Training of Water Development Staff ………………………………………………………………….
31.0 31.0 60.0 68.0 72.0
Rural Water Supplies ………………………………………………………………….
620.2 1,442.4 1,260.0 2,548.0 1,769.0
Miscellaneous and Special Water Programmes ………………………………………………………………….
373.7 996.4 720.3 620.0 1,000.0
National Water Harvesting and Storage Authority ………………………………………………………………….
1,891.7 1,660.8 1,150.0 1,380.0 2,900.0
Irrigation Development ………………………………………………………………….
245.0 480.0 1,177.0 713.7 1,317.0
National Irrigation Authority ………………………………………………………………….
5,860.0 9,366.6 5,510.0 6,907.3 11,753.0
TOTAL 43,850.7 36,509.2 31,131.0 44,484.0 55,200.7
Source: Ministry of Water, Sanitation and Irrigation
* Provisional
8.10. Table 8.4 shows the volumes of water abstracted under permit from 2016 to 2020.
Surface water abstraction has increased from 30.7 billion cubic meters in 2016 to 32.1 billion
cubic meters in 2020. The ground water abstraction rose from 211.7 million cubic meters in
2019 to 227.6 million cubic meters in 2020.
Table 8.4: Annual Volume of Water Abstracted under permit, 2016 - 2020
Million Cubic Meters
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Surface Water 30,674.4 30,743.8 31,195.3 32,075.3 32,097.5
Groundwater 102.9 140.6 175.6 211.7 227.6
Total 30,777.3 30,884.5 31,370.9 32,286.9 32,325.1
Source: Water Resources Authority
Fisheries 8.11. Fishery resources remain a major source of food for the general populace and income for
local fishing communities, and as an export commodity. Over the last five years, fish production
from fresh water sources remained the major source of fish landed accounting for over 80 per
cent of the total fish output. Fish output from marine sources contributed a relatively small
share mainly due to inadequate technology necessary for fishing in deep waters.
8.12. The fisheries sub-sector registered a slight improvement in performance as presented in
Table 8.5. Total quantity of fish landed increased by 0.5 thousand metric tonnes from 149.2
thousand metric tonnes in 2019 to 149.7 thousand metric tonnes in 2020 partly owing to
measures aimed at encouraging optimal exploitation of fishery products. The quantity of fish
landed from freshwater sources increased by 2.0 per cent in the review period. However, fish
landings from marine sources declined by 7.2 per cent in the year 2020.
8.13. Fish output from fish farming increased by 7.6 per cent from 18.5 thousand tonnes in
2019 to 19.9 thousand tonnes in 2020. This accounted for 16.1 per cent of total fish production
from fresh water sources and 13.3 per cent of total fish landings in the country.
8.14. Total value of fish landed increased from KSh 23.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 26.2 billion in
2020. This was largely attributed to an increase of KSh 1.9 billion in the value of freshwater fish
landed coupled with increased price of fish during the review period.
155
Economic Survey 2021
Table 8.5: Quantity and Value of Fish Landed, 2016 – 2020
2016 2017+ 2018+ 2019 2020*
Quantities - Tonnes:
Freshwater fish
Lake Victoria …………………………………………………….
98,666 92,727 98,150 90,743 86,659
Lake Turkana …………………………………………………….
7,926 4,021 7,587 7,031 13,190
Lake Naivasha …………………………………………………….
1,064 1,689 2,287 3,087 2,216
Lake Baringo …………………………………………………….
141 155 145 203 162
Lake Jipe…………………………………………………….
106 112 131 157 197
Lake Kanyaboli…………………………………………………….
110 127 203 300 264
Lake Kenyatta…………………………………………………….
30 45 14 140 167
Tana River dams …………………………………………………….
444 422 297 394 283
Tana River Delta …………………………………………………….
30 115 46 94 63
Aquaculture …………………………………………………….
14,952 12,356 15,120 18,542 19,945
Turkwel Dam …………………………………………………….
39 35 34 50 107
Riverline …………………………………………………….
5 10 320 380 411
Small Dams …………………………………………………….
- 300 339 459 358
SUB-TOTAL 123,513.0 112,114.0 124,673.0 121,580.0 124,021.4
Marine Sources
Marine fish …………………………………………………….
21,190.0 19,357.0 20,133.0 21,647.0 20,201.0
Crustaceans …………………………………………………….
772.0 1,646.0 1,600.0 1,933.0 1,574.3
Molluscs …………………………………………………….
2,203.0 2,281.0 2,101.0 2,064.0 1,909.1
Marine Industrial - 449.0 1,038.5 1,994.0 1,972.0
SUB-TOTAL 24,165.0 23,733.0 24,872.5 27,638.0 25,656.4
GRAND TOTAL 147,678.0 135,847.0 149,545.5 149,218.0 149,677.8
Value - KSh Million
Freshwater fish 19,735.4 18,656.1
……………………………………………………. 20,113.8 18,724.4 20,585.1
Marine fish 3,424.4
……………………………………………………. 2,976.2 3,016.0 2,865.3 3,335.7
Crustaceans 887.7
……………………………………………………. 916.9 999.2 1,126.7 866.8
Molluscs …………………………………………………….
378.5 397.9 442.7 485.5 629.4
Marine Industrial……………………………………….- 126.4 252.6 405.8 794.0
TOTAL 24,425.9 23,073.5 24,824.2 23,607.8 26,211.0
Source: Kenya Fisheries Service
* Provisional
+
Revised
8.15. Figure 8.1 shows the trend in the value and quantities of fish landings from 2016 to 2020.
Quantity of fish production in the country increased slightly by 0.3 per cent during the review
period. The overall value of fish produced in the review period increased by 11.0 per cent
compared to the year 2019.
156
Chapter 8: Environment and Natural Resources
Figure 8.1: Total Value and Quantity of Fish Landed, 2016 - 2020
Forestry 8.16. During the period under review, total forest area increased from 4,228.8 thousand
hectares in 2019 to 4,231.9 thousand hectares in 2020 as shown in Table 8.6. This was mainly
attributed to an increase in area under public plantation forest which grew by 2.1 per cent in
2020 from 148.8 thousand hectares in 2019 to 151.9 thousand hectares in 2020. The national
percentage forest cover remained at 7.29 per cent of the total land in 2020.
Table 8.6: Status of Forests, 2016 - 2020
'000 Ha
Category of forest cover type 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Natural Forests
Indegenous mixed trees 3,884.4 3,925.0 3,925.0 3,925.0 3,925.0
Bamboo 58.0 59.0 59.0 59.0 59.0
Mangroves 52.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 49.0
Sub Total (Natural Forests) 3,994.4 4,033.0 4,033.0 4,033.0 4,033.0
Public Plantation forests 140.8 142.4 144.3 148.8 151.9
Private plantation forests 50.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0
Total Forest Area 4,185.2 4,222.4 4,224.3 4,228.8 4,231.9
Grassland and Bushland 41,100.0 41,100.0 41,000.0 41,000.0 41,000.0
Total Area for Country 58,037.0 58,037.0 58,037.0 58,037.0 58,037.0
Forest percentage 7.21 7.28 7.28 7.29 7.29
Source: Kenya Forest Service
* Provisional
8.17. Details of government forest plantation stocking from 2016 to 2020 are presented in
Table 8.7. The overall stock increased from 147.6 thousand hectares in 2019 to 149.6 thousand
hectares in 2020. During the review period, the area planted declined to 4.3 thousand hectares
compared to 7.2 thousand hectares in 2019.
8.18. There was no clear felling of forests for the second consecutive year due to existence
of the Government’s moratorium on logging and extraction of timber from all public and
community-based forests. The area affected by planting failures and fire damages increased
from 1.2 thousand hectares in 2019 to 2.3 thousand hectares in the review period.
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Table 8.7: Government Forest Plantation Stocking, 2016 - 2020
‘000 Ha
Forest Stocking 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1
Previous Year Plantation Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130.5 . .. .. .. .. .. 131.4. .. .. .. .. .. 135.1 141.6 147.6
Area Planted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 . .. .. .. .. .. . 11.0. . . . . . . . . . 9.2 7.2 4.3
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140.8. .. .. .. .. . 142.4. .. .. .. .. .. 144.3
.. .. .. 148.8 151.9
Area Clear felled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.8
. . . . . . . . . . . .5.2. . . . . . . . . 0.9 - -
Planting failures/fire damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6. . . . . . . . . . . .2.1 . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 1.2 2.3
Total Area 131.4 135.1 141.6 147.6 149.6
Source: Kenya Forest Service
* Provisional
1
Opening stock at the beginning of the year
8.19. Table 8.8 presents recorded sales of forest products. Total sales of timber from Government
forests increased from 10.7 thousand true cubic meters in 2019 to 80.0 thousand true cubic
meters in 2020. There was a notable increase in sales of both softwood and hardwood timber
despite the ban on forest logging. This increase is attributable to forest products arising from
creation of electricity way leaves.
8.20. Sale of fuelwood and charcoal increased from 2.1 thousand stacked cubic meters in 2019
to 4.1 thousand stacked cubic meters in 2020. The number of power poles sold increased by
37.1 per cent from 13.2 thousand in 2019 to 18.1 thousand poles in 2020.
Table 8.8: Recorded Sale of Government Forest Products, 2016 – 2020
Forest Products Sold 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Timber - '000 true cu. metres-
966.4.. .. .. .. .. ..
Soft wood .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 798.4 30.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 44.1
70.9
Hard wood .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 83.4.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 113.3.. .. .. .. .. .. 9.2 35.9
1,037.3
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 881.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. 144.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. 10.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80.0
147.2
Fuelwood/charcoal ( 000 stacked cu. Metres).. .. .. .. .. .. 53.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..9.6.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2.1.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Power Poles (000) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. 23.0 34.2 29.2 13.2 18.1
Source: Kenya Forest Service
* Provisional
Mining 8.21. Table 8.9 shows the quantity and value of mineral production in the country from 2016
to 2020. Most of the major minerals recorded a decline in 2020. The total quantity of the
titanium ore minerals produced declined by 9.5 per cent from 486.2 thousand tonnes in 2019
to 440.0 thousand tonnes in 2020. Soda ash production declined by 9.7 per cent from 282.0
thousand tonnes in 2019 to 254.6 thousand tonnes in 2020. Quantity of crushed refined
soda produced in the review period dropped drastically to 159.6 thousand tonnes from 388.5
thousand tonnes recorded in the previous period. The decline is attributed to decrease in
demand for minerals in the external market due to COVID-19 pandemic.
8.22. Total earnings from mineral production, as indicated in Table 8.9 declined by 5.8 per
cent from 24.1 billion in 2019 to 22.7 billion in 2020. The value of the titanium ore minerals
produced declined from KSh 19.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 19.5 billion in 2020. This slight
decline in value despite notable reduction in the quantity produced was as a result of 28.2
per cent increase in the average export price of the titanium ore and concentrates as shown
in Table 8.10. The value of diatomite produced in the review period increased by 6.8 per cent
from KSh 51.5 million in 2019 to KSh 55.0 million in 2020.
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Chapter 8: Environment and Natural Resources
Table 8.9: Quantity and Value of Mineral Production, 2016 - 2020
Mineral 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Quantity - Tonnes
303,618.0
Soda Ash+ . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 303,580.0 294,856.0 282,049.4 254,578.8
42,656.0
Fluorspar1 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,945.0 - - -
Salt . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
23,425.0 43,245.1 28,841.0 13,727.9 4,702.7
Crushed Refined Soda. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
741,000.0 538,952.2 511,976.7 388,460.0 159,553.5
Carbon Dioxide .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15,493.0 11,855.0 11,000.0 11,111.0 16,256.5
Diatomite .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,237.6 1,406.0 1,548.3 921.0 928.1
Gold ( in Kgs) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 196.9 502.6 472.0 394.9 149.9
Gemstones (cut)2 in '000 carrats.. 5,466.0 22,955.0 14,500.4 19,796.0 5,186.7
Gemstones (rough)2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 518.2 1,247.7 508.8 403.7 55.6
Titanium Ore Minerals 457,531.0 643,494.0 597,736.0 486,152.0 439,960.0
Illmenite .. .. .. .. . 359,885.0 491,003.0 463,000.0 352,000.0 334,900.0
Rutile .. .. .. .. . 69,975.0 87,167.0 98,132.0 85,796.0 72,836.0
Zircon .. .. .. .. . 27,671.0 65,324.0 36,604.0 48,356.0 32,224.0
Value - KSh million
Soda Ash+ . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,709.2 1,659.7 1,809.9 1,776.7 1,603.7
Fluorspar1 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 868.8 129.7 - - -
Salt . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 218.5 98.9 185.2 17.2 5.9
Crushed Refined Soda .. .. .. .. .. .. 494.4 1,108.9 579.9 435.1 178.7
Carbon Dioxide .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 831.8 589.4 225.8 286.9 455.2
Diatomite .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 75.2 79.4 87.6 51.5 55.0
Gold .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 970.3 1,510.8 2,041.3 1,408.0 685.1
Gemstones(cut)2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77.5 128.6 107.5 84.9 91.7
Gemstones (rough)2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 936.0 238.3 416.5 440.0 100.6
Titanium Ore Minerals 10,087.1 18,526.8 20,297.6 19,643.0 19,487.9
Illmenite .. .. .. .. . 2,438.7 7,719.0 6,618 5,425.0 6,623.4
Rutile .. .. .. .. . 5,372 6,646.1 8,470 9,587.0 8,804.4
Zircon .. .. .. .. . 2,276 4,161.7 5,210 4,631.0 4,060.1
Total 16,268.8 24,070.5 25,751.3 24,143.3 22,663.8
Source: Ministry of Petroleum and Mining and Mining Companies
* Provisional
1
Flourspar mining ceased operations
2
Gemstones include corondum,garnets and vermiculite
+ Revised
8.23. Average export prices of soda ash and titanium ore minerals are shown in Table 8.10.
Average export price per ton of the Titanium Ore minerals increased by 27.9 per cent from
KSh 32.6 thousand in 2019 to KSh 41.7 thousand in 2020. However, the average export price
of soda ash decreased by 5.1 per cent during the review period.
Table 8.10: Average Export Prices of Minerals, 2016 - 2020
KSh per tonne
Mineral 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Soda Ash................................................... 20,998 20,694 22,642 23,999 22,779
Fluorspar1....................................................... 17,313 17,795 - - -
17,968 25,840
Titanium Ore and Concentrates....................................................... 27,249 32,556 41,747
1
Flourspar mining ceased operations
Source: Kenya Revenue Authority
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Wildlife 8.24. Wildlife contributes substantially to the national economy through tourism as a prime
tourist attraction. Generally, populations of many wildlife species in the Kenya rangelands have
declined over the years owing to factors such as habitat loss, land-use changes within fragile
areas leading to land fragmentation and loss of habitat for wildlife, poaching and drought,
including other climate change related factors.
8.25. Wildlife species whose population numbers showed substantial decline during the
review period include giraffe, impala, Thomson’s gazelle, Burchell’s zebra, Grant’s gazelle, topi,
and kudus as shown in Table 8.11(a). Wildlife species that showed stability in numbers during
the review period include ostrich, warthog, hunter’s hartebeest, gerenuk, eland, elephants, and
grevy’s zebra.
Table 8.11(a): Wildlife Population Estimates in the Kenya Rangelands, 2016 – 2020
‘000 Number
Species 1 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Buffalo 18.7 17.8 19.6 19.1 19.5
Burchell’s Zebra 110.0 104.5 108.8 107.5 105.0
Eland 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.5
Gerenuk 12.0 11.4 10.8 10.7 10.7
Giraffe2 18.6 17.0 19.9 18.0 17.3
Grant’s Gazelle 112.1 106.5 105.3 103.9 101.0
Grevy’s Zebra 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7
Hunters Hartebeest 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
Impala 58.0 55.1 48.9 47.5 46.2
Kongoni 5.5 5.2 6.3 6.2 6.2
Kudu 3 9.9 9.4 8.7 8.6 8.2
Oryx 10.0 9.5 12.3 12.2 12.2
Ostrich 28.4 26.9 27.2 27.5 28.1
Thomson’s Gazelle 42.6 40.5 38.2 38.1 37.0
Topi 14.9 12.0 12.7 11.4 10.5
Warthog 15.2 14.4 13.5 14.0 14.5
Waterbuck 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.5
Wildebeest 240.0 228.0 289.0 285.0 284.0
Source: Directorate of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing
* Provisional
1
Derived using aerial sample surveys
2
Includes the Masai and Reticulated Giraffes
3
Includes the Greater and Lesser Kudus
8.26. Table 8.11(b) shows the population of endangered wildlife species in the country. The
number of elephants in the country has declined from 34.5 thousand in 2019 to 34.1 thousand
in 2020. Both the black rhino and white rhino have showed notable increase in population
increasing from 794 to 853 and 645 to 750, respectively, during the review period. The number
of lions based on a census of lions conducted in 2020 stood at 2,489. The number of roan
antelopes in the country stood at 15 in 2020 up from 11 in 2019, signifying the continued
threat of extinction of this wildlife species if not properly protected.
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Table 8.11(b): Endangered Wildlife Population Estimates in Kenya1, 2016 – 2020
Number
Species 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Elephant 35,364 34,214 33,519 34,487 34,125
Black Rhino 678 696 766 794 853
White rhino 441 450 622 645 750
Hirola Antelope - - 430 - 475
Mountain Bongo 125 125 125 100 96
Lion 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,489
Roan Antelope 23 16 19 11 15
Sable Antelope 60 60 60 60 51
Spotted hyena 2000 - 4000 2000 - 4000 2,000-4,000 2000 - 4000 5,147
Cheetah 1,160 1,160 1,160 1,160 1,160
African wild dog 865 865 865 865 865
Leopard 600 600 600 600 600
Source: Kenya Wildlife Service
* Provisional
1
T he constant number for some species are population estimates from studies done
Refuse 8.27. Table 8.12 shows solid waste management for the three cities of Nairobi, Mombasa and
Manage- Kisumu. Quantities of solid waste generated in Nairobi City County increased by 19.2 per
ment cent from 1,653 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 1,970.7 thousand tonnes in 2020. Similarly, the
tonnage of waste generated from Mombasa County in the review period increased by 4.0 per
cent while there was a minimal increase in tonnage of waste generated from Kisumu County
from 220.4 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 224.8 thousand tonnes in 2020. About 24.8, 54.0 and
70.0 per cent of all solid waste generated in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu respectively was
uncollected in 2020.
Table 8.12: Solid Waste Generation and Collection,+, 2016 to 2020
'000 Tonnes
County 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Nairobi Generated 1,275.7 1,262.0 1,326.9 1,653.0 1,970.7
Collected 956.8 948.9 997.7 1,242.8 1,481.7
Mombasa Generated 300.8 266.5 293.5 320.8 333.6
Collected 138.3 66.8 164.3 147.8 153.3
Kisumu Generated 206.6 211.2 215.8 220.4 224.8
Collected 62.0 63.3 64.7 66.1 67.4
Source: Nairobi City, Kisumu & Mombasa County Governments
* Provisional
+
Revised
Note: Solid waste generated for the three cities are estimates
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Economic Survey 2021
Environ- 8.28. The number of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) reported for the high-risk
ment Im- projects is as shown in Table 8.13. There was a major decrease in the number of EIAs reports
pact Assess- for high-risk facilities in 2020. This was attributed to the slowed operations across sectors
ments due to COVID-19 interruptions of several activities leading to few facilities applying for EIA
licenses.
Table 8.13: Number of Environment Impact Assessments (EIA) by Sector, 2016-2020
Number
Sector 2016 2017 2018 + 2019 2020*
Transport and Communication .............. 636 522 1,044 215 8
Energy .................................................... 422 501 436 222 11
Tourism .................................................. 11 8 14 6 2
Mining and Quarrying ........................... 28 51 66 65 3
Human settlements and Infrastructure ... 545 434 495 302 34
Agriculture and Forestry ......................... 21 31 38 28 9
Commerce and Industry ........................ 150 228 269 193 8
Water Resources ...................................... 61 67 94 46 8
TOTAL 1,874 1,842 2,456 1,077 83
Source: National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)
* Provisional
`+ Rev ised
Environ-
8.29. The number of environmental audits carried out during the year 2020 dropped by 53.7
mental
per cent to 2,038 from 4,397 environmental audits in 2019. During the same period, the
Audits
energy sector recorded the highest number of environmental audits at 923 EAs. Generally,
(EAs)
all the sectors recorded decline in the number of EAs except the human settlements and
infrastructure sector, which increased by 10.5 per cent from 76 EAs in 2019 to 84 EAs in 2020.
Table 8.14: Number of Environmental Audits (EAs) by Sector, 2016-2020
Number
Sector 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Transport and Communication ................ 1,687 2,241 1,489 1,973 426
Energy ...................................................... 969 1,353 1,510 1,558 923
Tourism .................................................... 133 173 117 159 70
Mining and Quarrying ............................. 10 19 38 44 36
Human settlements and Infrastructure ..... 70 57 90 76 84
Agriculture and Forestry ........................... 57 58 65 104 63
Commerce and Industry .......................... 240 218 397 460 426
Water Resources ........................................ 4 12 16 23 10
TOTAL 3,170 4,131 3,722 4,397 2,038
Source: National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)
* Provisional
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Chapter 8: Environment and Natural Resources
Rainfall 8.30. The rainfall distribution, both in time and space, during Long Rains season March-April-
May (MAM) 2020 was generally good over most parts of the country. As shown in Figure
8.2, several meteorological stations recorded rainfall that was more than 75 per cent of their
seasonal Long-Term Means (LTMs) for the MAM season.
8.31. Some of the stations that recorded more than 500mm of rainfall during the season include
Kisii (942.1mm), Kericho (887.3mm), Kisumu (807.3mm), Kakamega (849.3mm), Meru
(745.4), Nyeri (761.5), Kitale (749.9mm), Embu (742.7mm), Mtwapa (664.9mm), Dagoretti
(618.0mm), Narok (594.0mm), Moyale (536.0mm) and Nakuru (524.2mm). Several stations
recorded between 200mm and 500mm with the lowest seasonal totals of 207.1mm and
79.6mm being recorded at Mandera and Wajir Meteorological Stations, respectively.
Figure 8.2: Long Rains (March April May) Performance, 2020
Source: Kenya Meteorological Department
8.32. The October –November- December (OND) Short Rains seasonal rainfall analysis
indicates that the performance was below normal over most parts of the country as shown in
Figure 8.3. Depressed rainfall was received in North Western, North Eastern, South Eastern,
parts of Central Kenya including Nairobi as well as the Coastal region where several stations
recorded below 100 per cent of their OND LTM. The poor Short Rains Seasonal rainfall
performance in the country was mainly as a result of the La Nina conditions owing to the
prevailing cooler than average Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) in the central and eastern
Equatorial Pacific Ocean and the warmer than average Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) in the
western Equatorial Pacific Ocean. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) largely remained neutral
during the season. The highest seasonal total rainfall amount of 728.3 mm was recorded at
Kisii Meteorological Station. Other stations that recorded significant amounts of rainfall are
Meru (612.9mm), Kisumu (588.6mm), Embu (572.2mm), Kericho (412.4mm), Kakamega
(412.3mm) and Voi (342.4mm).
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Economic Survey 2021
Figure 8.3: Short Rains (October November December) Performance, 2020
Source: Kenya Meteorological Department
8.33. The total rainfall received in 2020 across the meteorological regions in the country were
relatively good for most of the regions compared to 2019 except the Coastal region where the
mean annual rainfall decreased to 938.5 millimeters in 2020 from 1,482 millimeters recorded
in 2019.
8.34. Table 8.15 shows that Western region received the highest mean annual rainfall of
1,971.7 millimeters. Mean annual rainfall recorded from the North Eastern region declined
from 555.3 millimeters in 2019 to 427.0 millimeters in 2020. Similarly, the amount of rainfall
received in Central region declined in the review period.
Table 8.15: Mean Annual Rainfall by Region
mm
Region 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
N-Western 261.2 388.9 399 296 139.3 170 219.3 226.23 282.7 309.5 380.8
N-Eastern 399.4 545.9 367.5 529 396.6 394.2 367 367.7 971.3 555.3 427.0
Western 1827.8 1744.8 1880 1793.6 1508.4 1690.8 1407.2 1715.1 1830.5 1855.1 1971.7
C-Rift Valley 1167.7 1037.9 1024.8 1173.5 744 901.8 888.7 786.3 1169.9 1062.6 1212.5
Central 1136.8 1191.7 1305.2 1000.5 1032.9 1224.3 908.4 1033.4 1540.2 1582.8 1334.2
Nairobi 1035.4 843.5 1154.5 902 686.8 1110 877.2 618.1 1195.5 1006.3 1061.0
S-Eastern 558.3 581.6 608.2 621 491.5 573.4 392.7 601.6 1004.2 807.9 843.1
Coastal 1081.1 888.7 829.6 1020.8 997.5 947.3 571.1 1061.2 1314.2 1482 938.5
Source: Kenya Meteorological Department
8.35. Figure 8.4 shows the trends in the mean annual rainfall from the eight meteorological
regions in the country. Western, Central Rift Valley, Nairobi, South Eastern and North Western
regions received increased rainfall in 2020 compared to what the regions had received in the
previous year.
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Chapter 8: Environment and Natural Resources
Figure 8.4: Mean Annual Rainfall by Region
Temperature 8.36. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures for the eight meteorological
regions in the country are shown in Table 8.16 below. Annual mean temperatures for the
country decreased from 28.8 degrees Celsius in 2019 to 28.1 degrees Celsius in 2020. The
highest maximum temperatures were recorded in the North Western region at 35.4 degrees
Celsius while the lowest maximum temperatures were recorded in Central Rift Valley, Central
and Nairobi at 24.1, 24.4 and 24.7 degrees Celsius, respectively.
8.37. The highest minimum temperatures during the year 2020 were experienced in the North
Western Region followed by the Coastal region at 24.7 and 24.2 degrees Celsius, respectively.
The Central Rift Valley region recorded the lowest minimum temperatures at 11.7 degrees
Celsius.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 8.16: Mean Annual Maximum and Minimum Temperatures by Region
Deg. Celsius
Region 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Maximum Temperatures
N-Western 35.5 35.5 35.4 35.5 35.9 36.2 36.0 35.9 35.0 36.0 35.4
N-Eastern 31.7 31.7 31.4 30.9 33.0 32.9 33.0 33.5 31.4 32.5 31.3
Western 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.2 26.2 26.9 26.6 26.2 25.3 26.6 25.8
C-Rift Valley 23.8 24.3 24.1 24.0 24.4 24.9 24.7 25.3 24.0 25.2 24.1
Central 24.0 24.6 24.4 23.9 24.0 24.6 24.0 25.0 24.1 25.2 24.4
Nairobi 25.0 25.7 25.7 25.5 25.7 26.3 25.8 26.0 24.4 25.3 24.7
S-Eastern 28.6 29.1 29.3 28.6 28.5 29.2 28.9 29.0 28.2 28.9 28.3
Coastal 30.8 30.9 30.6 30.5 30.7 30.9 31.0 31.0 30.7 31.0 30.8
Country 28.2 28.5 28.4 28.1 28.5 29.0 28.7 29.0 27.9 28.8 28.1
Minimum Temperatures
N-Western 24.3 23.6 23.6 24.3 24.2 24.7 24.9 23.8 24.7 24.3 24.7
N-Eastern 21.6 21.4 21.0 21.1 21.1 20.9 21.4 22.5 20.6 21.6 21.7
Western 14.4 13.9 13.8 13.8 13.8 14.2 14.2 13.1 13.3 14.6 14.6
C-Rift Valley 10.9 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.7 10.5 10.2 10.7 11.2 11.7
Central 13.9 13.5 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.4 13.6 12.8 13.0 13.4 13.5
Nairobi 14.3 14.4 14.0 14.1 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.6 14.3 14.8 14.9
S-Eastern 17.3 17.3 17.1 17.1 17.2 17.5 17.4 17.5 17.2 17.7 17.3
Coastal 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.0 24.0 23.5 24.3 24.2
Country 17.5 17.3 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.5 17.5 17.3 17.2 17.7 17.8
Source: Kenya Meteorological Department
8.38. Figure 8.5 shows the trend of mean annual maximum temperatures for the eight
meteorological regions in the country. From the figure below, the highest maximum
temperatures are experienced from North Western part of the country followed by the North
Eastern region. Central and the Central Rift Valley regions recorded the lowest maximum
temperatures over the period. There was a general decline in mean maximum temperatures
during the year 2020 for all the regions.
Figure 8.5: Mean Annual Maximum Temperatures
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Chapter 8: Environment and Natural Resources
8.39. The minimum temperatures for the Central Rift Valley region recorded a noticeable
increase during the year 2020 compared to the other meteorological regions which recorded
minimal increase. South Eastern region recorded a slight decrease of the minimum temperatures
as shown in Figure 8.6.
Figure 8.6: Mean Annual Minimum Temperatures
167
Chapter 9: Energy Sector
Energy Sector Chapter
09
T
Overview he demand for oil across the world fell rapidly as mitigation measures instituted
against the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic slowed down economic activities in
2020. The initial outlook and uncertainty surrounding the trajectory and intensity
of the pandemic led to lack of general agreement on oil production levels between two of the
largest oil producers, namely, Russia and Saudi Arabia in early March of 2020. In addition,
the US delay in cutting back on oil production, resulted in an oversupply of oil which led to
an unprecedented collapse in oil prices. Consequently, the annual average Murban crude oil
prices per barrel dropped from USD 64.92 in 2019 to USD 41.45 in 2020.
9.2. Total volume of petroleum products imported into the country dropped by 10.9 per cent
to 5.7 million tonnes in 2020. During the same period, total exports of petroleum products
rose by 7.1 per cent to 832.1 thousand tonnes. The total import bill of petroleum products
decreased to KSh 209.1 billion in 2020 from KSh 316.6 billion in 2019.
9.3. The total installed electricity capacity increased slightly from 2,818.9 MW in 2019 to
2,836.7 MW in 2020. However, effective electricity generation capacity dropped by 1.1 per
cent to 2,705.3 MW in 2020. Total electricity generation declined marginally from 11,620.7
GWh in 2019 to 11,603.6 GWh in 2020. Thermal generation dropped significantly by 42.5 per
cent to 754.5 MW while wind power generation decreased by 14.8 per cent to 1,331.4 MW
in 2020. There was a notable increase of 32.1 per cent in hydro generation to 4,232.7 GWh
mainly due to favourable rainfall experienced in 2020. Thermal electricity generation has been
on downward trend in an effort to scale access to clean energy hence saving the country from
heavy expenditure on petroleum imports.
9.4. Total electricity demand decreased slightly from 11,620.7 GWh in 2019 to 11,603.6 GWh
in 2020. Domestic demand for electricity decreased from 8,854.0 GWh in 2019 to 8,796.4
GWh in 2020. Sales to large and medium commercial category declined by 3.6 per cent to
4,281.0 GWh in the review period. Sales to the street lighting category increased by 16.7 per
cent to 74.5 GWh in 2020. Transmission and distributive losses amounted to 2,790.7 GWh,
accounting for 24.3 per cent of total domestic generation in 2020.
Petroleum 9.5. Table 9.1 presents quantities and values of exports and imports of petroleum products
for the period 2016 to 2020. The quantity of petroleum products imported decreased by 10.9
per cent to 5.7 million tonnes in 2020. The volume of total petroleum exports increased from
776.6 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 832.1 thousand tonnes in 2020. The share of re-exports to
total exports dropped marginally from 97.0 per cent in 2019 to 96.6 per cent in 2020.
9.6. Total import bill of petroleum products reduced to KSh 209.1 billion in 2020 from
KSh 316.6 billion in 2019. This was mainly due to a reduction in mobility brought about by
containment measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 coupled with the sharp fall in global
oil prices in 2020. The value of total exports of petroleum products declined by 2.1 per cent to
KSh 42.6 billion. The value of domestic exports of petroleum products increased by 44.4 per
cent to KSh 5.2 billion in 2020. The value of net balance decreased from KSh 273.1 billion in
2019 to KSh 166.6 billion in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 9.1: Quantity and Value of Imports, Exports and Re-exports of Petroleum Products, 2016-2020
Quantity ('000 Tonnes) Value (KSh Million)
Petroleum Products
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
IMPORTS
1
Petroleum Fuels …………….
5,978.3 6,334.0 6,101.8 6,425.4 5,723.0 195,279.2 262,770.0 325,247.5 313,821.0 206,826.0
Lubricating Oils ……….. 9.1 11.2 10.0 10.9 9.4 1,741.4 1,999.0 1,955.9 2,139.8 1,796.3
Lubricating Greases ……… 2.6 2.5 2.6 3.2 2.7 570.0 484.6 574.2 642.5 510.0
TOTAL 5,990.0 6,347.7 6,114.4 6,439.6 5,735.1 197,590.7 265,253.6 327,777.6 316,603.4 209,132.3
DOMESTIC EXPORTS
1
Petroleum Fuels …………….
12.5 6.4 8.4 7.0 2.3 545.5 368.6 588.0 465.6 169.5
Lubricating Oils ……… 20.5 25.9 19.3 16.1 25.8 4,134.9 4,618.4 3,646.9 3,100.0 5,001.3
Lubricating Greases ………0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 31.2 26.5 14.2 11.0 19.0
TOTAL……………….. 33.1 32.4 27.7 23.2 28.2 4,711.6 5,013.6 4,249.1 3,576.7 5,189.8
RE-EXPORTS
1
Petroleum Fuels …………….
1,062.6 809.7 705.6 743.2 802.7 38,163.2 31,079.4 33,264.5 37,945.9 37,145.8
Lubricating Oils ……… 1.6 0.3 6.4 10.1 1.3 302.2 43.5 1,279.7 1,988.8 241.4
Lubricating Greases …….. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 8.1 5.2 45.6 38.2 3.5
TOTAL……………….. 1,064.2 810.0 712.1 753.4 803.9 38,473.5 31,128.1 34,589.8 39,972.9 37,390.7
TOTAL EXPORTS…… 1,097.3 842.4 739.8 776.6 832.1 43,185.1 36,141.7 38,839.0 43,549.6 42,580.5
2
NET BALANCE …… 154,405.5 229,111.9 288,938.6 273,053.7 166,551.9
*Provisional
1
Petroleum fuels refer to liquified petroleum gas, motor spirit premium, aviation spirit, jet fuel, illuminating kerosene, light and heavy
diesel oils, and fuel oils.
2
Net balance refers to the difference in monetary value of a Nations exports and imports over a certain period.
9.7. Table 9.2 presents a breakdown of supply and demand for petroleum products for the
period 2016 to 2020. Total domestic demand for petroleum products decreased by 9.6 per
cent to 4.7 million tonnes in 2020 as a result of reduction in mobility during the period of
travel restrictions. Demand for Jet fuel and Aviation spirit recorded significant declines of 43.6
per cent and 81.4 per cent to 394.8 thousand tonnes and 1.9 thousand tonnes, respectively,
mainly due to suspension of domestic and international flights in the second and third quarter
of 2020. Liquified Petroleum Gas(LPG) recorded a 4.5 per cent increase to 326.2 thousand
tonnes while demand for Illuminating kerosene dropped to 127.0 thousand tonnes in 2020.
This development points to possible substitution of kerosene for LPG following government
policy to promote use of clean energy. Net imports of petroleum fuel decreased by 14.0 per
cent from 5.7 million tonnes in 2019 to 4.9 million tonnes in 2020.
170
Chapter 9: Energy Sector
Table 9.2: Petroleum Supply and Demand, 2016-2020
‘000 Tonnes
Petroleum Fuels 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
DEMAND -
Liquefied petroleum gas …………...…………………….
151.7 189.3 222.3 312.1 326.2
Motor gasoline (premium) ……………………………….
1,227.2 1,267.4 1,359.0 1,434.3 1,395.3
Aviation spirit …………………..…………………………………...
4.8 3.8 18.8 10.2 1.9
Jet/turbo fuel ………………………..………………………………….
619.2 649.7 674.4 699.4 394.8
Illuminating kerosene …………………………………………….
371.7 448.0 339.4 168.3 127.0
Light diesel oil ……………………..……………………………….
2,318.3 2,086.2 2,173.1 2,198.7 2,157.6
Heavy diesel oil …………………..………………………………..
0.5 1.2 0.2 1.3 1.8
Fuel oil ………………………………………...……………………………….
350.9 525.0 402.0 382.8 273.9
TOTAL DOMESTIC DEMAND…………………… 5,044.3 5,170.6 5,189.2 5,207.1 4,678.5
Exports of petroleum fuels ……………………………………………….…
12.5 6.4 8.4 7.0 2.3
TOTAL DEMAND…………………………………………………
5,056.7 5,177.0 5,197.6 5,214.1 4,680.8
SUPPLY -
Net imports of petroleum fuels …………………..…………………………………
4,915.7 5,524.2 5,396.3 5,682.2 4,920.4
1
Adjustment ……………………………………………………………………..….
-141.0 347.2 198.6 468.1 239.5
TOTAL SUPPLY……………………………………………………
5,056.7 5,177.0 5,197.6 5,214.1 4,680.8
Source: Ministry of Petroleum and Mining; and Energy & Petroleum Regulatory Authority
* Provisional.
1
Adjustment for inventory changes and losses
9.8. Net domestic sales of petroleum fuels by consumer category for the period 2016 to
2020 are presented in Table 9.3. Total net domestic sales of petroleum fuels decreased by
9.6 per cent in 2020 to 4.7 million tonnes due to movement restrictions imposed by the
Government to curb the spread of COVID-19. All sectors except Government and power
generation registered declines in net domestic sales of petroleum products in 2020. Fuel sales
to Government increased by 37.8 per cent to 21.5 thousand tonnes in 2020. Similarly, fuel
sales for power generation more than doubled from 29.1 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 75.8
thousand tonnes in 2020. Net domestic sales to the tourism sector decreased by 53.2 per cent
in 2020 to 6.5 thousand tonnes while domestic sales to the aviation sector decreased by 44.8
per cent to 392.7 thousand tonnes.
171
Economic Survey 2021
Table 9.3: Net Domestic Sale of Petroleum Fuels by Consumer Category, 2016-2020
‘000 Tonnes
Category 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Agriculture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ……... .. 35.2 57.4 59.7 25.7 24.8
Retail pump outlets and road transport.. … … .. ..
3717.6 3541.2 3743.0 3752.0 3650.5
Rail transport .. .. .. .. .. .. .. …….. .. .. .. .. 43.0 11.8 12.3 19.0 11.4
1
Tourism .. .. .. .. .. .. …... .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.1 9.1 9.5 13.9 6.5
Marine (excl. Naval Forces) .. .... .. .. .. .. 2.3 6.2 5.1 5.6 1.1
Aviation (excl. Government) .. ... .. .. .. .. 598.4 644.5 671.4 710.8 392.7
Power Generation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ……. .. 15.3 44.7 34.2 29.1 75.8
Industrial, Commercial and Other .. .. .. .. 615.9 837.2 635.1 635.5 494.4
Government .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ….. .. .. 11.3 18.5 18.7 15.6 21.5
Balancing Item .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
TOTAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ………... .. 5044.2 5170.6 5189.2 5207.1 4678.5
Source: Ministry of Petroleum and Mining and Energy & Petroleum Regulatory Authority
* Provisional
1
Comprises sales to tour operators
9.9. Figure 9.1 depicts the proportion of petroleum fuels sales to major consumer categories in
2020. Sales to retail pump outlets and road transport had the highest share of 78.0 per cent of
the total petroleum fuels sold in 2020. This was followed by industrial, commercial and other
category; and aviation category at 10.6 per cent and 8.4 per cent of total sales, respectively.
Figure 9.1: Sale of Petroleum Fuels by Major Consumer Category, 2020
9.10. Average wholesale prices of petroleum fuels in Mombasa for the period 2016 to 2020
for the month of December are presented in Table 9.4. Prices for all the fuels were lower in
December 2020 compared to December 2019. Wholesale price for illuminating kerosene
decreased by 23.2 per cent to KSh 71,740 per tonne in 2020. Similarly, prices of light diesel
oil and motor spirit (premium) decreased by 13.9 per cent and 5.6 per cent to KSh 80,010 per
tonne and KSh 95,000 per tonne, respectively, in the review period.
172
Chapter 9: Energy Sector
Table 9.4: Wholesale Prices1 of Petroleum Fuels in Mombasa, for the month of December, 2016-
2020
KSh per Tonne
Product 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Motor Spirit (Premium).. .. .. .. .. .. 89,690 99,660 109,340 100,660 95,000
Illuminating kerosene.. .. ….. .. .. .. .. 59,050 66,910 101,020 93,460 71,740
Light diesel oil .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ……... 82,710 87,930 108,080 92,930 80,010
Source: Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority
1
Including duties and VAT.
9.11. During the period under review, the mitigation measures against the spread of COVID-19
pandemic that slowed down economic activities led to a decline in global demand for oil. The
uncertainty and lack of general agreement on oil production levels between the two largest oil
producers, namely, Russia and Saudi Arabia in early March 2020 coupled with the US delay
in cutting back on oil production resulted to oversupply of oil. These developments led to an
unprecedented collapse in oil prices. Oil prices began to rebound as nations emerged from
lock-down and OPEC agreed to significant cuts in crude oil production in July 2020.
9.12. Table 9.5 presents prices of Murban crude oil for the period 2016 to 2020. The average
annual price of Murban crude oil decreased sharply from a mean of USD 64.92 per barrel in
2019 to a mean of USD 41.45 per barrel in 2020. This was occasioned by a lower demand for
crude oil globally on account of an unexpected reduction in mobility. The highest price of the
Murban crude oil at USD 66.09 per barrel was recorded in January 2020 while the lowest price
at USD 17.66 per barrel was recorded in April 2020.
Table 9.5: Average Murban ADNOC Prices1, 2016-2020
US$/BBL
Month/Ye ar 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
January………………. 29.95 55.35 66.28 60.81 66.09
February…………….. 33.00 56.10 65.98 65.64 55.53
March……………..… 38.20 52.60 66.31 68.60 33.92
A pril…………………. 42.00 53.40 70.97 73.05 17.66
May…………...…….. 47.35 51.45 76.71 69.70 25.17
June…………...……. 49.05 47.30 73.22 62.75 37.05
July…………….……. 44.60 48.60 76.00 64.86 43.42
A ugust…………...….. 48.85 48.85 74.91 60.16 45.19
September……..……. 45.50 55.70 78.75 62.39 41.54
October……..……..… 51.35 63.83 81.28 60.88 40.08
November………..….. 46.15 63.65 68.05 63.48 42.61
December……….……. 54.15 62.06 59.33 66.66 49.17
A nnual average 44.18 54.91 71.48 64.92 41.45
Source : OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report
1
A bu Dhabi free on board (fob) Prices
A DNOC : A bu Dhabi National Oil Company
US$/ BBL: US Dollars per Barrel
173
Economic Survey 2021
9.13. Domestic average retail prices of selected petroleum products from 2016 to 2020 are
given in Table 9.6. During the period under review, the average prices of motor spirit premium
and light diesel oil recorded decreases of 5.8 per cent and 8.7 per cent to KSh 103.28 per
litre and KSh 93.96 per litre, respectively. Domestic average price of illuminating kerosene
recorded a significant decrease of 17.3 per cent to KSh 84.6 per litre while the average price of
a 13 Kg LPG cylinder dropped by 4.8 per cent to KSh 2,056.8 in 2020.
Table 9.6: Average Retail Prices of Selected Petroleum Fuels, 2016-2020
KSh per
KSh per Litre
13 Kg cylinder
Year Month
Motor Spirit Light Diesel Illuminating Liqufied Petroleum
Premium Oil Kerosene Gas (LPG)
January.................................. 89.52 77.66 47.11 2,343.86
March.................................... 86.46 66.68 43.13 2,277.48
June......................................... 87.07 74.69 59.1 2,231.38
2016
September.......................... 92.28 83.42 60.08 2,029.12
December........................... 95.08 88.18 64.52 1,983.06
1
Annual Average 90.22 77.83 54.68 2,154.81
January.................................. 96.88 85.2 64.41 1,989.50
March.................................... 99.98 88.94 67.16 1,988.19
June......................................... 99.72 88.89 65.91 2,093.48
2017
September.......................... 97.87 86.56 64.43 2,082.65
December........................... 103.24 91.74 70.57 2,136.84
1 100.20 89.03 67.02 2,075.29
Annual Average
January.................................. 107.17 95.79 75.74 2,140.37
March.................................... 108.33 98.82 78.41 2,169.19
June......................................... 113.07 104.21 86.69 2,176.31
2018
September.......................... 117.54 108.97 109.25 2,187.21
December........................... 114.30 111.89 106.15 2,193.42
1
Annual Average 111.93 103.65 90.06 2,169.07
January.................................. 104.99 103.10 102.56 2,193.13
March.................................... 102.13 97.47 97.63 2,191.84
June......................................... 115.82 105.57 105.48 2,192.25
2019
September.......................... 113.57 103.90 101.44 2,141.31
December........................... 109.91 102.28 102.81 2,101.16
1
Annual Average 109.63 102.92 102.29 2,161.26
January.................................. 110.61 102.81 104.46 2,144.81
February............................... 112.58 105.37 103.65 2,055.30
March.................................... 112.07 102.93 96.72 2,065.98
April........................................ 94.09 98.84 78.59 2,077.88
May......................................... 84.58 79.67 81.08 2,075.87
June......................................... 90.34 75.88 63.79 2,078.50
2020 July.......................................... 101.37 92.81 66.41 2,075.00
August................................... 104.83 95.57 84.60 2,060.15
September.......................... 106.30 95.45 84.09 2,033.57
October................................ 108.13 93.85 84.67 2,017.77
November........................... 106.72 91.64 82.58 2,019.88
December........................... 107.69 92.75 84.50 1,977.36
1 103.28 93.96 84.60 2,056.84
Annual Average
1
Twelve month average
174
Chapter 9: Energy Sector
9.14. The trend of monthly prices of Murban ADNOC oil and domestic fuel prices for 2020
is shown in Figure 9.2. The price of Murban crude oil decreased significantly from a mean
of USD 64.92 per barrel in 2019 to a mean of USD 41.45 per barrel in 2020. The prices of
Murban crude oil fluctuated in the review period, with the highest prices recorded in January
and the lowest being recorded in April. Domestic prices of motor spirit premium, light diesel
oil and illuminating kerosene, also fluctuated with a general a decline in mean prices during
the review period.
Figure 9.2: International Crude Oil Prices against Domestic Fuel Prices, 2020
Electricity 9.15. Table 9.7a presents information on installed and effective capacity of electricity by source
for the period 2016 to 2020. Total installed capacity of electricity increased slightly to 2,836.7
MW in 2020 from 2,818.9 MW in 2019. Geothermal installed capacity of electricity increased
by 4.2 per cent to 863.1 MW while solar capacity increased by 3.0 per cent to 52.5 MW in 2020.
Similarly, hydro capacity rose by 7.8 MW to 834.0 MW in 2020. However, thermal capacity
decreased slightly to 749.1 MW in 2020. Co-generation installed capacity dropped drastically
from 28.0 MW in 2019 to 2.0 MW in 2020 due to decommissioning of Mumias Sugar power
plant in February 2020 following expiry of its Power Purchase Agreement.
9.16. Total effective capacity of electricity declined by 31.2 MW to 2,705.3 MW due to drastic
drop in co-generation. In addition, geothermal effective capacity declined by 10.9 MW to
805.1 MW in 2020. On the other hand, effective solar capacity expanded by 3.4 per cent to
52.2 MW in 2020. Effective capacity of hydro and wind remained at the same level.
175
Economic Survey 2021
Table 9.7a: Installed and Effective Capacity of Electricity by Source, 2016-2020
MW
INSTALLED CAPACITY EFFECTIVE CAPACITY
Co- Co-
Year Thermal Geo- Total Thermal Geo- Total
Hydro gene- Hydro gene-
Oil thermal Wind Oil thermal Wind
ration Solar ration Solar
2016 818.7 801.6 652.0 26.1 28.0 0.6 2,327.0 797.5 762.9 644.0 26.0 23.5 0.2 2,254.1
2017 826.2 806.9 652.0 26.1 28.0 0.7 2,339.9 805.0 765.8 644.0 25.5 23.5 0.6 2,264.4
2018 826.2 807.7 663.0 336.1 28.0 50.7 2,711.7 805.0 768.2 655.0 335.5 23.5 50.6 2,637.8
2019 826.2 749.3 828.4 336.1 28.0 51.0 2,818.9 805.0 716.0 816.0 325.5 23.5 50.4 2,736.4
2020* 834.0 749.1 863.1 336.1 2.0 52.5 2,836.7 805.0 715.5 805.1 325.5 2.0 52.2 2,705.3
Source: Kenya Power & Lighting Company Ltd and Kenya Electricity Generation Company Ltd
* Provisional
Notes:
1. 1 Megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts = 1,000,000 watts
2. Installed capacity refers to the maximum theoretical electric output a power station could produce when operating at 100 per cent
3. Effective capacity refers to the maximum electric output a power station is expected to achieve given current operating constraints
9.17. Details on local generation and imports of electricity for the period 2016 to 2020 are
presented in Table 9.7b. Total electricity generation declined by 17.1 GWh to 11,603.6 GWh
in 2020. Thermal electricity generation declined by 42.5 per cent to 754.5 GWh due to a
significant reduction in thermal electricity generation by KenGen in 2020. Wind electricity
generation dropped by 14.8 per cent to 1,331.4 GWh in the review period. Geothermal
electricity generation decreased by 3.3 per cent to 5,059.8 GWh. However, hydro electricity
generation increased by 32.1 per cent to 4,232.7 GWh mainly due to favourable rainfall
experienced in 2020. Electricity imports also declined by 35.5 per cent to 136.7 GWh in 2020.
Table 9.7b: Generation and imports of Electricity, 2016-2020
GWh
GENERATION
Co-
Thermal oil Imports Total
Year Hydro Geo thermal gene- Wind Solar
KenGen IPP EPP Total ration
2016 3,959.9 539.4 905.3 26.2 1,470.9 4,484.2 0.1 56.4 - 86.3 10,057.7
2017 2,776.8 998.2 1,535.8 0.0 2,534.1 4,756.3 1.9 61.3 - 229.6 10,359.9
2018 3,986.4 755.8 790.1 0.0 1,545.8 5,127.8 2.5 375.6 13.68 130.3 11,182.0
2019 3,205.3 668.9 644.3 0.0 1,313.3 5,234.7 0.3 1,562.7 92.3 212.0 11,620.7
2020* 4,232.7 120.6 633.9 0.0 754.5 5,059.8 0.2 1,331.4 88.4 136.7 11,603.6
Source: Kenya Power & Lighting Company Ltd and Kenya Electricity Generation Company Ltd
* Provisional
Notes:
IPP: Independent Power Producers
EPP: Emergency Power Producers
1 Gigawatt hour = 1,000,000 kilowatt hours
- Negligible
9.18. Figure 9.3 presents the proportion of electricity generated by source in 2020. In the
review period, 92.3 per cent of electricity was generated from renewable sources. Electricity
generation from geothermal, hydro and wind power sources accounted for 43.6, 36.5 and
11.5 per cent of electricity, respectively in 2020. Generation of electricity from thermal
sources, which is the only non- renewable source accounted for 6.5 per cent of total electricity
generation in 2020.
176
Chapter 9: Energy Sector
Figure 9.3: Proportion of Electricity Generation by Source, 2020
9.19. Demand and supply of electricity for 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table 9.8. Total domestic
demand for electricity declined by 57.6 GWh to 8,796.4 GWh in 2020. The demand for
electricity registered growth in all categories except large and medium (commercial and
industrial) category whose demand declined by 3.6 per cent to 4,281.0 GWh in 2020. Demand
for street lighting and rural electrification categories increased by 16.7 per cent and 7.5 per cent
to 74.5 GWh and 611.9 GWh, respectively, in 2020. Similarly, demand for domestic and small
commercial category increased by 49.0 GWh to 3,829.1 GWh in 2020, possibly attributed to
the working from home measures instituted to counter the spread of COVID-19. Large and
medium (commercial and industrial) category accounted for 48.7 per cent of total domestic
demand for electricity in 2020, while domestic and small commercial category accounted for
43.5 per cent.
9.20. Local electricity generation increased by 0.5 per cent to 11,466.9 GWh in 2020.
Electricity imports declined by 35.5 per cent to 136.7 GWh while exports increased by 2.1
per cent to 16.5 GWh in 2020. Electricity transmission and distributive losses were 2,790.7
GWh in 2020, accounting for 24.3 per cent of total electricity supply.
Table 9.8: Electricity Demand and Supply, 2016-2020
GWh
Category 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Domestic and Small Commercial .. .. .. .. .. .. ……….. 3,315.7 3,528.3 3,665.9 3,780.1 3,829.1
Large & Medium (Commercial and Industrial).. ….. 4,146.3 4,199.0 4,336.5 4,441.0 4,281.0
Off-peak .. .. .. .. .. .. ……………………………….. 31.8 42.2 30.4 .. ..
Street Lighting .. .. .. .. .. .. ……………………… 46.3 60.1 68.2 63.9 74.5
Rural Electrification .. .. .. .. .. ………………….. .. .. 513.1 580.6 601.3 569.0 611.9
TOTAL DOMESTIC DEMAND……………….. 8,053.2 8,410.1 8,702.3 8,854.0 8,796.4
Exports to Uganda & Tanzania……………….. 39.1 12.3 35.2 16.2 16.5
1
Transmission and Distribution losses 1,965.4 1,937.5 2,444.5 2,750.5 2,790.7
TOTAL DEMAND = TOTAL SUPPLY2………………10,057.7 10,359.9 11,182.0 11,620.7 11,603.6
Less imports from Uganda and Tanzania ……. 86.3 229.6 130.3 212.0 136.7
Local generation .. …………………………… 9,971.4 10,130.3 11,051.7 11,408.6 11,466.9
Source: Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd
*Provisional
1
Voltage losses in power transmission lines
2
Total supply equals Total generation
.. Category dropped from classification
177
Economic Survey 2021
9.21. Table 9.9 presents average electricity yield by customer category for the period 2015/16
to 2019/20. In 2019/20, the average yield for domestic and street lighting categories increased
by 7.0 per cent and 4.6 per cent to KSh 17.51 and KSh 10.10, respectively. Average electricity
yield for commercial industrial category also increased by 1.9 per cent to KSh 14.58 during the
same period. However, the average electricity yield for exports category decreased significantly
by 42.9 per cent to KSh 11.63 while that of small commercial category decreased by 13.6 per
cent to KSh 20.25 in 2020.
Table 9.9: Average electricity yield1 by Customer Category, 2015/16-2019/20
KSh/Unit
Category 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
Domestic................................................ 16.31 17.80 16.30 16.36 17.51
Small Commercial ........................... 20.50 21.31 22.08 23.45 20.25
Commercial Industrial ................. 12.39 13.06 14.09 14.31 14.58
Off Peak (Interruptible)............... 2.69 15.24 11.95 N/A N/A
Street Lighting ................................... 8.55 7.53 7.08 9.66 10.10
Exports.................................................... 16.36 15.59 17.48 20.38 11.63
* Provisional
Source: Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd
1
Electricity yield is defined as the average revenue received per unit of electricity sold
Energy Accounts
Environmental 9.22. Environmental Economic Accounts are systems of accounts used for accounting for
Economic natural resource utilization. The accounts take stock of natural resources from the point of
Accounts (EEA) extraction to intermediate use by industries, to final use, to residuals/waste which are eventually
disposed back to the environment. In addition, the accounts seek to promote efficient natural
resource accounting and ensure a country is able to track how much it has utilized, estimate
reserves in the environment, and promote proper disposal of residuals for environmental
sustainability. The System of Environmental Economic Accounts (SEEA) framework follows
a similar accounting structure as the System of National Accounts (SNA). The concepts,
definitions and classifications used in SEEA are consistent with the SNA in order to facilitate
the integration of environmental and economic statistics.
Energy Balance 2020
9.23. Table 9.10(a) shows energy balance for coke and coal and renewable feed stocks in 2020.
Renewable feed stocks include wood charcoal, fuel wood and wastes or scraps. Total supply of
coke and coal and renewable feed stocks was 146,173.0 Tera Joules (TJ) in 2020. About 98.5
per cent of renewable feed stocks was demanded by households in 2020.
9.24. Table 9.10 (b) presents electricity energy balance in 2020. In the review period, 99.0
per cent of all electricity supplied was produced domestically. Renewable energy generated
accounted for 92.8 per cent of domestically produced electricity. Total electricity demanded
locally was 31,667.0 TJ while electricity transmission and distribution losses amounted to
10,046.4 TJ.
178
Chapter 9: Energy Sector
9.25. Table 9.10(c) presents energy balance of petroleum fuels in 2020. During the review
period, 20,865.3 TJ of petroleum fuels were supplied to the country mainly from imports.
Over the same period, 19,815.6 TJ of petroleum fuels were demanded, with 68.2 per cent
being used in road transport. Air transport and households each accounted for 8.3 per cent, of
total petroleum demand.
Table 9.10(a): Energy Balance, 2020- Supply and Demand for Coke, Coal and Renewable feed stocks
TJ
Energy Products Non-renewable feedstocks
Coal and Wood Fuel wood, in logs, in Wastes or
Coke charcoal billets, in twigs, in faggots scraps Sub-Total
or in similar forms
Domestic Production 10,989.43 127,128.51 4,555.15 142,673.09
Imports 3,504.12 3,504.12
Domestic Exports 3.60 3.60
Re-Exports 0.63 0.63
Stock changes
Sub-total: Supply 3,499.89 10,989.43 127,128.51 4,555.15 146,172.98
Statistical differences 1,179.28 - - - 1,179.28
Sub-total: Demand 2,320.62 10,989.43 127,128.51 4,555.15 144,993.70
Industry 2,320.62 221.39 1,981.36 - 4,523.37
Households 10,768.04 125,147.15 4,555.15 140,470.33
1 Terajoule (TJ)=10^12
Joules
1000 Tonnes=4.184 TJ
1 GWh=3.6 TJ
Table 9.10(b): Energy Balance, 2020-Supply and Demand for Electricity
TJ
Power Generation Electrical
Energy Products Co- energy
Geothermal Hydro Wind Solar Thermal
generation distribution
Domestic Production................................. 18,215.21 15,237.58 4,792.90 318.31 0.65 2,716.20 41,280.86
Imports................................................................. .. .. .. .. .. .. 492.05
Domestic Exports.......................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 59.47
Sub-total: Supply 18,215.21 15,237.58 4,792.90 318.31 0.65 2,716.20 41,713.44
Statistical differences................................... - - - - - - 10,046.43
Sub-total: Demand 18,215.21 15,237.58 4,792.90 318.31 0.65 2,716.20 31,667.01
Sub-total: Energy transformation 18,215.21 15,237.58 4,792.90 318.31 0.65 2,716.20 41,280.86
Electricity plants (Kengen)..................... 14,689.29 15,042.65 169.31 - - 434.10 30,335.35
Electricity plants (Independent
3,525.92 194.93 4,623.59 316.94 0.65 2,061.45 10,723.48
Power Producers (IPPs) …...
Electricity plants (Off-grid)).................. - - - 1.37 - 220.66 222.03
Sub-total: Energy demand .. .. .. .. .. .. 31,667.01
Electricity:
Domestic and Small Commercial........ .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,784.71
Large and Medium Commercial........... .. .. .. .. .. .. 15,411.42
Street Lighting................................................. .. .. .. .. .. .. 268.14
Rural electrification...................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,202.72
1 Terajoule (TJ)=10^12 Joules
1000 Tonnes=4.184 TJ
1 GWh=3.6 TJ
.. Data not available
179
Table 9.10 (c): Energy Balance, 2020-Supply and Demand of Petroleum Fuels
TJ
Liquid fuels Gas
White spirit
Economic Survey 2021
Energy Products and special Petroleum gases Sub-Total
boiling point Liquified and other gaseous
Motor Spirit Aviation Illuminating industrial Light Diesel Heavy Other Gas Lubricating Lubricating Other Oils Petroleum hydrocarbons,
(Premium) gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene spirits Oil Diesel Oil Oils n.e.c Fuel oils n.e.c. Oils Greases n.e.c. Gas (L.P.G) except natural gas
Imports.................................................................................... 8,196.33 7.85 2,843.83 67.73 16.91 10,177.67 13.29 0.01 1,294.67 39.41 11.21 345.30 1,343.84 0.00 24,358.04
Domestic Exports............................................................. 0.00 1.76 1.35 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.02 1.36 108.07 0.25 9.50 5.21 0.00 128.00
Re-Exports............................................................................. 2.08 0.42 3,199.13 0.00 0.00 134.50 0.10 0.00 17.51 5.31 0.06 1.04 4.55 0.00 3,364.71
Stock changes....................................................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sub-total: Supply..................................... 8,194.24 7.43 -357.06 66.38 16.43 10,043.17 13.19 -0.01 1,275.79 -73.98 10.90 334.76 1,334.07 0.00 20,865.32
Statistical differences.............................. -3,405.28 -7.39 -3,649.64 -465.85 .. -6,833.23 5.55 .. 84.09 -480.40 -25.96 .. -46.94 0.00 -14,473.88
Sub-total: Energy demand....................... 11,599.52 14.82 3,292.59 532.23 .. 16,876.40 7.64 .. 1,191.70 406.42 36.86 .. 1,381.02 0.00 35,339.20
Agriculture............................................................................ 20.20 0.00 0.00 0.48 .. 80.86 0.00 .. 1.50 4.61 0.00 .. 0.70 .. 108.34
Mining & Quarying......................................................... 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 .. 51.15 0.00 .. 57.76 1.08 0.00 .. 0.11 .. 110.64
Manufacturing.................................................................... 7.51 0.00 0.00 8.57 .. 197.42 0.00 .. 286.79 9.31 0.00 .. 59.04 .. 568.64
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning
0.04 0.00 0.04 13.27 .. 6.47 6.50 .. 290.85 2.37 0.00 .. 0.00 .. 319.53
180 Supply ….............................................
Construction........................................................................ 0.22 0.00 0.00 5.66 .. 194.29 0.00 .. 7.11 4.29 0.00 .. 1.31 .. 212.88
Transport and Storage................................................... 5,761.60 6.87 1,640.88 0.68 .. 7,849.06 0.00 .. 45.88 184.17 18.43 .. 16.04 .. 15,523.61
Road Transport..................................................... 5,703.57 2.40 2.35 0.53 .. 7,537.58 0.00 .. 45.88 183.92 18.43 .. 11.64 .. 13,506.29
Rail Transport........................................................ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 .. 43.34 0.00 .. 0.00 0.13 0.00 .. 4.29 .. 47.81
Air Transport.......................................................... 0.00 4.48 1,638.50 0.00 .. 0.00 0.00 .. 0.00 0.02 0.00 .. 0.00 .. 1,643.00
Other Transport............................................................... 58.03 0.00 0.03 0.11 .. 268.14 0.00 .. 0.00 0.10 0.00 .. 0.11 .. 326.52
Accommodation and Food Service Activities.. 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 .. 7.86 0.00 .. 0.46 0.34 0.00 .. 18.41 .. 27.47
Other Commercial Sectors........................................ 39.13 1.08 0.00 51.30 .. 570.08 0.82 .. 452.37 14.44 0.00 .. 76.14 .. 1,205.35
Public Administration and Defense....................... 8.28 0.00 10.80 0.20 .. 70.16 0.32 .. 3.12 1.64 0.00 .. 1.40 .. 95.91
Households........................................................................... .. .. .. 451.40 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,191.82 .. 1,643.22
1 Terajoule (TJ)=10^12 Joules
1000 Tonnes=4.184 TJ
1 GWh=3.6 TJ
.. Data not available
Chapter 9: Energy Sector
Energy 9.26. Table 9.11 (a) presents physical energy supplied and used in 2020. During this period,
Physical a total of 393,545.9 TJ was supplied with 46.1 per cent being extracted from the environment
Supply and while 7.2 per cent were imported mainly in the form of petroleum fuels. Households
Use Tables transformed 127,128.5 TJ to firewood while KenGen transformed 30,335.3 TJ of energy to
(PSUT) electricity.
9.27. Physical energy used by sector is presented in Table 9.11(b). In 2020, households utilized
72.3 per cent of all energy used, mainly in form of firewood. The use of 5.3 per cent of energy
remained undefined and could not be allocated to any sector.
Table 9.11(a): Physical Energy Supply Table, 2020
TJ
Electricity, Gas, Flows from
Industries Steam and Air Rest of the the Total
Conditioning Supply Households World environment
NATURAL INPUTS:
Solar............................................................................................................................ - - - 318.31 318.3
Wind........................................................................................................................... - - - 4,792.90 4,792.9
Hydro......................................................................................................................... - - - 15,237.58 15,237.6
Geo-Thermal......................................................................................................... - - - 18,215.21 18,215.2
Biogas......................................................................................................................... - - - 0.65 0.7
Biomass Wood...................................................................................................... - - - 142,673.1 142,673.1
Sub-total - - - 181,237.7 181,237.7
IMPORTS:
Electricity................................................................................................................ - - 492.05 - 492.0
Coal and Coke....................................................................................................... - - 3,504.12 - 3,504.1
Motor Spirit Premium..................................................................................... - - 8,196.33 - 8,196.3
Aviation gasoline................................................................................................. - - 7.85 - 7.8
Jet fuel........................................................................................................................ - - 2,843.83 - 2,843.8
Illuminating Kerosene..................................................................................... - - 67.73 - 67.7
White spirit and special boiling point industrial spirits.............. - - 16.91 - 16.9
Light Diesel Oil.................................................................................................... - - 10,177.67 - 10,177.7
Heavy Diesel Oil.................................................................................................. - - 13.29 - 13.3
Other Gas Oils n.e.c........................................................................................... - - 0.01 - 0.0
Fuel oils n.e.c.......................................................................................................... - - 1,294.67 - 1,294.7
Lubricating Oils................................................................................................... - - 39.41 - 39.4
Lubricating Greases........................................................................................... - - 11.21 - 11.2
Other petroleum oils n.e.c............................................................................. - - 345.30 - 345.3
Liquified Petroleum Gas (L.P.G)............................................................. - - 1,343.84 - 1,343.8
Sub-total - - 28,354.2 - 28,354.2
ENERGY PRODUCTS:
Electricity plants (Kengen).......................................................................... 30,335.3 - - - 30,335.3
Electricity plants (Independent Power Producers (IPPs)).... 10,723.5 - - - 10,723.5
Electricity plants (Off-grid)......................................................................... 222.0 - - - 222.0
Oil refineries........................................................................................................... - - - - -
Charcoal................................................................................................................... - 10,989.43 - - 10,989.4
Firewood.................................................................................................................. - 127,128.51 - - 127,128.5
Sub-total 41,280.9 138,117.9 - - 179,398.8
RESIDUALS: -
Other.......................................................................................................................... - 4,555.15 - - 4,555.1
TOTAL SUPPLY 41,280.9 142,673.1 28,354.2 181,237.7 393,545.9
1 Terajoule (TJ)=10^12 Joules
1000 Tonnes=4.184 TJ
1 GWh=3.6 TJ
181
Table 9.11(b): Physical Energy Use Table, 2020
TJ
Electricity, Gas, Accommodat Public
Steam and Air ion and Food Other Administrati
Mining & Conditioning Transport and Service Commercial on and Accumulation/ Rest of the Flows to the
INDUSTRIES SIEC Agriculture Quarrying Manufacturing Supply Construction Storage Activities Sectors Defense Undefined Households Stock World environment Total
NATURAL INPUTS: -
Solar 7000 318.31 318.3
Wind 7000 4,792.90 4,792.9
Hydro 7000 15,237.58 15,237.6
Geo-Thermal 7000 18,215.21 18,215.2
Economic Survey 2021
Co-Generation 7000 0.65 0.7
Biomass Wood 10,989.43 131,683.7 142,673.1
ENERGY PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION:
Petroleum:
Motor Spirit Premium 4651 20.20 0.54 7.51 0.04 0.22 5,761.60 0.40 39.13 8.28 2,356.3 2.1 8,196.3
Aviation gasoline 4652 - - - - - 6.87 - 1.08 - (0.5) 0.4 7.8
Jet fuel 4653 - - - 0.04 - 1,640.88 - - 10.80 (2,008.8) 3,200.9 2,843.8
Illuminating Kerosene 4669 0.48 - 8.57 13.27 5.66 0.68 - 51.30 0.20 451.40 (465.2) 1.4 67.7
White spirit and special boiling point industrial spirits 4691 - 16.4 0.5 16.9
Light Diesel Oil 4671 80.86 51.15 197.42 6.47 194.29 7,849.06 7.86 570.08 70.16 1,015.8 134.5 10,177.7
Heavy Diesel Oil 4672 - - - 6.50 - - - 0.82 0.32 5.5 0.1 13.3
Other Gas Oils n.e.c - (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Fuel oils n.e.c. 4680 1.50 57.76 286.79 290.85 7.11 45.88 0.46 452.37 3.12 130.0 18.9 1,294.7
Lubricating Oils 4692 4.61 1.08 9.31 2.37 4.29 184.17 0.34 14.44 1.64 (296.2) 113.4 39.4
Lubricating Greases 4692 - - - - - 18.43 - - - (7.5) 0.3 11.2
Other petroleum oils n.e.c. 4699 - 334.8 10.5 345.3
182 Liquified Petroleum Gas (L.P.G) 4630 0.70 0.11 59.04 - 1.31 16.04 18.41 76.14 1.40 1,191.82 (30.9) 9.8 1,343.8
Coal and Coke 2,320.62 1,179.28 4.2 3,504.1
Electricity: 7000
Domestic and Small Commercial-IC 4,495.0 9,289.7 13,784.7
Large and Medium Commercial -IC 15,411.42 15,411.4
Street Lighting-F 268.14 268.1
Rural electrification-F 681.6 1,521.2 2,202.7
Other 59.47 59.5
Biomass:
Firewood 1,981.36 125,147.15 127,128.5
Charcoal 221.39 10,768.04 10,989.4
Wood/Process Waste 5119 -
Farm residue/Animal crop residue 5130 -
RESIDUALS:
Extraction 4,555.15 4,555.1
Transformation -
Losses 10,046.4 10,046.4
Other -
TOTAL USE 108.3 110.6 16,081.4 38,884.2 212.9 15,523.6 27.5 1,205.3 95.9 20,856.1 284,608.1 2,229.0 3,556.4 10,046.4 393,545.9
1 Terajoule (TJ)=10^12 Joules
1000 Tonnes=4.184 TJ
1 GWh=3.6 TJ
Chapter 9: Energy Sector
Rural Electrification
Developments 9.28. The number of customers connected under the rural electrification programme grew
in the Energy by 6.6 per cent to 1,502,943 in 2019/20 from 1,409,256 in 2018/19, mainly drawn from
Sector domestic and small commercial categories. Conversely, revenue realized declined by 6.5 per
cent from KSh 10.8 billion in 2018/19 to KSh10.1 billion in 2019/20.
Electricity Generation and Transmission
9.29. In 2020, the Government completed Olkaria V geothermal power plant with an installed
capacity of 172.3 MW. Further, the Government through KenGen has 4 ongoing geothermal
projects with a total estimated capacity of 314 MW and Gitaru solar power project with an
estimated capacity of 42.5 MW.
9.30. Development of 20 projects comprising of transmission lines and sub-stations is ongoing
and due for completion between 2021 and 2022. The Mwingi-Sultan Kitui 132kV transmission
line was completed in 2020 covering a total of 46 kilometres. The Nairobi North 220/66kV
sub-station was also completed during the same period. Seven transmission lines with a
combined length of 1,280.0 kilometres and two sub-stations are expected to be completed in
2021.
Oil Exploration
9.31. During the review period, several studies to determine how the 10 discovered Lokichar
oil fields are to be developed were completed while others were ongoing. Tullow Oil and Joint
Venture partners submitted a draft Field Development Plan (FDP) for phase 1 development
in 2020. In addition, exploration and appraisal plan for phase 2 was submitted in January
2020. The draft FDP includes development of first three fields with a production target of
approximately 60,000 barrels per day and a phase 2 development of the remaining seven
discovered fields reaching approximately 100,000 barrels per day.
9.32. The Early Oil Pilot Scheme (EOPS) project commissioned in June 2018 was closed on
2nd June 2020 after a two-year period. Discovered crude oil in South Lokichar field was found
to be waxy and required a heated 820-kilometre-long crude oil pipeline to transport it from
Lokichar to Lamu Port. The pipeline was expected to be 18 inches in diameter and should
have one pumping station at the start of the pipeline and 16 intermediate stations spread along
the route.
183
Chapter 10: Manufacturing Sector Review
Manufacturing Sector Review Chapter
10
Overview
I n 2020, performance of the manufacturing sector was adversely affected by a general
slowdown in economic activities, largely due to measures instituted by the government
to curb the spread of COVID-19. These measures resulted in reduced demand for
manufactured products locally and internationally. The sector’s real value added contracted
by 0.1 per cent compared to a growth of 2.5 per cent in 2019. The share of manufacturing
sector GDP, was 7.6 per cent in 2020, while sector’s volume of output expanded by 1.0 per
cent in 2020 from a revised growth of 1.8 per cent in 2019. In 2020, subsectors that registered
major growths volume of output include manufacture of: sugar; other non-metallic mineral
products which includes cement; food products not elsewhere classified (nec) that includes
tea, chemical and chemical products; and pharmaceutical products. However, subsectors such
as manufacture of; leather and related products, beverages, motor vehicle, trailers and semi-
trailers, rubber and dairy products recorded significant declines in the review period.
10.2. The industrial financial institutions’ credit to the manufacturing sector declined from
KSh 1.7 billion in 2019 to KSh 1.1 billion in 2020. However, over the same period, credit by
other commercial banks to the sector increased to KSh 409.2 billion. Total sales in Export
Processing Zone (EPZ) enterprises increased by 4.3 per cent to KSh 80.5 billion in 2020 while
the value of domestic sales contracted from KSh 8.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 6.7 billion in 2020.
Exports from EPZ increased by 7.6 per cent to KSh 73.8 billion whereas imports enterprises
contracted by 7.5 per cent to KSh 36.8 billion in the same period.
Formal 10.3. The number of persons in the formal manufacturing employment decreased by 10.3 per
Employment cent from 353.3 thousand in 2019 to 316.9 thousand in 2020. Similarly, the number of local
employees in EPZ enterprises dropped by 7.7 per cent to 55,736 in 2020.
Manufacturing 10.4. Table 10.1 shows the manufacturing sector’s value of output, intermediate consumption,
Output value added and compensation of employees from 2016 to 2020. The value of output increased
by 2.8 per cent to KSh 2.4 trillion while intermediate consumption increased by 3.6 per cent to
KSh 1.6 trillion in 2020. This resulted to a 1.3 per cent rise in the value added in 2020. During
the year under review, the compensation of employees reduced by 1.3 per cent to KSh 215.6
billion
Table 10.1: Manufacturing Output, Compensation of Employees and Value Added at Current Prices,
2016-2020
Current Prices - KS h Million
Value of Intermediate Value Compensation
YEAR Output Consumption Added of Employees
2016………
2,003,566 1,295,686 707,880 172,208
2017………
2,109,602 1,368,227 741,376 190,339
2018 ………
2,216,547 1,431,178 785,369 206,420
2019….. 2,309,175 1,501,360 807,814 218,349
2020* 2,374,234 1,555,880 818,353 215,564
185
Economic Survey 2021
Quantum 10.5. Details of quantum indices and the respective percentage changes for manufacturing
Indices from 2016 to 2020 are shown in Tables 10.2 and 10.3 respectively. Further, Table 10.4 presents
details on production of selected commodities over the five-year period. The manufacturing
sector volume of output increased by 1.0 per cent in 2020 from a revised growth of 1.8 per
cent in 2019. The major drivers of this growth were manufacture of: sugar; pharmaceutical
products; other non-metallic mineral products which include cement production; chemical
and chemical products and food products not elsewhere classified (nec) which include
processing of tea. However, key sub-sectors such as manufacture of; leather and related
products, beverages, motor vehicle, trailers and semi-trailers, rubber and dairy products
recorded declines.
Table 10.2: Quantum Indices of Manufacturing Production, 2016-2020
Base: 2017=100
Industry Divisions and Groups Descriptions 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Meat and Meat Products....................................................... 94.7 100.0 107.3 112.9 88.8
Processing and preserving of fish........................................... 108.5 100.0 107.1 100.9 97.1
Prepared and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables....................... 101.5 100.0 103.8 87.0 86.5
Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils..................................... 97.9 100.0 104.8 115.0 116.4
Dairy Products...................................................................... 113.8 100.0 122.4 126.4 119.2
Grain Mill Products.............................................................. 92.7 100.0 106.9 111.7 104.5
Bakery Products.................................................................... 92.5 100.0 108.1 113.3 109.3
Sugar..................................................................................... 169.4 100.0 130.6 117.2 160.5
Cocoa, Chocolate and Sugar Confectionery......................... 85.7 100.0 101.9 111.4 111.3
Food Products not elsewhere classified.................................. 107.8 100.0 112.2 107.1 111.9
Prepared Animal Feeds......................................................... 92.0 100.0 93.5 93.7 96.8
Total Food Products................................................... 111.7 100.0 110.3 110.7 112.2
Beverages.............................................................................. 100.0 100.0 105.2 111.7 93.1
Tobacco Products................................................................. 104.6 100.0 98.6 103.8 108.9
Beverages and Tobacco.............................................. 100.6 100.0 104.1 110.5 95.6
Textiles................................................................................. 102.2 100.0 102.7 108.5 104.4
Wearing Apparel................................................................... 94.7 100.0 102.1 104.0 104.2
Leather and Related Products................................................ 107.6 100.0 102.7 103.3 82.7
Wood and Products of Wood ................................................ 115.2 100.0 77.8 52.2 51.0
Paper and Paper Products...................................................... 90.7 100.0 104.0 105.1 104.3
Printing and Production of Recorded Media......................... 100.3 100.0 99.2 98.7 98.6
Refined Petroleum Products................................................. 100.9 100.0 99.1 99.2 87.1
Chemical and Chemical Products......................................... 100.2 100.0 102.6 106.9 116.9
Pharmaceutical Products....................................................... 101.1 100.0 110.5 112.3 118.6
Rubber Products................................................................... 98.2 100.0 97.0 95.5 87.8
Plastic Products..................................................................... 104.5 100.0 94.9 101.5 103.8
Rubber and Plastic Products..................................... 94.4 100.0 95.0 101.2 103.2
Other Non-metallic Mineral Products.................................. 108.6 100.0 98.6 100.0 119.5
Basic Metals.......................................................................... 96.1 100.0 106.7 109.6 110.8
Fabricated Metal Products, , except machinery and equipme 102.6 100.0 96.2 92.3 93.8
Electrical Equipment............................................................ 83.0 100.0 90.4 84.3 81.1
Machinery and Equipment nec............................................. 90.1 100.0 105.0 110.1 113.1
Motor Vehicle, Trailers and Semi Trailers............................. 131.9 100.0 113.7 138.1 125.9
Manufacture of furniture....................................................... 104.5 100.0 102.6 106.0 105.1
Other Manufacturing........................................................... 99.9 100.0 103.4 104.3 106.1
Repair and Installation of Machinery and Equipment........... 98.1 100.0 102.6 99.3 97.4
Overall ......................................................................... 100.8 100.0 105.6 107.5 108.6
* Provisional
Items in bold refers to independent divisions
186
Chapter 10: Manufacturing Sector Review
Table 10.3: Percentage Change in Quantum Indices of Manufacturing Production, 2016-2020
Percentage Change
Industry Divisions and Groups Descriptions Weight 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Meat and Meat Products.............................................. 1.1 10.9 5.6 7.3 5.2 -21.4
Processing and preserving of fish.................................. 0.3 -10.0 -7.9 7.1 -5.8 -3.8
Prepared and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables.............. 1.5 8.8 -1.5 3.8 -16.2 -0.6
Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils............................ 4.6 0.1 2.2 4.8 9.8 1.1
Dairy Products............................................................. 3.7 2.6 -12.1 22.4 3.3 -5.7
Grain Mill Products..................................................... 10.4 3.2 7.9 6.9 4.4 -6.4
Bakery Products........................................................... 3.1 -1.3 8.1 8.1 4.8 -3.5
Sugar........................................................................... 3.2 1.0 -41.0 30.6 -10.2 36.9
Cocoa, Chocolate and Sugar Confectionery................ 1.2 7.7 16.7 1.9 9.3 0.0
Food Products not elsewhere classified......................... 11.7 14.7 -7.2 12.2 -4.6 4.5
Prepared Animal Feeds................................................ 2.4 2.2 8.7 -6.5 0.2 3.3
Total Food Products.......................................... 43.1 6.3 -10.5 10.3 0.3 1.4
Beverages..................................................................... 6.1 5.7 0.0 5.2 6.2 -16.7
Tobacco Products........................................................ 1.2 -16.2 -4.4 -1.4 5.3 4.9
Beverages and Tobacco..................................... 7.3 1.9 -0.6 4.1 6.1 -13.4
Textiles........................................................................ 1.3 -7.1 -2.2 2.7 5.6 -3.7
Wearing Apparel.......................................................... 2.7 17.3 5.6 2.1 1.9 0.1
Leather and Related Products...................................... 1.3 11.4 -7.1 2.7 0.6 -19.9
Wood and Products of Wood ....................................... 1.1 -13.9 -13.2 -22.2 -33.0 -2.3
Paper and Paper Products............................................ 4.5 9.4 10.3 4.0 1.1 -0.7
Printing and Production of Recorded Media............... 2.7 -1.3 -0.3 -0.8 -0.4 -0.1
Refined Petroleum Products........................................ 0.4 1.7 -0.9 -0.9 0.2 -12.2
Chemical and Chemical Products................................ 6.6 -0.2 -0.2 2.6 4.2 9.3
Pharmaceutical Products............................................. 2.1 20.6 -1.1 10.5 1.6 5.6
Rubber Products.......................................................... 0.2 2.6 1.8 -3.0 -1.5 -8.0
Plastic Products........................................................... 4.3 8.4 -4.3 -5.1 7.0 2.3
Rubber and Plastic Products............................ 4.5 5.1 6.0 -5.0 6.6 1.9
Other Non-metallic Mineral Products........................ 6.4 5.8 -7.9 -1.4 1.4 19.5
Basic Metals................................................................. 7.8 13.9 4.0 6.7 2.7 1.1
Fabricated Metal Products........................................... 1.7 -20.2 -2.5 -3.8 -4.1 1.7
Electrical Equipment................................................... 1.3 3.5 20.5 -9.6 -6.7 -3.8
Machinery and Equipment nec................................... 0.6 -27.1 11.0 5.0 4.8 2.8
Motor Vehicle, Trailers and Semi Trailers.................... 2.1 -31.9 -24.2 13.7 21.4 -8.8
Manufacture of furniture.............................................. 1.0 0.0 -4.4 2.6 3.4 -0.9
Other Manufacturing.................................................. 0.8 -2.9 0.1 3.4 0.9 1.7
Repair and Installation of Machinery and Equipment. 0.8 4.9 2.0 2.6 -3.2 -2.0
Overall ................................................................ 100.0 4.6 -0.8 5.6 1.8 1.0
* Provisional
187
Economic Survey 2021
10.6. The quantity of processed food rose by 1.4 per cent in 2020. Sugar production and
manufacture of food products not elsewhere classified which comprise tea and coffee among
others recorded significant growths of 36.9 and 4.5 per cent, respectively during the review
period. Other agro-processing sub-sectors which recorded growths during the period were
manufacture of animal and vegetable fats and prepared animal feeds. However, grain mill
products, dairy, bakery and meat and meat products recorded declines in 2020.
10.7. Animal and vegetable fats and oil sub-sector registered a slowed growth of 1.1 per cent in
2020 compared with 9.8 per cent in 2019. The production of cooking oil increased from 256.8
thousand tonnes in 2019 to 269.8 thousand tonnes in 2020 as shown in Table 10.4. Similarly,
the quantity of manufactured edible fats and margarine increased from 270.4 thousand tonnes
in 2019 to 288.1 thousand tonnes in 2020. The dairy sub-sector declined by 5.7 per cent
mainly due to decrease of processed liquid milk from 488.5 to 456.8 million litres in 2019 and
2020 respectively.
10.8. The grain milling sub-sector recorded a decline of 6.4 per cent in 2020 compared to
a growth of 4.4 per cent in 2019. Production of wheat flour contracted by 10.3 per cent to
1,231.6 thousand tonnes in 2020 as presented in Table 10.4. Maize flour production also
dropped from 707.4 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 657.6 thousand tonnes in 2020. Similarly,
manufacture of bakery products registered a decline of 3.5 per cent in 2020 compared to a
growth of 4.8 per cent in 2019. Quantities of biscuits produced declined to 13.6 thousand
tonnes during the period under review.
10.9. Sugar production recovered from a 10.2 per cent drop in 2019 to a significant growth of
36.9 per cent in 2020. As presented in Table 10.4, the quantity of sugar produced rose from
440.9 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 603.8 thousand tonnes in 2020.
10.10. Production of foods not elsewhere classified which includes tea and coffee increased by
4.5 per cent during the period under review. Production of milled coffee dropped from 44.9
thousand tonnes in 2019 to 36.9 thousand tonnes in 2020. The quantity of prepared animal
feeds registered a growth of 3.3 per cent in 2020.
10.11. During the review period, the beverages and tobacco sub-sector contracted by 13.4 per
cent compared to a growth of 6.1 per cent registered in 2019. The decline was as a result of
reduced production of malt liquors and malt, spirits and soft drinks by 29.5, 22.0 and 6.3 per
cent, respectively. Production of soft drinks (sodas) decreased to 550.6 million litres in 2020
from 592.5 million litres in 2019. However, production of tobacco products increased by 4.9
per cent in 2020.
188
Chapter 10: Manufacturing Sector Review
Table 10.4: Production of Selected Commodities, 2016 - 2020
Commodity Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Processed Milk Litres (Millions) 448.5 383.2 468.2 488.5 456.8
1
Wheat flour Tonnes ('000) 1,133.1 1,230.9 1,331.8 1,372.7 1,231.6
Maize flour1 ,, 609.7 669.4 686.9 707.4 657.6
Biscuits ,, 12.1 13.0 14.9 14.8 13.6
Cooking oil ,, 208.3 215.0 235.5 256.8 269.8
Edible fats and magarine ,, 256.1 258.5 259.8 270.4 288.1
Sugar ,, 638.3 376.1 491.1 440.9 603.8
Coffee - milled ,, 39.7 38.6 41.4 44.9 36.9
Tea ,, 471.2 439.9 493.0 458.9 569.5
Soft drinks (sodas) Litres (Millions) 505.1 570.9 581.5 592.5 550.6
Blankets Number ('000) 2,930.2 2,670.7 2,606.8 2,553.9 2,416.4
Assembled vehicles Number 6,541.0 4,877.0 5,653.0 7,802.0 7,725.0
Galvanized sheets Tonnes ('000) 268.7 262.8 270.4 274.4 247.7
* Provisional
1
Produced by formal Millers
10.12. The textile sub-sector declined by 3.7 per cent in the year under review. This was as
a result of the decline in the production of woven fabrics, blankets, sacks and bags of textile
by 20.3, 5.4 and 2.0 per cent, respectively. However, production of knitting yarn; and twine,
cordage and ropes increased by 0.8 per cent and 2.1 per cent respectively. The wearing apparel
sub-sector grew marginally by less than 1.0 per cent in 2020 as a result of increased production
of babies’ garments.
10.13. Leather and related products sub-sector contracted by 19.9 per cent in 2020 mainly due
to a 39.3 per cent drop in production of finished leather. Similarly, production of shoes with
uppers of leather and footwear with uppers of textile materials (canvas) declined by 21.3 per
cent and 26.7 per cent, respectively during the review period.
10.14. Wood and products of wood sub-sector recorded a decline in production of 2.3 per
cent in 2020. This decrease was attributed to a decline in production of block boards by 6.3 per
cent. Paper and paper products sub-sector contracted marginally by 0.7 per cent in the same
period as a result of decrease in volumes of cartons, labels of paper and exercise books.
10.15. Refined petroleum products sub-sector recorded a 12.2 per cent drop in production in
2020 mainly due to a decline in the production of bitumen. Chemical and chemical products
sub-sector registered a growth of 9.3 per cent in 2020. This was mainly due to increased
production of industrial gases (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and rare gases)
which increased by 25.1 per cent in the review period. The production of paints and vanishes
rose by 11.4 per cent in 2020. In the same year, the production soap, cleaning preparations,
perfumes and toilet preparations increased by 4.0 per cent.
10.16. Pharmaceutical products sub-sector expanded by 5.6 per cent in 2020 compared to a
growth of 1.6 per cent in 2019. The growth was attributed to increased production of tablets,
capsules and syrups by 8.2, 1.2 and 1.1 per cent, respectively in 2020.
10.17. Production of rubber and plastic products grew marginally by 1.9 per cent in 2020.
The growth was due to increased production of articles of conveyance or packing of goods;
self-adhesive plates, sheets, film, foil; tableware and kitchenware by 11.5, 0.8 and 2.2 per cent
respectively. In the same period, output volumes of retreaded pneumatic tyres of rubber,
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Economic Survey 2021
plastic pipes, plastic bags/sacks and builders ware of plastics decreased by 8.0, 4.1, 8.7 and 2.2
per cent respectively.
10.18. Basic metals sub-sector recorded a growth of 1.1 per cent in 2020 supported by
increased production of iron bars and rods by 7.9 per cent. Production of corrugated iron
sheets decreased by 9.8 per cent from 274.4 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 247.7 thousand tonnes
in 2020. Production in fabricated metal products sub-sector recorded a marginal increase of
1.7 per cent in 2020.
10.19. Manufacture of electrical equipment dropped by 3.8 per cent in 2020 due to decreased
production of electrical cables and electrical conductors. During the review period manufacture
of machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified increased by 2.8 per cent. In addition,
assembly of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers declined by 8.8 per cent in 2020. The
number of assembled motor vehicles reduced from 7,802 units in 2019 to 7,725 units in 2020.
10.20. The production of other non-metallic mineral products, which is mainly comprised of
cement, increased significantly by 19.5 per cent in 2020.
Cement 10.21. Cement production and utilization from 2016 to 2020 is presented in Table 10.5.
Production Cement production increased significantly by 21.3 per cent to 7,473.6 thousand tonnes in
and 2020. This was mainly due to expansions by cement producers. Similarly, cement consumption
Utilization and stocks rose by 20.3 per cent to 7,375.6 thousand tonnes in 2020. Cement exports to
Uganda and Tanzania declined by 36.6 per cent in 2020, while cement exported to all other
countries rose significantly to 108.5 thousand tonnes in 2020 from 42.0 thousand tonnes in
2019. During the same period, import of cement decreased by 16.5 per cent to 22.0 thousand
tonnes.
Table 10.5: Cement Production and Utilization, 2016 – 2020
‘000 Tonnes
Exports to
Consumption Uganda
and and All Other
Year Production Imports Stocks Tanzania Countries
2016 6,715.4 15.1 6,310.1 325.0 95.4
2017 6,230.3 14.7 5,857.9 299.3 89.1
2018 6,069.9 23.0 5,948.7 43.5 100.8
2019 6,163.0 26.4 6,129.1 18.2 42.0
2020* 7,473.6 22.0 7,375.6 11.5 108.5
* Provisional.
Producer 10.22. The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures the average change in the price of goods as
Prices they leave the factory. Over time, the production patterns and the industrial structure changes
and there is need to review the index to closely reflect the reality. Consequently, PPI was re-
based in 2019 to update the changes in the structure of the manufacturing sector.
10.23. As shown in Table 10.6, overall inflation as measured by Producer Price Index (PPI)
rose by 0.07 to 101.9 in 2020. Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products
recorded the highest price increase of 10.4 per cent in 2020 mainly due to increased demand
brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. Manufacture of wearing apparel had the highest
price decrease of 5.0 per cent in 2020.
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Chapter 10: Manufacturing Sector Review
Table 10.6: Producer Price Indices, 2016- 2020
March 2019= 100
% Change
Division Description Weights 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
2020 / 19
1
07 Mining of metal ores 1.52 .. .. .. 102.82 107.24 4.30
08 Mining and Quarrying ……………………………………………………………
0.81 97.91 93.99 99.00 102.12 101.42 -0.69
10 Manufacture of food products…………………………………………….
37.30 97.42 106.51 104.62 103.63 103.33 -0.28
11 Manufacture of beverages…………………………………………………..
5.61 93.23 96.00 98.60 101.90 105.30 3.34
12 Manufacture of tobacco products……………………………………. 1.01 100.24 100.49 100.10 100.24 103.93 3.68
13 Manufacture of textiles…………………………………………………………. 1.34 100.63 100.05 100.08 100.15 102.56 2.41
14 Manufacture of wearing apparel………………………………………..2.47 100.15 100.41 100.13 100.03 95.03 -5.00
15 Manufacture of leather and related products ……………… 1.10 98.29 98.45 99.92 100.58 105.20 4.59
Manufacture of wood and products of wood and cork except
16
furniture …………………… 1.02 73.96 76.54 92.91 96.98 97.79 0.84
17 Manufacture of paper and paper products …………………… 3.74 89.42 91.67 97.44 98.46 95.37 -3.13
18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media……………….. 2.64 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.14 102.68 2.54
20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products……….. 6.41 92.76 96.49 102.14 103.17 107.29 4.00
21 Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and
botanical products1 1.52 .. .. .. 99.39 109.69 10.36
22 Manufacture of rubber and plastics products……………… 4.41 93.46 93.06 93.92 99.38 97.15 -2.24
23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products………………….. 5.91 103.63 102.40 100.43 100.18 102.41 2.23
24 Manufacture of basic metals ………………………………………………
6.99 89.21 93.95 96.74 100.19 97.39 -2.79
Manufacture of fabricated metal products except machinery and
25
equipment………………………………… 2.02 91.34 94.01 99.88 100.52 99.51 -1.01
1
27 Manufacture of electrical equipment 1.30 .. .. .. 100.12 100.48 0.36
29 Manufacture of motor vehicles……………………………………………
96.96 1.92
97.60 97.37 97.63 94.84 -2.85
35 Electricity…………………………………………………………………………………….
9.23 97.31 102.22 99.13 102.21 99.84 -2.32
36 Water……………………………………………………………………………………………..
1.72 96.66 104.01 98.92 100.00 100.30 0.30
Total 100.00 95.40 99.78 100.61 101.81 101.88 0.07
Overall percentage change 0.20 4.59 0.87 1.19 0.07
1 Products introduced after the rebasing
*provisional
10.24. The average producer prices of selected products from 2016 to 2020 are shown in Table
10.7. Producer prices for a bale of maize flour declined by 5.4 per cent to KSh 1,245, in 2020.
Similarly, producer prices for paints and plastic water tank reduced by 2.4 per cent and 1.8 per
cent, respectively in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 10.7 Average Producer Prices of Selected Products, 2016-2020
KSh/Unit
Product Units of Measure 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Vegetable oils………….20 Litres 3,908.7 3,950.6 3,997.2 3,940.8 3,965.4
Milk…………………….. Crate 18 packets each 500 Ml 672.3 696.9 692.4 714.1 720.3
Sugar…………………..One Tonne 71,353.9 96,606.3 80,198.7 80,198.7 80,194.2
Wheat flour……………..12 packets each 2Kg 1,303.6 1,317.4 1,329.7 1,531.6 1,534.2
Maize Flour…………….12 packets each 2Kg 1,116.9 1,199.1 1,172.6 1,316.3 1,244.7
Paints……………. 4 Litres 2,135.7 2,263.4 2,305.0 2,024.7 1,975.6
Ballast………………….. One Tonne 890.4 792.5 792.5 792.5 797.4
Plastic water tank………5000 litre capacity 32,531.9 32,779.1 32,130.2 31,874.3 31,311.5
Cement………………… One Tonne 12,370.3 12,223.2 12,130.3 12,069.7 12,187.4
Steel bars………………1 Kg 77.1 80.7 86.2 85.5 86.0
*Provisional
Credit to 10.25. Table 10.8 gives the approved credits in the manufacturing sector by both commercial
Manufacturing banks and other industrial financial institutions from 2016 to 2020. In the year under review,
Sector total credit approved rose to KSh 410.3 billion from KSh 366.9 billion in 2019. However, the
total amount of credit advanced by industrial financial institutions decreased from KSh 1.7
billion in 2019 to KSh 1.1 billion in 2020. Similarly, the total number of projects funded by
these institutions went down from 395 in 2019 to 320 in 2020.
10.26. The Industrial Development Bank Capital Limited funded two start up projects in water
bottling and food processing and four existing ones in paper and pulp, plastics, textiles and
dairy processing. The value of manufacturing projects approved dropped significantly to KSh
85.5 million in 2020. The decrease was attributed to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on
the economy.
10.27. Development Bank of Kenya (DBK) approved three expansion projects in the
manufacturing sector worth KSh 100.9 million in 2020. This was an increase from one project
approved in 2019 worth KSh 94.0 million. The activities funded were in the manufacture of
zip fasteners, textiles and industrial chemicals.
10.28. Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (ICDC) approved credit worth
KSh 100.9 million in 2020 for three manufacturing projects. The loan amount dropped
by 84.2 per cent from KSh 640.0 million approved in 2019 as a result of disruptions in the
corporation’s sector by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Table 10.8: Manufacturing Projects Approved by Commercial Banks and Other Financial Institutions,
2016 - 2020
Number of Projects Approved credit (KSh Million)
Institution 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
IDB Capital limited.................................. 3 3 8 8 6 129.8 200.1 551.8 330.0 85.5
Development Bank of Kenya.................... 6 3 3 1 3 292.3 130.5 230.0 94.0 100.9
Kenya Industrial Estates Limited ............. 325 280 225 380 308 165.3 181.0 243.7 602.7 809.0
Industrial and Commercial Development
Corporation …............................. 4 7 4 6 3 495.6 791.0 315.0 640.0 100.9
Sub - total............................................. 338 293 240 395 320 1,083.0 1,302.6 1,340.5 1,666.7 1,096.3
All other commercial banks1….............. - - - - - 274,726 314,046 334,388 365,257 409,192
TOTAL................................................. 338 293 240 395 320 275,809 315,348 335,729 366,924 410,288
* Provisional
1
Source: Central Bank of Kenya (excludes DBK).
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Chapter 10: Manufacturing Sector Review
10.29. Kenya Industrial Estates (KIE) continued with its mandate of financing and facilitation
of development of small scale and micro enterprises in 2020. In the year under review, all the
loans advanced were for expansion of already existing projects. The loans advanced increased
from KSh 602.7 million in 2019 to KSh 809.0 million in 2020. On the other hand, the number
of manufacturing projects financed decreased to 308 in 2020. The manufacturing of food and
food products had the highest share of 54.8 per cent during the review period.
Table 10.9: Industrial Projects Approved by Kenya Industrial Estates, 2016-2020
Number of Projects Advanced Loans (KSh '000)
Descriptions 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Manufacture of food products ……………………. 107
…………………….
93 56 137
…………………….
136 66,133 53,391 79,244 241,827 443,210
Manufacture of beverages ……………………. …………………….
2 - …………………….
1 2 - …………………….
690 - 9,000 850 -
Manufacture of animal feeds ………………….…………..
- - 6 - - - - 22,550 - -
Manufacture of food products nec ………………………..1 - - - - 70 - - - -
Manufacture of textiles and apparel …………………….66
…………………….
43 36 66 42
…………………….
21,658 20,700 26,535 118,235 89,200
Manufacture of leather and related products …………………….
2 11
…………………….
3 8 - …………………….
5,350 765 10,680 10,533 -
Manufacture of wood and Products of wood and cork
except furniture ……………… 22 39 20 31 39 12,621 27,782 12,630 22,835 55,562
Printing and reproduction of recorded media …………………
16 10 13 29 10 9,836 26,858 11,650 78,740 6,375
Manufacture of Chemicals and chemical products …………………….
3 3 5 3 11 1,115 6,000 4,450 12,340 61,300
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products …………………….
5 7 4 -
…………………….
- 1,700 4,490
…………………….1,570 - -
Manufacture of fabricated metal products except
machinery and equipment …………… 81 66 72 93 60 39,260 32,669 57,769 106,902 135,590
Manufacture of furniture ……………………. 13 - 5 - - 3,810 - 4,000 - -
Manufacture of Electricals and Accessories …………………….
- - - 9 10 - - - 9,675 17,800
Other manufacturing n.e.c. ……………………. …………………….
6 - - …………………….
1 - 2,725 - - 450 -
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment …………………….
1 8 4 …………………….
1 - 325 8,300 3,600 300 -
TOTAL……………………………………………. 325 280 225 380 308 165,292 180,954 243,678 602,686 809,037
Source: Kenya Industrial Estates Ltd
* Provisional
- means no project
10.30. Kenya Investment Authority (KenInvest) registered a total of 21 manufacturing projects
in the year under review. The projects had a capital cost of KSh 4.9 billion in 2020 as shown in
Table 10.10.
Table 10.10: Industrial Projects1 Registered by Kenya Investments Authority, 2016 - 2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Number of Projects 43 39 47 43 21
Capital Cost ( KSh billion) 11.1 26.5 14.4 35.1 4.9
* Provisional
1
Figures presented are only for projects for investors registered with the Authority
Export 10.31. Table 10.11 shows selected key performance indicators under EPZ program from
Processing 2016 to 2020. The indicators include the number of gazetted zones, operating enterprises,
Zones employment, export, cumulative capital investment among others. The performance indicators
that reported positive growths were gazette zones, operating enterprises, exports, investment and
local purchases.
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Economic Survey 2021
10.32. The number of gazetted zones in 2020 increased by 2 from 74 to 76, out of which 71 were
privately owned and 5 were public. The five public zones were in the following counties; Machakos,
Mombasa, Kwale and Homabay.
Table 10.11: Selected EPZ Performance Indicators, 2016-2020
Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Gazetted Zones…………………………………………………
Number 65 71 72 74 76
Enterprises Operating …………………………………….
" 111 131 136 137 138
Employment - Locals ……………………………………..
" 52,947 54,764 57,099 60,390 55,736
- Expatriates ……………………………………
" 618 722 644 665 651
Total Workers ………………………………………
" 53,565 55,486 57,743 61,055 56,387
Export …………………………………………………………………..
KSh Million 64,151 60,729 72,390 68,572 73,795
1
Domestic Sales ………………………………………………
" 4,418 6,541 4,880 8,617 6,736
Total Sales …………………………………………..
" 68,569 67,270 77,270 77,189 80,531
Imports …………………………….…………………………………..
" 30,160 30,305 34,229 39,840 36,847
Local Purchases of Goods and Services….. …………………………….
" 10,742 11,089 10,385 9,761 11,990
Capital Investment ………………………………………………………..
" 88,977 95,278 105,066 107,877 114,727
Source: Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA)
* Provisional
1
Includes sales to duty free shops
10.33. The total sales by EPZ enterprises increased by 4.3 per cent to KSh 80.5 billion in 2020.
Exports increased by 7.6 per cent to KSh 73.8 billion in 2020 mainly boosted by tea blending
and packaging, food processing and pharmaceutical products. The value of domestic sales
EPZ enterprises contracted from KSh 8.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 6.7 billion in 2020, while
imports decreased to KSh 36.8 billion during the same period.
10.34. Employment of locals in the EPZ decreased by 7.7 per cent to 55, 736 persons in 2020
from 60,390 persons in 2019. This contraction was brought about by measures put in place
to curb the effects of COVID-19. The apparel and garment enterprises cater for the bulk of
employment in the EPZ program.
African 10.35. Table 10.12 shows performance under the African Growth and Opportunity Act
Growth and (AGOA), which is an initiative of the United States of America (USA). Its main goal is to
Opportunity increase exports especially of apparels from accredited Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries.
Act The value of export of articles of apparels decreased by 8.3 per cent to KSh 42.3 billion in 2020
mainly due to inadequate supply of imported raw material (mainly fabric) and the market
lockdown in the USA. Similarly, direct employment generated by this sub-sector contracted
by 8.7 per cent to 45,205 persons in the year under review. Capital investment rose to KSh
19.1 billion in 2020 from KSh 18.1 billion in the year 2019, a 5.8 per cent increase.
Table 10.12: Selected EPZ Garment / Apparel Performance Indicators under AGOA, 2016-2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* % Change
Number of Enterprises…………….. 21 21 22 24 28 16.7
Number of Employees…………………………
42,496 43,987 46,248 49,489 45,205 -8.7
Capital Investment (KSh Million)….15,300 15,880 16,146 18,065 19,108 5.8
Exports (KSh Million)………………….
34,410 33,051 41,578 46,066 42,254 -8.3
Source: Export Processing Zones Authority
*Provisional
194
Chapter 11: The Construction Sector
The Construction Sector Chapter
11
I
Overview n 2020, the Government continued to invest in development of road transport
infrastructure while also working with the private sector to expand the housing sub-sector.
A good transport network remains a key driver in creating and supporting the business
environment that facilitates investment, growth and job creation. As at June 2020, the total
bitumen roads were 22.6 thousand kilometres, an increase of 6.1 per cent from 21.3 thousand
kilometres in June 2019. The length of roads categorised as super highway increased to 157
kilometres in the same period. In 2020, the construction sector registered a growth of 11.8
per cent compared to a growth of 5.6 per cent recorded in 2019. Cement consumption, a key
input to construction activities rose significantly from 6.1 million tonnes in 2019 to 7.4 million
tonnes in 2020 representing an increase of 21.3 per cent.
11.2 During the review period, the construction of the Nairobi Expressway, which is a
108-kilometre lane-length, with an estimated construction cost of KSh 63.8 billion was 16.6
per cent complete as at 31st December, 2020. In 2020, the construction of a 2.1 kilometres
floating bridge across Likoni-Channel was completed at a cost of KSh 2.0 billion while the
Kibwezi – Kitui – Migwani road was at 73.0 per cent completion as at 31st December, 2020.
Wage employment in the sector grew by 33.0 per cent from 173.3 thousand persons in 2019
to 230.5 thousand persons in 2020. Employment level in the public sector rose by 3.0 per
cent from 8,832 persons in 2019 to 9,093 persons in 2020 while private sector employment
recorded 34.5 per cent increase from 164.5 thousand persons in 2019 to 221.4 thousand
persons in 2020.
11.3. The State Department for Housing and National Housing Corporation (NHC)
completed 2,332 and 338 units respectively, of public residential buildings. The value of public
buildings completed increased significantly to KSh 9,084.3 million in 2020 from KSh 1,509.1
million recorded in 2019. Total value of completed private buildings in Nairobi City County
increased by 6.4 per cent from KSh 94.0 billion in 2019 to KSh 100.0 billion in 2020. The
State Department of Housing is expected to receive KSh 18.1 billion in the period 2020/21,
which is a 35.1 per cent decrease from KSh27.9 billion received in the period 2019/20. The
total length of paved (under bitumen) roads was 22.6 thousand kilometres as at June 2020, an
increase of 1.8 per cent from 22.2 thousand kilometres in June 2019. The total expenditure on
roads is expected to decrease by 18.5 per cent from KSh 207.2 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 168.9
billion in 2020/21.
11.4. Loans and advances from commercial banks to the construction sector grew by 3.4 per
cent from KSh 115.8 billion in 2019 to KSh 119.7 billion in 2020. The index of reported public
building works completed increased by substantially from 38.5 points in 2019 to 70.8 points
in 2020 as a result of several housing projects completed by the State Department for Housing
in pursuit of the Government’s Big-4 Agenda. The index of Government expenditure on roads
decreased by 16.5 per cent from 592.9 points in 2019 to 494.8 points in 2020. The index of
reported private building works completed in Nairobi City County increased marginally by
1.0 per cent from 471.7 points in 2019 to 476.2 points in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Key 11.5. As shown in Table 11.1, index of Government expenditure on roads decreased by 16.5
Construction per cent from 592.9 points in 2019 to 494.8 points in 2020 due to the reduced allocation of
Indicators funds to the infrastructure sector. The index of reported private building works completed
in Nairobi City County increased marginally by 1.0 per cent from 471.7 points in 2019 to
476.2 points in 2020. During the same period, the index of reported public building works
completed increased by 83.9 per cent from 38.5 points in 2019 to 70.8 points in 2020 as a result
of several housing projects completed by State Department for Housing. Loans and advances
from commercial banks to the construction sector grew by 3.4 per cent from KSh 115.8
billion in 2019 to KSh 119.7 billion in 2020 mainly due to increased financing of real estate
development. Cement consumption, a key input to construction activities rose significantly
from 6.1 million tonnes in 2019 to 7.4 million tonnes in 2020 representing an increase of 21.3
per cent. Wage employment in the sector grew by 33.0 per cent from 173.3 thousand persons
in 2019 to 230.5 thousand persons in 2020. Employment level in the public sector rose by 3.4
per cent from 8.8 thousand in 2019 to 9.1 thousand persons in 2020. Similarly, private sector
employment rose by 34.5 per cent from 164.5 thousand persons in 2019 to 221.4 thousand
persons in 2020.
Table 11.1: Selected Key Economic Indicators in the Construction Sector, 2016-2020
1982=100
Indicator 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Index of reported private building works completed in Nairobi City County... 409.3 443.1 466.2 471.7 476.2
Index of reported public building works completed in major towns.................. 69.2 59.4 57.9 38.5 70.8
Index of government expenditure on roads....................................................... 462.8 388.0 415.4 592.9 494.8
1 Index of Employment.................................................................................... 269.9 278.0 284.1 286.9 381.6
Cement consumption ('000 tonnes) ............................................................... 6,310.1 5,857.9 5,948.7 6,129.1 7,375.6
Private Employment ('000 persons) ................................................................ 155.0 159.4 163.0 164.5 221.4
Public Employment ('000 persons) ................................................................. 8.0 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.1
Loans and Advances from Commercial Banks to the sector (KSh Million)....... 104,825.8 111,985.2 114,014.9 115,800.3 119,700.0
* Provisional
Cost of 11.6. Annual percentage changes in cost of materials and labour from 2016 to 2020 are
Construction presented in Table 11.2. Labour cost rose by 4.0 per cent in 2020 compared to 4.5 per cent in
Inputs 2019, due to successful Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBAs) reached between unions in
the sector and the employers and the general upward review of salaries and wages for workers in
the sector. The percentage change in total cost of materials was 0.8 per cent in 2020 compared
to 5.3 per cent in 2019. The variation in the index was mainly attributable to the adjustment in
fuel prices, a key component of the index, by the Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority
(EPRA). The year witnessed a drop in the prices of industrial diesel, automobile diesel fuel
and petrol especially in the months of June and July 2020 with a resulting decrease of 4.6 per
cent in the cost of materials for Civil Engineering. There were increases in the prices of timber,
hydrated lime and reinforcement steel. Similarly, the cost of materials for residential and non-
residential buildings increased by 2.4 per cent and 2.3 per cent, respectively, during the review
period.
196
Chapter 11: The Construction Sector
Table 11.2: Percentage Changes in Construction Cost of Materials and Labour, 2016 – 2020
Percentage
Materials 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Residential Buildings......... 1.9 3.8 3.3 6.4 2.4
Non-Residential Buildings 1.6 1.8 2.9 1.8 2.3
All Buildings....................... 1.8 2.9 3.1 4.9 2.4
Civil Engineering…………………………………………………………………………………
1.8 3.2 2.9 4.3 -4.6
Total Cost of Material ...... 1.8 3.0 3.1 5.3 0.8
Labour Cost ....................... 7.9 6.6 5.3 4.5 4.0
11.7. Table 11.3 shows the monthly average basic wages for skilled, semi-skilled and
unskilled workers in the construction sector from 2016 to 2020. This is obtained from
prevailing registered CBAs between the Kenya Association of Building and Civil Engineering
Contractors, normally reviewed every two years, the last one being 2019/2020. During this
period, basic wages for the skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers increased by 4.0 per
cent as agreed upon in the CBAs.
Table 11.3: Monthly Average Basic Wages in the Construction Industry, 2016 – 2020
KSh
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Category of Workers in the Construction Sector.....
Unskilled.............................................................. 20,174 21,497 22,586 23,651 24,609
Semi-Skilled......................................................... 27,902 29,757 31,348 32,748 34,074
Skilled................................................................... 40,187 42,794 45,171 47,137 49,025
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
Construction 11.8. Table 11.4 presents the number of reported private buildings in Nairobi City County
of Buildings (NCC) and residential public buildings completed for the period 2016 to 2020. The number
of completed public residential buildings built by the State Department for Housing and
National Housing Corporation (NHC) were 2,332 and 338, respectively in the year under
review. At the same time, construction of 2,032 housing units by State Department of
Housing was ongoing at a cost of KSh 3,670.3 million. The total number of completed private
residential and non-residential buildings in NCC rose by 16.3 per cent from 13,976 units in
2019 to 16,248 units in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 11.4: Reported Number of Private and Public Buildings Completed, 2016 – 2020
Number
Private (Nairobi City County) Public Residential
Non- National Housing State Department
Year Residential Total Total
Residential Corporation of Housing
2016..................... 8,806 1,462 10,268 240 822 1,062
2017..................... 9,864 2,038 11,902 0 1,164 1,164
2018..................... 10,785 1,940 12,725 180 250 430
2019..................... 11,802 2,174 13,976 100 430 530
2020*................... 13,221 3,027 16,248 2,332 338 2,670
Source: Nairobi City County, National Housing Corporation and The State Department of Housing
* Provisional
11.9. Table 11.5 shows reported value of new private buildings and public buildings completed
in Nairobi City County (NCC) and public buildings completed by State Department of
Housing and National Housing Corporation (NHC) for the period 2016 to 2020. Total value
of completed private buildings in Nairobi City County increased by 6.4 per cent from KSh 94.0
billion in 2019 to KSh 100.0 billion in 2020. In 2020, the value of public buildings completed
increased substantially to KSh 9,084.3 million compared to KSh 1,509.1 million in 2019. This
is mainly due to construction of low-cost houses by the State Department of Housing.
Table 11.5: Reported Value of Private and Public Buildings Completed, 2016 – 2020
KSh Million
Private (Nairobi City County) Public Residential
Year National Housing State Department for
Residential Non- Residential Total Total
Corporation Housing
2016........ 67,624.9 10,124.8 77,749.7 879.0 2,907.4 3,786.4
2017........ 74,347.1 11,781.3 86,128.4 0.0 2,347.0 2,347.0
2018........ 77,722.2 12,405.2 90,127.4 816.0 730.3 1,546.3
2019........ 80,346.5 13,635.8 93,982.3 370.2 1,138.8 1,509.1
2020*....... 85,239.6 14,801.7 100,041.3 1,737.3 7,347.0 9,084.3
Source: Nairobi City County, National Housing Corporation and the State Department for Housing
11.10. Table 11.6 shows the value of private building plans approved and completed buildings
issued with certificate of occupancy by Nairobi City County (NCC) for the period 2016 to
2020. The value of building plans approved decreased by 26.0 per cent from KSh 207.6 billion
in 2019 to KSh 153.6 billion in 2020. The value of completed buildings issued with certificate
of occupancy by NCC increased by 6.4 per cent to KSh 100.0 billion in 2020.
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Chapter 11: The Construction Sector
Table 11.6: Value of Private Building Plans Approved and Reported Building Works Completed in
Nairobi City County, 2016 – 2020
KSh Million
Year Building Plans Approved Building Works Completed1
2016.......................................... 308,361.4 77,749.7
2017.......................................... 240,752.0 86,128.4
2018.......................................... 210,296.7 90,127.4
2019.......................................... 207,624.9 93,982.3
2020*........................................ 153,575.4 100,041.3
Source: Nairobi City County
*Provisional
1
Exclude extensions
Government 11.11. Investment in housing and related infrastructure and services impacts on the national
Credit and income by triggering forward and backward linkages through additional investments in
Expenditures building materials production, transportation, marketing and informal sector, which is
on Housing involved in fabrication of construction materials.
11.12. Table 11.7 presents housing loans advanced by the National Housing Corporation by
County from 2017/18 to 2019/20. Notably no loans were disbursed during the period under
review. In 2018/19, loans amounting to KSh 106.0 million were disbursed to 49 individuals
in 16 counties.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 11.7: Housing Loans Advanced by National Housing Corporation by County, 2017/18-2019/20
2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Number of Number Number of
County
Loans KSh '000' of Loans KSh '000' Loans KSh '000'
Bungoma.................... 1 1,500.0 1 525.0 - -
Embu.......................... 1 1,800.0 1 2,500.0 - -
Kajiado........................ 4 10,050.0 5 6,287.5 - -
Kakamega................... - - 5 10,650.0 - -
Kiambu....................... 5 18,650.0 5 12,300.0 - -
Kirinyaga.................... 2 4,600.0 - - - -
Kisii............................. - - 3 7,400.0 - -
Kisumu........................ 2 3,850.0 5 8,560.0 - -
Kitui............................ 2 3,400.0 - - - -
Machakos.................... 8 16,880.0 1 7,200.0 - -
Makueni...................... 1 2,300.0 - - - -
Marsabit...................... 1 3,000.0 - - - -
Meru........................... 3 5,100.0 - - - -
Migori......................... - - 1 3,000.0 - -
Mombasa.................... 1 3,000.0 - - - -
Murang'a..................... - - 3 7,000.0 - -
Nairobi City................ 8 17,540.0 8 18,350.0 - -
Nakuru........................ 4 9,300.0 6 11,400.0 - -
Nyandarua.................. - - 1 3,000.0 - -
Vihiga.......................... - - 2 5,000.0 - -
Taita Taveta ................ 2 3,150.0 1 1,750.0 - -
Trans Nzoia................ - - 1 1,100.0 - -
Uasin Gishu................. 1 1,050.0 - - -
Total.......................... 46 105,170.0 49 106,022.5 Nil Nil
Source: National Housing Corporation
11.13. Table 11.8 shows approved and actual National Government expenditure on housing
from 2016/17 to 2019/20. In 2020/21, the Housing Department expects to receive KSh
18,125.3 million, a 34.9 per cent decrease from KSh 27,851.4 million in 2019/20. The actual
expenditure as a percentage of budget estimate declined from 92.5 per cent in 2018/19 to 89.5
per cent in 2019/20.
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Chapter 11: The Construction Sector
Table 11.8: Government Expenditure on Housing, 2016/17 – 2020/21
Expenditure in KSh Million Actual as a Percentage of
Year
Approved Actual Approved Expenditure
2016/17 17,497.7 15,242.7 87.1
2017/18 18,409.9 16,130.0 87.6
2018/19 26,810.0 24,793.0 92.5
2019/20* 27,851.4 24,930.2 89.5
2020/21+ 18,125.3
Source: State Department for Housing
* Provisional
+
D13Budget Estimates
Road 11.14. The Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure has continued to facilitate provision,
Construction maintenance and management of road infrastructure in support of Vision 2030 aspirations
in order to provide safe, efficient, accessible and sustainable transportation services. Table
11.9 presents National Government expenditure on roads from the financial years 2016/17 to
2020/21. The development expenditure for 2020/21 is projected at KSh 107.0 billion whereas
maintenance and recurrent expenditure is expected to rise from KSh 57.7 billion in 2019/20
to KSh 61.8 billion in 2020/21. The total expenditure on roads is expected to decrease by 18.5
per cent from KSh 207.2 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 168.9 billion in 2020/21.
Table 11.9: National Government Expenditure on Roads, 2016/17 - 2020/21
KSh Million
Financial Year 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21+
Development:
Trunk and primary Roads (A,B and C)………………………………….
63,887.0 52,029.0 47,760.6 77,098.0 62,600.0
Secondary and Minor Roads (D and E) ………………………………….
29,291.5 40,869.0 37,784.2 59,106.0 35,420.0
Miscellaneous Roads (Including Urban)………………………………….
20,004.0 11,883.6 11,116.5 13,251.0 9,002.0
Sub-total.......................................................................... 113,182.5 104,781.6 96,661.3 149,455.0 107,022.0
Recurrent:
Maintenance & Repair…………………………………. 60,468.6 53,830.0 57,815.8 57,738.0 61,833.0
Total................................................................................. 173,651.1 158,611.6 154,477.2 207,193.0 168,855.0
Source: State Department for Infrastructure and Kenya Roads Board
*Provisional
+
Budget Estimates
11.15. There has been continued development of rural roads under the R2000 programme,
which involves gravelling roads surfaces by use of low-volume-sealed roads technology with
cobblestone. The programme includes a contracting model that includes maintenance com-
ponent in the roads construction contracts that guarantee maintenance and sustenance of mo-
torable road surfaces. As shown in Table 11.10, several road works under the program were
executed by rehabilitation, routine maintenance and gravelling of new roads. During the pe-
riod under review, 4.6 thousand kilometres of additional length of roads were ongoing out
of which, 4.4 thousand kilometres were completed at an estimated construction cost of KSh
316.3 billion.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 11.10: Status of ongoing R2000 Programme for the Period, 2017-2020
Year 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Work Estimated Estimated Total Work Estimated Total Estimated
Additional Total Length Additional Total Length Work Done Additional Additional Work Done
County Done Project Cost Project Cost Length at Done Project Cost Length at Project Cost
(Km) at Start (Km) at Start (Km) (Km) (Km) (Km)
(Km) (KSh Million) (KSh Million) Start (Km) (KSh Million) Start (KSh Million)
Mombasa ..................... 12.2 12.2 12.2 866.1
Kwale............................. 74.0 74.0 1.0 3,024.6 73.0 146.0 40.3 6,293.3 - 105.7 34.9 6,293.3 22.2
93.0 57.7 4,188.1
Kilifi............................... 178.3 197.0 43.5 7,815.0 44.9 198.4 114.5 7,815.0 - 83.9 32.6 7,815.0 154.2
205.5 186.4 8,506.7
Tana River.................. 15.0 15.0 2.5 761.6 2.5 15.0 2.6 761.6 - 12.4 10.1 761.6 -2.4 2.4 761.6
Lamu ............................. -- - -
Taita Taveta ............... 136.0
136.0 42.8 6,020.7
Garisa............................ 7.3 7.3 0.4 519.9 - 6.9 6.9 519.9 - - - - -- - -
Wajir.............................. - - - - - - - - 90.0 90.0 24.5 4,027.5 -
65.5 32.8 4,027.5
Manderra..................... - - - - - - - - 70.0 70.0 3.3 2,800.0 3.3
66.7 3.6 3,222.8
Marsabit........................ 110.0 110.0 110.0 5,007.9 20.0 20.0 7.9 980.4 - 12.1 4.9 980.4 12.8
20.0 13.9 980.4
Isiolo.............................. 82.1 82.1 6.3 3,946.1 8.0 83.9 42.2 4,310.9 - 41.6 4.0 4,310.9 44.1
81.7 45.8 3,946.1
Meru.............................. 226.0 280.7 54.5 13,964.6 94.5 320.7 196.0 17,749.2 - 124.7 61.4 17,894.0 286.2
349.5 177.1 16,176.3
Tharaka Nithi............. 61.5 88.5 10.6 3,526.1 67.6 145.5 39.5 6,025.8 - 106.0 38.1 6,025.8 42.8
110.7 35.4 3,470.0
Embu.............................. 107.9 119.1 28.2 5,485.3 6.2 97.1 56.3 4,239.1 - 40.8 8.4 4,239.1 88.8
121.2 88.7 5,803.6
Kitui............................... 85.0 85.0 1.5 3,821.3 41.5 125.0 18.4 5,090.2 - 106.6 11.7 5,090.2 -
94.9 47.6 3,821.3
Machakos...................... 170.4 191.9 84.1 7,439.6 36.6 144.4 74.7 6,123.2 7.5 77.2 19.1 6,123.2 121.3
179.4 70.9 7,406.1
Makueni....................... 87.1 105.8 16.2 4,200.2 76.2 165.8 47.7 7,534.5 - 118.1 26.1 7,534.5 89.4
181.5 101.6 7,123.5
Nyandarua................... 58.7 58.7 9.3 3,148.1 72.8 122.2 38.7 4,648.1 - 83.5 22.4 4,648.1 33.9
95.0 10.5 5,573.2
Nyeri............................. 213.9 213.9 105.5 9,887.4 193.4 301.8 163.5 17,065.4 - 138.3 37.5 17,065.4 412.4
513.2 311.8 20,675.5
Kirinyaga..................... 64.0 64.0 9.8 2,804.9 158.8 213.0 87.5 9,653.8 - 125.5 19.1 9,653.8 161.3
267.7 188.9 11,580.8
Muranga....................... 238.0 238.0 41.1 11,848.4 178.1 375.0 149.2 18,156.8 - 225.8 92.6 18,156.8 229.6
362.8 233.9 18,501.6
Kiambu.......................... 263.1 263.1 51.8 12,529.2 328.8 540.1 258.4 24,487.8 - 334.2 98.1 26,546.8 262.2
498.4 404.6 24,579.5
Turkana........................ 153.0 153.0 0.3 6,948.7 0.3 153.0 17.1 6,948.7 - 135.9 13.7 6,948.7 30.7
153.0 43.0 6,948.7
West Pokot.................. 160.0 160.0 45.6 6,605.9 45.6 160.0 72.3 6,605.9 - 87.7 43.9 6,605.9 36.1
80.0 56.2 3,236.6
Samburu ....................... 51.0
51.0 49.1 2,025.2
Trans Nzoia................ 14.1 50.0 - 2,045.4 111.0 161.0 40.6 7,003.3 - 120.4 10.8 7,003.3 -
109.7 2.8 1,300.1
Uasin Gishu................ 295.2 340.5 176.5 17,742.2 231.0 395.0 174.5 18,715.9 - 220.5 63.0 18,715.9 287.7
445.3 298.0 21,547.2
Elgeyo - Marakwet... 17.1 47.7 45.0 2,470.1 69.3 72.0 71.3 5,198.2 - 0.7 0.7 5,198.2 231.0
231.0 142.1 10,412.7
Nandi............................. 178.2 180.0 32.2 8,119.3 - 147.8 - 6,657.8 32.2 180.0 42.8 7,854.0 137.2 50.6 2,978.1
Baringo......................... 216.6 262.0 134.7 10,294.8 64.7 192.0 30.3 9,476.3 - 161.7 49.1 9,476.3 293.4 406.0 270.6 16,253.0
Laikipia......................... 120.0 120.0 34.6 5,912.4 34.6 120.0 72.4 6,682.1 - 47.6 6.3 6,682.1 156.1 197.4 178.6 7,268.8
Nakuru.......................... 255.7 257.0 38.7 8,459.0 81.7 300.1 96.1 12,394.6 - 204.0 52.7 12,394.6 151.3 63.3 3,090.1
Narok............................. 20.0 20.0 6.7 720.3 128.7 142.0 30.8 5,125.2 - 111.2 35.3 5,125.2 206.1 282.0 183.1 10,132.9
Kajiado.......................... 70.0 70.0 - 3,037.6 135.0 205.0 92.6 7,837.6 - 112.4 68.7 7,837.6 161.3 205.0 127.7 9,786.0
Bomet............................ 188.2 188.2 17.5 7,131.7 17.5 188.2 95.5 7,131.7 - 92.7 78.2 7,131.7 216.9 231.4 161.7 9,885.8
Kericho......................... 181.2 183.0 42.0 8,913.8 72.0 213.0 68.3 10,299.8 - 144.7 97.6 10,299.8 132.2 179.2 141.7 8,091.1
Kakamega..................... 82.0 111.3 29.8 4,986.9 86.6 168.0 96.9 8,404.5 - 71.1 11.2 8,404.5 128.7 188.6 155.3 7,966.9
Vihiga............................ 84.0 84.0 57.0 3,195.2 - 27.0 8.1 977.6 - 18.9 2.5 977.6 30.1 46.5 26.5 1,932.7
Bungoma...................... 163.7 166.5 64.2 8,810.6 32.7 135.0 67.0 5,936.2 - 68.0 19.1 5,936.2 86.1 135.0 92.6 6,110.9
Busia............................... 55.2 63.0 27.0 3,168.6 - 36.0 27.4 2,980.5 - 8.6 7.1 2,980.5 33.5 35.0 29.7 1,680.3
Siaya............................... 53.8 69.0 25.0 3,212.5 - 44.0 21.7 3,612.5 - 22.3 11.4 3,612.5 10.9 9.8 253.3
Kisumu.......................... 48.0 48.0 4.3 2,005.2 - 43.7 9.1 1,726.8 5.4 40.0 8.0 1,726.8 111.0 143.0 77.2 5,690.8
Homa Bay..................... 139.0 139.0 12.7 4,644.9 12.7 139.0 21.5 4,644.9 - 117.5 22.7 4,644.9 46.3 141.0 27.1 5,051.6
Kisii................................ 261.3 280.0 32.9 12,699.1 61.5 308.6 168.2 15,145.8 - 140.4 83.0 15,145.8 80.6 138.0 16.4 6,776.5
Migori........................... 29.3 33.0 31.7 1,536.0 98.7 100.0 18.4 2,390.0 - 81.6 17.2 2,390.0 106.6 171.0 50.0 7,185.3
Nyamira........................ 71.8 88.6 41.0 4,717.6 41.6 89.2 54.3 5,438.4 - 34.9 19.1 5,438.4 80.2 96.0 73.3 4,319.1
Nairobi City................ 3.3 8.0 7.3 721.0 7.5 8.2 7.8 921.0 - 0.4 0.4 921.0 - - - -
Total................... 4,915.0 5,328.0 1,495.1 238,695.2 2,735.6 6,568.5 2,706.1 303,710.4 205.1 4,120.0 1,313.3 313,417.9 4,606.1 7,409.6 4,382.6 316,289.1
Source: Kenya Rural Roads Authority
*Provisional
11.16. As presented in Table 11.11, approximately 161,451.5 kilometres of the road network
in Kenya is classified. The surface types of these roads are classified as either paved or unpaved.
As at June 2020, the length of roads categorised as super highway roads increased to 157
kilometres. This was as result of reclassification of roads in class ‘A’ that were upgraded after
successful construction. The length of International Trunk roads, National Trunk roads and
Primary roads under bitumen increased to 5.1 thousand kilometres, 7.6 thousand kilometres
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Chapter 11: The Construction Sector
and 5.5 thousand kilometres, respectively by June 2020. The total paved roads were 22.6
thousand kilometres by June 2020, an increase of 6.1 per cent from 21.3 thousand kilometres
in June 2019.
Table 11.11: Kilometres of Roads by Type and Classification as at 30th June, 2016 - 2020
Kilometres
Earth/Gravel (Unpaved) Bitumen(Paved)
Surface Type/Year
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Road Class
Super Highway (S)............................. - - - - 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 157.00
International Trunk Roads (A)... 3,700.00 3,427.00 3,008.30 2,623.30 2,538.75 3,917.40 4,191.00 4,609.00 4,994.00 5,078.55
National Trunk Roads (B).............. 7,625.00 7,062.00 6,743.00 6,260.00 8,797.99 3,226.40 3,789.00 4,109.00 4,592.00 7,622.99
Primary Roads ( C ) .......................... 18,706.20 17,325.00 17,131.10 15,950.00 15,899.00 2,739.30 4,120.50 4,313.90 5,495.00 5,546.00
Secondary Roads (D)........................ 10,602.10 9,819.00 9,424.23 9,224.23 8,550.60 521.20 1,304.50 1,698.77 1,898.77 1,225.14
Sub-total.................................. 40,633.30 37,633.00 36,306.63 34,057.53 35,786.34 10,485.20 13,485.90 14,811.57 17,060.67 19,629.68
Minor Roads ( E)................................ 13,276.40 12,973.78 12,842.76 12,642.76 10,538.98 771.20 1,073.72 1,204.85 1,404.85 717.00
Special Purpose Roads (F).............. 9,309.80 9,185.88 9,122.20 9,057.20 8,953.70 315.80 439.34 503.50 568.50 465.00
Unclassified Roads (G)................... 85,198.40 84,624.94 84,524.90 84,398.90 83,523.80 1,461.40 2,034.94 2,135.09 2,261.09 1,837.00
Sub-total.................................. 107,784.60 106,784.60 106,489.86 106,098.86 103,016.48 2,548.40 3,548.00 3,843.44 4,234.44 3,019.00
Grand Total................................ 148,417.90 144,417.60 142,796.49 140,156.39 138,802.82 13,033.60 17,033.90 18,655.01 21,295.11 22,648.68
Source: Kenya Roads Boards
* Provisional
Some road classes will be classfied to a higher class after construction and upgrading
A superhighway (S)-Highway connecting two or more cities/towns meant to carry safely a large volume of traffic at the highest legal speed of operation.
International Trunk Road (A) -Roads forming strategic routes and corridors, connecting international boundaries at identified immigration entry and exit points and international terminals such as
international air or sea ports.
National Trunk Road (B) - Roads forming important national routes,linking national trading or economic hubs, County headquarters and other nationally important centres to each other and to the
national capital or to Class A roads.
Primary Road (C) - Roads forming important regional routes,linking County headquarters or other regionally important centers, to each other and to Class A or B roads. Required to collect regional and
local traffic and channel it to class A and B roads.
Secondary Road (D) - Roads linking constituency headquarters,Municipal or Town Council Centers and other towns to each other and to higher class roads. Required to collect local traffic from lower
class roads and channel it to the higher class roads.
Minor Road (E)- Major Feeder Roads linking important Constituency centres to each other and meant to carry local traffic and to channel it to class D roads.
11.17. Table 11.12 presents information on major road works being constructed, maintained,
improved, and rehabilitated during the financial year 2020/21. Overall, a total of KSh 168.0
billion is expected to be utilised on road works in progress covering a total distance of 5,997.3
kilometres. A total of KSh 4.2 billion is expected to be used to build 7.72 kilometres of bridges,
while KSh 144.1 billion is earmarked for the construction and improvement of 3,625.4
kilometres of roads. A total of KSh 7.5 billion is expected to be used to build 279.4 kilometres
of dualling. Lastly, KSh 12.2 billion has been earmarked for upgrading of 2,084.8 kilometres
of roads.
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Economic Survey 2021
11.18. Some of the major road construction projects ongoing in Kenya include the Nairobi
Expressway, which is a proposed four-lane toll dual carriageway connecting the James Gichuru
Road to the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport ( JKIA), which is planned to have 10 points
of interchange when complete. The Expressway has 108-kilometre lane length and was at 16.6
per cent completion by 31st December 2020 at an estimated construction cost of KSh 63.8
billion. Another milestone achieved was the construction of the floating bridge across Likoni
Channel, which is 2.1 kilometres constructed at a cost of KSh 2.0 billion. The Kibwezi –
Kitui – Migwani road was at 73.0 per cent completion by 31st December 2020. Other ongoing
roads include Lokitaung Junction to Lodwar road, which was at 82.2 per cent completion and
Nairobi Western Bypass at 33.0 per cent completion during the same period. Notably the
upgraded Kainuk Bridge and the Narok – Sekenani road were completed during the period
under review.
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Chapter 11: The Construction Sector
Table 11.12: Selected Road Works in Progress as at December 2020
Project Name Length (Km) % Completion Amount (KSh Million)
Bridge/ Interchange Constructed
Kainuk Bridge (Including Fibre Optic civil works)............................................................................... 5.60 97.0 897.65
Floating Bridge Across Likoni Channel..................................................................................................... 2.12 100.0 1,962.00
Interchange at Ahero Jn(A1/B1..................................................................................................................... - 86.0 671.88
Interchange at Kericho Jn(B1/C23)............................................................................................................. - 100.0 671.88
Sub total............................................................................................................ 7.72 4,203.41
Roads under Construction
Kibwezi - Mutomo - Kitui................................................................................................................................... 384.00 73.0 18,404.89
Capacity enhancement of James Gichuru - Rironi (25.3km)............................................................. 156.00 33.0 16,366.59
Kisii – Ahero........................................................................................................................................................... 384.00 61.0 9,467.00
Isebania - Kisii........................................................................................................................................................ 368.00 40.0 8,597.82
Lokitaung Junction – Kalobeiyei River (Lot2)........................................................................................ 160.00 58.0 8,454.76
Lodwar - Lokitaung Junction (Lot1)............................................................................................................. 160.00 82.2 8,334.77
Nuno-Modogashe (A13).................................................................................................................................... 270.00 97.0 7,209.44
Loichangamatak – Lodwar (Lot0)................................................................................................................... 100.00 60.0 6,782.44
Mombasa – Kwa Jomvu Rd (A109)................................................................................................................ 80.00 82.2 6,016.87
Kalobeiyei River — Nadapal (88 km) road section................................................................................ 176.00 62.0 2,307.40
Eldoret Bypass........................................................................................................................................................ 64.00 35.0 5,079.52
Chiakariga – Meru (C92)................................................................................................................................... 110.00 99.0 4,667.64
Kitale – Endebes - Suam..................................................................................................................................... 90.00 46.8 4,474.99
Kisumu - Kakamega.............................................................................................................................................. 141.60 99.0 4,452.05
Kakamega - Kaburengu (Webuye) New...................................................................................................... 80.00 97.0 4,168.69
Uplands - Githunguri.......................................................................................................................................... 94.00 41.0 3,988.06
Mwache – Tsunza – Mteza................................................................................................................................ 35.80 5.0 3,790.00
Nairobi Western Bypass.................................................................................................................................... 77.20 33.0 3,140.00
Posta (Naibor) - Kisima- Maralal.................................................................................................................... 130.00 50.0 2,689.25
Kisumu Boys - Mamboleo.................................................................................................................................. 18.40 89.0 2,565.08
Magongo (A109L) Road: Phase II................................................................................................................. 23.10 56.9 2,420.33
Nyaru - Iten............................................................................................................................................................. 128.00 65.0 2,241.82
Narok - Sekenani................................................................................................................................................... 164.00 98.0 2,194.33
Mteza – Kibundani Section............................................................................................................................... 27.20 41.0 1,520.00
James Gichuru junction – Rironi (Uhuru Highway) ............................................................................ 26.00 46.0 1,305.00
Ugunja-Nyadorera-Ruambwa.......................................................................................................................... 53.48 96.0 1,241.81
Mau Narok-Kisiriri (B18).................................................................................................................................. 68.00 57.0 1,222.22
Busia – Malaba........................................................................................................................................................ 56.60 80.0 961.36
Sub total............................................................................................................ 3,625.38 144,064.11
Dualling -
Mombasa - Mariakani Road (Lot 1: Msa - Kwa Jomvu)......................................................................... 45.80 86.0 5,130.00
Mombasa - Mariakani Road (Lot 2: Kwa Jomvu - Mariakani)............................................................ 121.60 9.0 1,960.14
Athi River - Machakos Turnoff Road............................................................................................................ 40.00 74.0 221.00
Thika - Kenol - Marua Lot 2 (Sagana - Marua Section).......................................................................... 72.00 - 200.00
Sub total............................................................................................................ 279.40 7,511.14
Upgrading -
Informal Settlements Road Program............................................................................................................ 816.00 - 3,800.00
Lokitaung Junction to Lodwar......................................................................................................................... 160.00 89.0 2,572.40
Lodwar-Loichangamatak (50 km) road section......................................................................................... 100.00 76.0 1,900.60
Loichangamatak - Lokichar (40 km) road section..................................................................................... 80.00 2.0 1,241.00
Garsen - Witu - Lamu Road(C112)............................................................................................................... 270.00 66.0 800.00
Mau Mau Road Lot 1A......................................................................................................................................... 210.00 2.0 605.00
Makupa Bridge and Approaches ..................................................................................................................... 2.80 - 400.00
Njabini-Kinyona................................................................................................................................................... 137.60 2.0 250.00
Naivasha - Njabini................................................................................................................................................. 64.00 8.0 250.00
Rehabilitation & Improvement of Thika - Magumu Road................................................................... 136.00 1.0 250.00
James Gichuru - JKIA Expressway ( Nairobi Expressway).................................................................. 108.40 15.0 170.00
Sub total............................................................................................................ 2,084.80 12,239.00
Grand Total....................................................................................................... 5,997.30 168,017.66
Source: Kenya National Highways Authority and Kenya Urban Roads Authority
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Rail 11.19. Table 11.13 presents the status of construction and rehabilitation of Meter Gauge
Statistics Railways (MGRs). The revitalization of Thika-Nanyuki line was successfully completed as at
31st December 2020. The revamping of Longonot-Malaba route with a total length of 465.0
kilometres was ongoing with 85.0 per cent completion by December 2020 while the Naivasha
ICD to Longonot link which is 23.4 kilometres was 85.0 per cent complete in the same period.
During the period under review, the Nairobi Commuter Rail Rehabilitation project which
includes rehabilitation of Nairobi-Konza line, Makadara-Embakasi line, Nairobi-Kikuyu line
and Makadara-Ruiru line with percentage completion of 73.2, 88.3, 59.3 and 80.0 per cent,
respectively by December 2020.
Table 11.13: The Status of Rehabilitation of MGRs as at 31st December 2020
Routes Length in Kilometres Percentage Completion
Thika- Nanyuki.......................................... 177.2 100.0
ICD Naivasha – MGR Longonot Link....... 23.4 85.0
Longonot – Malaba Line............................ 465 85.0
Nakuru – Kisumu ...................................... 216.7 85.0
Nairobi – Kikuyu ........................................ 31 59.3
Nairobi – Konza ......................................... 75 73.2
Makadara – Embakasi ................................. 7.2 88.3
Makadara – Ruiru ....................................... 26 80.0
Source: Kenya Railways
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Chapter 12: Tourism Sector
Tourism Sector Chapter
12
Overview
T he outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019 resulted
in governments across the Globe introducing containment measures which
included travel restrictions, social distancing measures, and isolation guidelines.
These measures negatively affected all the tourism key performance indicators. During
the period under review, international arrivals and domestic departures declined mainly
due to travel restrictions put in place to contain the spread of the virus. The Kenyan
Government suspended international passenger flights from 25th March to 31st July
2020 to contain the spread of COVID-19 which led to the number of international visitor
arrivals declining by 71.5 per cent from 2,035.4 thousand in 2019 to 579.6 thousand in 2020.
Consequently, tourism earnings declined by 43.9 per cent from KSh 163.6 billion in 2019
to KSh 91.7 billion in 2020. Domestic tourism was equally constrained by restriction of
movement of persons within Nairobi Metropolitan and Mombasa as well as suppression of
most socio-economic activities during the second and third quarter of 2020.
12.2. During 2020 hotel bed-nights occupancy contracted by 58.0 per cent to 3,803.0
thousand. The number of international and local conferences held declined by 87.0 per cent
and 75.2 per cent to 28 and 1,176 respectively, in 2020. The number of visitors to national
parks and game reserves declined by 65.1 per cent to 1,037.0 thousand in 2020. Similarly, the
number of visitors to museums, snake parks and historical sites declined by 83.8 per cent from
990.2 thousand in 2019 to 160.7 thousand in 2020.
Visitor 12.3. International visitor arrivals dropped significantly by 71.5 per cent from 2,035.4 thousand
Arrivals in 2019 to 579.6 thousand in 2020 as shown in Figure 12.1. Consequently, tourism earnings
declined by 43.9 per cent from KSh 163.6 billion in 2019 to KSh 91.7 billion in 2020.
Figure 12.1: Number of International Visitor Arrivals and Tourism Earnings, 2016-2020
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12.4. Monthly international visitor arrivals through Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
( JKIA) and Moi International Airport (MIA) are depicted in Figures 12.2(a) and 12.2 (b),
respectively. International visitor arrivals through the JKIA in January and February 2020
stood at 113.1 thousand and 106.4 thousand compared to 107.0 thousand and 107.1 thousand
recorded during the same months in 2019. Visitor arrivals declined to 43.3 thousand in March
2020 when Kenya reported its first case of COVID-19 and remained relatively low up to July
2020. The last five months of 2020 recorded gradual increase in visitor arrivals through JKIA
to stand at 43.2 thousand in December. Similarly, international visitor arrivals through MIA in
January and February 2020 declined marginally to 12.2 thousand and 11.1 thousand compared
to 15.7 thousand and 12.9 thousand recorded in January and February 2019, respectively. A
decline of 63.9 per cent was recorded in March 2020 and the number of international arrivals
remained low up to July 2020. Overall, visitor arrivals through JKIA dropped by 72.0 per cent
to 399.9 thousand in 2020 while visitor arrivals through MIA contracted by 70.1 per cent to
34.1 thousand during the same period. The contraction in visitor arrivals through JKIA and
MIA was mainly attributed to travel restriction measures put in place in our tourist source
markets and suspension of international passenger flights by the Kenyan government to
mitigate the spread of the virus.
Figure 12.2(a): Number of Monthly International Visitor Arrivals through JKIA, 2019-2020
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Figure 12.2(b): Number of Monthly International Visitor Arrivals through MIA, 2019-2020
12.5. The number of international visitor arrivals through MIA, JKIA and other border points
for the period 2016 to 2020 are shown in Figure 12.2 (c). The combined international visitor
arrivals through MIA and JKIA declined by 71.9 per cent to 434.1 thousand, jointly accounting
for 74.9 per cent of total arrivals in 2020. Similarly, visitor arrivals through other border points
contracted by 70.3 per cent to 145.5 thousand in 2020.
Figure 12.2(c): Number of International Visitor Arrivals through MIA and JKIA, and Other Border
Points, 2016-2020
12.6. Table 12.1 presents international visitor arrivals by quarter and purpose of visit from
2016 to 2020. During the period under review, visitor arrivals for all the quarters declined.
International visitor arrivals during the first quarter decreased by 18.7 per cent from 479.1
thousand in 2019 to 389.6 thousand in 2020. International visitor arrivals in the second and
third quarter declined by 99.7 per cent and 91.9 per cent to 1.2 thousand and 48.1 thousand
respectively, in 2020. The drastic drops in international visitor arrivals during the second and
third quarter were mainly due to the suspension of international passenger flights between 25th
March and 31st July, 2020. During the fourth quarter, the magnitude of decline in international
visitor arrivals slowed down to 71.8 per cent from 498.5 thousand in 2019 to 140.7 thousand
in 2020. This was mainly attributed to lifting of the suspension of international passenger
flights on 1st August 2020 and relaxation of some restrictive measures put in place to curb the
spread of the corona virus.
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Economic Survey 2021
12.7. Overall, the number of international visitor arrivals dropped by 71.5 per cent from 2,035.4
thousand in 2019 to 579.6 thousand in 2020. The number of visitors on holiday decreased
from 1,288.9 thousand in 2019 to 134.9 thousand in 2020. Similarly, the number of visitors
on transit decreased by 78.5 per cent to 37.2 thousand, while those on business decreased by
37.5 per cent to 171.1 thousand in 2020. Visitors on holiday constituted 23.3 per cent of total
international arrivals as shown in Figure 12.2(d). The share of visitors under “Other” and on
business was 40.8 per cent and 29.5 per cent of total arrivals in 2020, respectively.
Table 12.1: Number of International Visitor Arrivals by Purpose of Visit, 2016-2020
'000
Quarter Purpose 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
st
1 Qtr. Holiday ....... 280.0 306.1 350.4 317.5 90.7
Business........ 50.2 70.6 62.1 67.7 115.0
Transit ......... 20.5 25.5 26.0 33.8 25.0
Other ........... 33.0 21.4 35.1 60.1 159.0
TOTAL ....... 383.7 423.7 473.5 479.1 389.6
2nd Qtr. Holiday ....... 248.8 280.8 315.2 279.2 0.3
Business........ 56.3 64.9 56.6 62.3 0.4
Transit ......... 23.0 43.8 24.8 40.4 0.1
Other ........... 39.8 33.3 53.0 79.3 0.5
TOTAL ....... 367.8 422.7 449.6 461.2 1.2
3rd Qtr. Holiday ....... 355.5 335.0 446.1 361.8 11.2
Business........ 68.2 63.1 80.6 83.5 14.2
Transit ......... 22.2 18.7 22.6 53.3 3.1
Other ........... 45.5 77.7 50.4 98.0 19.6
TOTAL ....... 491.3 494.4 599.7 596.6 48.1
4th Qtr. Holiday ....... 312.6 296.0 386.1 329.8 32.7
Business........ 49.3 46.1 57.9 60.3 41.5
Transit ......... 23.2 16.9 23.6 45.4 9.0
Other ........... 38.0 78.8 37.3 63.0 57.4
TOTAL ....... 423.2 437.6 504.9 498.5 140.7
Annual Holiday ....... 1,196.8 1,217.8 1,497.7 1,288.4 134.9
Business........ 224.0 244.7 257.2 273.8 171.1
Transit ......... 88.9 104.8 97.1 172.9 37.2
Other1 ......... 156.3 211.2 175.8 300.4 236.5
TOTAL ....... 1,666.0 1,778.4 2,027.7 2,035.4 579.6
Source: Directorate of Immigration Service
*Provisional
1
"Other" category include: Medical, Religious Mission/Volunteer, Sports, Health, Study, Visiting Friends and
Relatives, Others/Not Stated.
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Figure 12.2(d): International Visitor Arrivals by Purpose of Visit, 2020
Visitor 12.8. Table 12.2 presents details on international visitor departures by purpose of visit and
Departures quarter for the period 2016 to 2020. The number of departing visitors declined significantly
by 70.2 per cent from 1,898.0 thousand in 2019 to 565.0 thousand in 2020. The decline in
international visitor departures was recorded in all quarters with the second and third quarters
recording drops of 98.3 per cent and 91.7 per cent, respectively. Departing visitors on holiday
declined by 94.4 per cent to 65.5 thousand, while visitors on transit and business decreased by
89.4 per cent and 56.6 per cent to 15.8 and 115.9 thousand, respectively in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 12.2: Number of International Visitor Departures by Purpose of Visit, 2016-2020
‘000
Quarter Purpose...... 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
st
1 Qtr. Holiday ....... 238.4 259.6 314.4 298.8 45.5
Business ....... 56.7 63.6 55.7 65.6 80.6
Transit ........ 25.7 29.7 23.3 28.3 11.0
Other1 ........ 36.3 44.7 31.5 50.6 255.6
Total........... 357.1 397.6 424.9 443.3 392.7
2nd Qtr. Holiday ....... 231.7 261.3 285.2 257.2 0.8
Business ....... 52.4 58.1 51.2 59.2 1.4
Transit ........ 21.4 29.2 22.5 33.5 0.2
Other1 ........ 37.1 41.4 48.0 66.7 4.5
Total........... 342.5 390.1 406.9 416.6 6.9
3rd Qtr. Holiday ....... 325.0 297.0 424.2 352.0 5.5
Business ....... 64.8 70.3 76.6 83.1 9.7
Transit ........ 21.1 31.6 21.5 48.1 1.3
Other1 ........ 56.2 68.5 48.0 89.0 30.9
Total........... 467.1 467.4 570.3 572.2 47.4
4th Qtr. Holiday ....... 302.4 273.2 347.6 318.2 13.7
Business ....... 46.8 54.4 52.2 59.4 24.2
Transit ........ 22.0 25.4 21.3 39.4 3.3
Other1 ........ 30.3 35.3 33.6 48.9 76.8
Total........... 401.6 388.2 454.7 465.9 118.0
Annual Holiday ....... 1,097.5 1,091.1 1,371.5 1,226.3 65.5
Business ....... 220.8 246.4 235.7 267.3 115.9
Transit ........ 90.2 115.8 88.6 149.3 15.8
Other1 ........ 159.8 190.0 161.0 255.1 367.8
Total........... 1,568.3 1,643.3 1,856.8 1,898.0 565.0
Source: Directorate of Immigration Services
*Provisional
1
"Others" category include: Medical, Religious Mission/Volunteer, Sports, Health, Study, Visiting Friends
and Relatives, Others/Not Stated.
12.9. Table 12.3 shows the number of departing visitors by country of residence and purpose
of visit from 2018 to 2020. During the review period, the share of departing residents of Africa
was the highest at 37.6 per cent followed by residents of Europe with a share of 32.7 per cent.
Departing residents of Europe and African countries decreased by 87.6 per cent and 91.7 per
cent to 64.5 thousand and 48.8 thousand, respectively in 2020. Similarly, departing residents
of Asia and North America declined by 89.7 per cent and 88.1 per cent to 25.2 thousand and
29.0 thousand, respectively.
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Chapter 12: Tourism Sector
Table 12.3: Number of Departing Visitors by Country of Residence and Purpose of Visit, 2018-2020
` ‘000
Country of Holiday Business Transit Total1
Residence 2018 2019 2020* 2018 2019 2020* 2018 2019 2020* 2018 2019 2020*
Germany 55.3 46.1 2.8 9.5 10.1 4.9 3.6 5.6 0.7 68.4 61.8 8.4
United
Kingdom 135.9 116.3 6.3 23.3 25.4 11.0 8.8 14.2 1.5 168.0 155.8 18.8
Switzerland 9.8 9.0 0.6 1.7 2.0 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.1 12.2 12.0 1.8
Italy 43.0 32.3 2.1 7.4 7.0 3.8 2.8 3.9 0.5 53.2 43.3 6.4
France 34.8 34.3 2.0 6.0 7.5 3.5 2.3 4.2 0.5 43.0 46.0 5.9
Scandinavia 42.1 35.7 2.6 7.2 7.8 4.6 2.7 4.3 0.6 52.1 47.8 7.8
Other Europe 109.5 113.4 5.1 18.8 24.7 9.1 7.1 13.8 1.2 135.4 152.0 15.5
TOTAL
EUROPE 430.3 387.1 21.4 74.0 84.4 37.9 27.9 47.1 5.2 532.2 518.6 64.5
USA 163.1 156.2 8.1 28.0 34.0 14.4 10.6 19.0 2.0 201.7 209.2 24.5
Canada 30.5 26.2 1.5 5.2 5.7 2.7 2.0 3.2 0.4 37.7 35.1 4.5
TOTAL
NORTH
AMERICA 193.6 182.3 9.6 33.3 39.8 17.0 12.6 22.2 2.3 239.4 244.3 29.0
Uganda 106.8 96.7 5.5 18.4 21.1 9.8 6.9 11.8 1.3 132.1 129.5 16.6
Tanzania 129.1 96.7 4.8 22.2 21.1 8.5 8.4 11.8 1.2 159.7 129.6 14.5
Burundi 17.2 16.6 1.0 3.0 3.6 1.7 1.1 2.0 0.2 21.3 22.3 2.9
Rwanda 20.8 24.2 1.9 3.6 5.3 3.3 1.3 3.0 0.5 25.7 32.5 5.7
South Sudan 12.9 14.2 1.1 2.2 3.1 2.0 0.8 1.7 0.3 15.9 19.1 3.4
Other Africa 214.5 190.4 10.3 36.9 41.5 18.2 13.4 23.2 2.5 264.8 255.0 31.0
TOTAL
AFRICA 501.3 438.8 24.7 86.2 95.7 18.2 32.1 53.4 6.0 619.6 587.9 48.8
India 91.9 76.6 3.4 15.8 16.7 6.0 6.0 9.3 0.8 113.6 102.6 10.1
Japan 9.5 8.8 0.4 1.6 1.9 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.1 11.8 11.7 1.3
Israel 4.5 3.2 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 5.5 4.4 0.5
Other Asia 102.6 93.5 4.4 17.6 20.4 7.8 6.7 11.4 1.1 126.9 125.3 13.2
TOTAL ASIA 208.5 182.2 8.4 35.8 39.7 14.8 13.5 22.2 2.0 257.8 244.1 25.2
Australia and
New Zealand 23.3 20.7 0.9 4.0 4.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 0.2 28.8 27.7 2.6
All Other
Countries 14.6 15.1 0.6 2.5 3.3 1.1 0.9 1.8 0.1 18.0 20.3 1.8
TOTAL 1,371.5 1,226.3 65.5 235.7 267.3 115.8 88.6 149.3 15.8 1,695.8 1,642.9 197.2
Source: Directorate of Immigration Services
*Provisional
1
Excludes visitors whose purpose of visit is categorized as "Other"
12.10. Table 12.4 presents the number of visitor-days stayed by purpose of visit for the period
2016 to 2020. The total visitor-days stayed reduced significantly from 19,936.9 thousand in
2019 to 4,663.2 thousand in 2020. The number of visitor-days stayed for those on holiday
contracted by 87.4 per cent to 2,023.0 thousand while visitor days for those on business reduced
by 26.7 per cent to 2,565.9 thousand. The average length of stay for all visitors shortened from
12.1 days in 2019 to 9.0 days in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Hotel Bed Table 12.4: Number of Visitor-Days Stayed by Purpose of Visit, 2016-2020
Occupancy ‘000
Purpose 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Holiday ……………………………………………. 15,412.0 15,321.0 16,258.0 16,064.5 2,023.0
Business ……………………………………………………….. 2,937.0 3,277.0 3,135.0 3,501.6 2,565.9
Transit……………………………………………………………. 226.0 290.0 222.0 370.7 74.3
Total ……………………………………………………………………. 18,575.0 18,888.0 19,615.0 19,936.9 4,663.2
Average length of stay in days ……………………………………..
13.2 13.0 11.6 12.1 9.0
* Prov is ional
Number of v is itor day s tay ed means number of day s v is itors s tay s in the country
PISCES s y s tem captures date when a pers on enters and leav es the country there by giv ing the length of s tay
12.11. Figure 12.3 shows monthly hotel bed occupancy rates for 2019 and 2020. Hotel bed
occupancy was highest in February at 28.2 per cent followed by January at 26.5 per cent
in 2020. There was a high decline in hotel bed occupancy from March to September 2020
compared to the corresponding period in 2019. This was mainly due to the measures put in
place to curb the spread of COVID-19.
Figure 12.3: Monthly Hotel Bed Occupancy Rates, 2019-2020
12.12. Table 12.5 presents bed-night occupancy in hotels by visitors’ country of residence
from 2016 to 2020. The number of bed-nights occupied declined by 58.0 per cent from 9,058.2
thousand in 2019 to 3,803.0 thousand in 2020. The number of hotel bed nights occupied by
residents of Kenya decreased by 36.6 per cent to 2,567.0 thousand to account for 67.5 per cent
of total hotel bed nights occupied in 2020. Bed-nights occupancy by nationals from Europe
and Asia decreased by 73.1 per cent and 84.7 per cent to 719.0 thousand and 108.7 thousand,
respectively, in 2020. Similarly, bed night occupancy by residents of Africa dropped by 75.4
per cent from 607.1 thousand in 2019 to 149.4 thousand in 2020. Available hotel bed nights
declined by 20.5 per cent from 26,835.7 thousand in 2019 to 21,326.1 thousand in 2020,
partly attributed to closure of hotel facilities due to challenging business environment. Due to
the depressed arrival of visitors and COVID-19 containment measures, hotel bed occupancy
rate declined from 33.8 per cent in 2019 to 17.8 per cent in 2020.
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Chapter 12: Tourism Sector
Table 12.5: Hotel Bed-Nights Occupancy by Country of Residence, 2016-2020
Country of Residence 2016 2017 2018 2019 + 2020*
Domestic Tourism
Kenya Residents …………………………………………………
3,495.9 3,645.1 4,559.8 4,047.3 2,567.0
International Tourism
Permanent Occupants1 ………………………………………..
87.0 127.5 44.7 99.0 30.1
Germany …………………………………………………………..
685.4 762.7 934.2 1,132.6 182.7
Switzerland ………………………………………………………
63.2 78.3 85.3 109.4 20.4
United Kingdom …………………………………………
211.6 258.6 285.6 341.3 81.1
Italy …………………………………………………………
88.3 91.6 103.1 184.6 117.4
France ………………………………………………………………
89.9 97.1 193.3 166.7 56.5
Scandinavia …………………………………………………………
76.5 80.1 109.6 101.7 41.0
Other Europe …………………………………………………………..
344.4 395.6 566.7 639.0 219.7
EUROPE ……………………………………………………………
1,559.3 1,764.1 2,277.7 2,675.4 719.0
Uganda ……………………………………………………………….
77.4 76.8 81.1 105.8 32.7
Tanzania ………………………………………………………………..
58.3 51.0 58.9 77.5 23.6
East and Central Africa …………………………………………………………
105.3 110.7 133.4 171.0 35.7
West Africa …………………………………………………………………………
59.3 67.0 74.7 84.0 18.8
North Africa ……………………………………………………………
32.0 40.3 28.4 35.8 10.7
65.5 74.9
South Africa ……………………………………………………………………
70.6 92.0 17.5
34.6
Other Africa ………………………………………………………………..
49.8 54.0 41.0 10.5
AFRICA …………………………………………………………………………
452.6 445.9 505.5 607.1 149.4
U.S.A ……………………………………………………………..
254.3 287.3 346.0 426.9 122.3
Canada ………………………………………………………………….
43.3 54.6 69.3 81.2 21.2
Other America ………………………………………………………..
25.6 39.4 44.6 47.1 12.0
AMERICA …………………………………………………………….
323.2 381.3 459.9 555.3 155.5
Japan …………………………………………………………..
39.1 42.4 48.2 64.2 13.2
India ………………………………………………………..
120.3 165.1 167.2 202.2 28.9
Middle East ……………………………………………………
49.4 46.2 54.7 71.0 17.2
China …………………………………………. 131.9 192.3 230.5 297.2 26.4
Other Asia ………………………………………………………
45.5 45.9 58.0 77.8 23.0
ASIA ……………………………………………………
386.2 491.8 558.6 712.4 108.7
Australia and New Zealand ………………………..46.9 71.1 78.2 89.9 13.4
All Other Countries …………………………………………………..
97.5 247.4 133.5 271.8 59.9
6,448.5
Total-Occupied ……………………………………… 7,174.2 8,617.9 9,058.2 3,803.0
21,258.5 22,987.1
Total-Available …………………………………………………. 26,500.6 26,835.7 21,326.1
Occupancy rate % ……………………………………..
30.3 31.2 32.5 33.8 17.8
*Provisional
+
Revised
1
Persons staying one month or more in one hotel, including some block bookings for air crew
12.13. Table 12.6 shows hotel bed-nights occupancy by zone for the period 2016 to 2020. In
2020, hotel bed-nights in the Coastal Beach decreased by 57.0 per cent to 1,502.6 thousand
and accounted for the highest proportion of total hotel bed-nights occupancy at 39.5 per
cent. Over the same period, the number of hotel bed-nights occupied in Nairobi High Class
dropped by 59.9 per cent from 1,430.6 thousand in 2019 to 573.7 thousand in 2020. Similarly,
the number of hotel bed-nights occupied in Masailand decreased by 78.6 to 171.2 thousand
in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 12.6: Number of Hotel Bed-Nights by Zone, 2016-2020
'000
Zone 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Coastal Beach ………………………………….
2,286.3 2,670.4 3,329.0 3,491.3 1,502.6
Coastal Other ……………………………… 197.2 209.0 280.4 285.1 87.2
Coastal Hinterland ……………………………….
177.5 173.8 107.5 112.0 110.0
Nairobi High Class ………………………………
1,076.3 1,165.5 1,371.7 1,430.6 573.7
Nairobi Other …………………………………..
445.1 507.3 657.0 774.3 318.3
Central …………………………….. 691.6 745.5 1,128.5 947.9 421.2
Masailand …………………………… 655.5 732.1 827.0 801.0 171.2
Nyanza Basin ………………………….. 325.4 295.2 226.0 382.5 181.2
Western ……………………………… 493.6 572.0 560.3 695.0 357.4
Northern ………………………………. 100.0 103.3 130.6 138.6 80.3
Total-Occupied ……………………..
6,448.5 7,174.2 8,617.9 9,058.2 3,803.0
Total-Available ………………………
21,258.5 22,987.1 26,500.6 26,835.7 21,326.1
*Provisional
12.14. Figure 12.4 shows the number of bed-nights occupied along the coastal strip, excluding
the Coastal hinterland in 2019 and 2020. Bed-night occupancy in the North Coast declined
by 56.8 per cent from 1,464.4 thousand in 2019 to 632.0 thousand in 2020. Similarly, bed-
night occupancy within Mombasa Island declined by 62.3 per cent from 463.8 thousand bed-
nights in 2019 to 174.8 thousand bed-nights in 2020. Bed-night occupancy in the South Coast
declined by 55.0 per cent from 1,556.0 thousand in 2019 to 700.9 thousand in 2020. Similarly,
bed-night occupancy in Kilifi, Malindi and Lamu decreased by 71.0 per cent to 83.4 thousand
during the review period.
Figure 12.4: Bed-Nights Occupancy at the Coast, 2019-2020
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Chapter 12: Tourism Sector
12.15. Table 12.7 presents hotel bed-nights occupied by area and country of residence for
2019 and 2020. In 2020, Kenyan residents dominated hotel bed nights’ occupancy in all areas
accounting for 56.2, 61.0 and 65.4 per cent of bed occupancy in Nairobi, Coast and Game
lodges, respectively. Residents of USA mainly preferred Nairobi and Game lodges accounting
for 7.9 per cent and 9.8 per cent of hotel bed occupancy in those areas respectively, while
residents of Germany, France and other European countries preferred the Coast.
217
Table 12.7: Hotel Bed-Nights Occupancy by Area and Country of Residence, 2019-2020
'000
Nairobi Coast Lodges2 Others Total
Country of Residence
2019 2020* 2019 2020* 2019 2020* 2019 2020* 2019 2020*
Permanent Occupants1 … 8.5 5.1 19.0 3.8 19.1 1.4 52.3 19.8 99.0 30.1
Germany .......................... 65.2 13.0 961.2 155.8 49.5 8.8 56.7 5.2 1,132.6 182.7
Switzerland ....................... 11.9 4.2 74.7 12.9 11.9 2.0 10.8 1.3 109.4 20.4
Economic Survey 2021
United Kingdom............... 94.0 28.8 142.6 38.8 63.0 7.5 41.8 6.1 341.3 81.1
Italy .................................. 16.1 7.9 135.1 106.4 12.9 1.9 20.5 1.2 184.6 117.4
France .............................. 32.5 9.2 81.4 36.4 29.3 7.7 23.5 3.2 166.7 56.5
Scandinavia ...................... 31.1 10.5 31.3 24.1 20.6 3.3 18.6 3.1 101.7 41.0
Other Europe .................... 88.1 18.2 429.9 191.5 62.6 5.6 58.5 4.4 639.0 219.7
Kenya ............................... 862.5 501.0 1,626.5 1,036.3 224.2 164.6 1,334.1 865.1 4,047.3 2,567.0
Uganda ............................. 46.4 18.5 30.6 4.2 7.3 0.3 21.4 9.6 105.8 32.7
Tanzania .......................... 42.1 15.8 19.6 2.2 5.2 0.4 10.5 5.3 77.5 23.6
East & Central Africa ........ 108.3 28.7 35.1 4.9 10.7 0.2 16.8 1.8 171.0 35.7
West Africa ....................... 54.4 15.3 13.9 2.9 6.4 0.2 9.3 0.4 84.0 18.8
North Africa ..................... 20.0 8.0 6.9 1.9 3.2 0.5 5.7 0.3 35.8 10.7
South Africa ...................... 54.0 12.0 19.8 3.3 7.4 1.3 10.8 0.9 92.0 17.5
218 Other Africa ...................... 19.4 6.2 11.2 2.2 3.8 0.9 6.5 1.2 41.0 10.5
USA .................................. 166.6 70.0 57.8 12.8 128.3 24.7 74.3 14.7 426.9 122.3
Canada ............................. 34.3 11.7 12.4 4.6 19.6 2.9 15.0 1.9 81.2 21.2
Other America .................. 16.9 7.2 8.1 1.4 15.3 2.7 6.8 0.7 47.1 12.0
Japan ................................ 28.2 7.6 10.0 2.8 15.1 1.8 11.0 0.9 64.2 13.2
India ................................. 65.6 12.3 33.2 8.8 58.9 4.1 44.4 3.6 202.2 28.9
Middle East ....................... 34.5 12.6 15.1 2.5 9.7 1.3 11.7 0.8 71.0 17.2
China ............................... 79.5 18.3 31.7 3.1 102.3 1.8 83.7 3.2 297.2 26.4
Other Asia ........................ 31.0 15.3 14.3 5.9 13.5 0.6 19.0 1.2 77.8 23.0
Australia & New Zealand .. 38.3 7.8 14.8 2.3 20.8 2.2 16.1 1.1 89.9 13.4
All Other Countries .......... 155.6 26.5 51.9 28.0 19.0 2.9 45.4 2.5 271.8 59.9
Total 2,204.8 892.0 3,888.4 1,699.9 939.7 251.5 2,025.3 959.7 9,058.2 3,803.0
Percentage Share 24.3 23.5 42.9 44.7 10.4 6.6 22.4 25.2 100.0 100.0
* Provisional
1
Persons staying one month or more in one hotel, including some block bookings for air crew
2
Lodges in National Parks and Game Reserves
Chapter 12: Tourism Sector
12.16. Table 12.8 presents the number of bed-nights occupied and type of catering offered in
the accommodation facilities located in national parks and game reserves from 2018 to 2020.
Bed-nights occupied in game lodges declined by 73.2 per cent from 939.7 thousand in 2019 to
251.5 thousand in 2020. The number of hotel bed-nights occupied in national parks declined
by 84.0 per cent from 690.0 thousand in 2019 to 110.2 thousand in 2020. Similarly, hotel bed-
night occupancy in game reserves decreased by 43.4 per cent from 249.7 thousand in 2019 to
141.3 thousand in 2020. Bed-nights occupied by East African Community (EAC) residents
dropped by 30.2 per cent from 236.8 thousand in 2019 to 165.2 thousand in 2020 while those
occupied by Non-EAC residents declined by 87.7 per cent from 702.9 thousand in 2019 to
86.3 thousand in 2020.
Table 12.8: Bed Night Occupied in Game Lodges1, 2018-2020
'000
Bed-Nights Occupied
Non-EAC Residents EAC Residents Total
2018 2019 2020* 2018 2019 2020* 2018 2019 2020*
Game Reserves ………………………………………….
186.0 154.0 42.6 141.1 95.6 98.7 327.1 249.7 141.3
National Parks ……………………………
508.1 548.8 43.7 122.4 141.2 66.5 630.5 690.0 110.2
TOTAL ………………………………….. 694.1 702.9 86.3 263.5 236.8 165.2 957.6 939.7 251.5
Full Catering ……………………………..
635.6 554.7 80.8 157.1 156.6 111.7 792.7 711.2 192.5
Self Service ………………………………………..
58.4 148.2 5.5 106.4 80.2 53.5 164.9 228.4 59.0
* Prov is ional
1
Lodg es in National Parks and Game Res erv es
EA C means Eas t A frican Community
National12.17. Table 12.9 presents the number of visitors to national parks and game reserves from
Parks and2016 to 2020. Number of visitors to national parks and game reserves contracted by 65.1 per
Gamecent to 1,037.0 thousand in 2020. All national parks and game reserves registered a decline in
Reservesthe number of visitors during the review period. The highest decline was registered in Haller
Park at 89.9 per cent followed by Impala Sanctuary (Kisumu) and Lake Nakuru National Park
at 80.6 and 78.2 per cent, respectively. The Nairobi National Park registered the least decline
in the number of visitors at 2.2 per cent in 2020.
219
Economic Survey 2021
Table 12.9: Number of Visitors to national parks and game reserves, 2016 - 2020
‘ 000
Par k /Res er ve 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Nairobi National Park……………… 153.1 154.5 196.7 208.2 203.6
165.9
Nairobi Safari W alk ……………………………………………….
149.3 158.7 123.3 75.9
Nairobi M ini Orphanag e ……………………………..
390.4 367.7 414.8 385.0 120.5
A mbos eli ……………………………………… 114.6 145.5 175.8 191.7 55.1
Ts av o (W es t) ……………………………………………
50.2 55.3 74.1 61.3 25.0
Ts av o (Eas t) ………………………………84.8 120.5 167.0 177.9 75.1
A berdare ……………………………………… 41.3 43.7 43.2 46.9 17.7
Lake Nakuru ……………………………………………. 214.7 216.0 242.0 233.0 50.9
M as ai M ara …………………………………………….146.3 172.7 291.2 286.0 71.5
Haller's Park …………………………………………..121.1 117.9 165.8 301.6 30.6
M alindi M arine ………………………………………..
31.5 31.6 29.1 28.8 12.5
Lake Bog oria ……………………………… 90.8 67.6 74.6 72.4 2.9
M eru ……………………………………………………….. 19.8 16.7 18.8 17.7 6.3
Shimba Hills ……………………………………………… 21.2 24.0 25.6 24.2 10.6
M t. Keny a ……………………………………………. 19.1 20.2 25.9 24.8 13.5
Samburu ……………………………………………………….. 10.8 11.1 11.4 12.7 4.5
Kis ite/M pung uti …………………………………………
34.4 38.4 50.3 53.3 32.5
M ombas a M arine ……………………………………….
29.5 32.2 39.8 40.8 21.1
W atamu M arine ………………………………… 33.9 43.5 67.5 72.6 43.8
Hell's Gate ………………………………………. 154.4 206.5 165.8 165.6 35.1
Impala Sanctuary (Kis umu) ………………….
256.5 200.2 309.4 306.8 59.5
M t. Long onot ……………………………………………..
64.5 88.0 60.1 60.1 24.4
1
Others …………………………………………52.6 45.6 61.4 80.6 44.4
TOTAL ……………………………………………
2,284.7 2,385.2 2,868.9 2,975.2 1,037.0
S ou r ce : K eny a W ildlif e Serv ices
* P rov isional
1
Ot hers include A rabuk o Sok ok e, Ol- Dony o Sabuk , Marsabit , Saiwa swamp, Sibiloi, Bamburi, Chy ulu, Ruma
Nat ional P ark , Mwea Nat ional Reserv e, Cent ral lsland Nat ional P ark , K iunga, Mt . E lgon, Nasolot , Ndere and
K ak amega.
12.18. The number of adults, children, and students, both Kenyans resident and non-resident
foreigners, visiting the national parks and game reserves declined in 2020 as shown in Figure
12.5. Kenyan citizens constituted the largest number of visitors to national parks and game
reserves. The number of Kenyan children visiting the national parks and game reserves
declined due to measures put in place to curb the spread of the virus, in particular, the closure
of learning institutions, which affected organized student tours.
Figure 12.5: Number of Visitors to National Parks and Game Reserves, 2018-2020
220
Chapter 12: Tourism Sector
12.19. Table 12.10 shows the number of visitors to selected museums, snake parks and
Visitors to
historical sites from 2016 to 2020. The number of visitors to museums, snake parks and
Selected
historical sites declined significantly by 83.8 per cent from 990.2 thousand in 2019 to
Museums,
160.7 thousand in 2020. In the period under review, all categories of the selected sites
Snake Parks
recorded a decline in visitors apart from Takwa ruins which recorded a slight increase
and Historical
from 0.8 thousand in 2019 to 1.0 thousand in 2020. Visitors to major sites such as
Sites
Nairobi National museum, Fort Jesus and Kisumu museum declined by 83.4, 86.6 and
92.3 per cent, respectively, during the same period.
Table 12.10: Number of Visitors to Selected Museums, Snake Parks and Historical Sites, 2016-2020
‘000
Name of Facility/S ite 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Nairobi National Mus eum 278.7 222.9 220.0 239.7 32.1
Nairobi Snake Park 26.1 28.7 19.4 19.6 3.1
Nairobi Gallery .. .. 5.7 5.9 2.2
Fort Jes us 150.5 130.5 229.2 195.7 43.4
Kis umu Mus eum 199.2 128.1 184.6 172.7 13.4
Kitale Mus eum 55.8 62.8 66.6 59.6 11.1
Gede Ruins 55.6 62.6 89.0 92.4 12.4
Meru 19.9 16.9 21.1 19.2 2.4
Lamu 2.7 2.9 3.7 3.9 3.1
Jumba la Mtwana 7.3 7.3 9.8 11.3 4.9
Olorges s aile 0.4 2.0 3.3 12.6 1.1
Kariandus i 12.3 13.9 22.2 23.8 1.4
Hy rax Hill 29.1 20.7 24.7 18.7 5.2
Karen Blixen 35.8 42.4 48.7 51.0 11.9
Malindi 31.8 22.1 30.8 37.1 4.0
Kilifi Mnarani 0.8 1.9 3.0 2.5 0.9
Kabarnet 3.4 2.1 1.5 1.9 1.3
Kapenguria 12.4 11.5 13.4 12.8 2.9
Swahili Hous e 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1
Narok 0.9 0.3 1.7 0.3 0.1
German Pos t 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Takwa Ruins 0.4 1.4 0.8 0.8 1.0
Rabai .. .. 4.5 5.0 0.7
Lamu Port 0.4 0.9 0.6 1.6 1.5
Maralal .. .. 1.5 1.7 0.4
Kipini Site .. .. .. 0.2 ..
Total 797.5 923.5 782.0 990.2 160.7
S ou rce: National Museums of Keny a
* Prov isional
.. Data not av ailable
221
Economic Survey 2021
Conference 12.20. Table 12.11 presents indicators of conference tourism from 2018 to 2020. The number
Tourism of international conferences held declined from 218 in 2019 to 28 in 2020. Consequently, the
number of delegates attending international conferences reduced significantly from 72,011 in
2019 to 1,044 in 2020. Local conferences held dropped by 75.2 per cent from 4,743 in 2019
to 1,176 in 2020 while number of delegates attending local conferences decreased by 88.5 per
cent to 80,139 in 2020. Conference capacity utilization declined from 12.6 per cent in 2019 to
5.2 per cent in 2020. This was as a result of adoption of virtual technology for conferencing in
the wake of COVID-19 pandemic.
Table 12.11: Indicators of Conference Tourism, 2018-2020
2018 2019 2020*
Local International Local International Local International
Number of conferences ………………………………………….
4,147 204 4,743 218 1,176 28
Number of delegates …………………………………………..
647,042 67,743 696,864 72,011 80,139 1,044
Number of delegate days ……………………………………………….
726,371 127,150 778,356 135,110 317,569 19,321
Number of delegate days available ………………………………………………..
7,161,896 7,161,896 7,233,515 7,233,515 6,510,163 6,510,163
Percentage Occupancy …………………………………………………………..10.1 1.8 10.8 1.8 4.9 0.3
Conference Capacity Utilization (Percentage) 11.9 12.6 5.2
* Provisional
Number of delegates day available means maximum number of delegates the confrence facility is designed to hod in a aday
Training in 12.21. The number of trainees pursuing hospitality and tourism courses at the Kenya
Hospitality Utalii College declined by 76.4 per cent from 3,086 in 2019 to 729 in 2020 as shown in
Table 12.12. The reduction in the number of trainees is attributable to the disruption of
the academic calendar following Government directive to close learning institutions as
one of the measures to contain the spread of COVID-19. Students pursuing professional
courses decreased by 60.6 per cent from 1,504 in 2019 to 592 in 2020 mainly as a result
of scaling down of quarterly courses from four to one in 2020. The trainees attending
in-service refresher course decreased by 89.6 per cent from 1,313 to 137 mainly due
to conducting training in one region instead of the whole country. The College did not
train students on Management Development Programmes (MDP) in 2020.
Table 12.12: Kenya Utalii College Graduates, 2016-2020
Number
Year In- Ser vice Pr ofessional Cour ses G r and
Regular Shor t Sub-
Year Refr esher M DP 2 Sub-Total Total
Cour ses Cour ses Total
2016 1,120 242 1,362 467 835 1,302 2,664
2017 1,249 255 1,504 449 908 1,357 2,861
2018 1,130 253 1,383 229 622 851 2,234
2019 1,313 269 1,582 465 1,039 1,504 3,086
2020* 137 0 137 378 214 592 729
S ource: K eny a Utalii College
* Provisional
2
M DP - M anagement Develop ment Programmes
222
Chapter 13: Transport and Storage
Transport and Storage Chapter
13
D
Overview uring the review period, the transport sector undertook policy and institutional
reforms identified as critical for effective and efficient service delivery. The Integrated
National Transport Policy was reviewed to incorporate non-motorized transport
facilities at the design stage of transport infrastructure. To promote e-mobility, excise duty for
electric vehicles was reduced from 20 to 10 per cent. The Traffic Act was reviewed to provide
regulations for the Digital Taxis Hailing Apps. In addition, Digital Hailing Services Rules 2020
were developed to regulate the operations of the online taxis. Kenya Railways undertook the
construction, upgrading and rehabilitation of the Meter Gauge Railway (MGR) network and
refurbishment and launch of the Nairobi Central Station. Diesel Multiple Units (DMUs) were
acquired to facilitate commuter rail transport services within the Nairobi City.
13.2. The performance of the transportation and storage sector was adversely affected by the
COVID-19 pandemic in the review period. This was due to restriction measures put in place
by the Government to curb the spread of the virus. Measures taken included the restriction
of movement within the Nairobi Metropolitan area, Mombasa and Mandera, imposition of
curfew and social distancing in public areas especially public service vehicles. Further, the
Government encouraged employers to allow their employees to work remotely which led
to lower passenger traffic for all modes of transport. In addition, the cessation of domestic
and international passenger flights between March and July, 2020 adversely affected the
performance of the air transport. Consequently, the value of output from the transport and
storage sector declined by 5.2 per cent to KSh 1,973.3billion in 2020, a reversal from the 10.7
per cent growth registered in 2019.
13.3. The number of newly registered motor vehicles and motor cycles increased by 6.0 per
cent to 346,729 in 2020 mainly on account of growth in the number of newly registered motor
cycles. The number of reported traffic accidents rose by 24.2 per cent to 8,919 in 2020. The
disbursement of funds from Kenya Roads Board (KRB) to road agencies for maintenance of
roads is projected to rise by 23.5 per cent to KSh 76.3 billion in 2020/21.
13.4. The volume of cargo transported through the MGR dropped by 5.8 per to 628 thousand
tonnes in 2020. However, revenue earned from MGR cargo stream rose by 15.7 per cent to
KSh 1,114 million in 2020. The number of passengers transported through MGR dropped by
more than half to 1.9 million passengers in 2020. Consequently, revenue from MGR passenger
stream declined by half to KSh 82 million in 2020. The volume of freight transported through
Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) went up by 4.8 per cent to 4.4 million tonnes, however,
revenue earned declined by 19.2 per cent to KSh 10.5 billion in 2020. The number of passengers
handled via SGR declined by almost half to 0.8 million while revenue from passenger transport
stream dropped by 47.1 per cent to KSh 0.9 billion in 2020.
223
Economic Survey 2021
13.5. Total cargo throughput at the Port of Mombasa contracted by 0.9 per cent to 34,116
thousand metric tonnes in 2020. Similarly, container traffic decreased by 4.0 per cent to 1,359.6
thousand Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) in 2020. The number of ships that docked at
the Port declined by 3.2 per cent to 1,621 in 2020. There was a slight increase in the volume of
import traffic from 27,558 thousand metric tonnes in 2019 to 27,771 metric tonnes in 2020.
Exports handled at the Port declined by 1.7 per cent to 4,205 thousand metric tonnes in 2020.
13.6. The total volume of white petroleum products transported through the pipeline declined
by 3.1 per cent to 6,806.8 thousand cubic metres in 2020. The volume of petroleum exports
transported through the pipeline increased by 12.6 per cent to 2,655.5 thousand cubic metres
in 2020. Total volume of white petroleum products transported for domestic consumption
decreased by 11.1 per cent to 4,151.3 thousand cubic metres in 2020.
13.7. The volume of commercial air traffic passengers dropped by 62.5 per cent to 4.5 million
in 2020. The number of domestic passengers handled at various airports decreased by 53.1
per cent to 2.3 million passengers in 2020. International passenger air traffic dipped by 70.4
per cent to 2.1 million in 2020. Total volume of cargo transported through various airports
decreased by 8.9 per cent to 341.4 thousand tonnes in 2020. The volume of mail traffic at
the airports increased by 33.8 per cent to 1,457.5 thousand tonnes in 2020. Total aircraft
movements declined by nearly half to 199,013 in 2020.The decline in aircraft movements
arose from the suspension of local and international flights and fear of travel due to COVID-19
concerns.
Value of 13.8. Table 13.1 presents the value of output in the transport and storage sector from 2016
Output to 2020. The value of output from transport sector reduced by 5.2 per cent from KSh 2,082.2
billion in 2019 to KSh 1,973.3 billion in 2020. The value of output from road transport sub-
sector increased by 1.0 per cent from KSh 1,532.0 billion in 2019 to KSh 1,546.8 billion and
accounted for 78.4 per cent of the total output in 2020. The value of output from services
incidental to transport declined by 2.9 per cent to KSh 205.1 billion in the review period. The
value of output from air transport sub-sector reduced by 48.7 per cent to KSh 111.0 billion
in 2020. Similarly, output from pipeline transport, railway transport and water transport sub-
sectors declined by 16.3 per cent, 15.3 per cent and 4.3 per cent to KSh 26.7 billion, KSh 12.6
billion and KSh 52.5 billion, respectively, during the same period. Output from postal and
courier services sub-sector also reduced by 10.7 per cent to KSh 18.7 billion during the review
period.
Table 13.1: Transport and Storage - Value of Output, 2016 – 2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Road Transport……………………….. 1,044,334 1,194,999 1,377,138 1,531,990 1,546,794
Railway Transport……………………..4,927 4,601 11,497 14,828 12,552
Water Transport……………………….. 42,738 45,957 52,750 54,868 52,482
Air Transport………………………….. 183,118 169,626 202,000 216,376 111,010
Services Incidental to Transport…………146,771 163,550 186,224 211,248 205,075
Pipeline Transport…………………….. 24,403 26,828 30,019 31,879 26,667
Postal & Courier Services……….. 19,657 19,478 21,169 20,982 18,734
Total…………………………………. 1,465,950 1,625,039 1,880,797 2,082,170 1,973,314
* Provisional.
+
Revised estimates
224
Chapter 13: Transport and Storage
Road 13.9. Table 13.2 presents details on road maintenance funds by source approved by the Kenya
Transport Roads Board (KRB) from 2016/17 to 2020/21. Actual funds disbursed rose from KSh 56.8
billion in 2018/19 to KSh 61.8 billion in 2019/20. The disbursement of funds from KRB for
maintenance of roads is projected to rise by 23.5 per cent from KSh 61.8 billion in 2019/20 to
KSh 76.3 billion in 2020/21. The Fuel Levy Funds are expected to increase by 23.5 per cent
from KSh 61.3 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 75.7 billion in 2020/21. There is however, no change
expected in the amount of funds disbursed from Transit Toll over the review period.
Table 13.2: Road Maintenance Funds by Source, 2016/17 - 2020/21
KSh Million
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21**
Fuel Levy .. .. .. .. ……………...
60,469 63,474 56,260 61,283 75,709
Transit Toll .. .. .. .. ……………
459 474 539 550 550
Total 60,928 63,948 56,799 61,833 76,259
Source: Kenya Roads Board
* Provisional.
** Estimates
13.10. The total value of output from road transport sub-sector grew by 1.0 per cent from KSh
1,532.0 billion in 2019 to KSh 1,546.8 billion in 2020 as shown in Table 13.3. The value of
output from passenger traffic increased by 0.8 per cent from KSh 926.7 billion in 2019 to KSh
934.2 billion in 2020 while output from road freight traffic rose by 1.2 per cent to KSh 612.6
billion during the review period.
Table 13.3 Road Transport Output, 2016 to 2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Passenger Traffic .. .. ………………632,274 727,871 835,109 926,650 934,164
Freight Traffic .. .. .. . ………….. 412,060 467,128 542,029 605,340 612,630
Total Road Traffic Earnings…..1,044,334 1,194,999 1,377,138 1,531,990 1,546,794
* Provisional.
+ Revised estimates
New Reg- 13.11. Table 13.4 presents the number of newly registered motor vehicles and motor cycles for
istration the period 2016 to 2020. There was a 6.0 per cent increase in the number of newly registered
of Motor units from 327,176 in 2019 to 346,729 in 2020 largely due to increase in newly registered
Vehicles motorcycles.
and Motor
Cycles
13.12. The number of newly registered motor vehicles decreased by 14.2 per cent from
109,751 units in 2019 to 94,128 units in 2020. The highest decline was recorded for mini-
buses/matatus at 43.9 per cent from 1,932 units in 2019 to 1,084 units in 2020. Panel vans and
pickups reduced by 40.5 per cent to 6,065 units while buses and coaches decreased by 32.8 per
cent to 900 units in 2020. Other significant reductions in new registrations were recorded for
saloon cars and station wagons that declined by 22.2 per cent and 20.1 per cent to 7,754 units
and 57,962 units in 2020, respectively. Trailers however, increased by 45.3 per cent to 2,382
units while wheeled tractors increased by 40.2 per cent to 2,545 units in 2020.
13.13. The number of newly registered motor cycles increased by 16.2 per cent from 217,425
in 2019 to 252,601 in 2020. The increase was mainly attributed to a 17.4 per cent growth in
motor and auto cycles registered from 210,103 units in 2019 to 246,705 units in 2020. Three
225
Economic Survey 2021
wheelers reduced by 19.5 per cent to 5,896 units in 2020.
Table 13.4: New Registration of Road Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles, 2016 - 2020
Number
Type of Vehicle/Motor Cycle 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
SaloonCars........................................................................................... 12,490 11,376 10,504 9,971 7,754
StationWagons................................................................................... 46,123 55,322 64,179 72,512 57,962
PanelVans,Pick-ups,etc.................................................................. 12,722 9,866 11,220 10,189 6,065
Lorries/Trucks.................................................................................. 9,632 7,460 6,514 6,518 6,476
BusesandCoaches............................................................................. 1,765 1,072 1,065 1,339 900
Mini-buses/Matatu......................................................................... 519 459 812 1,932 1,084
Trailers................................................................................................... 2,829 1,953 2,083 1,639 2,382
WheeledTractors.............................................................................. 2,478 2,703 4,040 1,815 2,545
Othervehicles...................................................................................... 1,618 860 1,619 3,836 8,960
Total Motor Vehicles 90,176 91,071 102,036 109,751 94,128
MotorandAutoCycles..................................................................... 119,724 186,434 188,994 210,103 246,705
ThreeWheelers................................................................................... 3,815 5,167 6,259 7,322 5,896
Total Motor Cycles..................................................... 123,539 191,601 195,253 217,425 252,601
Total Units Registered ............................................... 213,715 282,672 297,289 327,176 346,729
Road Source: National Transport and Safety Authority
* Provisional.
Licenses
13.14. Table 13.5 presents the number of Public Service Vehicle (PSV) licenses and driving
licenses issued for the period 2016 to 2020. The number of PSV licenses issued declined by
22.5 per cent from 63,938 in 2019 to 49,560 in 2020. This decline was mainly attributed to
restriction of movement by Government to curb the spread of COVID-19 that resulted in the
reduction in uptake of PSV licenses. The number of PSV licenses issued to matatus dropped
by 23.0 per cent from 47,183 in 2019 to 36,323 in 2020 while those issued to buses dropped
by 17.5 per cent from 8,969 in 2019 to 7,401 in 2020. The number of PSV licenses issued to
mini-buses declined by 25.0 per cent from 7,786 in 2019 to 5,836 in 2020. The number of
driving licenses issued more than doubled from 140,279 in 2019 to 303,278 in 2020. The sharp
increase is partly attributed to sensitization and mass enrollment of smart driving licenses in
various counties carried out by the National Transport and Safety Authority.
Table 13.5: Road Transport Licenses Issued, 2016 – 2020
Number
Type of License 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
PSV Licenses
Matatus (0-14 seaters)…………………………………..
17,926 37,382 36,815 47,183 36,323
Buses ( 34 and above seaters)………..………..
7,210 12,064 13,273 8,969 7,401
Mini Buses1 (15-33 seaters)………………….. 8,213 4,246 7,861 7,786 5,836
Total............................................. 33,349 53,692 57,949 63,938 49,560
Driving Licenses2
Original…………………………...…………… 93,528 219,333 152,349 .. ..
Duplicate………………………………………. 26,956 70,689 10,600 .. ..
Foreign………………………………………. 2,902 1,129 1,400 .. ..
Total............................................. 123,386 291,151 164,349 140,279 303,278
Source: National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA)
.. data not available
* Provisional.
1
Includes Tour Vans
2
In 2019, NTSA introduced a new system for capturing information on application and issuance of driving licenses and therefore it was not possible to
226
Chapter 13: Transport and Storage
Road Traffic 13.15. Table 13.6(a) shows the number of reported road traffic accidents, persons injured and
Accidents fatalities for the period 2016 to 2020. The number of reported traffic accidents rose by 24.2 per
cent to 8,919 while the number of reported road traffic casualties increased by 7.8 per cent to
16,970 in 2020. The reported fatalities from road accidents rose by 10.8 per cent from 3,586 in
2019 to 3,975 in 2020. Similarly, the number of persons that were seriously injured increased
by 15.5 per cent to 8,026 while the number of persons that were slightly injured dropped by
4.6 per cent to 4,969 in the review period.
Table 13.6(a): Reported Road Traffic Accidents, 2016 – 2020
Number
+ + +
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Total Number of Reported Traffic Accidents.. 5,296 4,452 5,158 7,184 8,919
Persons Killed or Injured:- ..................................... 13,159 11,215 12,877 15,747 16,970
of which:
Killed............................................................... 2,965 2,919 3,158 3,586 3,975
Seriously Injured........................................ 4,691 3,950 4,673 6,952 8,026
Slightly Injured........................................... 5,503 4,346 5,046 5,209 4,969
Source: Kenya Police, Traffic Department
* Provisional.
+
Revised
13.16. Table 13.6(b) presents the number of casualties from reported road accidents by type
and class for the period 2016 to 2020. Pedestrian casualties increased by 8.0 per cent from
2,950 in 2019 to 3,186 in 2020. Those seriously injured increased by 17.3 per cent to 1,498
and accounted for 47.0 per cent of all pedestrian casualties. Drivers involved in road accidents
increased by 20.0 per cent to 1,753 while those seriously injured increased by 26.6 per cent
to 824 in 2020. Passenger casualties reduced by 21.0 per cent to 5,670 in the review period.
Pillion passenger casualties increased by 48.2 per cent to 2,332 in 2020. The number of pedal
cyclist casualties in road accidents increased by 22.7 per cent from 172 in 2019 to 211 in 2020.
The number of motor cyclists involved in accidents increased by 58.4 per cent from 2,410
in 2019 to 3,818 in 2020. For all types of casualties presented, motor cyclist category had
the highest growth for all classes with increases in those killed, seriously injured and slightly
injured recorded at 56.7 per cent, 59.7 per cent and 57.0 per cent, respectively.
227
Economic Survey 2021
Table 13.6 (b) Casualties from Reported Road Accidents by Type and Class, 2016 - 2020
Number
Type Classes 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Killed................................ 1,097 1,060 1,205 1,390 1,383
Seriously Injured......... 974 673 851 1,277 1,498
Pedestrians
Slightly Injured............ 355 203 256 283 305
Total....................... 2,426 1,936 2,312 2,950 3,186
Killed................................ 350 314 306 345 347
Seriously Injured......... 534 459 496 651 824
Drivers
Slightly Injured............ 401 292 307 465 582
Total....................... 1,285 1,065 1,109 1,461 1,753
Killed................................ 729 773 746 704 580
Seriously Injured......... 2,122 1,838 2,093 2,771 2,143
Passengers
Slightly Injured............ 4,380 3,513 4,087 3,705 2,947
Sub-Total................ 7,231 6,124 6,926 7,180 5,670
Killed................................ 217 219 247 348 439
Seriously Injured......... 412 403 499 836 1,319
Pillion Passengers
Slightly Injured............ 173 173 206 390 574
Sub-Total................ 802 792 952 1,574 2,332
Killed................................ 71 57 63 74 90
Seriously Injured......... 65 33 36 76 100
Pedal Cyclists
Slightly Injured............ 17 15 6 22 21
Sub-Total................ 153 105 105 172 211
Killed................................ 501 496 591 725 1,136
Seriously Injured......... 584 544 698 1,341 2,142
Motor Cyclists
Slightly Injured............ 177 150 184 344 540
Sub-Total................ 1,262 1,190 1,473 2,410 3,818
Killed................................ 2,965 2,919 3,158 3,586 3,975
Seriously Injured......... 4,691 3,950 4,673 6,952 8,026
All
Slightly Injured............ 5,503 4,346 5,046 5,209 4,969
Grand Total............ 13,159 11,215 12,877 15,747 16,970
Source: Kenya Police, Traffic Department
* Provisional.
Railway 13.17. Table 13.7 (a) presents information on MGR traffic for the period 2016 to 2020. The
Transport volume of cargo transported through MGR dropped by 5.8 per cent from 667 thousand
tonnes in 2019 to 628 thousand tonnes in 2020. Revenue earned from MGR cargo stream
however rose by 15.7 per cent from KSh 963 million in 2019 to KSh 1,114 million in 2020.
This was partly attributed to increase in the volume of high value cargo transported in the
review period. The number of passengers transported through MGR declined by more than
half from 4.0 million in 2019 to 1.9 million in 2020. The decrease in number of passengers is
largely attributed to restrictions of movement by the Government to combat the spread of
COVID-19. Consequently, revenue from MGR passenger stream declined by half from KSh
167 million in 2019 to KSh 82 million in 2020.
Table 13.7 (a): Meter Gauge Railway Traffic, 2016-2020
Unit 2016 2017+ 2018 2019 2020*
Freight:
Tonnes................................................ 000 1,380 1,147 645 667 628
Tonne-km.......................................... Million 1,141 857 314 375 393
Revenue............................................... KSh Million 4,793 3,001 1,123 963 1,114
Revenue per tonne-Km............... KSh 4.20 3.50 3.58 2.57 2.83
Passenger:
Journeys.............................................. 000 2,793 2,397 2,824 4,025 1,897
Passenger-Km.................................. Million 113 88 130 146 50
Revenue............................................... KSh Million 134 81 132 167 82
Revenue per passenger-Km....... KSh 1.18 0.92 1.02 1.14 1.64
Source: Kenya Railways Corporation
* Provisional
+
Revised
228
Chapter 13: Transport and Storage
13.18. Table 13.7 (b) presents information on SGR for the period 2017 to 2020. The volume of
freight transported through the SGR increased by 4.8 per cent from 4.2 million tonnes in 2019
to 4.4 million tonnes in 2020. The revenue realised from SGR freight however, reduced by 19.6
per cent from KSh 13,013 million in 2019 to KSh 10,460 million in 2020.This decline is mainly
on account of discounts and promotional rates introduced following the commencement
of Mombasa-Naivasha SGR cargo services. The number of passengers handled through the
SGR declined by 49.2 per cent to 812 thousand in 2020. This decline was largely attributed
to the suspension of SGR passenger rail services from April to May 2020 due to measures
instituted by the Government to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The reduction
in passenger numbers resulted in a sharp decline in revenue which dropped by 47.8 per cent
from KSh 1,717 million in 2019 to KSh 896 million in 2020.
Table 13.7 (b): Standard Gauge Railway Traffic, 2017-2020
Unit 2017+ 2018 2019 2020*
Freight:
Tonnes....................................................... 000 - 2,899 4,159 4,418
Tonne-km................................................ Million - 1,361 1,959 2,095
Revenue..................................................... KSh Million - 4,091 13,013 10,460
Revenue per tonne-Km...................... KSh 3.01 6.64 4.99
Passenger:
Journeys..................................................... 000 699 1,666 1,599 812
Passenger-Km........................................ Million 229 786 746 374
Revenue..................................................... KSh Million 628 1,611 1,717 896
Revenue per passenger-Km............. KSh 2.74 2.05 2.30 2.40
Source: Kenya Railways Corporation
* Provisional
+
Revised
Water 13.19. Table 13.8 presents the volume of traffic handled at the Port of Mombasa for the
Transport period 2016 to 2020. Total cargo throughput at the Port dropped by 0.9 per cent from 34,440
thousand metric tonnes in 2019 to 34,116 thousand metric tonnes in 2020. Container traffic
decreased by 4.0 per cent from 1,416.7 thousand Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) in
2019 to 1,359.6 thousand TEUs in 2020. The number of ships that docked at the Port dropped
by 3.2 per cent from 1,675 in 2019 to 1,621 in 2020.
13.20. The volume of import traffic increased from 27,558 thousand metric tonnes in 2019
to 27,771 thousand metric tonnes in 2020. Imports of dry general cargo rose marginally to
11,199 thousand metric tonnes while the volume of dry bulk cargo imported increased by 6.0
per to 8,254 thousand metric tonnes in 2020. The volume of bulk liquids imported declined
by 3.0 per cent to 8,318 thousand metric tonnes during the same period. The number of
motor vehicles landed decreased by 18.3 per cent from 123,826 units in 2019 to 101,220 units
in 2020. Volume of imported cargo in transit rose by 2.2 per cent to 9,446 thousand metric
tonnes in 2020.
13.21. The volume of exports handled at the Port reduced from 4,277 thousand metric tonnes
in 2019 to 4,205 thousand metric tonnes in 2020. Exports of dry bulk reduced by 21.1 per
cent from 602 thousand metric tonnes in 2019 to 475 thousand metric tonnes in 2020. Dry
general exports increased slightly by 1.4 per cent to 3,670 thousand metric tonnes in 2020
while exports of bulk liquids rose by 9.1 per cent from 55 thousand metric tonnes in 2019
to 60 thousand metric tonnes in 2020. Volume of transit out of the country increased by 3.1
per cent to 725 thousand metric tonnes during the period under review. The volume of trans-
shipment dropped by 18.6 per cent to 2,031 thousand metric tonnes in 2020 from 2,495
thousand metric tonnes in 2019.
229
Economic Survey 2021
Table 13.8: Traffic Handled at Mombasa Port, 2016 – 2020
Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Container Traffic ………………….. TEUs 1,091,371 1,189,957 1,303,862 1,416,654 1,359,579
Ships Docking ……………………… No. 1,607 1,767 1,605 1,675 1,621
Imports 000' MT
Dry General……………………….. " 8,992 9,505 9,782 11,198 11,199
Dry Bulk…………………………." 6,447 7,920 7,929 7,784 8,254
Bulk Liquids…………………………. " 7,677 8,179 7,764 8,576 8,318
Total Imports 000' MT 23,116 25,604 25,475 27,558 27,771
Of which Transit In………………….. " 7,217 7,903 8,873 9,244 9,446
Motor Vehicles landed…………………….. No. 97,726 114,133 123,168 123,826 101,220
Exports 000' MT
Dry General…………………….. " 3,022 3,167 3,347 3,620 3,670
Dry Bulk…………………………… " 606 547 733 602 475
Bulk Liquids……………………….. " 51 80 45 55 60
Total Exports......................... 000' MT 3,679 3,794 4,125 4,277 4,205
Of which Transit Out………………. " 531 734 731 703 725
Total Imports and Exports 000' MT 26,795 29,398 29,600 31,835 31,976
Trans-shipment……………………. " 589 874 1,247 2,495 2,031
Restows............................................ " 0 73 76 110 109
Grand Total........................... " 27,384 30,272 30,923 34,440 34,116
Source: Kenya Ports Authority
* Provisional.
MT - Metric Tonnes
TEUs - Twenty-foot Equivalent Units
Pipeline 13.22. Table 13.9 shows the volume of white petroleum products transported through pipeline
Transport for the period 2016 to 2020. Total pipeline throughput decreased by 3.1 per cent from 7,025.9
thousand cubic metres in 2019 to 6,806.8 thousand cubic metres in 2020. The volume of
petroleum exports transported through pipeline increased by 12.6 per cent to 2,655.5 thousand
cubic metres in 2020. This was largely due to a 26.9 per cent increase in motor spirit premium
exports from 948.3 thousand cubic metres in 2019 to 1,203.4 thousand cubic metres in 2020.
The volume of illuminating kerosene transported for export fell by 11.9 per cent from 56.1
thousand cubic metres in 2019 to 49.4 thousand cubic metres in 2020 while the volume of
light diesel exports increased by 8.8 per cent from 1,136.7 thousand cubic metres in 2019 to
1,236.7 thousand cubic metres in 2020. The volume of jet fuel exports transported reduced by
23.7 per cent to 166.0 thousand cubic metres during the same period.
13.23. Total volume of white petroleum products transported for domestic consumption
using the pipeline reduced by 11.1 per cent from 4,667.1 thousand cubic metres in 2019 to
4,151.3 cubic metres in 2020. This reduction was partly attributed to a fall in demand as a
result of movement restrictions imposed by the Government to combat COVID-19. Motor
spirit transported for local consumption reduced slightly from 1,690.3 thousand cubic metres
in 2019 to 1,677.4 thousand cubic metres in 2020. The volume of jet fuel transported for local
consumption reduced by 42.5 per cent from 935.7 thousand cubic metres in 2019 to 538.2
thousand cubic metres in 2020. Similarly, the volume of illuminating kerosene transported
through the pipeline for local consumption dropped by 17.4 per cent from 166.1 thousand
cubic metres in 2019 to 137.2 cubic metres in 2020 while the volume of light diesel transported
for local consumption fell by 4.1 per cent to 1,798.5 thousand cubic metres in 2020.
230
Chapter 13: Transport and Storage
Table 13.9: Pipeline Throughput of White Petroleum Products, 2016 – 2020
'000 Cubic Metres
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1
Exports
Motor Spirit (Premium)…………………….. 696.3 744.2 739.3 948.3 1,203.4
Kerosene Illuminating Oil………………….66.2 60.4 60.8 56.1 49.4
Light Diesel Oil……………………………857.2 938.8 926.6 1,136.7 1,236.7
Jet Fuel……………………………….. 234.6 238.4 232.7 217.7 166.0
Sub-Total.................................... 1,854.3 1,981.8 1,959.5 2,358.8 2,655.5
Domestic Consumption2
Motor Spirit (Premium)………………….. 1,177.6 1,228.8 1,368.4 1,690.3 1,677.4
Kerosene Illuminating Oil……………………. 450.1 446.9 316.9 166.1 137.2
Light Diesel Oil……………………………. 1,537.4 1,616.4 1,772.0 1,875.0 1,798.5
Jet Fuel…………………………………….853.5 881.8 904.7 935.7 538.2
Sub-Total.................................... 4,018.6 4,173.9 4,362.0 4,667.1 4,151.3
Grand Total......................................... 5,872.9 6,155.7 6,321.5 7,025.9 6,806.8
Source: Kenya Pipeline Company
* Provisional.
1
Exports in this table implies transit petroleum products destined to neighbouring countries and
are different from exports reported in Chapter 6 : International Trade and Balance of Payments
2
Excludes fuels transported by Kenya Railways or consumed in the Coastal region.
Note: The figures may differ from those in Chapter 9 (Energy) due to different definition and
classification of throughput in the context of international trade.Furthermore Chapter 9 data are in'000
tonnes whereas conversion of cubic metres to tonnes varies with product.
Air 13.24. The volume of commercial passenger traffic by airport for the period 2016 to 2020 is
presented in Table 13.10. Total passenger traffic dropped by 62.5 per cent from 12.0 million in
Transport
2019 to 4.5 million in 2020. Similarly, the number of domestic passengers handled decreased
by more than half from 4.9 million in 2019 to 2.3 million in 2020. International passenger
traffic dropped by 70.4 per cent from 7.1 million in 2019 to 2.1 million in 2020. The drastic
drop in passenger traffic was largely due to the suspension of domestic and international flights
as well as measures to curb the spread of the COVID-19.
13.25. The number of passengers handled at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport ( JKIA)
dropped by 65.9 per cent from 8.2 million in 2019 to 2.8 million in 2020. Similarly, the number
of passengers handled at Moi International Airport (MIA) dropped by more than half from
1.5 million in 2019 to 0.7 million in 2020.
231
Economic Survey 2021
Table 13.10: Commercial Passenger Traffic1 by Airport, 2016 – 2020
'000 Number
Year Category Sub-Category JKIA MIA Other Airports Total Passenger Traffic
Domestic Arrivals................ 900.6 479.9 716.8 2,097.2
Departures......... 739.0 478.5 704.9 1,922.4
Sub-Total........ 1,639.5 958.4 1,421.7 4,019.6
International Arrivals................ 2,682.4 140.1 8.8 2,831.3
2016
Departures......... 1,571.7 139.4 12.0 1,723.1
In Transit........... 1,217.8 0.0 0.0 1,217.8
Sub-Total........ 5,472.0 279.5 20.8 5,772.3
Total......................................... 7,111.5 1,237.9 1,442.5 9,791.9
Domestic Arrivals................ 807.4 469.4 798.2 2,074.9
Departures......... 668.9 474.6 778.6 1,922.1
Sub-Total........ 1,476.3 944.0 1,576.8 3,997.1
International Arrivals................ 2,868.3 149.1 11.6 3,029.0
2017
Departures......... 1,675.0 153.5 12.4 1,840.8
In Transit........... 1,251.3 0.0 0.0 1,251.3
Sub-Total........ 5,794.5 302.6 24.0 6,121.1
Total......................................... 7,270.8 1,246.6 1,600.8 10,118.2
Domestic Arrivals................ 841.6 514.4 1,108.5 2,464.5
Departures......... 730.7 490.3 1,095.6 2,316.7
Sub-Total........ 1,572.3 1,004.7 2,204.1 4,781.1
International Arrivals................ 3,147.5 187.8 30.2 3,365.5
2018
Departures......... 1,873.3 220.7 17.2 2,111.2
In Transit........... 1,426.0 0.0 37.9 1,463.9
Sub-Total........ 6,446.8 408.5 85.3 6,940.6
Total......................................... 8,019.1 1,413.2 2,289.4 11,721.7
Domestic Arrivals................ 880.0 523.6 1,091.0 2,494.6
Departures......... 739.7 527.4 1,103.4 2,370.5
Sub-Total........ 1,619.7 1,051.0 2,194.4 4,865.1
International Arrivals................ 3,244.5 211.6 43.4 3,499.5
2019
Departures......... 1,924.6 222.0 17.1 2,163.7
In Transit........... 1,394.1 51.7 36.9 1,482.7
Sub-Total........ 6,563.2 485.3 97.4 7,145.9
Total......................................... 8,182.9 1,536.3 2,291.8 12,011.0
Domestic Arrivals................ 442.9 246.9 481.5 1,171.3
Departures......... 423.3 241.5 482.2 1,147.0
Sub-Total........ 866.2 488.4 963.7 2,318.3
International Arrivals................ 936.8 72.3 2.9 1,012.0
2020*
Departures......... 662.6 85.5 3.2 751.3
In Transit........... 345.6 22.9 0.0 368.5
Sub-Total........ 1,945.0 180.7 6.1 2,131.8
Total......................................... 2,811.2 669.1 969.8 4,450.1
Source: Kenya Airports Authority
* Provisional
1
Passenger traffic inludes residents
232
Chapter 13: Transport and Storage
Cargo 13.26. The volume of commercial cargo and mail traffic handled at various airports for the period
and Mail 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table 13.11. Total volume of cargo handled at airports decreased by
Traffic 8.9 per cent from 374.7 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 341.4 thousand tonnes in 2020. Loaded
cargo traffic declined by 12.9 per cent from 290.2 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 252.9 thousand
tonnes in 2020 mainly due to closure of European airports to horticulture. Total cargo landed
however, increased by 4.9 per cent to 88.6 thousand tonnes in 2020. Cargo traffic handled at
JKIA dropped by 8.2 per cent from 357.3 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 327.9 thousand tonnes
in 2020. Cargo traffic handled at MIA declined by more than half from 3.1 thousand tonnes
in 2019 to 1.4 thousand tonnes in 2020. Other domestic airports experienced a 15.4 per cent
decline in cargo traffic from 14.3 thousand tonnes in 2019 to 12.1 thousand tonnes in 2020.
Mail traffic rose by 36.4 per cent to 1.5 thousand tonnes in 2020 mainly attributable to mail
traffic handled at JKIA.
Table 13.11: Commercial Cargo and Mail Traffic by Airport, 2016 - 2020
Tonnes
Cargo Traffic Mail Traffic
Year Category Other
JKIA MIA Total Cargo JKIA MIA Total Mail
Airports
Landed......... 32,916.2 1,684.8 11,926.6 46,527.6 247.8 1.8 249.6
2016 Loaded......... 198,344.0 1,295.9 3,321.8 202,961.7 290.2 3.5 293.7
Total..... 231,260.2 2,980.7 15,248.4 249,489.3 538.0 5.3 543.3
Landed......... 49,443.1 2,404.0 11,631.0 63,478.1 434.7 1.8 436.5
2017 Loaded......... 223,565.7 1,194.6 2,533.2 227,293.5 179.5 1.0 180.5
Total..... 273,008.8 3,598.6 14,164.2 290,771.6 614.2 2.8 617.0
Landed......... 74,574.4 1,064.0 11,836.0 87,474.4 613.7 0.3 614.0
2018 Loaded......... 266,257.8 2,971.1 2,046.0 271,274.9 222.6 1.0 223.6
Total..... 340,832.2 4,035.1 13,882.0 358,749.3 836.3 1.3 837.6
Landed......... 69,610.8 731.8 14,131.5 84,471.9 639.0 - 639.0
2019 Loaded......... 287,645.3 2,336.0 205.9 290,190.0 450.1 0.0 450.1
Total..... 357,256.1 3,067.8 14,337.4 374,661.9 1,089.1 0.0 1,089.1
Landed......... 76,281.4 189.1 12,084.2 88,554.7 538.2 - 538.2
2020* Loaded......... 251,623.9 1,192.1 47.7 252,863.7 919.1 0.2 919.3
Total..... 327,905.3 1,381.2 12,131.9 341,418.4 1,457.3 0.2 1,457.5
Source: Kenya Airports Authority
* Provisional
233
Economic Survey 2021
Aircraft 13.27. Information on international and domestic aircraft movements for the period 2016 to
Movements 2020 is presented in Table 13.12. Total aircraft movements declined by 47.0 per cent from
375,499 in 2019 to 199,013 in 2020. Total landings dropped by 46.8 per cent to 83,548 while
total take-offs reduced by 46.9 per cent to 84,779 in 2020. Total over-flights also decreased by
47.8 per cent to 30,686 in 2020.
13.28. Domestic flights reduced by 43.9 per cent to 123,048 while international flights reduced
by 53.5 per cent to 45,279 in 2020. The share of domestic aircraft traffic to total movements
rose from 58.4 per cent in 2019 to 61.8 per cent in 2020 while that of international aircraft
movements went down from 25.9 per cent in 2019 to 22.8 per cent in 2020. The decline
in the share of international aircraft movements was mainly due to stringent international
requirements following restrictions in global aviation.
Table 13.12: Domestic and International Aircraft Movements, 2016 – 2020
Number
Type Movement 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Landings.............. 102,186 103,922 113,803 108,836 61,060
Domestic Take-offs............. 102,617 103,909 115,435 110,430 61,988
Total............... 204,803 207,831 229,238 219,266 123,048
Landings.............. 46,685 47,038 47,918 48,260 22,488
International Take-offs............. 46,344 46,459 48,183 49,172 22,791
Total............... 93,029 93,497 96,101 97,432 45,279
Landings.............. 148,871 150,960 161,721 157,096 83,548
Take-offs............. 148,961 150,368 163,618 159,602 84,779
Total Sub-Total....... 297,832 301,328 325,339 316,698 168,327
Over-flights........ 46,739 52,848 58,005 58,801 30,686
Grand Total... 344,571 354,176 383,344 375,499 199,013
Source: Kenya Civil Aviation Authority
* Provisional
234
Chapter 13: Transport and Storage
Selected 13.29. Performance of selected aviation indicators for the period 2016 to 2020 is shown in
Aviation Table 13.13. The number of aviation personnel licenses issued rose by 9.3 per cent from 10,518
Industry in 2019 to 11,495 in 2020. Private Pilot Licenses issued increased by 23.9 per cent from 1,351
Indicators in 2019 to 1,674 in 2020. The number of Student Pilot Licenses increased by 9.8 per cent
from 2,947 in 2019 to 3,236 in 2020. Cabin Crew Member Certificates (CMC) and Aircraft
Maintenance Engineers (AMEL) also grew by 7.8 per cent and 6.6 per cent to 2,448 and 873,
respectively, during the review period. The number of Valid Operational Licenses declined by
2.8 per cent from 1,378 in 2019 to 1,340 in 2020. On the other hand, there was a 52.2 per cent
growth in the number of Approved Maintenance Organizations (AMOs) from 69 in 2019 to
105 in 2020. The number of Aircrafts with Valid Certificate of Air Worthiness (COA) issued
dropped by 8.9 per cent to 735 in while Air Operator Certificates (AOCs) declined by 6.7 per
cent to 84 in 2020. The number of Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Inspectors and Air Traffic
Controllers (ATCOs) also declined by 5.0 per cent from 301 in 2019 to 286 in 2020.
Table 13.13: Selected Aviation Industry Indicators, 2016 - 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Aviation Personnel Licenses
Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL)…………………….. 1,062 1,116 1,165 1,375 1,435
Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL)………………………… 1,563 1,607 1,641 1,756 1,829
Private Pilot Licence (PPL)……………………………… 1,255 1,316 1,349 1,351 1,674
Student Pilot Licence (SPL)……………………………… 2,543 2,710 2,905 2,947 3,236
Cabin Crew Member Certificate (CMC)………………… 1,942 2,090 2,140 2,270 2,448
Aircraft Maintainance Engineers (AMEL)………………. 694 738 775 819 873
Total..................................................................................... 9,059 9,577 9,975 10,518 11,495
Valid Operational Licenses
Aircraft with Valid Certificate of Air Worthiness (COA)…… 763 749 804 807 735
Air Operator Certificates (AOCs)………………………… 70 87 89 90 84
Approved Maintainance Organisations (AMOS)………. 139 143 161 69 105
Approved Training Organisations (ATOS)…………….. 22 19 22 22 19
Flight Dispatcher Licence………………………………… 208 186 211 311 317
Scheduled Airlines……………………………………….. 77 79 79 79 80
Total..................................................................................... 1,279 1,263 1,366 1,378 1,340
Aerodrome Category
International-Class A……………………………………. 8 8 8 8 8
Domestic (Regional)- Class B…………………………. 23 23 23 23 23
Air strips-Class C……………………………………….. 430 440 440 440 440
Heliports/Helipads-Class D…………………………….. 14 20 20 20 20
Total..................................................................................... 475 491 491 491 491
CAA Inspectors and Air Traffic Controllers
Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs)…………………………. 159 177 175 212 206
Air Worthiness Inspectors……………………………… 27 24 32 25 26
Flight Operations………………………………………… 20 21 30 25 21
Personnel Licensing…………………………………….. 9 10 10 11 9
Others…………………………………………………….. 25 25 25 28 24
Total..................................................................................... 240 257 272 301 286
Source: Kenya Civil Aviation Authority
* Provisional
235
Economic Survey 2021
Postal 13.30. The general trend postal services indicators from 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table 13.14.
Services The number of post offices continued to reduce falling further by 1.7 per cent from 585 in
2019 to 575 in 2020. The number of private courier operators increased by 18.3 per cent to
788 while licensed courier operators increased by 14.8 per cent to 263 in 2020. Total number
of installed private letter boxes remained the same while those rented fell by 1.3 per cent to 370
thousand in 2020. There was however, a 2.1 per cent rise in the number of private bags rented
from 531 in 2019 to 542 during the review period.
13.31. The volume of Expedited Mail Service (EMS) handled dropped by 39.5 per cent from
898 thousand in 2019 to 543 thousand in 2020. The volume of accepted EMS items handled
decreased by 39.2 per cent to 348 thousand while delivered EMS items reduced by 40.2 per
cent to 195 thousand in 2020. Total registered and insured items posted decreased by 76.4 per
cent from 543 thousand in 2019 to 128 thousand in 2020. Domestic registered and insured
items posted decreased by 80.2 per cent to 93 thousand while international registered and
insured items posted reduced by 52.7 per cent to 35 thousand in 2020. Total unregistered
correspondence decreased by 37.6 per cent from 53 million in 2019 to 85 million in 2020.
Domestic unregistered correspondence reduced by 29.0 per cent to 44 million and accounted
for 83.0 per cent of total unregistered correspondence in the 2020. International unregistered
correspondence dropped by 60.9 per cent to 9 million during the same period.
13.32. The volume of parcels handled went down by 23.2 per cent to 43 thousand largely due
to a 60.6 per cent decline in international parcels posted in 2020. Domestic parcels posted
however, rose by 30.4 per cent from 23 thousand in 2019 to 30 thousand in 2020. Money
order issued, which comprised PostaPay, nearly doubled from 1,194 in 2019 to 2,271 in 2020.
Domestic international financial services were discontinued in 2019.
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Chapter 13: Transport and Storage
Table 13.14: Postal Services, 2016 – 2020
Item Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Post Offices.. .. .. .. .. .. ……………………………………………. No. 623 623 592 585 575
Private Courier Operator Outlets.. .. .. ..…………………………………………….
No. 976 997 1,027 666 788
Licensed Courier Operators.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..…………………………………………….
No. 179 186 216 229 263
Total Private Letter Boxes:
Installed .. .. ..……………………………………………. '000 422 444 549 552 552
Rented.. .. ..……………………………………………. '000 385 365 373 375 370
Private Bags Rented.. .. .. .. ……………………………………………. No. 845 846 439 531 542
Total EMS Items Handled: '000 1,977 1,950 851 898 543
Accepted .. .. .. .. .. ……………………………………………. '000 990 1,000 444 572 348
Delivered .. .. .. .. .. ……………………………………………. '000 987 950 407 326 195
Total Registered and Insured Items Posted:…………………………………………….
'000 921 881 696 543 128
Domestic……………………………………………. '000 802 745 609 469 93
International……………………………………………. '000 119 136 87 74 35
Unregistered correspondence handled :…………………………………………….
Millions 70 61 74 85 53
Domestic .. .. .. .. .. ……………………………………………. Millions 64 53 56 62 44
International .. .. .. .. .. ……………………………………………. Millions 6 8 18 23 9
Parcels handled : ……………………………………………. '000 80 68 66 56 43
Domestic - Posted.. .. .. .. .. ……………………………………………. '000 53 54 38 23 30
International - Posted .. .. .. .. .. …………………………………………….'000 27 14 28 33 13
Money Orders Issued:……………………………………………. '000 1,851 1,085 2,658 1,194 2,271
Domestic (IFS) .. .. .. .. .. …………………………………………….
'000 439 420 260 - -
PostaPay……………………………………………. '000 1,412 665 2,398 1,194 2,271
Inter-state (IFS) .. .. .. .. .. …………………………………………….
'000 0.2 0.2 0.1 - -
Source: Postal Corporation of Kenya/Communication Authority of Kenya
*Provisional
IFS - International Financial Services
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Economic Survey 2021
Grain Storage for Leasing
Storage 13.33. Table 13.15 presents grain storage capacity for leasing available at the National Cereals
and Produce Board by county as at 1st January, 2021. The highest available space was in Uasin
Gishu County while the lowest available space was in Tana River and Migori Counties.
Table 13.15: Grain Storage Capacity Available for Leasing by County as at 1st January, 2021
Number
County 90 Kg Bag 50 Kg Bag
Uasin Gishu............................ 365,000 657,000
TransNzoia............................ 100,000 180,000
West Pokot............................. 120,000 216,000
Embu......................................... 50,000 90,000
Kitui........................................... 100,000 180,000
Laikipia..................................... 50,000 90,000
Baringo..................................... 70,000 126,000
Nakuru...................................... 210,000 378,000
Kisumu..................................... 50,000 90,000
Migori....................................... 25,000 45,000
Homa Bay............................... 30,000 54,000
Bungoma................................. 95,000 171,000
Kakamega................................ 150,000 270,000
Kiambu..................................... 120,000 216,000
Makueni................................... 50,000 90,000
Kajiado...................................... 50,000 90,000
Machakos................................ 188,000 338,400
Taita Taveta .......................... 120,000 54,000
Tana River.............................. 25,000 45,000
Total .............................. 1,968,000 3,380,400
Source: National Cereals and Produce Board
Container Freight Stations
Develop- 13.34. The number of container freight stations at the Port of Mombasa increased by one from
ments in 15 in 2019 to 16 in 2020. The number of Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) rose by 27.6
the Trans- per cent from 107,144 in 2019 to 136,695 in 2020.
port and
Storage 13.35. During the review period, the transport sector undertook policy and legal frameworks
Sector identified as critical for effective and efficient service delivery. Institutional reforms were
undertaken to enable the sector to fast track the achievement of the sector objectives. In
2020, the Integrated National Transport Policy was reviewed to incorporate non-motorized
transport facilities at the design stage of transport infrastructure, mainstream climate change
issues and other emerging issues and innovations in the sub-sector.
Regulation of Digital Taxis Hailing Apps
13.36. During the review period, the Traffic Act was reviewed to provide regulations for the
Digital Taxis Hailing Apps. The State Department for Transport also developed Digital Hailing
Services rules 2020 to regulate the operations of the online taxis.
Environment and Climate Change
13.37. As a signatory to the Paris Climate Change Agreement of 2016, Kenya committed to
reduce carbon emissions by promoting green transport or e-mobility. The State Department
for Transport has prioritized the uptake of electric mobility. Consequently, during the review
238
Chapter 13: Transport and Storage
period, a proposal to reduce excise duty for e-vehicles led to reduction of Excise duty for
electric vehicles from 20 per cent to 10 per cent. In addition, standards for electric motor
vehicles and motor cycles were developed.
Air Transport
13.38. The Government is in the process of restructuring the civil aviation sector in Kenya. To
actualize the restructuring process, the National Aviation Management Bill 2020 was prepared
and tabled in the National Assembly for consideration in 2020. The Bill aims at consolidating
aviation assets through establishment of the National Civil Aviation Council, the Kenya
Aviation Corporation and its operating entities.
Shipping and Maritime
13.39. In 2020, the process of restructuring the Kenya National Shipping Line (KNSL) was
commenced with the aim of increasing participation in seaborne transport. A committee for
restructuring KNSL was established and a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between
Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) and KNSL was signed. Negotiations for the
takeover of container terminal 2 by KNSL from KPA were finalized and the Terminal Operation
Agreement developed. The process of reviewing policy, legal and institutional framework of
KNSL was also initiated in the review period.
Railway Transport
13.40. During the period under review, Kenya Railways undertook the construction, upgrading
and rehabilitation of the MGR network. This included rehabilitation of 177.2 kilometres of the
Thika- Nanyuki branch line; rehabilitation and expansion of Nairobi Commuter Rail (NCR)
service system; acquisition of five Diesel Multiple Units (DMUs); upgrading of 7.4 kilometres
of the Madaraka - Embakasi track; and refurbishment of Nairobi Central Station.
Water Transport
13.41. Construction of phase II of the second container terminal reached 63.0 per cent by
end of 2020. The construction of the first three berths and associated infrastructure for the
proposed Lamu Port was ongoing and the project progress had reached 86.0 per cent by the
end of the review period. The first berth was ready for commissioning and operationalization
while the other berths were expected to be ready by 2021. During the period under review,
the construction of the first berth at Dongo Kundu was implemented. In 2020, the Naivasha
Internal Container Depot was operationalized with the aim of serving the transit markets and
the local population of Central and Western Regions.
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Chapter 14: Information and Communication Technology
Information and Communication
Chapter
Technology 14
Overview
D uring the period under review, uptake of most digital services increased as a result
of measures put in place to contain the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic. Activities of teleworking, online learning, online video streaming and
e-commerce increased across the country and as a result the uptake of digital tools went up
significantly. The internet-based and bandwidth intensive activities increased demand for high
quality connectivity while at the same time calling for digital reinforcement of a more inclusive
approach to close the digital divide.
14.2. Total domestic traffic increased from 58.7 billion minutes in 2019 to 60.3 billion minutes
in 2020 while International telephone traffic decreased from 1.1 billion minutes in 2019 to 1.0
billion minutes in 2020. Coverage of the fourth generation (4G) network increased by 42.0 per
cent to 25,191 transceivers in the country while the value of mobile commerce transactions
increased by 20.0 per cent to KSh 9.4 trillion in 2020. Similarly, Short Messaging Services
(SMSs) sent grew from 65.3 billion in 2019 to 68.1 billion in 2020.
14.3. The undersea bandwidth capacity increased by 29.6 per cent to 8.1 million Mbps in 2020
out of which, 49.5 per cent was utilized. Total fixed and wireless internet subscriptions increased
by 11.7 per cent to 44.4 million subscriptions in 2020. Fibre to home broadband subscriptions
increased by 67.6 per cent to 340,271 while fibre to the office broadband subscriptions
decreased by 8.6 per cent to 60,079 in 2020 partly owing to COVID-19 mitigation measures
that encouraged working from home.
Value of 14.4. Details on value of output, intermediate consumption and value added for the ICT sector
Output at current prices is presented in Table 14.1. The value of output from the ICT sector rose by 2.5
per cent to KSh 535.5 billion in 2020 compared to a growth of 5.7 per cent registered in 2019.
The intermediate consumption of the sector declined by 0.4 per cent to KSh 262.8 billion
in the year under review compared to a growth of 3.8 per cent recorded in 2019. The value
addition from the ICT sector increased by 5.4 per cent in 2020 to KSh 272.7 billion, lower
than the 7.8 per cent registered in 2019.
Table 14.1: Value of Output, Intermediate Consumption and Value Added of the Information and
Communication Sector, 2016 - 2020
KSh Million
Intermediate
Year Value of Output Value Added
Consumption
2016 432,139 225,384 206,755
2017 462,013 238,516 223,497
2018 494,269 254,149 240,120
2019 522,622 263,809 258,813
2020* 535,514 262,813 272,702
*Provisional
+
Revised estimates
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Economic Survey 2021
Fixed 14.5. Details on the performance of the fixed and mobile network services from 2016 to 2020
Telephone is presented in Table 14.2. Fixed telephony registered a slight increase from 120 thousand
and Mobile in 2019 to 121 thousand in 2020. Fixed wireline connections decreased by 22.3 per cent to
Network 16 thousand connections and wireless connections increased minimally to 1,066 during the
Services same period.
14.6. The increase in utilization of mobile telephony services was mainly attributed to the
COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in restriction of most physical social interactions for
the better part of 2020. Mobile telephony capacity increased by 9.0 per cent to 96.7 million
erlangs1 in response to the rising demand. During the period under review, the Government
offered 360 MHz spectrum of International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) to mobile
operators and other service providers, to boost the increased demand for telecommunications
services. Mobile subscriptions increased by 12.6 per cent to 61.4 million, while the Mobile
Numbers Ported (MNPs) increased by 32.1 per cent to 1,437 in 2020. The increase in MNPs
was mainly on account of subscribers changing from one operator to another in search of
more convenient tariffs.
14.7. Mobile money transfer agents and transactions have recorded steady growth in the last
five years. During the review period, total amount of mobile money transfers grew by 20.0 per
cent, the largest increment recorded in the last 5 years, to stand at KSh 5.2 trillion in 2020.
This is partly attributed to preferences of cashless transactions in the wake of COVID-19 and
the reduction of mobile money transfer tariffs. The value of the mobile commerce transactions
grew by 35.0 per cent to KSh 9.4 trillion in the same period.
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Chapter 14: Information and Communication Technology
Table 14.2: Fixed and Mobile Network Services, 2016 - 2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 + 2020*
Fixed Telephony
Fixed line Capacity ('000)1……………… 179 144 144 120 121
Total Connections …………………………….. 72,774 69,897 22,567 21,600 17,069
Wireline Connections ……………………………… 72,400 69,600 21,516 20,588 16,003
Wireless Connections1 ………………………………… 374 297 1,047 1,012 1,066
Mobile Telephony
Mobile Telephone Capacity ('000)……………………. 71,600 70,000 85,950 88,700 96,700
Spectrum Offered for IMT systems
Total amount of spectrum offered in MHz .. .. 360 360 360
Block < 1GHz................................................................... .. .. 190 190 190
Block 1 GHz - 6 GHz........................................................ .. .. 170 170 170
Spectrum Licensed for IMT systems .. .. 260 320 320
Block < 1GHz................................................................... .. .. 90 150 150
Block 1 GHz - 6 GHz........................................................ .. .. 170 170 170
Connections ('000)……………………………………… 38,982 42,815 49,502 54,556 61,409
Post Paid Subscriptions ('000)+…..……………………. 1,413 1,415 1,241 1,289 1,242
Pre Paid Subscriptions ('000)……………...………………..
37,569 41,401 48,261 51,557 60,167
Mobile Numbers Ported 1,315 2,575 1,916 1,088 1,437
Mobile Money
Transfer Agents …………………………. 165,908 182,472 205,745 224,108 264,390
Transfer Service Subscribers ('000)……. 31,997 30,005 31,627 28,976 32,460
Total Deposits through Agents (KSh Billion) + 1,536 2,194 2,464 2,584 3,231
Total Transfer from Subscriber to Subscriber (KSh Billion) 1,818 2,204 2,780 2,858 3,324
Total Transfers, (KSh Billion)…………………………… 3,356 3,638 3,984 4,346 5,214
Number of Total Transactions in Million 1,526 1,543 1,740 1,839 1,863
Value of Mobile Commerce Transactions (KSh Billion) 1,750 3,246 6,077 6,957 9,392
Number of Mobile Commerce Transactions ('000)2 928, 174 1,400,715 2,098,627 2,237,837 ..
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya/ Central Bank of Kenya
* Provisional
+ Revised
1 Includes Local Loop Operators. In addition, the wireless connections were decommissioned in 2015 and recommissioned in 2016
.. Data not available
2Number of Mobile commerce transactions were decommissioned in 2020
14.8. Details of telephone call traffic from 2016 to 2020 are presented in Table 14.3.
Voice Call International traffic emanating from mobile has been rising steadily while incoming traffic has
Traffic been declining over the last five years. Outgoing telephone traffic increased by 10.1 per cent
from 447.3 million minutes in 2019 to 492.5 million minutes in 2020. On the other hand,
incoming international traffic declined by 12.3 per cent, with traffic from fixed telephone
registering the largest decline of 21.4 per cent from 24.6 million minutes in 2019 to 19.3
million minutes in 2020. The decline may be attributed to the impact of COVID-19 coupled
with the use of other communication channels such as WhatsApp, Skype, Google meet among
others, to cut expenditure.
14.9. Outbound roaming traffic increased by 21.8 per cent to 293.0 million minutes in the
period under review. Inbound roaming on the other hand, declined by 10.8 per cent in 2020
compared to a rise of 33.7 per cent in 2019. The decline may be attributed to low number
of non-residents in the country due to travel restrictions to curb the spread of COVID-19.
Similarly, inbound broadband roaming decreased by 62.1 per cent to 84.0 GB while outbound
broadband roaming increased by 42.2 per cent to 78.3 GB in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
14.10. Total domestic traffic increased from 58.7 billion minutes in 2019 to 60.3 billion
minutes in 2020. The largest growth was recorded in mobile to fixed telephone traffic which
increased by 11.5 per cent to 65,398 million minutes in 2020. All calls emanating from fixed
telephone declined due to preference of using mobile telephone over fixed telephone.
14.11. International outgoing fixed Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) increased by 64.7
per cent to 2.7 million minutes in 2020 against a decline of 42.4 per cent registered in 2019.
The significant increase was attributed to increased communication with those outside the
country partly due to travel restrictions instituted in 2020.
Table 14.3: Telephone Call Traffic, 2016 - 2020
Minutes '000
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
International Calls
a. Total International Outgoing Telephone Traffic…………………….. 482,482 453,610 437,827 447,342 492,451
International Outgoing Mobile (b+c)………………………………. 473,292 446,760 422,012 432,421 481,955
International Outgoing Fixed…………………………….. 9,190 6,850 15,815 14,921 10,496
b. Mobile Traffic to East A frican Countries (EA C) 174,564 189,167 197,133 207,326 230,272
c. Mobile traffic to other countries 298,727 257,593 224,879 225,095 251,683
d. Total International Incoming Telephone Traffic……………………. 713,969 603,110 599,523 606,687 531,985
International Incoming Mobile (e+f) …………………………. 705,299 593,810 569,425 582,102 512,657
International Incoming Fixed…………………………. 8,670 9,300 30,098 24,585 19,328
e. Mobile Traffic from East A frican Countries (EA C) 230,487 184,368 265,756 320,677 285,557
f. Mobile traffic from other countries 474,812 409,441 303,669 261,425 227,100
Total International Telephone Traffic (a+d)…….. 1,196,451 1,056,720 1,037,351 1,054,029 1,024,436
Voice Roaming
(i) Roaming by Home Subscribers A broad (Outbound Roaming)…………… 143,529 161,459 192,763 240,678 293,027
(ii) Roaming by Foreign Subscribers A broad (Inbound Roaming)………….. 122,023 140,149 169,550 226,741 202,328
Total Voice Roaming (i+ii) ………….. 265,552 301,608 362,313 467,419 495,355
Broadband Roaming
Mobile broadband internet traffic Inbound roaming 45,815 65,223 140,450 221,675 84,045
Mobile broadband internet traffic Outbound roaming 13,922 18,468 25,357 55,058 78,287
Domestic Calls
Total Fixed to Fixed Telephone Traffic (a+b)…… 2,513 2,597 2,345 2,291 1,717
Fixed wireless to Fixed wireless (a) ………… 877 1,314 1,257 1,243 997
Fixed to Fixed telephone (b)……………………… 1,636 1,283 1,088 1,048 720
Fixed to Mobile telephone…………………………. 41,394 43,353 41,586 23,210 19,753
Mobile to Mobile telephone……………………… 42,070,692 43,944,431 55,772,953 58,646,518 60,164,844
Mobile to Fixed telephone…………………………….. 63,240 88,787 71,684 58,642 65,398
Total Domestic Traffic………………………………………………. 42,177,839 44,079,168 55,888,568 58,730,661 60,251,712
International Outgoing Fixed VoIP ………………………… 3,938 2,865 2,883 1,662 2,737
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya
* Prov isional
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Chapter 14: Information and Communication Technology
Message 14.12. Information on message service traffic is presented in Table 14.4. The domestic Short
Services Messaging Services (SMS) increased for the third year running despite the existence of
Traffic Over The Top services (OTTs). The number of SMSs sent increased by 4.3 per cent in the
review period compared to a 7.4 per cent rise in 2019. However, SMSs sent and received from
outside Kenya declined by 8.3 and 10.1 per cent in 2020, respectively. Figure 14.1 shows the
international SMSs received have been greater than Sent SMSs over the last five years.
Table 14.4: Message Service Traffic, 2016 - 2020
Number '000
Messages 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Total SMS sent ……………………………..
46,342,335 65,719,297 63,412,634 65,280,461 68,112,877
Domestic……………………………………………
46,305,545 65,681,804 63,376,674 65,240,872 68,076,554
International ………………………………
36,790 37,493 35,960 39,589 36,323
International SMS received …………38,478 41,390 45,955 42,144 37,894
Figure 14.1: International SMS Sent and Received Traffic, 2016 - 2020
Received SMS Sent SMS
50.0 46.0
45.0 41.4 42.1
37.5 39.6 37.9
38.5 36.0 36.3
40.0 36.8
35.0
30.0
MI LLI ONS
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
-
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
YEAR
Internet
14.13. The usage of internet in 2020 increased as most social interactions, learning activities,
Services
entertainment among others embraced online platforms mainly due to the COVID-19
pandemic. During the period under review, the number of licensed Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) increased by 21.2 per cent to 366 as shown in Table 14.5. Similarly, terrestrial mobile
subscriptions rose by 11.6 per cent to 43.7 million while the wireless data subscriptions
increased by 44.4 per cent to 103,598 in the same period. This was also boosted by the Google
loon services offered in unconnected parts of Kenya thus providing wider signal coverage.
Total fixed wired internet subscriptions rose by 35.5 per cent to 579, 449 with Fibre optic
growing by 49.0 per cent to 400,355 subscriptions in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 14.5: Internet Providers and Subscriptions, 2016 - 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1
Licensed Internet Services Providers (ISPs) ……………….242 219 256 302 366
Total Wireless Internet Subscriptions……………….
26,559,184 33,166,725 45,401,832 39,229,398 43,812,041
Terrestrial Mobile Data…………………………….
26,528,876 33,076,894 45,333,942 39,156,202 43,707,173
Terrestrial Wireless Data2……………………………
29,724 89,062 66,343 71,725 103,598
Satellite Data………………………………………. 584 769 1,547 1,471 1,270
Total Fixed (Wired) Internet Subscriptions………………
124,637 198,472 303,608 427,692 579,449
Fixed Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Data……………………………………..
2,483 1,953 976 751 870
Fixed Fibre Optic Data 3………………………………..
36,015 99,643 175,824 268,753 400,355
Fixed Cable Modem (Dial Up) Data 3…………………….
86,139 96,876 126,808 158,188 178,224
Total Fixed and Wireless Internet Subscriptions………….
26,683,821 33,365,197 45,705,440 39,657,090 44,391,490
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya
* Provisional
1
Also includes Application Service Providers (ASPs)
2
Includes other fixed wired such as Radio
3
Definition was changed in 2016
Broadband 14.14. Table 14.6 presents broadband services for the period 2016 to 2020. The uptake of
Services internet services increased in 2020 in light of COVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures
that greatly reduced physical contact. To meet the internet demand, bandwidth capacity was
increased by 29.6 per cent to 8.1 million Mbps in 2020. The increase of capacity enhanced
networks with resiliency and redundancy to handle the sudden surges and new patterns in
internet traffic.
14.15. The bandwidth utilization increased by 47.4 per cent to 4.0 million Mbps indicating
increased usage of the internet in 2020. Satellite bandwidth capacity reduced slightly to 5,460
Mbps in 2020 from 5,520 Mbps in 2019.
14.16. Broadband subscriptions had a mixed performance depending on the type of
technology demanded in 2020. During the period under review, subscriptions of Fibre to the
Office (FttO) and Other fixed wired broadband declined by 8.6 per cent and 52.4 per cent,
respectively as a result of people working remotely to curb the spread of COVID-19. However,
Fibre to the Home (FttH) subscriptions recorded an increase of 67.6 per cent to 340,271 in
2020.
14.17. Total active mobile broadband categorization was restructured in 2019 to measure the
services rather than the devices. In the mobile data category, broadband increased by 60.8
per cent to 10.8 million subscribers in 2020 driven by the demand from internet during the
pandemic. All categories of speeds for Fixed broadband were increased to meet the demand as
seen in Table 14.6. Compilation on the utilized mobile and fixed broadband data commenced
in the period under review. In 2020, 1.2 million GB and 551.5 million GB of fixed and mobile
broadband were utilized, respectively.
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Chapter 14: Information and Communication Technology
Table 14.6: Broadband Services, 2016 - 2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Capacity in Megabits Per Second (Mbps)
Undersea Bandwidth Capacity………………. 2,028,270 3,182,592 4,559,850 6,241,840 8,091,430
Satellite Bandwidth Capacity………………….. 473 559 5,720 5,520 5,460
1. Total Available Bandwidth Capacity……………… 2,028,743 3,183,151 4,565,570 6,247,360 8,096,890
Utilized Bandwidth in Mbps
Undersea Bandwidth……………….. 860,300 916,287 1,137,100 2,717,560 4,008,010
Satellite Bandwidth ……… 270 448 5,222 2,700 2,580
2. Total Utilized Bandwidth………………… 860,570 916,735 1,142,322 2,720,260 4,010,590
Broadband Subscriptions
Copper line (Dial-up, DSL and xDSL) … 2,483 1,953 976 751 835
Fibre to the Home …………………………… 15,853 63,276 129,979 203,038 340,271
Fibre to the Office …………………………… 23,402 36,367 45,845 65,715 60,079
Cable modem…………………………………. 86,139 96,876 126,808 158,188 178,224
Other fixed wired broadband .. 6,700 7,479 1,690 804
3.Total Fixed (Wired)- Broadband …………… 127,877 205,172 311,087 429,382 580,213
4. Satellite broadband…………………… 445 769 1,547 1,425 1,215
5. Terrestrial fixed wireless broadband…………… 29,556 82,362 58,864 60,436 92,746
6. Total Active mobile broadband (a+b+c+d)1 12,546,559 16,926,599 21,543,425 21,595,570 25,114,693
GSM mobile phones (a) ………………… 11,151,664 15,934,100 20,518,223 - -
GSM modems (b) ………………………… 1,394,895 992,499 1,025,202 - -
Data and Voice mobile broadband (c)……. - - - 14,849,704 14,270,593
Data only mobile broadband (d)……………. - - - 6,745,866 10,844,100
7. Total wireless broadband (4+5+6) 12,576,560 17,009,730 21,603,836 21,657,431 25,208,654
8. Total fixed and wireless broadband (3+7) 12,704,437 17,214,902 21,914,923 22,086,813 25,788,867
9. Fixed Broadband by speed2
<256 Kbps …………………………...…… 862 854 570 9,748 10,126
512 Kbps ………………………………………….. 4,808 2,927 505 - -
1 Mbps ………………………………………….. 22,702 14,459 8,905 - -
2 Mbps ………………………………………….. 33,574 96,391 87,772 - -
> 2 Mbps ………………………………………….. 91,046 173,672 273,746 - -
=> 256 Kbps to <2 Mbps - - - 10,693 14,743
=> 2 Mbps to < 10 Mbps - - - 278,461 390,351
=> 10 Mbps to < 30 Mbps - - - 104,827 143,990
=>30 Mbps to < 100Mbps - - - 94,582 121,671
'=> 100Mbps 2,594 3,436
10. Utilized Mobile and Fixed Broadband
Fixed broadband internet traffic - - - - 1,195,934
Mobile broadband internet traffic - - - - 551,463,956
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya
* Prov isional
1
New categorization starts in 2019 while old category ends in 2018
2
Fix ed broadbands speed category has changed in 2019 from the old tier (from 2015 to 2018)
-mean compillation of respectiv e data hadn't commenced/ decommissioned
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
CDMA: Code Div ision Multiple Access
247
Economic Survey 2021
Tariffs 14.18. Table 14.7 presents information on fixed and mobile charges from 2016 to 2020.
Installation fees have largely remained the same over the last five years. Installation fees for
copper solutions was decommissioned in 2019. Installation fees for Microwave and Fibre
solutions remained constant at KSh 65,000 and KSh 7,000, respectively. The average price
of on-net calls, off-net calls, SMS remained unchanged at KSh 2.83, KSh 3.07 and KSh 1.10,
respectively in the review period.
Table 14.7: Fixed and Mobile Charges, 2016 - 2020
KSh
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Fixed Charges
Installation Fees
Business and Residential Telephone Service……………………………………………….
4,699.00 5,496.00 5,496.00 5,496.00 5,496.00
Copper Solutions……………………………………………… - 7,000.00 7,000.00 - -
Microwave Solutions…………………………………………. - 80,000.00 85,000.00 65,000.00 65,000.00
Fibre Solutions…………………………………………………- 7,000.00 7,000.00 7,000.00 7,000.00
Monthly Susbcription for Residential Telephone Service…………………………………………
580.00 580.00 580.00 580.00 580.00
Monthly Susbcription for Business Telephone Service………..1,000.00 580.00 580.00 580.00 580.00
Average price of a one minute Fixed to Fixed local call………………
3.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Average price of a one minute Fixed to Mobile local call…………….
9.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
Mobile Charges
Lowest recharge card value…………………………………. 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Average price of a one minute Mobile to Mobile local call…………..
3.08 3.00 - - -
Average price of a one minute Mobile to Fixed local call……………..
3.25 3.21 - - -
Average price of one on-net call - - 3.00 2.83 2.83
Average price of one off-net call - - 3.46 3.07 3.07
Average price of a message via SMS…………………………………………
1.25 1.06 1.10 1.10 1.10
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya
* Provisional
- mean compillation of respective data hadn't commenced/ decommissioned
1. All averages are unweighted
2. Compilation of average prices billed per minute originating from mobile were phased out and compilation of average price of one
on-net or off-net calls were introduced in 2018
14.19. The average prices of a one-minute call from mobile phones in Kenya to other countries
for the period 2016 to 2020, are presented in Table 14.8. In 2020, most international tariffs
remained constant with only Somalia and South Africa reducing their rates by KSh 6.67
and KSh 4.00, respectively. In 2019, the operators changed the pricing for other African and
European countries with each country having its own rate.
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Chapter 14: Information and Communication Technology
Table 14.8: Average International Call Rates from Mobile Phone and Fixed Telephone, 2016- 2020
KSh per Minute
Countries 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Calls originating from Mobile
Uganda....................................................... 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Rwanda...................................................... 10.00 10.00 10.00 20.00 20.00
Burundi...................................................... 45.00 75.00 68.33 83.33 83.33
Tanzania.................................................... 31.67 31.67 33.33 41.67 41.67
Ethiopia...................................................... 33.33 33.33 33.33 33.33 33.33
Somalia....................................................... 53.33 60.00 53.33 60.00 53.33
South Sudan............................................... 16.67 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
South Africa................................................ 18.00 18.00 22.00 26.00 22.00
Other African Countries............................. 30.00 30.00 30.00 - -
USA............................................................ 4.67 5.00 5.00 5.33 5.33
Germany.................................................... 36.67 36.67 40.00 40.00 40.00
Switzerland................................................. 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
Italy............................................................ 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
France ........................................................ 36.67 36.67 40.00 40.00 40.00
United Kingdom........................................ 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00
Other European Countries......................... 38.33 26.67 26.67 - -
India .......................................................... 4.67 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
China ......................................................... 4.67 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Japan.......................................................... 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00
Calls originating from Fixed telephone
USA............................................................ - 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
United Kingdom........................................ - 5.00 6.00 5.50 5.50
India .......................................................... - 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
China ......................................................... 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya
*Provisional
-mean compillation of respective data hadn't commenced/ decommissioned
Kenyan 14.20. Total registered Kenyan domains continued to increase for the fifth year in a
Domains row to stand at 101,123 in 2020 as shown in Table 14.9. Second Level Domain (SLD)
had the highest increase of 15.9 per cent followed by Institution of Higher Learning at
8.2 per cent. However, network devices registered the largest drop of 46.9 per cent to
51 domains followed by personal websites and email at 16.9 per cent to 182 in 2020.
The slow uptake was due to inability to execute physical marketing activities for the
domains due to measures imposed on movement and gathering in the review period.
The number of registrars declined by 6.4 per cent from 203 in 2019 to 190 in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 14.9: Registered Kenyan Domains, 2016 - 2020
Number
Domain Users 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
.ac.ke Institutions of Higher Education.............................................................. 726 768 891 889 962
.co.ke Companies............................................................................................................... 58,165 68,430 77,820 87,243 93,776
.go.ke Government entities.......................................................................................... 363 414 502 565 606
.info.ke Information e.g. blogs........................................................................................ 144 374 443 155 156
.me.ke Personal websites & email............................................................................. 326 386 345 219 182
.mobi.ke Mobile content..................................................................................................... 44 126 180 40 43
.ne.ke Network Devices................................................................................................. 175 466 277 96 51
.or.ke Non profit making organisations or NGO's........................................ 1,860 1,981 1,976 1,831 1,930
.sc.ke Lower & middle institutions of learning............................................... 833 1,027 1,212 902 838
.ke Second Level Domain (SLD)..................................................................... .. .. 2,098 2,226 2,579
TOTAL ………………………….. 62,636 73,972 85,744 94,166 101,123
Number of registrars..................................................................................................................... 367 372 382 203 190
Domain renewal fee in KSh...................................................................................................... 580 1,160 1,160 1,160 1,160
Average annual fee to operate domain (Domain registration fee) in KSh.. 650 650 650 650 650
Second Level Domain Registration and Renewal fee in KSh.............................. - - 5,800 5,000 5,000
Source: Kenya Network Information Centre
* Provisional
_collection of data hadn't started
Media 14.21. Information on media frequencies and mobile transceivers from 2016 to 2020 is
Frequencies presented in Table 14.10. The number of self-provisioning broadcasters and the broadcast
and Mobile signal distributors remained the same for the lustrum time. The number of TV frequencies
Transceivers increased by 3 to 330 frequencies in 2020. Radio FM frequencies declined by 9 to stand at 908
in 2020 from 917 in 2019.
14.22. The total number of digital subscriptions increased by 7.2 per cent in 2020 a turnaround
from a decrease of 11.5 per cent recorded in 2019. The increase was attributed to the restrictions
of movement of persons which resulted in more people staying at home and hence demand
for broadcast entertainment. Internet protocol TV had the highest increase of 18.4 per cent to
16,303 subscriptions in 2020 from 13,765 in 2019.
14.23. The total number of mobile transceivers increased by 4.8 per cent to 258,356 in 2020
compared to a 14.6 per cent growth registered in 2019. The second generation (2G) declined
by 5.3 per cent to 153,318 transceivers, partly due to availability of 4G network enabled by
Google loons which were set up in unconnected areas of the country in the review period.
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Chapter 14: Information and Communication Technology
Table 14.10: Media Frequencies and Mobile Transceivers, 2016 - 2020
Number
+
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
TV Frequencies....................................................... 312 333 324 327 330
Radio FM Frequencies............................................ 687 740 850 917 908
Digital Distributors
Self-Provisioning Broadcast Signal Distributors...... 3 3 3 3 3
Broadcast Signal Distributors.................................. 2 2 2 2 2
Total Digital Signal Distributors 5 5 5 5 5
Digital TV Stations 63 89 120 146 122
1
Number of Households connected to Cable TV ….... 280,429 296,906 290,968 290,968 -
Digital Subscriptions
Cable TV................................................................. 95,493 79,938 169,698 160,200 178,224
Direct to Home Satellite ......................................... 350,626 476,225 1,110,563 1,272,459 1,389,839
+
Digital Terrestrial Televisions (STBs) …..........................
3,905,656 4,334,166 4,512,690 3,701,241 3,935,960
Internet-Protocl TV (IPTV)................................... 5 18 23,076 13,765 16,303
Total Digital Subscriptions 4,351,780 4,890,347 5,816,027 5,147,665 5,520,326
Radio Stations
English and Kiswahili.............................................. 110 109 111 127 129
All Vernacular Languages........................................ 63 67 67 72 75
Total Radio Stations 173 176 178 199 204
Mobile Transceivers by Technology
2G........................................................................... 92,562 137,560 154,250 161,867 153,318
3G........................................................................... 30,818 42,716 53,557 66,990 79,847
4G........................................................................... - 3,873 7,469 17,744 25,191
Total Mobile Transceivers 123,380 184,149 215,276 246,601 258,356
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya
* Provisional
+
Revised
STBs- Set Top Boxes
1
Households connected to cable Tv data were decommissioned in 2020
Employment, 14.24. Table 14.11 presents details on employment, investment and revenue of
Investment telecommunication operators and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from 2016 to 2020.
and Revenue Although the economy was negatively affected by the pandemic, causing a slowed growth to
most sectors, ISPs registered a 9.6 per cent growth to KSh 40.0 billion in 2020 from KSh 36.5
billion in 2019.
14.25. In 2020, value of investment by the telecommunication operators declined by 38.2
per cent to KSh 35.6 billion. The number of employees in telecommunications increased
marginally from 8,639 in 2019 to 8,728 in 2020. Revenue from telecommunication operators
increased from KSh 283.2 billion in 2019 to KSh 285.1 billion in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 14.11: Employment, Investment and Revenue, 2016 - 2020
Type of Operators 2016 2017 2018 2019 + 2020*
Employment (Number)
Telecommunication Operators1 …................................6,178 6,907 7,016 8,639 8,728
2
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) …................................8,448 9,031 10,803 10,035 10,556
3
Annual Investment (KSh Billion)
Telecommunication Operators1 …................................ 52 39 42 57 36
2
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) …................................ 2 2 3 2 3
3
Annual Revenue (KSh Billion)
Telecommunication Operators1 …................................ 233 247 271 283 285
2
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) …................................ 19 21 30 37 40
* Provisional
1
Includes Mobile network operators (MNOs) and Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs)
2
Include Application Service Providers (ASPs)
3
As at June
`+ Revenue for Operators revised
Information 14.26. Table 14.12 presents key indicators used for measuring information society for the
Society total population as well as population above 3 years. Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants
in total population decreased marginally to 4 users in every 10,000 people in 2020. Mobile
cellular penetration grew by 15.1 percentage points to 126.15 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
in 2020 implying that most people had more than one mobile cellular subscription. Bits per
second per capita increased by 44.1 per cent to 86.4 thousand Bps.
14.27. For the population three years and above, all indicators except fixed telephone lines
improved mainly due to the demand for internet services. Mobile penetration increased by
12.35 percentage points to 136.12 subscriptions in 2020 from 123.77 subscriptions in 2019.
Bits per second per capita increased from 64.7 thousand in 2019 to 93.2 thousand while
internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants increased by 8.43 percentage points to 98.40 in
2020.
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Chapter 14: Information and Communication Technology
Table 14.12: Key Indicators for Measuring Information Society, 2016 - 2020
Represents Total Population 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants……………………….. 0.16 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.04
Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants………. 87.86 94.29 106.51 111.10 126.15
Wireless internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants……………….. 59.86 73.04 97.69 82.48 90.00
Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants (Wireless and Fixed)……. 60.14 73.48 98.34 83.38 91.19
Bits per second per capita (Bps/person)………………………….20,337.70 21,168.70 25,773.45 59,969.34 86,389.65
Broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (wireless)…………… 28.35 37.46 46.49 45.53 51.78
Broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (Fixed and Wired)….. 28.63 38.09 47.15 46.44 52.98
Mobile money subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 72.11 66.08 68.05 60.92 66.68
Represents Population of Three (3) years and above
Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants……………………….. 0.18 0.17 0.05 0.05 0.04
Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants………. 95.37 102.14 115.16 123.77 136.12
Wireless internet subscribers per 100 inhabitnats……………….. 64.98 79.12 105.62 89.00 97.11
Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants (Wireless and Fixed)……. 65.28 79.60 106.33 89.97 98.40
Bits per second per capita (Bps/person)………………………….22,077.21 22,932.25 27,865.02 64,710.08 93,219.13
Broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (wireless)…………… 30.77 40.58 50.26 49.13 55.88
Broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (Fixed and Wired)….. 31.08 41.26 50.98 50.11 51.11
*Provisional
International 14.28. International trade in ICT equipment based on the Standard International Trade
Trade in ICT Classification (SITC) is presented in Table 14.13. The value of ICT exports declined by
Equipment 9.8 per cent while imports reduced by 9.2 per cent to KSh 1.4 billion and KSh 53.3 billion,
respectively during the review period. Exports of monitors and projectors and reception
apparatus for televisions and imports of office machines declined by 47.3 and 69.4 per cent,
respectively in 2020.
Table 14.13: International Trade in ICT Equipment, 2016 - 2020
KSh Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Exports
Office machines ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
65.8 80.3 154.8 70.1 81.6
Automatic data processing machines, storage units etc……………………………………………………………………………………………..
442.1 231.8 347.0 498.8 651.4
Part and accessories ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
55.7 29.2 49.4 40.0 36.9
Monitors and projectors and reception apparatus for television……………………………………………………………………………………………
398.0 251.6 211.7 205.8 108.6
Reception apparatus for radio broadcasting ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
22.1 10.8 22.0 17.6 11.1
Recording equipments ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
7.0 3.0 11.3 2.0 1.8
Telecommunications equipment ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
1,209.3 653.3 587.9 723.4 513.9
Total 2,200.0 1,260.0 1,384.1 1,557.7 1,405.3
Imports
2,194.8 2,115.6
Office machines ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
1,298.7 3,291.3 1,006.9
Automatic data processing machines, storage units etc……………………………………………………………………………………………..
18,959.4 25,233.2 11,725.2 17,955.5 14,012.3
Part and accessories ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
700.8 830.0 668.0 680.1 840.0
Monitors and projectors and reception apparatus for television……………………………………………………………………………………………
5,771.0 5,857.3 8,073.4 9,684.7 10,735.2
Reception apparatus for radio broadcasting ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
1,190.8 190.6 628.5 309.7 431.7
Recording equipments ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
344.0 572.3 558.2 701.7 323.1
Telecommunications equipment ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
28,693.9 32,014.7 25,512.0 26,055.2 25,911.6
Total 56,958.6 66,892.9 49,281.1 58,678.2 53,260.8
*Provisional
253
Economic Survey 2021
Newspaper 14.29. Circulation of hardcopy newspapers by various media houses and average online
Circulation newspaper visitors is shown in Table 14.14. In 2020, newspaper circulation declined as
and Online majority of users preferred the digital newspapers. In the year under review, 62.9 million
Newspaper English daily copies were circulated compared to 77.9 million copies circulated in 2019 while
Readership the weekly Kiswahili newspaper was suspended. Average online visitors per day increased by
28.0 per cent to stand at 3.7 million in 2020.
Table 14.14: Local Daily/Weekly Newspapers in Circulation, 2016 – 2020
‘000 Copies
1
Newspapers 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Daily Newspapers
English ………………………..………………………………….
94,348 89,631 87,121 77,923 62,853
Kiswahili …………………………..………………………………….
4,401 3,961 4,524 3,896 3,459
Weekly Newspapers
English ………………………..………………………………….
13,741 12,917 12,232 11,582 9,890
Kiswahili …………………………..………………………………….
1,413 1,272 1,169 935 -
2
Average online visitors per day 1,862,943 2,852,031 2,857,738 2,910,561 3,726,615
Source: Various Media Houses
* Provisional
1
Excludes free newspaper copies
_means compilation of respective data was decommissioned
Cybersecurity 14.30. Table 14.15 shows the number of cyber attacks’ advisories issued and online crime
reported to the National Kenya Computer Incident Response Team/Coordination
Centre (KE-CIRT/CC). In 2020, the increased use of internet exposed more users to
cyber-attacks resulting in increased cyber advisories by 54.2 per cent to 81,727. Online
fraud increasing more than five-folds from 51 in 2019 to 270 in 2020 while cases of
phishing more than tripled from 102 in 2019 to 338 in 2020. Reported online crime
rose by 39.7 per cent to 139.9 million with malware recording the highest growth of
45.4 per cent to 124.2 million in the review period.
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Chapter 14: Information and Communication Technology
Table 14.15: Cyber Security Advisories and Reported Online Crimes, 2017 - 2020
Numbers
1
Cyberattacks 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Cyber Security Advisories
231
Malware2 ………………….................................... 5,452 5,951 5,810
System vulnerabilities …………………....................................
187 14,360 43,034 72,076
3 191
Botnet/DDoS Attack …………………....................................563 1,568 1,128
Online Impersonation…………………....................................
336 335 285 562
Online abuse……………………....................................
261 2,700 513 262
Website application attack……………………....................................
73 1,213 1,509 1,281
4 -
Phishing …………………….................................... - 102 338
Online Fraud…………………....................................
- - 51 270
Total 1,279 24,623 53,013 81,727
Types of Online Crime Reported
-
Malware2 …………………….................................... 18,233,047 85,416,510 124,168,113
-
Botnet/DDoS3………………….................................... 3,389,880 4,407,478 4,060,899
Web Application Attacks …………………....................................
- 3,842,609 10,284,596 11,589,947
System vulnerabilities …………………....................................
- 9,477 93,398 114,675
Total - 25,475,013 100,201,982 139,933,634
Source: Communication Authority of Kenya
* Provisional
_means compilation of respective data hadnt started compilation
1
Cyberattacks indicators compilation started in 2017
2
Refers to a software designed with the intention of damaging services, stealing data etc
3
Botnets refers to a collection of internet-connected devices whose security been breached. They are used to perform distributed
denial of service (DDOS) attack.
4
Refers to stealing of information through email, telephone or SMS where someone poses as a legit to lure individuals into
providing sensitive data such password, Personal Identification Number (PIN) etc
255
C
Section C
SOCIAL SCENE
257
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Education and Training Chapter
15
I
Overview n the period under review, the Government through the Ministry of Education continued
with the implementation of the Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) in which the
first cohort that was in Grade 3 in 2019 proceeded to Grade 4 in 2020. During the
review period, the calendar for basic education and tertiary education started as scheduled.
However, learning was disrupted in March 2020 when the Government of Kenya closed all
learning institutions in the efforts to curb the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. As a way of
ensuring continuity of learning, the Government through the Ministry of Education and other
stakeholders adopted and encouraged virtual (online) teaching and learning, and community-
based learning among other learning platforms. The face-to-face learning resumed on 5th
October, 2020 for universities, middle-level colleges, while that of primary school Grade 4
and Standard 8, secondary school Form 4 resumed on 12th October, 2020. Further, learning in
all other grades in primary and secondary schools resumed fully in January 2021. Due to the
disruptions of the 2020 school calendar, Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) and
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) examinations for 2020 were rescheduled
to be taken in the months of March and April 2021. During the review period, there was no
intake in all the Teacher Training Institutions across the country.
15.2. The total expenditure for the Ministry of Education is expected to go up by 8.9 per cent
from KSh 464.7 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 506.2 billion in 2020/21 financial year. Recurrent
expenditure for the Ministry is expected to increase by 7.1 per cent to KSh 481.2 billion in
2020/21. Development expenditure is expected to increase by KSh 9.7 billion from KSh 15.3
billion in 2019/20 to KSh 25.0 billion in 2020/21, mainly attributable to increase in funding
for the implementation of COVID-19 prevention measures in educational institutions.
15.3. The total number of schools increased marginally from 89,337 in 2019 to 90,145 in 2020.
Number of registered public pre-primary schools went up by 2.7 per cent from 28,383 in 2019
to 29,148 in 2020. During the review period, the number of private primary schools increased
by 1.5 per cent to 9,191, while the number of public primary schools declined to 23,246 from
23,286 in 2019. Number of public teacher training colleges went up from 27 in 2019 to 30 in
2020, while the number of national polytechnics increased by one to 12 in 2020.
15.4. Enrolment in Pre-Primary 1 and 2 increased by 3.7 per cent to 2.8 million in 2020 from
2.7 million in 2019. Total enrolment in primary schools stood at 10.2 million in 2020 from
10.1 million in 2019. Total enrolment in secondary schools recorded a growth of 8.0 per cent
to 3,520.4 thousand in 2020 of which 1,768.9 thousand were girls. The total number of teacher
trainees rose by 10.5 per cent from 11,111 in 2019 to 12,276 in 2020, while enrolment in
TVET institutions increased by 4.8 per cent 430,598 in 2019 to 451,205 in 2020.
Expenditure 15.5. Table 15.1 presents the expenditure for the Ministry of Education during the period
for the 2016/17 to 2020/21. Total expenditure for the Ministry of Education is expected to go up by
Ministry of 8.9 per cent from KSh 464.7 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 506.2 billion in 2020/21. Total recurrent
Education expenditure is expected to increase by 7.1 per cent to KSh 481.2 billion in 2020/21. Recurrent
expenditure for the State Department of Vocational and Technical Training is expected to
259
Economic Survey 2021
increase significantly by 48.8 per cent from KSh 12.5 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 18.6 billion
in 2020/21. This growth is partly due to continued Government efforts to support Technical
and Vocational Education and Training. The recurrent expenditure for the State Department
for Early Learning and Basic Education is expected to go up by 6.0 per cent to KSh 89.1 billion
in 2020/21, while that of Teachers Service Commission is expected to increase by 3.8 per
cent from KSh 255.8 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 265.5 billion in 2020/21. Similarly, recurrent
expenditure for the State Department of University Education is expected to increase by 11.3
per cent to KSh 107.8 billion in the same period.
15.6. Total development expenditure for the Ministry is expected to increase by KSh 9.7
billion from KSh 15.3 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 25.0 billion in 2020/21, mainly on account
of development expenditure for the State Department for Early Learning and Basic Education,
which is expected to increase by KSh 9.4 billion in 2020/21. This is mainly attributable to
increased funding in support of infrastructure development in primary and secondary schools
to combat the spread of COVID-19. Development expenditure for the Teachers Service
Commission (TSC) is expected to increase from KSh 271.6 million in 2019/20 to KSh 600 .0
million in 2020/21, while that for the State Department for Vocational and Technical Training
is expected to increase by 17.8 per cent to KSh 6.3 billion in 2020/21. The expected increase
in development expenditure for TSC and State Department of Vocational and Technical
Training is attributed to increased funding for the implementation of measures required in
educational institutions to combat spread of COVID-19 during the face-to-face learning.
Table 15.1: Expenditure for the Ministry of Education, 2016/17 - 2020/21
KSh Million
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21+
RECURRENT EXPENDITURE
Ministry of Education
State Department for Early Learning & Basic Education............ 54,977.03 83,922.18 87,966.70 84,099.19 89,128.76
Teachers Service Commission.................................................... 190,947.22 217,614.31 240,738.30 255,792.62 265,492.58
State Department for University Education............................... 54,025.03 87,311.67 91,661.66 96,847.07 107,757.16
State Department for Vocational and Technical Training......... 2,479.53 2,511.60 7,777.79 12,517.11 18,637.90
State Department for Post Training and Skills Development .... .. .. 56.16 115.82 150.94
Sub Total 302,428.82 391,359.77 428,200.60 449,371.81 481,167.34
DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE
Ministry of Education
State Department for Early Learning & Basic Education............ 8,188.86 9,064.74 7,462.33 3,409.04 12,770.00
Teachers Service Commission.................................................... 6.34 5.94 16.69 271.64 600.00
State Department for University Education............................... 9,106.74 3,569.62 10,155.01 6,294.96 5,375.60
State Department for Vocational and Technical Training......... 5,746.18 8,454.88 9,245.20 5,344.73 6,293.71
State Department for Post Training and Skills Development .... .. .. .. .. ..
Sub Total 23,048.12 21,095.18 26,879.24 15,320.38 25,039.31
TOTAL EXPENDITURE 325,476.94 412,454.95 455,079.84 464,692.19 506,206.65
Source: The National Treasury
* Provisional
+ Revised budget estimates
.. Data not available
Educational 15.7. Table 15.2 shows the number of educational institutions by category from 2016 to 2020.
Institutions The total number of schools stood at 90,145 as at March 2020, which was a marginal increase
from 89,337 reported in 2019. Number of registered public pre-primary schools grew by
2.7 per cent from 28,383 in 2019 to 29,148 in 2020. During the review period, the number
of private primary schools increased by 1.5 per cent to 9,191. The number of public teacher
260
Chapter 15: Education and Training
training colleges increased to 30 in 2020. The overall number of Technical and Vocational
Education and Training (TVET) institutions increased by 7.5 per cent from 2,140 in 2019
to 2,301 in 2020. The number of national polytechnics increased by one to 12 in 2020 after
Nyandarua Technical and Vocational College was elevated to a National Polytechnic. During
the same period, the total number of private chartered universities and universities with Letter
of Interim Authority increased to 33 in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 15.2: Educational Institutions by Category1, 2016 – 2020
Number
Category 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Schools:
Registered Pre-Primary :
25,381
Public .. .. .. .. .. ……………………………………………………………….
25,175 25,589 28,383 29,148
Private .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
16,073 16,398 16,728 18,147 18,147
Sub Total .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
41,248 41,779 42,317 46,530 47,295
Primary:
Public .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
22,939 23,584 24,241 23,286 23,246
Private .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
10,263 11,858 13,669 9,058 9,191
Sub Total .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
33,202 35,442 37,910 32,344 32,437
Secondary:
Public .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
8,592 9,111 9,643 8,933 9,112
Private .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
1,350 1,544 1,756 1,530 1,301
Sub Total .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
9,942 10,655 11,399 10,463 10,413
Total .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
84,392 87,876 91,626 89,337 90,145
Teacher Training Colleges:
Pre-primary:
Public + .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
26 26 26 26 -
Private .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
121 235 240 240 -
Sub Total .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
147 276 266 266 -
Primary:
Public .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
27 27 27 27 30
Private .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
105 108 110 88 89
135 137
Sub Total .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
132 115 119
2
Secondary .. .. .. ..…………………………………………
3 3 3 3 3
414 406
Total .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
282 384 122
TVET Institutions
Public Vocational Training Centres+ .. ….……………………………………………………………….
816 899 982 1,149 1,156
Private Vocational Training Centres .. ….……………………………………………………………….
29 47 47 47 83
Public Technical and Vocational Colleges ….……………………………………………………………….
62 91 101 191 230
Private Technical and Vocational Colleges ….……………………………………………………………….
382 627 628 742 820
National Polytechnics .. ..……………………………………………………………….
11 11 11 11 12
Total .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
1,300 1,962 1,769 2,140 2,301
3
Universities
Public .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
30 31 31 31 31
Private .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
30 30 32 32 33
Total .. .. .. .. .. ..……………………………………………………………….
60 61 63 63 64
Source : Ministry of Education/ Council of Governors/TVET Authority
* Provisional
1
Data for 2020 is as at the Month of March 2020
2
Public diploma teacher training colleges
3
Includes public chartered universities, private chartered universities and universities with Letter of Interim Authority
+
Revised
262
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Pre-Primary 15.8. Table 15.3 shows pupil enrolment and number of teachers in Early Childhood
Education Development Education (ECDE) centres from 2016 to 2020. Enrolment in Pre-primary 1 and
2 increased by 3.7 per cent to 2.8 million in 2020 from 2.7 million in 2019. In 2020, enrolment
of boys in ECDE centres accounted for 50.7 per cent of the total enrolment. The number of
trained teachers in ECDE centres recorded a growth of 3.1 per cent from 92,359 in 2019 to
95,241 in 2020. During the review period, the number of trained male teachers registered an
increase of 6.5 per cent while that of female teachers increased by 2.1 per cent to 79,657. The
number of female teachers accounted for 83.6 per cent of all trained teachers in ECDE centres.
Table 15.3: Pupil Enrolment and Number of Teachers in ECDE Centres, 2016 – 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Enrolment
Boys1………………………………………….
1,634,194 1,681,530 1,730,237
1
Girls ………………………………………….
1,565,647 1,612,283 1,660,308
TOTAL………………………………………….
3,199,841 3,293,813 3,390,545
2
Boys Pre-Primary 1 and 2 .. 1,393,719 1,436,924
2
Girls Pre-Primary 1 and 2 .. 1,344,868 1,395,973
TOTAL………………… 2,738,587 2,832,897
Trained Teachers
Male ………………………………………….
15,366 17,746 18,703
Female ………………………………………….
82,351 89,192 94,000
Sub Total………………………………………….
97,717 106,938 112,703
Trained Teachers 3
Male ......................................... .. 14,634 15,584
Female ...................................... .. 77,725 79,657
Sub Total 92,359 95,241
Untrained Teachers
Male ………………………………………….
2,606 2,445 2,294
Female ………………………………………….
10,496 8,893 8,158
Sub Total………………………………………….
13,102 11,338 10,452
TOTAL………………………………………….
110,819 118,276 123,155 92,359 95,241
Source: Ministry of Education
* Provisional
.. data not available
1
Comprises number of pupils enrolled in baby class, middle class and pre-unit under 8.4.4 System
2
Comprises of number pupils enroled in pre-primary 1 and 2 under Competency Based Curriculum
3
Number of teachers under Competency Based Curriculum
263
Economic Survey 2021
Primary 15.9. Primary school enrolment by class and sex from 2016 to 2020 is presented in Table
Education 15.4a. Total enrolment in primary schools stood at 10.2 million, which is an increase from
10.1 million reported in 2019. Enrolment in Grade 1 to Grade 4 under the Competency
Based Curriculum (CBC) stood at 5.1 million, accounting for 49.9 per cent of total primary
enrolment. Enrolment in Standard 8 stood at 1,163.8 thousand in 2020, out of which boys
were 581.3 thousand and girls were 582.5 thousand.
264
Table 15.4a: Primary School Enrolment by Class and Sex1, 2016 – 2020
Number ('000)
2016 2017** 2018** 2019 2020*
Class Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
Standard/Grade 1 .. .. …………………….
696.8 655.8 1,352.6 705.9 664.4 1,370.3 716.1 674.1 1,390.2 661.0 620.1 1,281.1 647.0 609.6 1,256.6
Standard/Grade 2 .. .. …………………….
686.7 650.7 1,337.4 695.7 655.2 1,350.9 704.9 663.9 1,368.8 658.2 618.9 1,277.1 669.4 623.7 1,293.0
Standard/Grade 3 .. .. …………………….
684.3 653.9 1,338.2 693.3 652.9 1,346.2 702.4 661.6 1,364.0 637.0 605.5 1,242.5 655.7 618.3 1,274.0
Standard/Grade 4 .. .. …………………….
693.4 669.3 1,362.7 694.2 665.4 1,359.7 703.4 674.4 1,377.8 665.8 635.6 1,301.4 641.2 605.4 1,246.6
Standard 5 .. .. …………………….
667.7 651.2 1,318.9 681.1 667.5 1,348.6 690.0 676.2 1,366.2 657.4 643.7 1,301.2 679.6 644.8 1,324.5
Standard 6 .. .. …………………….
658.1 650.8 1,308.9 669.8 655.2 1,325.0 678.5 663.8 1,342.4 650.4 645.4 1,295.7 666.1 649.3 1,315.4
Standard 7 .. .. …………………….
646.1 650.9 1,297.0 656.1 652.9 1,309.0 664.6 661.5 1,326.1 646.3 647.8 1,294.1 651.1 645.0 1,296.1
Standard 8 .. .. …………………….
486.2 477.8 964.0 497.7 496.3 994.0 504.3 502.8 1,007.1 529.7 549.2 1,079.0 581.3 582.5 1,163.8
TOTAL 5,219.3 5,060.3 10,279.7 5,293.9 5,109.8 10,403.7 5,364.3 5,178.3 10,542.5 5,105.8 4,966.3 10,072.0 5,191.4 4,978.7 10,170.1
Source : Ministry of Education
265 *Provisional
**Estimates
1
The data for 2020 is as at March 2020
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Economic Survey 2021
15.10. The variation of primary school enrolment during the 2020 school year is presented
in Table 15.4b. The analysis in this section is therefore to provide an insight of effects of
COVID 19 pandemic on the 2020 school year enrolment. The overall enrolment in primary
schools declined from 10.2 million pupils in March 2020 to 10.0 million pupils in March
2021. Enrolment in private schools decreased by 11.1 per cent whereas that of public schools
increased by 0.6 per cent. The reduction in enrolment mainly affected upper primary grade
5 to 8, with grade 8 being the most affected. This decline can partly be attributed to school
dropouts, due to over-age, teenage pregnancies, early marriages and other socioeconomic
factors such as employment as a result of prolonged closure of schools. The total number of
schools that reopened in 2021 went down by 2.7 per cent mainly on account of reduction in
the number of private schools which failed to reopen.
266
Table 15.4b: Primary School Enrolment Variation During the 2020 School Year, March 2020 and March 2021
Number of Schools March 2020 March 2020 March 2021 March 2021 Variation Variation Variation Total
Grade / Sex Public Private Total 2020 Public Private Total 2021 Public Private Total Variation %
Number of Schools 23,246 9,191 32,437 23,392 8,160 31,552 146 (1,031) (885) -2.7
Boys 520,640 126,362 647,002 535,616 114,587 650,203 14,976 (11,775) 3,201 0.5
Grade 1 Girls 486,347 123,297 609,644 499,342 110,844 610,186 12,995 (12,453) 542 0.1
Boys 549,753 119,604 669,357 554,689 106,748 661,437 4,936 (12,856) (7,920) -1.2
Grade 2 Girls 507,636 116,032 623,668 513,714 103,459 617,173 6,078 (12,573) (6,495) -1.0
Boys 541,941 113,723 655,664 547,500 101,124 648,624 5,559 (12,599) (7,040) -1.1
Grade 3 Girls 507,626 110,681 618,307 514,459 98,860 613,319 6,833 (11,821) (4,988) -0.8
Boys 536,595 104,577 641,172 540,857 92,205 633,062 4,262 (12,372) (8,110) -1.3
Grade 4 Girls 503,257 102,156 605,413 509,925 89,566 599,491 6,668 (12,590) (5,922) -1.0
Boys 578,140 101,486 679,626 578,024 90,078 668,102 (116) (11,408) (11,524) -1.7
Grade 5 Girls 546,063 98,777 644,840 548,988 87,832 636,820 2,925 (10,945) (8,020) -1.2
267
Boys 572,005 94,129 666,134 571,744 82,196 653,940 (261) (11,933) (12,194) -1.8
Grade 6 Girls 556,711 92,573 649,284 558,170 80,381 638,551 1,459 (12,192) (10,733) -1.7
Boys 564,967 86,137 651,104 561,713 76,019 637,732 (3,254) (10,118) (13,372) -2.1
Grade 7 Girls 559,355 85,668 645,023 558,638 75,088 633,726 (717) (10,580) (11,297) -1.8
Boys 500,024 81,302 581,326 494,044 73,263 567,307 (5,980) (8,039) (14,019) -2.4
Grade 8 Girls 502,266 80,235 582,501 495,511 73,156 568,667 (6,755) (7,079) (13,834) -2.4
Boys 4,364,065 827,320 5,191,385 4,386,279 736,273 5,122,552 22,214 (91,047) (68,833) -1.3
Total
Girls 4,169,261 809,419 4,978,680 4,201,334 719,232 4,920,566 32,073 (90,187) (58,114) -1.2
Overal Total 8,533,326 1,636,739 10,170,065 8,587,613 1,455,505 10,043,118 54,287 (181,234) (126,947) -1.2
Source: Ministry of Education
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Economic Survey 2021
Kenya 15.11. The Government of Kenya laid out prevention measures to contain the spread of
Certificate Coronavirus (COVID-19), which affected the school calendar and therefore, registered
of Primary KCPE candidates did not sit for the exams in 2020. The candidates sat for KCPE in March
Education 2021. Table 15.5 presents the number of Examination Centres, Candidates by Sex and Mean
(KCPE) Scores by Subject in KCPE from 2016 to 2020. The number of KCPE examination centres
increased by 2.4 per cent from 27,807 in 2019 to 28,467 in 2020. During the same period, the
number of registered KCPE candidates increased by 9.1 per cent to 1.2 million in 2020 from
1.1 million in 2019. In 2020, the number of registered male candidates were 596,566 while
that of registered female candidates were 595,161.
Table 15.5: Number of Examination Centres, Candidates by Sex and Mean Scores by Subject in KCPE1,
2016-2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Examination Centres 25,611 26,284 27,157 27,807 28,467
Registered KCPE Candidates
Male………………………………………………………….
478,703 503,527 531,434 546,370 596,566
Female………………………….………………………………………….
473,688 499,919 529,276 542,619 595,161
Total 952,391 1,003,446 1,060,710 1,088,989 1,191,727
Candidates who Sat for KCPE
Male………………………………………………………….
473,684 498,775 529,215 546,371 ..
Female………………………….………………………………………….
478,706 494,943 531,495 542,618 ..
Total 952,390 993,718 1,060,710 1,088,989 ..
Subject Mean Score (%)
English
English Language…………….………………………………………….
50.52 47.63 54.69 53.47 ..
English Composition……….………………………………………….
40.26 39.60 39.39 39.91 ..
Kiswahili
Kiswahili Lugha…………………………………………………….
49.20 48.38 51.60 44.54 ..
Kiswahili Insha……………………………………………….
48.27 47.88
46.88 51.73 ..
Mathematics…………………..………………………………………….
45.39 51.14 43.13 49.09 ..
Science ……………………………………………………………………….
61.82 55.61 58.96 56.79 ..
Social Studies and Religious Education
Social Studies…………………….………………………………………….
57.38 57.22 53.89 54.25 ..
Religious Education…………………………………………………….
70.99 69.79 73.08 62.32 ..
Source: Kenya National Examinations Council
* Provisional
.. Data not available
1
KCPE was not done in 2020 but was done in March 2021
15.12. The number of registered KCPE special needs candidates by sex and type of disability
from 2016 to 2020 is presented in Table 15.6. The number of registered KCPE special needs
candidates increased by 11.0 per cent from 2,414 in 2019 to 2,680 in 2020. The number of
male candidates with special needs registered for KCPE in 2020 were 56.8 per cent of total
number of special needs candidates. Number of registered candidates who were physically
handcapped accounted for 44.8 per cent followed by those who were deaf, with low vision and
blind at 27.5, 3.6 and 4.1 per cent, respectively.
268
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Table 15.6: Registered KCPE Candidates with Special Needs by Sex and Type of Disability, 2016-2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Type of Disability
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Blind................................. 43 44 87 47 40 87 60 44 104 76 50 126 77 34 111
Low Vision....................... 246 193 439 296 231 527 319 244 563 325 281 606 359 273 632
Deaf.................................. 396 330 726 381 368 749 418 373 791 415 377 792 392 344 736
Physically Handicapped1 367 331 698 425 293 718 590 447 1037 506 384 890 694 507 1201
Total................................ 1,052 898 1,950 1,149 932 2,081 1,387 1,108 2,495 1,322 1,092 2,414 1,522 1,158 2,680
Source: Kenya National Examinations Council
* Provisional
1
Physical handcap only in writing
15.13. Figure 15.1 illustrates the Pupil Completion Rate (PCR) and Primary to Secondary
Transition Rate (PSTR) from 2016 to 2020. In 2020, the PCR increased by 9.2 percentage
points to 94.6 per cent from 85.4 per cent in 2019. The PSTR stood at 91.0 per cent in 2020,
representing a rise of 5.5 percentage points. The increase is attributed to Government policy
to ensure 100 per cent transition of all pupils from primary to secondary education. The
transition rate presented is based on enrolment of Standard 8 pupils in 2019 and enrolment of
Form 1 students in 2020.
Figure 15.1: Pupil Completion Rate and Primary to Secondary Transition Rate, 2016 - 2020
269
Economic Survey 2021
15.14. The number of teachers in public primary schools by qualification or category and sex
from 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table 15.7. Total number of teachers slightly declined from
218,760 in 2019 to 218,077 in 2020. The decline is mainly on account of a decrease in number
of female teachers. In the review period, majority of teachers in public primary schools are
certificate holders accounting for 81.6 per cent. Those with diploma, degree and postgraduate
qualification accounted for 9.9, 8.2 and 0.2 per cent, respectively. During the review period,
the number of teachers who were certificate holders increased by 1.3 per cent to 178,024. The
number of teachers with diploma level of education declined by 12.1 per cent from 24,604 in
2019 to 21,632 in 2020. During the same period, number of teachers with bachelors’ degree
increased from 17,891 in 2019 to 17,930 in 2020 whereas teachers with postgraduate degrees
increased by 2.1 per cent to 491 in 2020 from 481 in 2019.
270
Table 15.7: Public Primary School Teachers1 by Qualification/Category and Sex, 2016 – 2020
Number
Qualification/ 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Category Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Master and Doctorate
Degrees 217 342 559 201 328 529 192 307 499 188 293 481 197 294 491
Bachelor Degree 9,140 9,817 18,957 9,043 9,669 18,712 8,730 9,434 18,164 8,576 9,315 17,891 8,627 9,303 17,930
Diploma 22,000 24,760 46,760 16,491 18,164 34,655 13,272 14,461 27,733 11,561 13,043 24,604 9,821 11,811 21,632
Certificate 75,959 75,317 151,276 80,873 83,321 164,194 82,670 87,601 170,271 84,293 91,419 175,712 84,469 93,555 178,024
Contract Teachers - - - - - - 56 6 62 66 6 72 - - -
TOTAL 107,316 110,236 217,552 106,608 111,482 218,090 104,920 111,809 216,729 104,684 114,076 218,760 103,114 114,963 218,077
Source: Teachers Service Commision
* Provisional
1
Data excludes teachers on unpaid study leave and those with disciplinary cases
271 Note: 'Teachers Service Commission (TSC) implemented the changes in categorization of teachers in public primary and secondary schools and the teacher training colleges into new grades in July 2017
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Economic Survey 2021
Secondary 15.15. Table 15.8a presents secondary schools’ enrolment by class and sex from 2016 to 2020.
Education Total enrolment in secondary schools recorded a growth of 8.0 per cent to 3,520.4 thousand in
2020 of which 50.3 per cent were girls. The increase was attributed to the Government policy
of ensuring 100 per cent transition from primary to secondary schools.
272
Table 15.8a: Enrolment in Secondary Schools by Class and Sex1, 2016 – 2020
Number ('000')
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Class Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
Form 1……………………..
382.8 375.1 757.9 405.5 396.1 801.5 414.6 411.4 826.0 423.2 438.2 861.4 487.1 494.4 981.5
Form 2…………………….
372.5 357.9 730.4 386.4 372.3 758.7 408.7 392.5 801.2 450.8 457.3 908.1 455.9 466.5 922.4
Form 3……………………..
345.0 324.3 669.4 356.0 335.7 691.7 369.4 348.5 717.9 389.0 387.9 776.9 434.8 434.1 868.9
Form 4……………………….
296.6 266.3 562.9 303.0 275.9 578.9 312.6 285.0 597.6 363.1 350.5 713.6 373.8 373.9 747.7
TOTAL 1,396.9 1,323.6 2,720.6 1,450.8 1,380.0 2,830.8 1,505.3 1,437.4 2,942.7 1,626.1 1,634.0 3,260.0 1,751.5 1,768.9 3,520.4
Source : Ministry of Education
* Provisional
1
The data for 2020 is as at March 2020
273
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Economic Survey 2021
15.16. Table 15.8b presents variation in secondary school enrolment during the 2020 school
year. Total secondary enrolment decreased by 5.7 per cent from 3.5 million in March 2020
to 3.3 million in March 2021 when the schools fully reopened. The number of students who
did not resume learning when schools reopened were 233,300 which is 6.6 per cent of the
total number of students enrolled in March 2020. The number of secondary schools which
reopened in March 2021 increased by 0.4 per cent.
Table 15.8b: Changes in Secondary School Enrolment by Sex, March 2020 and March 2021
Number of Students
Enrolment Dates Schools Boys Girls Total
March 2021 Public 9,180 1,556,516 1,553,357 3,109,873
March 2021 Private 1,278 93,609 109,839 203,448
Total 2021 10,458 1,650,125 1,663,196 3,313,321
March 2020 Public 9,112 1,664,033 1,664,864 3,328,897
March 2020 Private 1,301 104,268 113,456 217,724
Total 2020 10,413 1,768,301 1,778,320 3,546,621
Variation Public 68 -107,517 -111,507 -219,024
Variation Private -23 -10,659 -3,617 -14,276
Variation Total 45 -118,176 -115,124 -233,300
Total Variation % 0.4 -6.7 -6.5 -6.6
Source: Ministry of Education
Kenya 15.17. Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education examinations for school calendar year were
Certificate of done in March and April 2021. Table 15.9 Number of Examination Centres, Candidates by
Secondary Sex and Mean Grade in KCSE from 2016 to 2020. The number of KCSE examination centres
Education increased by 1.4 per cent from 10,289 in 2019 to 10,437 in 2020. Number of registered KCSE
candidates increased by 7.6 per cent to 752,933 in 2020 from 699,706 in 2019. Number of
female candidates registered for KCSE stood at 369,529 in 2020, accounting for 49.1 per cent
of the total number of registered KCSE candidates.
274
Table 15.9: Examination Centres, Candidates by Sex and KCSE Mean Grade, 2016 - 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Examination Centres 9,154 9,701 10,078 10,289 10,437
Registered KCSE Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Candidates 302,742 274,514 577,256 317,570 298,021 615,591 340,978 323,502 664,480 357,079 342,627 699,706 383,404 369,529 752,933
KCSE Grade
A.............................. 58 83 141 81 61 142 201 114 315 360 271 631 .. .. ..
A-............................ 2,685 1,960 4,645 1,813 901 2,714 2,180 1,239 3,419 3,625 2,172 5,797 .. .. ..
B+............................ 6,581 4,394 10,975 4,596 2,748 7,344 5,179 3,119 8,298 8,223 5,144 13,367 .. .. ..
B.............................. 10,204 7,012 17,216 7,738 4,890 12,628 10,100 6,398 16,498 14,688 9,804 24,492 .. .. ..
B-............................. 13,649 10,096 23,745 11,631 7,754 19,385 15,666 10,681 26,347 20,401 14,977 35,378 .. .. ..
C+........................... 17,238 14,969 32,207 15,828 12,032 27,860 20,301 15,772 36,073 24,732 21,438 46,170 .. .. ..
C............................. 22,960 21,832 44,792 21,506 18,968 40,474 25,903 24,138 50,041 31,040 32,117 63,157 .. .. ..
275 C-............................ 30,979 30,047 61,026 31,206 29,834 61,040 35,700 35,729 71,429 40,323 43,112 83,435 .. .. ..
D+........................... 41,632 39,319 80,951 45,522 42,925 88,447 48,628 48,237 96,865 49,930 51,863 101,793 .. .. ..
D............................. 57,487 54,648 112,135 68,572 66,978 135,550 72,878 75,419 148,297 67,974 69,841 137,815 .. .. ..
D-............................ 77,718 72,211 149,929 88,040 91,341 179,381 81,248 84,103 165,351 76,176 76,226 152,402 .. .. ..
E.............................. 18,077 15,322 33,399 18,345 17,191 35,536 16,793 14,061 30,854 16,389 12,944 29,333 .. .. ..
Total 1 299,268 271,893 571,161 314,878 295,623 610,501 334,777 319,010 653,787 353,861 339,909 693,770 .. .. ..
Source: Kenya National Examinations Council
* Provisional
.. Data not available
1
Number of Candidates who Sat for KCSE by Sex
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Economic Survey 2021
15.18. Table 15.10 presents the number of registered KCSE special needs candidates by sex
and type of disability from 2016 to 2020. The number of registered KCSE special needs
candidates increased by 12.9 per cent from 1,672 in 2019 to 1,888 in 2020. The number of
male registered KCSE candidates with special needs increased from 936 to 1,061 while that
of females increased from 736 to 827, over the same period. Number of registered KCSE
candidates who were physically handicapped accounted for 37.7 per cent of the total number
of special needs candidates followed by those who were deaf and with low vision at 29.8 per
cent and 26.5 per cent, respectively. Candidates who were blind accounted for 6.0 per cent of
the total number of special needs candidates.
Table 15.10: Registered KCSE Special Needs Candidates by Sex and Type of Disability, 2016-2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Type of Disability
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Blind.............................. 63 38 101 52 33 85 62 51 113 70 40 110 57 56 113
Low Vision..................... 164 122 286 200 176 376 235 177 412 208 185 393 273 228 501
Deaf............................... 233 154 387 250 183 433 274 187 461 262 256 518 312 251 563
Physically Handicapped. 258 154 412 314 199 513 297 216 513 396 255 651 419 292 711
Total............................. 718 468 1,186 816 591 1,407 868 631 1,499 936 736 1,672 1,061 827 1,888
Source: Kenya National Examinations Council
* Provisional
Teachers 15.19. The number of teachers in public secondary schools and teacher training colleges by
in Public qualification or category and sex from 2016 to 2020 are shown in Table 15.11. Total number
Secondary of teachers public secondary increased by 7.6 per cent from 105.2 to 113.2 thousand in 2020.
Schools The number of female teachers recorded a higher increase of 9.0 per cent compared to an
and increase of 6.5 per cent for male teachers. Female teachers accounted for 41.5 per cent of the
Teacher total number of teachers. Teachers with bachelors’ degree constituted 95.5 per cent of the
Training total secondary school teachers in public schools while diploma holders accounted for 2.9 per
Colleges cent. The number of teachers with bachelors’ degree recorded a growth of 8.5 per cent from
99.6 thousand in 2019 to 108.1 thousand in 2020. However, all other categories of teachers
declined, with masters and doctorates decreasing by 10.2 per cent, and diploma holder teachers
decreasing by 8.4 per cent.
276
Table 15.11: Teachers in Public Secondary Schools and Teacher Training Colleges by Qualification/Category and Sex1, 2016 – 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Qualification/ Category Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Masters and Doctorate
Degrees 1,346 1,107 2,453 1,285 1,075 2,360 1,085 930 2,015 1,024 896 1,920 909 816 1,725
Bachelors Degree 46,952 30,704 77,656 51,614 34,341 85,955 55,313 37,554 92,867 59,074 40,551 99,625 63,481 44,628 108,109
Post Graduate Diploma in
Education 37 18 55 34 18 52 10 6 16 9 6 15 6 5 11
Diploma 4,914 3,732 8,646 3,643 2,814 6,457 2,343 1,969 4,312 1,951 1,663 3,614 1,763 1,547 3,310
Contract Teachers - - - - - - 54 8 62 52 8 60 - - -
TOTAL 53,249 35,561 88,810 56,576 38,248 94,824 58,805 40,467 99,272 62,110 43,124 105,234 66,159 46,996 113,155
277
Source : Teachers Service Commission
* Provisional
1
Data excludes teachers on unpaid study leave and those with disciplinary cases
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Economic Survey 2021
Enrolment 15.20. Table 15.12 presents enrolment of teacher trainees in teacher training colleges by year
in Teacher of study and sex from 2016 to 2020. The total number of teacher trainees rose by 10.5 per
Training cent from 11,111 in 2019 to 12,276 in 2020, mainly on account of an increase in number of
Institutions male teacher trainees. The number of teacher trainees in secondary diploma teacher training
colleges declined by 40.2 per cent to 1,218 in 2020 from 2,037 in 2019. Female teacher trainees
in diploma teacher training colleges accounted for 45.1 per cent of the total enrolment in 2020.
Enrolment of first year’s teacher trainees in diploma teacher training colleges stood at 254 in
2020, which is a decline of 36.8 per cent from 402 in 2019.
Table 15.12: Teacher Trainees Enrolment by Year of Study and Sex, 2016 - 2020
Number
Type of
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Institution/
Certification Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Public primary (P1)
1st Year………………………….
4,489 5,945 4,623 6,123 4,715 6,276 - - - -
nd
2 Year………………………….
5,074 5,786 5,226 5,959 5,103 6,137 4,615 6,496 5,527 6,749
Sub Total (a) ………………………..
9,563 11,731 9,849 12,082 9,818 12,413 4,615 6,496 5,527 6,749
Total Public P1………………………
21,294 21,931 22,231 11,111 12,276
Private primary (P1)……………
8,401 9,372 8,418 9,449 8,435 9,527 8,593 9,996 1,846 2,598
Total Private P1………………………
17,773 17,867 17,962 18,589 4,444
1
Sub Total (b)………………………..
17,964 21,103 18,267 21,531 18,253 21,940 13,208 16,492 7,373 9,347
Diploma
1st Year……………………
573 558 453 330 420 302 213 189 121 133
nd
2 Year……………………..
392 369 418 401 319 237 381 273 257 223
rd
3 Year……………………..
404 344 402 329 465 415 453 528 291 193
Sub Total (c)………………………..
1,369 1,271 1,273 1,060 1,204 954 1,047 990 669 549
2
Total ……………………….
19,333 22,374 19,540 22,591 19,457 22,894 14,255 17,482 8,042 9,896
Grand Total……………………
41,707 42,131 42,351 31,737 17,938
Source: Ministry of Education
*Provisional
Notes
1. Sub Total 1(b) = Sub Total (a) + Private primary (P1)
2. Total 2 = Sub Total 1(b) + Sub Total (c)
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Chapter 15: Education and Training
Enrolment 15.21. Table 15.13 shows data on student enrolment in Technical and Vocational Education
in TVET and Training (TVET) institutions by sex from 2016 to 2020. Total enrolment in TVET
Institutions institutions increased by 4.8 per cent from 430.6 thousand reported in 2019 to 451.2
thousand in 2020. The enrolment of female students in TVET institutions accounted for 42.8
per cent of the total enrolment during the review period. Enrolment in national polytechnics
declined by 14.7 per cent to 87.1 thousand in 2020 from 102.1 thousand in 2019. In 2020,
majority of national polytechnics recorded decline in student numbers except Kenya Coast
and Kitale National Polytechnics that recorded notable growth in enrolment. During the
same period, Nyandarua Technical Training College was elevated to a national polytechnic
and its enrolment stood at 1,398 in 2020. Enrolment in other TVET institutions increased
from 328.5 thousand in 2019 to 364.1 thousand in 2020, representing an increase of 10.8 per
cent. Enrolment of male students in Public Technical and Vocational Colleges rose by 16.9
per cent to 76.4 thousand in 2020, while that of female students grew by 14.7 per cent to 53.6
thousand in 2020.
Table 15.13: Enrolment in TVET Institutions by Sex, 2016 – 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Institution Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Kenya Technical Training College 2,806 2,114 1,750 1,219 1,730 1,374 4,871 2,157 2,791 2,232
Kisumu National Polytechnic…………………………………
2,941 1,415 3,608 1,887 5,137 3,113 6,407 4,349 6,212 4,303
Eldoret National Polytechnic…………………………………
3,793 2,174 4,965 3,215 7,875 6,040 8,827 6,561 8,238 6,308
Meru National Polytechnic …………………… 744 287 2,727 1,990 4,730 3,113 5,810 4,155 5,440 4,016
North Eastern National Polytechnic ……………………
613 428 256 200 690 449 898 381 634 409
Kenya Coast National Polytechnic ……………………
736 1,142 822 1,318 4,033 2,957 4,107 3,011 4,787 3,039
Kitale National Polytechnic …………………… 907 512 978 673 2,860 1,998 3,973 2,970 4,437 3,494
Kisii National Polytechnic …………………… 1,733 1,217 2,219 1,810 3,654 3,137 5,446 4,792 1,834 1,872
Kabete National Polytechnic ……………………2,048 979 2,607 1,051 7,034 3,642 11,711 6,260 6,940 4,328
Nyeri National Polytechnic ……………………1,218 646 1,874 1,282 2,625 1,807 3,709 2,926 3,393 2,704
Sigalagala National Polytechnic ……………………
1,001 762 2,399 1,868 4,140 3,208 4,475 4,282 4,462 3,844
Nyandarua National Polytechnic................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 958 440
Sub Total………………………………………
18,540 11,676 24,205 16,513 44,508 30,838 60,234 41,844 50,126 36,989
Total 30,216 40,718 75,346 102,078 87,115
Other TVET Institutions
Public Technical and Vocational Colleges1 17,589 9,569 29,584 17,982 49,454 34,948 65,347 46,763 76,416 53,648
1
Private Technical and Vocational Colleges 27,280 30,298 35,951 38,689 41,623 43,997 39,484 41,376 41,879 42,446
2
Vocational Traning Colleges …………………………………
46,340 34,565 59,756 44,685 66,894 47,590 81,421 54,129 89,663 60,038
Sub Total 91,209 74,432 125,291 101,356 157,971 126,535 186,252 142,268 207,958 156,132
Total 165,641 226,647 284,506 328,520 364,090
Grand Total 195,857 267,365 359,852 430,598 451,205
Source: Technical Vocational Education and Training Authority (TVETA)
* Provisional
1
Formerly Technical Training Institutes
2
Formerly Youth Polytechnics
.. Data not available
279
Economic Survey 2021
University 15.22. The number of Government sponsored students placed to universities and TVET
Education institutions by Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service (KUCCPS)
disaggregated by programme and sex from 2016/17 to 2020/21 is presented in Table 15.14.
Placement of students to pursue degree, diploma, certificate and artisan courses rose by 5.9
per cent to 217.4 thousand in 2020/21 academic year, mainly on account of an increase in
the number of students who met the minimum requirements for the various programmes
during the 2019 KCSE. The number of students placed by KUCCPS to public universities
increased by 32.1 per cent to 95,075 in 2020/21 from 71,977 in 2019/20 academic year,
while those placed in private universities significantly increased by 58.5 per cent to 27,756
in 2020/21. The growth is attributed to the increase in number of students who scored the
minimum university entry mean grade of C+ (plus) in 2019 KCSE. Female students placed to
universities to pursue degree courses accounted for 43.0 per cent in 2020/21 compared with
41.2 per cent in 2019/20 academic year. Placements of students to pursue diploma courses
went down by 12.5 per cent from 64,539 in 2019/20 to 56,455 in 2020/21. Similarly, students
placed to pursue certificate and artisan courses reduced by 27.4 per cent and 16.6 per cent,
respectively, during the same period.
280
Table 15.14: Government Sponsored Students Placed to Universities and TVET Institutions by Programme and Sex, 2016/2017 - 2020/2021
Number
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21*
Programme Male
Female Total Male
Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
Total Male Female
Total
Degree
Public Universities.... 41,382 30,744 72,126 39,487 31,474 70,961 33,163 22,731 55,894 42,939 29,038 71,977 55,373 39,702 95,075
Private Universities... 6,123 4,861 10,984 10,409 6,953 17,362 7,346 5,310 12,656 9,672 7,839 17,511 14,677 13,079 27,756
Sub-Total......................... 47,505 35,605 83,110 49,896 38,427 88,323 40,509 28,041 68,550 52,611 36,877 89,488 70,050 52,781 122,831
Diploma............................. 9,168 8,431 17,599 14,110 14,151 28,261 31,530 25,954 57,484 35,024 29,515 64,539 26,165 30,290 56,455
Certificate.......................... - - - - - - 16,425 16,095 32,520 20,896 22,766 43,662 13,531 18,181 31,712
281 Artisan .............................. - - - - - - 2,802 2,096 4,898 4,264 3,458 7,722 2,965 3,477 6,442
Grand Total..................... 56,673 44,036 100,709 64,006 52,578 116,584 91,266 72,186 163,452 112,795 92,616 205,411 112,711 104,729 217,440
Source: Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service (KUCCPS)
*Provisional
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Economic Survey 2021
15.23. Student enrolment in universities from 2017/18 to 2020/21 academic years is shown
in Table 15.15. Total enrolment in public and private universities is expected to increase by 7.3
per cent to 546.7 thousand in 2020/21 from 509.5 thousand reported in 2019/20 academic
year. The growth in university enrolment is attributed to increases in number of Government
sponsored students placed to universities by KUCCPS aggregated by inclusion of final years’
students whose academic year was negatively affected by COVID-19 pandemic constraints
and were yet to graduate as at January 2021. Enrolment in public universities is expected to go
up by 9.5 per cent to 452.1 thousand in 2020/21 from 412.8 thousand in 2019/20 academic
year. Some public universities recorded a decline in number of students partly due to delays in
admission of first year students for the 2020/21 academic year. Private universities enrolment
is expected to reduce by 2.1 per cent to 94,610 in 2020/21 from 96,628 in 2019/20.
282
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Table 15.15: University Enrolment1 by Sex, 2017/18 – 2020/21
Number
2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21*
INSTITUTION Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Public Universities
+
University of Nairobi …………………………………………..
43,535 24,422 50,061 20,454 47,222 15,741 42,556 12,932
Kenyatta……………………………………………………..
39,263 32,770 34,270 30,329 32,592 25,727 38,425 31,227
Moi……………………………………………………..
18,972 18,935 16,682 15,314 15,228 13,716 15,177 13,428
Egerton……………………………………………………..
6,917 4,676 8,972 6,320 9,710 7,136 10,340 7,649
Jomo Kenyatta (JKUAT)……………………………………………………..
25,621 15,724 21,421 16,319 19,554 14,616 21,740 15,004
+
Maseno ……………………………………………………..
9,383 7,217 9,762 7,455 10,782 8,126 13,064 9,787
Masinde Muliro……………………………………………………..
9,842 6,985 11,802 8,240 11,261 7,771 10,435 8,220
+
Technical University of Kenya ……………………………………………………..
8,642 3,025 9,142 3,447 5,823 2,782 8,695 3,372
Technical University of Mombasa…… 6,038 2,200 6,430 2,595 6,768 2,515 7,231 2,769
Dedan Kimathi……………………………………………………..
4,261 1,925 4,607 2,063 5,346 2,515 5,418 2,628
Chuka ……………………………………………………..
9,032 6,067 7,505 5,643 7,791 5,526 7,548 5,197
Karatina ……………………………………………………..
3,585 2,700 3,565 2,781 3,471 2,652 3,436 2,657
+
Kisii ……………………………………………………..
11,581 8,322 8,072 6,188 7,140 4,652 10,157 6,562
Meru……………………………………………………..
3,466 1,400 3,177 1,620 3,198 1,745 4,866 2,657
Multimedia……………………………………………………..
2,986 1,746 3,296 1,996 3,110 1,921 3,598 2,122
South Eastern……………………………………………………..
4,856 3,264 4,767 3,283 4,618 2,981 4,870 3,224
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga……………………………………………………..
5,798 3,331 5,881 3,433 5,103 2,988 4,266 2,390
+
Laikipia ……………………………………………………..
4,247 3,572 4,015 3,447 3,152 2,705 4,435 3,632
+
University of Eldoret 8,067
……………………………………………………..
6,390 7,586 5,945 7,028 5,773 8,070 6,625
Kabianga+……………………………………………………..
4,169 3,618 3,838 3,401 3,720 3,166 3,512 2,970
Pwani……………………………………………………..
2,792 2,238 3,919 2,894 3,593 2,669 3,943 2,690
Masai Mara……………………………………………………..
5,879 5,096 4,363 3,809 4,557 3,981 4,657 3,864
Kibabii…………………………………………
4,314 2,842 4,226 2,020 3,676 2,600 4,898 3,418
+
Embu …………………………………………
3,052 2,428 3,624 2,563 4,028 2,799 4,861 3,266
Machakos…………………………………………
4,656 2,941 4,502 2,978 4,242 2,667 5,667 3,695
+
Murang’a …………………………. 2,068 1,304 2,734 1,429 3,724 2,020 4,471 1,830
Rongo……………………………………………..
2,831 2,235 2,839 2,154 3,650 2,381 3,509 2,409
Kirinyaga …………………………. 1,265 944 2,004 1,275 2,991 1,620 4,762 2,363
Co-operative ………………………. 1,009 1,127 1,402 1,466 1,951 1,919 2,355 2,346
Taita Taveta …………………...… 1,614 751 1,979 800 2,108 966 2,263 1,046
Garissa………………………. 862 333 929 372 1,031 530 884 394
University Constituent Colleges2 ……………………………………
.. .. 2,142 1,698 3,382 2,384 5,505 4,102
SUB-TOTAL 260,603 180,528 259,514 173,731 251,550 161,290 275,614 176,475
Private Universities 43,253 37,675 46,764 39,453 51,494 45,134 50,257 44,353
GRAND TOTAL 522,059 519,462 509,468 546,699
Source: Individual Universities/ Commission for University Education
* Provisional
1
Enrolment excludes Diploma/Certificate students
2
Includes Kaimosi, Alupe, Turkana, Tom Mboya, Tharaka-Nithi and Bomet
.. Data not Available
+
In 2018/19, some universities revised data for 2015/16, 2016/17 and 2017/18 academic years while in 2019/20 Maseno University,
Technical University of Kenya, Kisii University, University of Embu and University of Kabianga revised data for 2018/19 academic year
283
Economic Survey 2021
15.24. Enrolment of students pursuing diploma and certificate courses in public and private
universities from 2018/19 to 2020/21 academic years is presented in Table 15.16. Total
number of students enrolled in diploma and certificate courses declined by 6.5 per cent
to 55,351 in 2020/21. Enrolment of male students for diploma and certificate in public
universities is estimated to rise by 13.7 per cent to 20,592 in 2020/21, while that of female
students is expected to increase by 26.2 per cent to 16,652 in 2020/21. Number of diploma
and certificate students in private universities is estimated to decline by 35.1 per cent to 18,107
in 2020/21.
284
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Table 15.16: University Enrolment of Diploma and Certificate Courses Students by Sex, 2018/19 –
2020/21
Number
+
2018/19 2019/20 2020/21*
INSTITUTION Male Female Male Female Male Female
Public Universities
University of Nairobi........................... 2,642 175 3,187 251 2,328 111
Kenyatta.............................................. 9,215 5,316 3,261 2,734 2,989 2,631
Moi...................................................... 304 377 317 384 146 126
Egerton................................................ 435 336 445 380 365 375
Jomo Kenyatta (JKUAT).................... 1,565 1,234 846 345 794 378
Maseno................................................ 504 562 432 580 472 596
Masinde Muliro................................... 532 545 76 39 15 16
Technical University of Kenya............. 1,898 919 1,584 1,200 1,457 2,881
Technical University of Mombasa........ 765 450 1,396 914 5,328 3,447
Dedan Kimathi.................................... 255 168 360 201 379 280
Chuka.................................................. 815 842 1,057 1,147 1,149 1,238
Karatina............................................... 152 126 107 92 - -
Kisii...................................................... 1,112 1,031 801 821 660 568
Meru.................................................... 290 214 318 118 622 299
Multimedia.......................................... 340 356 395 422 427 438
South Eastern....................................... 20 8 15 4 14 4
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga.................... 600 761 183 410 86 234
Laikipia................................................ 197 263 107 87 - -
University of Eldoret............................ 121 209 115 199 73 150
Kabianga.............................................. 137 125 124 147 111 124
Pwani................................................... 152 114 45 48 88 76
Masai Mara.......................................... 106 104 131 154 72 108
Kibabii................................................. 142 159 218 256 382 436
Embu................................................... 87 166 207 267 190 250
Machakos............................................. 258 251 373 315 318 350
Murang’a............................................. 106 66 95 59 132 107
Rongo.................................................. 540 414 508 415 137 189
Kirinyaga............................................. 115 72 60 70 24 42
Co-operative ....................................... 252 303 493 535 1,361 785
Taita Taveta ........................................ 40 68 346 245 36 19
Garissa................................................. 218 80 282 161 239 145
1
University Constituent Colleges …. 169 151 224 198 198 249
SUB-TOTAL......................................... 24,084 15,965 18,108 13,198 20,592 16,652
Private Universities............................ 14,205 13,853 13,504 14,375 8,828 9,279
GRAND TOTAL................................... 68,107 59,185 55,351
Source: Individual Universities/ Commission for University Education
* Provisional
+
Revised
1
Includes Kaimosi, Alupe, Turkana, Tom Mboya, Tharaka-Nithi and Bomet
285
Economic Survey 2021
Registration 15.25. Registration of universities and other institutions offering degree programmes by
of category from 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table 15.17. The number of public constituent
Universities university colleges increased from 6 in 2019 to 7 in 2020 due the establishment of an additional
and Other public constituent university college. The number of chartered private universities increased
Institutions from 19 to 20 in 2020, while the number of universities with Letters of Interim Authority
Offering (LIA) remained 13.
Degree
Programmes Table 15.17: Registration of Universities and Other Institutions Offering Degree Programmes by
Category, 2016 - 2020
Number
Category of Institutions 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Public
Chartered universities…………………………………………………….
30 31 31 31 31
University constituent colleges……………………………………3 5 6 6 7
University campuses established ……………………………………
115 168 111 64 64
Institutions approved for collaboration with universities in
offering university programmes …………………. 2 2 3 4 1
Private
Chartered universities…………………………………………….
17 18 18 19 20
Universities with Letter of Interim Authority………………………….
12 12 14 13 13
University constituent colleges………………………………. 5 5 5 5 3
Newly registered universities………………………………………………
1 - - - -
Institutions approved for collaboration with universities in
offering university programmes …………………. 2 2 3 3 3
Source: Commission for University Education
* Provisional
15.26. Table 15.18 shows the number of approved programmes by category of institution from
2016 to 2020. The number of approved public university programmes declined by 12.8 per
cent from 3,605 in 2019 to 3,142 in 2020. The decline is attributed to the discontinuation of
programmes following a quality assurance audit by the Commission for University Education.
During the review period, the number of approved private university programmes increased
by 5.0 per cent from 635 in 2019 to 667 in 2020. The number of approved public university
constituent college degree programmes went up from 106 in 2019 to 123 in 2020, while
those of private university constituent programmes went up from 28 in 2019 to 30 in 2020.
The increase in approved programmes in public and private constituent colleges and private
universities is attributed to approval of new programmes by the Commission for University
Education.
286
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Table 15.18: Approved Programmes by Category of Institution, 2016 - 2020
Number
Programme by Category of Institution 2016 2017 2018+ 2019 2020*
Public University Degree Programmes......................................................... 2,066 2,807 3,703 3,605 3,142
Public University Constituent Colleges Degree Programmes...................... 106 108 79 106 123
Private University Degree Programmes........................................................ 620 630 587 635 667
Private University Constituent Colleges Degree Programmes..................... 21 22 33 28 30
Universities with Letter of Interim Authority Degree Programmes.............. 64 70 70 87 76
Registered Private University Degree Programmes...................................... 4 4 - - -
Degree Programmes for Collaboration with Universities.............................. 41 45 4 5 -
Validated Diploma Programmes1……………………………………………….. 101 103 - - -
Diploma Programmes - Public Universities2………………………………... .. .. 319 429 -
Diploma Programmes - Private Universities2.………………………………… .. .. 215 241 -
Certificate Programmes - Public Universities2..………………………………… .. .. .. 148 -
Certificate Programmes - Private Universities2.………………………………… .. .. .. 99 -
Source: Commission for University Education
* Provisional
+
Revised
.. Data not available
1
Commission currently does not regulate diploma programmes
2
Diploma and certificate programmes approved by universities' senates
Education 15.27. Table 15.19 shows HELB loan applicants, beneficiaries and amount of loans awarded
Loans from 2015/16 to 2019/20 academic years. The number of loans applicants recorded a growth
of 30.4 per cent to 388.7 thousand in 2019/20 from 298.0 thousand in 2018/19 academic
year. The increase was mainly attributed to increase in number of loan applicants from
TVET institutions and private universities. In 2019/20 academic year, male loans applicants
accounted for 57.9 per cent of all loans’ applicants. The number of loan beneficiaries increased
by 19.1 per cent from 293.2 thousand in 2018/19 to 349.2 thousand in 2019/20. During the
same period, the amount of loans awarded to successful loans applicants increased by 29.9
per cent from KSh 11.7 billion in 2018/19 to KSh 15.2 billion in 2019/20, mainly on account
of an increase of amount of loans awarded to applicants from TVET institutions. Amount of
loans awarded to female applicants accounted for 41.8 per cent of the total amount of loans
awarded in 2019/20.
15.28. In 2019/20, the number of HELB loan applicants from public universities stood at
215.4 thousand, representing an increase of 3.9 per cent from the previous year. Number of
male loans applicants from public universities recorded an increase of 4.7 per cent to 128.3
thousand in 2019/20, while that of female applicants recorded an increase of 2.7 per cent to
87,075 in 2019/20. The total number of loan beneficiaries from public universities recorded
an increase of 3.8 per cent from 203.7 thousand in 2018/19 to 211.5 thousand in 2019/20.
In the year under review, 98.2 per cent of all loan applicants from public universities were
awarded loans. The amount of loans awarded to applicants from public universities went up by
287
Economic Survey 2021
5.6 per cent to KSh 9.5 billion in 2019/20.
15.29. The number of male loan applicants from private universities increased significantly
by 58.0 per cent to 22,752 in 2019/20, while that of female loan applicants grew by 41.2 per
cent to 15,489 in 2019/20. The growth is attributed to continuous Government initiative to
support students pursuing degree courses in private universities. Number of loan beneficiaries
from private universities increased by 43.9 per cent from 24,711 in 2018/19 to 35,548 in
2019/20. During the same period, ninety-three per cent of all loan applicants from private
universities were awarded loans. Amount awarded to loan applicants from private universities
increased from KSh 1.2 billion in 2018/19 to KSh 1.7 billion in 2019/20.
15.30. During the year under review, the Government sustained support to students pursuing
technical and vocational courses in TVET institutions through provision of student loans. As a
result, the number of HELB loan applicants from TVET institutions more than doubled from
65,320 in 2018/19 to 135,046 in 2019/20. The number of student loan beneficiaries from
TVET institutions increased by 57.5 per cent to 102.1 thousand in 2019/20. Consequently,
the total amount of loans awarded to students in TVET institutions increased significantly
from KSh 1.6 billion in 2018/19 to KSh 4.1 billion in the same period.
288
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Table 15.19: HELB Loan Applicants, Beneficiaries and Amount of Loans Awarded by Sex, 2015/16 –
2019/20
Number of Loans Number of Loans Amount of Loans Awarded
Applicants Beneficiaries (KSh Million )
Academic Year Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Total
2015/16.................... 132,246 72,513 204,759 127,913 69,116 197,029 4,944.7 2,628.4 7,573.1
2016/17.................... 163,887 89,042 252,928 158,537 86,089 244,626 6,125.4 3,326.9 9,452.3
2017/18.................... 162,094 118,950 281,044 158,737 117,086 275,823 6,375.0 4,683.9 11,058.9
2018/19.................... 171,851 126,138 297,989 168,852 124,397 293,249 6,787.7 4,897.9 11,685.6
2019/20*.................. 224,991 163,692 388,683 201,217 147,983 349,200 8,853.4 6,356.9 15,210.3
Public Universities
2015/16.................... 119,225 64,662 183,887 115,194 61,514 176,708 4,607.8 2,413.7 7,021.5
2016/17.................... 137,476 74,026 211,501 134,726 72,545 207,271 5,403.0 2,909.3 8,312.2
2017/18.................... 130,285 91,531 221,816 127,605 90,283 217,888 5,368.5 3,797.7 9,166.2
2018/19.................... 122,522 84,777 207,299 120,094 83,568 203,662 5,320.2 3,644.6 8,964.8
2019/20*.................. 128,321 87,075 215,396 125,838 85,703 211,541 5,693.0 3,776.1 9,469.1
Private Universities
2015/16.................... 3,198 2,344 5,542 2,896 2,095 4,991 112.0 80.3 192.3
2016/17.................... 4,086 2,958 7,044 3,718 2,692 6,410 149.1 108.0 257.1
2017/18.................... 7,384 5,844 13,228 7,341 5,812 13,153 313.9 249.3 563.3
2018/19.................... 14,402 10,968 25,370 14,081 10,680 24,761 661.3 494.3 1,155.6
2019/20*.................. 22,752 15,489 38,241 20,438 15,110 35,548 963.7 695.0 1,658.7
TVET institutions
2015/16.................... 9,823 5,507 15,330 9,823 5,507 15,330 224.9 134.4 359.3
2016/17.................... 22,326 12,058 34,383 20,093 10,852 30,945 573.3 309.6 883.0
2017/18.................... 24,425 21,575 46,000 23,791 20,991 44,782 692.6 636.8 1,329.4
2018/19.................... 34,927 30,393 65,320 34,677 30,149 64,826 806.1 759.0 1,565.2
2019/20*.................. 73,918 61,128 135,046 54,941 47,170 102,111 2,196.7 1,885.8 4,082.5
Source: Higher Education Loans Board
*Provisional
289
Economic Survey 2021
15.31. The number of bursary applicants, beneficiaries and the amounts awarded by HELB to
students in public universities, private universities and TVET institutions from 2015/16 to
2019/20 is shown in Table 15.20. The total number of bursary applicants increased by 31.5 per
cent from 201.6 thousand in 2018/19 to 265.2 thousand in 2019/20. During the same period,
the number of applicants awarded bursary went up by 4.4 per cent to 40,235 in 2019/20,
translating to 15.2 per cent of all bursary applicants. The amount of bursary awarded grew by
7.1 per cent from KSh 222.7 million in 2018/19 to KSh 238.5 million in 2019/20.
15.32. The number of bursary applicants from public universities increased by 18.7 per cent
from 145,561 in 2018/19 to 172,818 in 2019/20 out of which 10.6 per cent were awarded
bursaries. Applicants awarded bursaries in 2019/20 declined by 9.7 per cent to 18,250. Amount
of bursaries awarded to applicants from public universities decreased by 1.7 per cent from
KSh 126.5 million in 2018/19 to KSh 124.3 million in 2019/20. The number of male HELB
bursary applicants from public universities increased by 13.5 per cent to 100.8 thousand in
2019/20, compared to that of female bursary applicants that grew by 26.9 per cent to 72,058 in
the same period. Number of bursary applicants from private universities recorded a significant
growth of 60.8 per cent to 23,757 in 2019/20. The number of bursary applicants from private
universities who were awarded bursaries stood at 2,828 in 2019/20, representing 12.0 per cent
of all bursary applicants from private universities. Bursary applicants from TVET institutions
significantly grew from 41,273 in 2018/19 to 68,589 in 2019/20. During the review period,
the number of applicants from TVET institutions who were awarded bursaries stood at 19,157.
Amount of bursary awarded to applicants from TVET institutions increased from KSh 84.0
million in 2018/19 to KSh 95.7 million in 2019/20.
Table 15.20: HELB Bursary Applicants, Beneficiaries and Amount Awarded by Sex, 2015/16 – 2019/20
Number of Bursary Number of Applicants Amount of Bursary Awarded
Applicants Awarded Bursary (KSh Million )
Academic Year Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Total
2015/16................... 24,994 9,991 34,985 20,501 9,991 30,492 143.4 72.9 216.3
2016/17................... 152,953 90,580 243,532 24,309 11,344 35,653 173.1 81.3 254.4
2017/18................... 162,094 118,950 281,044 21,714 12,735 34,449 149.4 89.7 239.1
2018/19................... 121,568 80,043 201,611 24,363 14,163 38,526 141.0 81.7 222.7
2019/20*................. 152,428 112,736 265,164 25,090 15,145 40,235 149.7 88.8 238.5
Public Universities
2015/16................... 15,171 4,484 19,655 10,678 4,484 15,162 64.8 26.4 91.2
2016/17................... 130,627 78,522 209,149 13,967 5,985 19,952 93.6 40.1 133.7
2017/18................... 130,285 91,531 221,816 12,470 6,321 18,791 87.3 45.2 132.5
2018/19................... 88,772 56,789 145,561 13,593 6,607 20,200 83.7 42.8 126.5
2019/20*................. 100,760 72,058 172,818 11,380 6,870 18,250 78.0 46.3 124.3
Private Universities
2015/16................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2016/17................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2017/18................... 7,384 5,844 13,228 526 316 842 4.1 2.5 6.7
2018/19................... 8,907 5,870 14,777 1,356 691 2,047 8.0 4.3 12.3
2019/20*................. 13,081 10,676 23,757 1,764 1,064 2,828 11.6 6.9 18.5
TVET Institutions
2015/16................... 9,823 5,507 15,330 9,823 5,507 15,330 78.5 46.5 125.0
2016/17................... 22,326 12,058 34,383 10,342 5,359 15,701 79.5 41.2 120.8
2017/18................... 24,425 21,575 46,000 8,718 6,098 14,816 58.0 42.0 100.0
2018/19................... 23,889 17,384 41,273 9,414 6,865 16,279 49.3 34.7 84.0
2019/20*................. 38,587 30,002 68,589 11,946 7,211 19,157 60.1 35.7 95.7
Source: Higher Education Loans Board
*Provisional
290
Chapter 15: Education and Training
15.33. Table 15.21 shows data on Government capitation to HELB, loan repayments, and
loans and bursaries awarded from 2015/16 to 2019/20. Government capitation to HELB
rose by 17.1 per cent from KSh 7.0 billion in 2018/19 to KSh 8.2 billion in 2019/20. During
the review period, loan repayments recorded an increase of 2.0 per cent to KSh 4.4 billion
in 2019/20. During the review period, loans repayment accounted for 34.5 per cent of total
HELB funding from Government capitation and loans repayment. Total amount of student
loans and bursaries awarded increased by 29.4 per cent from KSh 11.9 billion in 2018/19 to
KSh 15.4 billion in 2019/20.
Table 15.21: Government Capitation to HELB, HELB Loan Repayments and Loans / Bursaries
Awarded, 2015/16 - 2019/20
KSh Million
Total GOK Total Loans
GOK Capitation and and
GOK Loans Bursaries Loan Loan Loans Bursaries Bursaries
Academic Year Capitation Capitation Repayments Repayments Awarded Awarded Awarded
2015/16................. 5,858.0 192.0 3,982.6 10,032.6 7,573.1 216.3 7,789.4
2016/17................. 6,177.8 237.0 4,143.0 10,557.8 9,452.3 254.4 9,706.7
2017/18................. 7,651.8 237.0 4,954.2 12,843.0 11,058.9 232.5 11,291.3
2018/19................. 7,045.7 237.0 4,360.7 11,643.3 11,685.6 210.4 11,896.0
2019/20*................ 8,225.0 237.0 4,448.9 12,910.9 15,210.3 238.5 15,448.8
Source: Higher Education Loans Board
*Provisional
Research and 15.34. Table 15.22 shows the number of research license applications and licenses granted by the
Development National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI), disaggregated
by nationality from 2015/16 to 2019/20. The number of research license applications reduced
by 8.2 per cent to 6,077 in 2019/20 from 6,623 in 2018/19. The decline is partly attributed
to closure of various learning institutions and COVID-19 pandemic constraints. Number of
research license applicants from Non-African Nations recorded a significant decline of 49.2
per cent to 240 in 2019/20. The reduction is due to international travel restrictions instituted
by the Government to contain the spread of COVID-19. The number of research licenses
granted increased by 7.7 per cent from 6,015 in 2018/19 to 6,481 in 2019/20. The increase
was mainly due to rise in the number of research licences granted to Kenyan and East African
Community (EAC) Citizens and the processing of pending research license applications from
previous years.
291
Table 15.22: Research License Applications and Licenses Granted by Nationality, 2015/16 - 2019/20
Number
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
Economic Survey 2021
Nationality License Licenses License Licenses License Licenses License Licenses License Licenses
Applications Granted Applications Granted Applications Granted Applications Granted Applications Granted
Kenyan/EAC Citizens 3,931 3,615 4,336 3,982 4,162 4,075 6,081 5,559 5,779 6,155
African Non-EAC Citizens 54 18 51 35 72 75 70 59 58 53
Non-African Nationals 375 254 314 248 384 311 472 397 240 273
Total 4,360 3,887 4,701 4,265 4,618 4,461 6,623 6,015 6,077 6,481
Source: National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation
* Provisional
292
Chapter 15: Education and Training
15.35. Details of the number of individual research licences granted by nationality, research
category and sex from 2015/16 to 2019/20 are presented in Table 15.23. Total number of
individual research licenses granted increased by 6.9 per cent from 5,719 in 2018/19 to 6,112
in 2019/20. Male researchers accounted for 53.3 per cent of all individual researchers who
were granted licenses in 2019/20. The number of research licenses granted to Kenyan and East
African Community (EAC) male researchers increased by 12.6 per cent to 3,100 in 2019/20,
while those granted to female researchers rose by 6.2 per cent to 2,692 in 2019/20. During the
review period, research licenses granted to researchers from Kenya/EAC who were pursuing
undergraduate or diploma programmes recorded a significant increase from 188 in 2018/19
to 787 in 2019/20, while those who were pursuing doctorate programmes reduced by 8.2 per
cent to 928 in 2019/20.
293
Table 15.23: Individual Research Licenses Granted by Nationality, Research Category and Sex, 2015/16 - 2019/20
Economic Survey 2021
Number
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
Nationality/Research Category
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Kenyan/EAC Citizens:
Undergraduate and Diploma ……….. 13 8 21 38 46 84 47 74 121 64 124 188 346 441 787
Master ……………………………….1,457 1,446 2,903 1,505 1,487 2,992 1,490 1,448 2,938 2,039 1,933 3,972 2,094 1,865 3,959
Doctorate ……………………………………. 17 31 48 389 345 734 407 350 757 583 428 1,011 571 357 928
Post-Doctorate ……………………………. 300 259 559 28 19 47 42 36 78 67 51 118 89 29 118
Sub-Total………………………......... 1,787 1,744 3,531 1,960 1,897 3,857 1,986 1,908 3,894 2,753 2,536 5,289 3,100 2,692 5,792
African Non-EAC Citizens:
294 Undergraduate and Diploma ……….. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 - 4 4 - 4 0 0 0
Master ………………………………. 3 4 7 13 13 26 12 5 17 13 12 25 30 14 44
Doctorate ……………………………………. 1 - 1 2 2 4 22 18 40 14 2 16 6 3 9
Post-Doctorate ……………………………. 5 1 6 1 - 1 1 - 1 5 4 9 0 0 0
Sub-Total………………………......... 10 7 17 17 17 34 39 23 62 36 18 54 36 17 53
Non-African Nationals:
Undergraduate and Diploma ……….. 17 30 47 9 10 19 10 10 20 9 23 32 2 10 12
Master ………………………………. 10 12 22 15 20 35 10 22 32 27 27 54 13 13 26
Doctorate ……………………………………. 48 40 88 49 40 89 46 67 113 50 49 99 33 58 91
Post-Doctorate ……………………………. 30 37 67 40 37 77 62 59 121 102 89 191 71 67 138
Sub-Total………………………......... 105 119 224 113 107 220 128 158 286 188 188 376 119 148 267
TOTAL 1,902 1,870 3,772 2,090 2,021 4,111 2,153 2,089 4,242 2,977 2,742 5,719 3,255 2,857 6,112
Source: National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation
* Provisional
Chapter 15: Education and Training
15.36. Table 15.24 shows the number of individual research licenses granted by field of study
and sex from 2015/16 to 2019/20. The number of research licenses granted to researchers
under health and biological sciences more than doubled from 621 in 2018/19 to 1,372 in
2019/20. The increase in number of research licenses granted in this field of study is attributed
to a rise in number of researchers undertaking research on COVID-19 and related studies.
Researchers whose studies were under agriculture and natural resources sciences went up
significantly from 143 in 2018/19 to 303 in 2019/20. In 2019/20, the number of research
licenses granted under humanities and social sciences went down by 8.6 per cent to 3,985,
and accounted for 65.2 per cent of all individual research licenses granted, while health and
biological sciences accounted for 22.4 per cent.
15.37. The number of institutional research licenses granted by field of study and nationality
from 2015/16 to 2019/20 are shown in Table 15.25. Overall, the number of institutional
research licenses granted increased by 24.7 per cent from 296 in 2018/19 to 369 in 2019/20.
Kenyan and East African Community research institutions accounted for 98.4 per cent of all
research institutions that were granted research licenses in 2019/20.
295
Table 15.24: Individual Research Licenses Granted by Field of Study and Sex, 2015/16 - 2019/20 Number
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
FIELD OF STUDY
Economic Survey 2021
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences …………17 16 33 37 34 71 47 33 80 78 65 143 174 129 303
Earth and Space Sciences ……………………………………. 55 36 91 81 51 132 84 66 150 149 112 261 34 28 62
Health and Biological Sciences ……………………………. 79 78 157 167 172 339 186 241 427 317 304 621 669 703 1,372
Humanities and Social Sciences ………………………….. 1,686 1,693 3,379 1,675 1,673 3,348 1,714 1,651 3,365 2,229 2,133 4,362 2,158 1,827 3,985
ICT and Infrastructural Sciences ………………………….. 46 31 77 89 62 151 84 68 152 136 79 215 163 130 293
Physical, Industrial and Energy Sciences ……………… 19 16 35 41 29 70 38 30 68 68 49 117 58 39 97
TOTAL …………………………………………………………….. 1,902 1,870 3,772 2,090 2,021 4,111 2,153 2,089 4,242 2,977 2,742 5,719 3,256 2,856 6,112
Source: National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation
* Provisional
296
Table 15.25: Institutional Research Licenses Granted by Field of Study and Nationality, 2015/16 - 2019/20
Number
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
Non-
FIELD OF STUDY
Kenyan Kenyan Non-Kenyan Non-Kenyan Non-Kenyan Kenyan Non-Kenyan
/EAC /EAC Kenyan /EAC /EAC Kenyan /EAC /EAC Kenyan /EAC /EAC /EAC /EAC
Institutions Institutions Total Institutions Institutions Total Institutions Institutions Total Institutions Institutions Total Institutions Institutions Total
Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences ………… - - - 3 1 4 11 5 16 11 2 13 24 1 25
Earth and Space Sciences …………………………………….
3 3 6 8 7 15 6 8 14 15 4 19 7 1 8
Health and Biological Sciences …………………………….
11 6 17 24 12 36 44 17 61 106 10 116 185 1 186
Humanities and Social Sciences …………………………..
68 19 87 85 9 94 113 7 120 129 9 138 145 3 148
ICT and Infrastructural Sciences …………………………..
- 1 1 3 - 3 4 - 4 3 1 4 2 - 2
Physical, Industrial and Energy Sciences ……………… 2 2 4 2 - 2 3 1 4 6 - 6 - - -
TOTAL ……………………………………………………………..
84 31 115 125 29 154 181 38 219 270 26 296 363 6 369
Source: National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation
* Provisional
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Government 15.38. Government funding to universities and number of students funded from 2018/19 to
Funding 2020/21 is shown in Table 15.26. The funding to public universities is expected to rise by 2.2
to Public per cent from KSh 41.0 billion in 2019/20 to KSh 41.9 billion in 2020/21. Funding to public
and Private university constituent colleges is expected to increase by 12.3 per cent to KSh 2.0 billion in
Universities 2020/21. During the review period, funding to all public universities is expected to increase.
Table 15.26: Government Funding to Universities and Number of Students Funded, 2018/19 – 2020/21
2018/19 2019/20 2020/21*
Amount of Funds Amount of Funds Amount of Funds
Male Female Total Allocated (KSh Male Female Total Allocated (KSh Male Female Total Allocated (KSh
INSTITUTION Million) Million) Million)
Public Universities
University of Nairobi.............................................. 9,912 14,909 24,821 5,028.15 9,912 14,909 24,821 5,091.47 11,106 16,076 27,182 5,231.81
Kenyatta.......................................................................... .. .. 27,834 3,011.42 .. .. 27,834 3,059.91 .. .. 33,341 3,160.14
Moi.................................................................................... 11,350 12,886 24,236 3,173.82 11,350 12,886 24,236 3,224.70 8,957 9,840 18,797 3,244.03
Egerton........................................................................... 5,700 8,398 14,098 1,608.84 6,642 9,572 16,214 2,080.55 6,642 9,572 16,214 2,102.13
Jomo Kenyatta (JKUAT)........................................ 7,370 9,887 17,257 2,703.88 8,334 10,424 18,758 2,814.54 8,334 10,424 18,758 2,835.11
Maseno............................................................................ 5,163 7,020 12,183 1,572.63 5,163 7,020 12,183 1,600.31 5,576 7,937 13,513 1,622.93
Masinde Muliro........................................................... 5,029 8,626 13,655 1,648.79 5,029 8,626 13,655 1,679.29 4,781 7,892 12,673 1,695.39
Technical University of Kenya............................ 2,982 8,232 11,214 1,760.75 2,982 8,232 11,214 1,858.53 2,410 6,708 9,118 1,886.46
Technical University of Mombasa...................... 1,776 4,838 6,614 891.16 1,776 4,838 6,614 906.90 2,041 5,888 7,929 924.04
Dedan Kimathi............................................................. 1,767 3,496 5,263 703.17 2,075 4,181 6,256 875.80 2,075 4,181 6,256 892.58
Chuka .............................................................................. 4,126 6,128 10,254 1,256.80 4,387 7,103 11,490 1,281.15 4,387 7,103 11,490 1,296.78
Karatina........................................................................... 2,477 3,172 5,649 688.83 2,398 3,150 5,548 721.66 2,398 3,150 5,548 723.10
Kisii.................................................................................. 2,926 4,691 7,617 1,069.51 2,926 4,691 7,617 1,088.48 3,508 5,836 9,344 1,116.40
Meru................................................................................. 1,491 2,802 4,293 672.28 1,491 2,802 4,293 685.06 1,674 3,259 4,933 693.97
Multimedia.................................................................... 1,831 3,526 5,357 415.95 1,831 3,526 5,357 576.18 1,760 3,468 5,228 591.96
South Eastern................................................................ 2,414 3,912 6,326 744.38 2,414 3,912 6,326 908.37 2,307 3,831 6,138 911.12
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga......................................... 2,350 4,307 6,657 966.18 1,895 3,681 5,576 984.14 1,895 3,681 5,576 985.69
Laikipia............................................................................ 2,514 3,077 5,591 847.32 2,514 3,077 5,591 863.24 2,349 2,655 5,004 865.23
University of Eldoret................................................ 4,669 5,697 10,366 1,855.08 4,669 5,697 10,366 1,890.13 4,242 5,180 9,422 1,891.50
Kabianga......................................................................... 2,787 3,263 6,050 743.51 2,787 3,263 6,050 756.52 2,299 2,652 4,951 781.73
Pwani............................................................................... 2,491 3,527 6,018 691.55 2,491 3,527 6,018 724.25 2,474 3,692 6,166 749.45
Masai Mara..................................................................... 3,676 4,356 8,032 993.54 3,676 4,356 8,032 1,012.85 3,457 3,934 7,391 1,014.42
Kibabii............................................................................. 1,563 2,569 4,132 599.02 1,563 2,569 4,132 610.36 1,509 2,576 4,085 627.05
Embu................................................................................ 1,776 2,822 4,598 508.55 1,776 2,822 4,598 580.19 2,138 3,385 5,523 600.23
Machakos........................................................................ 3,044 4,859 7,903 938.97 3,044 4,859 7,903 957.03 2,564 4,016 6,580 967.73
Murang’a......................................................................... 1,325 2,591 3,916 433.06 1,325 2,591 3,916 471.06 1,430 3,632 5,062 498.75
Rongo.............................................................................. 1,751 2,331 4,082 515.24 1,751 2,331 4,082 540.63 1,602 2,410 4,012 551.93
Kirinyaga ....................................................................... 1,262 2,082 3,344 301.33 1,262 2,082 3,344 326.82 1,593 3,123 4,716 346.58
Co-operative................................................................. 1,299 1,229 2,528 215.47 1,405 1,511 2,916 239.21 1,405 1,511 2,916 265.48
Taita Taveta................................................................... 808 1,868 2,676 354.38 808 1,868 2,676 391.03 838 1,921 2,759 392.31
Garissa............................................................................. 151 390 541 237.96 217 490 707 406.97 217 490 707 408.75
University Constituent Colleges1..................... 1,509 2,094 3,603 852.86 1,842 2,438 4,280 1,810.09 2,122 2,958 5,080 2,032.66
SUB-TOTAL............................................. 99,289 149,585 276,708 38,004.36 101,735 153,034 282,603 41,017.40 100,090 152,981 286,580 41,907.42
Private Universities................................... 11,163 16,620 27,783 1,848.51 17,024 24,315 41,339 1,188.23 .. .. .. ..
GRAND TOTAL....................................... 110,452 166,205 304,491 39,852.88 118,759 177,349 323,942 42,205.63 100,090 152,981 286,580 41,907.42
Source: Universities Fund
* Provisional
.. Data not available
1
Includes Kaimosi, Alupe, Turkana, Tom Mboya, Tharaka-Nithi, Bomet, Mama Ngina and Koitalel Arap Samoei
297
Economic Survey 2021
Research 15.39. Table 15.27 presents the number of research funding applications, successful applications
Funding or ongoing research projects by sex of principal investigator of research project and amount of
funds disbursed from 2016/17 to 2019/20 financial years. The number of applications for
masters and doctorates’ research funding received by National Research Fund stood at 1,046
in 2019/20 financial year of which 44.6 per cent of the principal investigators were females.
In the same year, the number of successful applications for masters and doctorates’ research
funding were 172 of with 33.7 per cent of the principal investigators being females. Amount
of funds disbursed for the successful research funding applications was KSh 59.9 million in
2019/20. During the same period, the number of applications for multidisciplinary research
funding was 811 of which only 58 were successful. In 2019/20, the amount of funds disbursed
for the successful multidisciplinary research funding applications stood at KSh 506.73 million.
Table15.27: Number of Research Fund Applications, Successful Applications/Ongoing Research
Projects by Sex of Principal Investigator of Research Project and Amount of Funds Disbursed, 2016/17
- 2019/20
Number of Successful
Amount of Funds Disbursed1
Number of Applications 1 Applications/Ongoing Research
(KSh Million)
Projects1
Research Category Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Masters and Doctorates
2016/17 435 327 762 188 145 333 117.09 77.23 194.33
2017/18 - - - 120 98 218 41.68 26.87 68.55
2018/19 - - - 120 98 218 41.68 26.87 68.55
2019/20* 579 467 1,046 114 58 172 46.47 13.42 59.88
Multdisciplinary
2016/17 .. .. 511 112 46 158 690.98 283.79 974.77
2017/18 - - - 112 46 158 345.49 141.90 487.39
2018/19 - - - 112 46 158 345.49 141.90 487.39
2019/20* .. .. 811 41 17 58 347.88 158.85 506.73
Source: National Research Fund (NRF)
*Provisional
.. Data not available
1
Male and female refers to the sex of the principal investigator of research project
Adult 15.40. Enrolment of learners in adult education centres by sex and County from 2018 to 2020
Education is shown in Table 15.28. Total adult education enrolment decreased by 13.7 per cent from
209,082 in 2019 to 180,395 in 2020. Female adult learners recorded the highest decrease
of 15.8 per cent compared to the decline of male adult learners at 9.2 per cent. Nairobi City
County recorded the highest enrolment of adult learners at 14,655, while Lamu County
recorded the lowest enrolment of 853.
298
Chapter 15: Education and Training
Table 15.28: Enrolment of Learners in Adult Education Centres by Sex and County, 2018 - 2020
2018 2019 2020*
County Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Mombas a................. 1,405 2,174 3,579 1,701 2,470 4,171 1,085 1,631 2,716
Kwale ....................... 767 3,089 3,856 691 3,112 3,803 568 3,039 3,607
Kilifi........................... 1,521 7,181 8,702 1,521 7,181 8,702 1,682 6,175 7,857
Tana Riv er................ 938 3,103 4,041 348 1,151 1,499 921 2,617 3,538
Lamu......................... 368 636 1,004 282 454 736 297 556 853
Taita/Tav eta............ 823 1,364 2,187 461 1,863 2,324 228 921 1,149
Garis s a...................... 1,693 4,227 5,920 3,286 3,211 6,497 2,601 2,097 4,698
W ajir......................... 1,327 1,335 2,662 1,327 1,335 2,662 1,453 1,422 2,875
Mandera................... 1,532 2,156 3,688 1,641 2,129 3,770 1,482 2,038 3,520
Mars abit................... 464 965 1,429 464 965 1,429 1,449 2,056 3,505
Is iolo......................... 333 861 1,194 1,103 3,968 5,071 336 729 1,065
Meru......................... 981 2,358 3,339 1,966 5,199 7,165 1,799 4,234 6,033
Tharaka-Nithi........... 419 1,379 1,798 421 589 1,010 442 1,579 2,021
Embu......................... 786 1,962 2,748 785 2,303 3,088 715 1,852 2,567
Kitui.......................... 1,469 6,633 8,102 1,542 6,719 8,261 1,374 6,185 7,559
Machakos ................ 972 4,833 5,805 827 4,447 5,274 906 3,868 4,774
Makueni................... 1,427 6,891 8,318 1,381 7,882 9,263 1,118 6,529 7,647
Ny andarua............... 980 2,843 3,823 874 2,852 3,726 543 1,692 2,235
Ny eri......................... 777 2,491 3,268 790 2,657 3,447 550 2,051 2,601
Kiriny ag a.................. 510 1,107 1,617 472 1,065 1,537 351 868 1,219
Murang 'a.................. 666 2,812 3,478 583 1,836 2,419 560 1,879 2,439
Kiambu..................... 1,170 2,949 4,119 1,062 2,941 4,003 1,023 2,572 3,595
Turkana.................... 2,159 2,657 4,816 1,952 2,487 4,439 2,159 2,657 4,816
W es t Pokot.............. 703 1,105 1,808 4,214 6,053 10,267 1,401 1,867 3,268
Samburu................... 1,262 2,084 3,346 1,125 2,037 3,162 1,147 1,833 2,980
Trans nzoia............... 527 2,187 2,714 971 3,050 4,021 964 1,516 2,480
Uas in Gis hu............. 1,249 2,346 3,595 1,309 1,960 3,269 1,764 2,271 4,035
Elg ey o/Marakwet.... 1,416 2,277 3,693 881 1,078 1,959 881 1,078 1,959
Nandi........................ 1,737 2,692 4,429 1,953 2,958 4,911 1,682 2,636 4,318
Baring o..................... 1,410 2,591 4,001 1,580 3,301 4,881 1,537 3,203 4,740
Laikipia..................... 591 1,760 2,351 638 1,583 2,221 518 1,259 1,777
Nakuru...................... 2,733 4,206 6,939 2,733 4,206 6,939 3,028 4,358 7,386
Narok........................ 813 1,227 2,040 790 2,657 3,447 963 1,712 2,675
Kajiado..................... 2,734 5,663 8,397 2,334 4,549 6,883 1,994 2,843 4,837
Kericho..................... 1,370 2,818 4,188 1,300 2,369 3,669 1,190 2,103 3,293
Bomet........................ 1,254 2,959 4,213 598 1,327 1,925 512 1,197 1,709
Kakameg a................. 2,055 4,647 6,702 869 1,925 2,794 800 1,484 2,284
Vihig a........................ 698 2,260 2,958 599 2,088 2,687 550 1,956 2,506
Bung oma.................. 1,932 3,337 5,269 1,764 3,226 4,990 1,706 3,041 4,747
Bus ia......................... 1,526 4,137 5,663 1,160 2,599 3,759 625 1,478 2,103
Siay a......................... 702 1,772 2,474 615 1,518 2,133 562 1,645 2,207
Kis umu..................... 2,595 5,060 7,655 1,224 3,246 4,470 1,449 3,210 4,659
Homa Bay ................. 1,831 4,468 6,299 1,396 3,123 4,519 1,039 2,620 3,659
Mig ori....................... 1,864 3,646 5,510 1,581 3,035 4,616 1,406 2,709 4,115
Kis ii........................... 2,079 4,981 7,060 2,330 5,042 7,372 1,710 3,807 5,517
Ny amira.................... 2,018 4,505 6,523 2,193 4,452 6,645 1,909 3,688 5,597
Nairobi City .............. 7,056 8,065 15,121 5,860 7,387 13,247 6,479 8,176 14,655
TOTAL 65,642 146,799 212,441 65,497 143,585 209,082 59,458 120,937 180,395
Source: Ministry of Education
* Prov isional
299
Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
Health and Vital Statistics Chapter
16
Overview
E mergence of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused unparalleled
stretch in health systems and economic disruptions across the entire globe. In Kenya,
the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in March, 2020. This led the Government
to institute several measures aimed at containing the spread of the virus. These measures
included banning of international flights, temporary closure of restaurants and bars, night-to
dawn curfew, suspension of learning in all educational institutions, restrictions of movement
in some counties among other measures. These had adverse effects on the economy and
health sector with reported drop in healthcare services utilization in the country. This can
be corroborated by the decline in the number of cases of diseases reported in health facilities
as well as in-patient admissions. As an emergency response to the pandemic, the National
Government disbursed KSh 7.7 billion to the counties for COVID-19 support.
16.2. National Government expenditure on health services rose by 34.5 per cent to KSh 103.1
billion in 2019/20, with development expenditure accounting for 41.0 per cent. County
Governments’ expenditure on health services grew by 16.0 per cent to KSh 106.7 billion
in 2019/20, of which 83.5 per cent was on recurrent expenditure. The ratio of Government
expenditure on health to total expenditure stood at 6.2 per cent in 2019/20. Expenditure on
health services is expected to grow by 6.5 per cent to KSh 113.7 billion in 2020/21.
16.3. National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) membership increased by 6.0 per cent to
22.0 million in 2019/20. Consequently, NHIF members’ contributions grew by 5.7 per cent
to KSh 59.5 billion in 2019/20. The amount of benefits payout increased by 1.8 per cent to
KSh 54.4 billion.
16.4. The number of health facilities increased from 13,700 in 2019 to 14,600 in 2020. The
number of hospital beds increased by 9.6 per cent to 82,091 while hospital cots increased by
7.7 per cent to 8,946 in the review period. Majority (45.0%) of these hospital beds and cots
were in public health facilities.
16.5. Deliveries in health facilities increased by 1.8 per cent to 1.2 million in 2020 with normal
deliveries accounting for 82.8 per cent. There was a general decline in the uptake of modern
contraceptive methods except pills in 2020.
16.6. Total number of cases of diseases reported in health facilities decreased by 31.6 per cent
to 60.0 million in 2020. Diseases of the respiratory system and malaria accounted for 27.6 per
cent and 19.1 per cent of the total disease caseload, respectively. As at 31st December, 2020,
the number of confirmed COVID-19 positive cases and related deaths were 96,612 and 1,756,
respectively.
16.7. The number of registered health professionals per 100,000 population went up for all
the cadres except medical laboratory technicians, which remained constant. Registered nurses
had the highest ratio of 130.6 per 100,000 population while nutrition and dietetics technicians
had the lowest ratio at 2.0 per 100,000 population in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
16.8. The total number of medical students in universities increased by 13.5 per cent to 22,200
while the total number of medical graduates and post-graduates decreased by 69.9 per cent to
1,396 in 2020. Similarly, the number of middle level medical graduates from Kenya Medical
Training College (KMTC) decreased by 67.4 per cent to 4,114 in the 2019/20 academic year.
16.9. The number of registered births decreased from 1,186,144 in 2019 to 1,138,667 in 2020.
The proportion of births reported to have occurred in health facilities increased to 97.7 per
cent in 2020 from 95.6 per cent in 2019. The sex ratio at birth in 2020 was 104 males for every
100 female, based on registered births.
16.10. Registration of deaths in the country has remained low over the years. In 2020, a total of
184,185 deaths were registered compared to 191,495 in 2019 with more than half (53.4 %) of
the reported deaths occurring in health facilities. In 2020, male deaths accounted for 56.6 per
cent of total deaths with sex ratio recorded at 130 male deaths in 100 female deaths.
16.11. Birth registration coverage rate for 2020 was 71.5 per cent compared to 76.2 per cent
recorded in 2019. Death registration coverage rate declined from 39.1 per cent in 2019 to 36.8
per cent in 2020.
Government 16.12. National Government expenditure on health services for the period 2016/17 to
Expenditure 2020/21 is presented in Table 16.1. In 2019/20, development expenditure on health services
on Health increased by 23.7 per cent to KSh 42.3 billion, with public health services accounting for 76.5
Services per cent. During the review period, recurrent expenditure on health services increased from
KSh. 42.5 billion to KSh 60.8 billion, out of which 44.3 per cent went to hospital services.
Expenditure on health services is expected to rise by 16.2 per cent to KSh 119.8 billion in
2020/21, with development expenditure accounting for 56.0 per cent.
Table 16.1: National Government Expenditure on Health Services, 2016/17 – 2020/21
KSh Million
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21+
Recurrent
Outpatient services………………………………………….
1,308.7 804.9 2,650.0 2,637.4 3,991.3
Hospital services……………………………………………...
13,159.6 13,618.6 22,952.4 26,905.6 27,577.9
Public health services………………………………………
6,365.7 7,735.6 9,897.8 12,741.9 4,274.1
Health expenditure n.e.c………………………………...
8,973.0 6,476.3 6,971.9 18,517.4 16,903.7
Sub-Total……………………………………………………….
29,806.9 28,635.3 42,472.1 60,802.3 52,747.0
Development
Outpatient services………………………………………….
10,319.4 8,368.2 9,364.0 6,681.2 8,670.2
Hospital services……………………………………………..
5,725.1 503.1 487.2 1,772.8 2,169.8
Public health services………………………………………
5,103.2 23,067.2 23,993.1 32,361.8 47,417.1
Health expenditure n.e.c………………………………...
5,651.3 1,267.5 367.6 1,507.0 8,800.1
33,206.0
Sub-Total……………………………………………………….
26,799.1 34,211.9 42,322.9 67,057.2
61,841.3
TOTAL……………………………………………………………….
56,606.0 76,684.0 103,125.2 119,804.2
Source: The National Treasury
*Provisional
+
Estimates
302
Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
16.13. Table 16.2. presents county Governments’ expenditure on health services from 2016/17
to 2020/21. In 2019/20, recurrent expenditure on health services increased by 17.4 per cent
to KSh 89.1 billion but is expected to decrease to KSh 88.9 billion in 2020/21. Expenditure
on health services is expected to grow by 6.5 per cent to KSh 113.7 billion in 2020/21, of
which 78.2 per cent will be spent on recurrent expenditure. In the same period, development
expenditure increased by 9.4 per cent to KSh 17.6 billion and is expected to grow by 40.7 per
cent to 24.7 billion in 2020/21.
Table 16.2: County Governments’ Expenditure on Health Services, 2016/17 – 2020/21
KS h Million
+
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20* 2020/21
Recurrent……………………………………..
56,936.9 71,813.3 75,940.0 89,139.2 88,933.8
Dev elopment…………………………………
13,837.5 12,165.0 16,083.6 17,588.0 24,744.3
TOTAL……………………………………………………………….
70,774.4 83,978.3 92,023.6 106,727.1 113,678.1
S ource: The National Treasury
* Provisional
+
Estimates
16.14. Figure 16.1 shows the share of Government expenditure on health to total Government
expenditure for the period 2016/17 to 2020/21. In the period under review, the ratio of
Government expenditure on health to total Government expenditure was 6.2 per cent. In
2020/21, this proportion is expected to marginally decrease to 6.0 per cent.
Figure 16.1: Share of Total Government Expenditure on Health to Total Government Expenditure,
2016/17 – 2020/21
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Economic Survey 2021
16.15. Figure 16.2 illustrates county Governments’ health expenditure for the period 2016/17
to 2020/21. Expenditure on health expanded by 16.0 per cent to KSh 106.7 billion in 2019/20
with the share of expenditure on health to total expenditure increasing from 22.7 per cent
in 2018/19 to 25.6 per cent in 2019/20. The counties’ expenditure on healthcare services is
estimated to decrease marginally to 24.4 per cent in 2020/21.
Figure 16.2: County Governments’ Expenditure on Health, 2016/17 – 2020/21
500.0 30.0
466.4
450.0
405.5 25.6 417.2
25.0 25.0
400.0 24.4
22.7
350.4
350.0 336.4
20.2 20.0
Expenditure KSh.Billion
300.0
Per Cent
250.0 15.0
200.0
10.0
150.0
113.7
106.7
100.0 92.0
84.0
70.8 5.0
50.0
0.0 0.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21
Expenditure on Health
Total Government Expenditure
Share of health expenditure to total expenditure
304
Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
National 16.16. Table 16.3 shows the membership of the NHIF for the period 2015/16 to 2019/20.
Hospital Total membership comprising of principal members and their dependents increased by 6.0
Insurance per cent to 22.0 million in 2019/20.
Fund
Table 16.3: NHIF Principal Members and Dependents, 2015/16 -2019/20
Number
Members 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
1
Principal Members … 5,871,794 6,729,281 7,554,025 8,959,350 9,501,085
2
Dependents ……….. 7,721,409 8,849,005 9,933,543 11,781,545 12,493,927
Total.................................. 13,593,203 15,578,286 17,487,568 20,740,895 21,995,012
Source: National Hospital Insurance Fund
* Provisional
1
A registered NHIF contributor
2
A declared child or spouse of a member
16.17. Table 16.4 shows the NHIF principal members by sector for the period 2015/16 to
2019/20. Membership in the formal sector grew by 3.6 per cent compared to 8.3 per cent
growth in the informal sector during the period under review. In the formal sector, membership
from the private sector accounted for 74.0 per cent while micro-insurance constituted 84.2 per
cent in the informal sector.
Table 16.4: NHIF Principal Members by Sector, 2015/16 - 2019/20
Number
Sector 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
Formal
Private……...………… 2,549,563 2,812,730 2,926,262 3,175,400 3,285,334
Public……...…………. 915,346 970,395 1,021,248 1,108,910 1,154,348
Sub-Total……….. 3,464,909 3,783,125 3,947,510 4,284,310 4,439,682
Informal
Micro-Insurance1…….. 2,116,800 2,493,439 2,905,905 3,907,017 4,262,354
2
Sponsored Progams .. 290,085 452,717 700,610 768,023 799,049
Sub-Total………... 2,406,885 2,946,156 3,606,515 4,675,040 5,061,403
Total………………. 5,871,794 6,729,281 7,554,025 8,959,350 9,501,085
Source: National Hospital Insurance Fund
* Provisional
1
Members in the informal sector paying for themselves a monthly contribution fixed at KSh 500
2
Members whose NHIF contributions are paid by donors, well-wishers, National and County Governments or development
partners.
16.18. NHIF receipts and payouts for the period 2015/16 to 2019/20 are presented in Table
16.5. Members’ contributions grew by 5.7 per cent to KSh 59.5 billion in 2019/20 while the
amount of benefits payout increased by 1.8 per cent to KSh 54.4 billion. The proportion of
payouts to receipts decreased from 94.9 per cent in 2018/19 to 91.4 per cent in 2019/20.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 16.5: Annual NHIF Contributions and Benefits Paid Out, 2015/16-2019/20
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
Members Contribution
National Scheme1 28,477.9 29,858.6 33,041.6 30,971.8 31,254.6
2
Other Schemes 4,898.6 5,213.3 12,369.3 25,315.3 28,245.5
Total 33,376.5 35,071.6 45,410.9 56,287.2 59,500.1
Benefits paid out
National Scheme1 10,248.8 21,963.8 29,486.9 37,716.1 29,971.1
2
Other Schemes 4,810.6 4,560.3 9,574.4 15,708.5 24,391.5
Total 15,059.4 26,524.2 39,061.3 53,424.5 54,362.6
Payout ratio (%) 45.1 75.6 86.0 94.9 91.4
Source: National Hospital Insurance Fund
* Provisional
1
Contributions and benefits package are negotiated between the Government and NHIF. It covers
formal and informal sectors.
2
Contributions and benefits package are negotiated between interested institutions and NHIF. It is
exclusively for the formal sector and offers benefits on top of those provided by the national scheme
Health 16.19. Table 16.6 shows the number of health facilities by level, type and ownership. The
Infrastructure number of health facilities increased by 5.9 per cent to 14,600 in 2020 with level 2 facilities
accounting for 77.9 per cent of the total health facilities. This level comprised of dispensaries
(51.4%), medical clinics (45.5%) and the stand-alone facilities (3.0%). During the year under
review, the Government owned 82.4 per cent of the dispensaries while 94.4 per cent of the
medical clinics were owned by the private sector.
16.20. Level 3 health facilities, which increased from 2,313 in 2019 to 2,355 in 2020, accounted
for 16.1 per cent of the total facilities. Most of the health centres (79.9 %) were owned by the
Government while private sector owned 93.8 per cent of the nursing homes. Hospitals, which
are levels 4, 5 and 6, accounted for 6.0 per cent of the total facilities. The Government and
private sector combined owned 86.0 per cent of the primary health care hospitals.
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Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
Table 16.6: Operational Health Facilities by Level, Type and Ownership, 2016 – 2020
Number
Type of Health Facility Ownership 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
KEPH Level1
MoH……….. 4,019 4,350 4,459 4,652 4,818
Private…….. 121 126 138 147 153
Dispensary
FBO3 ………… 792 812 819 829 843
NGO……….. 20 21 23 27 36
Sub-Total……………………………………. 4,952 5,309 5,439 5,655 5,850
MoH……….. 11 11 13 14 20
Private…….. 3,570 3,902 4,193 4,427 4,890
Medical Clinic
FBO………… 10 11 16 17 23
Level 2
NGO……….. 217 233 238 240 245
Sub-Total……………………………………. 3,808 4,157 4,460 4,698 5,178
MoH……….. 34 34 34 34 35
Private…….. 137 143 149 169 188
Stand Alone
FBO……….. 22 22 22 22 22
NGO……….. 85 86 90 93 99
Sub-Total……………………………………. 278 285 295 318 344
Total………………………………………….9,038 9,751 10,194 10,671 11,372
MoH……….. 0 0 0 0 0
Private…….. 387 469 582 685 719
Medical Centre
FBO……….. 3 3 7 8 9
NGO……….. 20 21 23 24 18
Sub-Total……………………………………. 410 493 612 717 746
MoH……….. 1,014 1,023 1,028 1,039 1,093
Private…….. 10 11 12 13 14
Health Centre
FBO………… 198 201 202 204 214
Level 3
NGO……….. 30 37 37 39 47
Sub-Total……………………………………. 1,252 1,272 1,279 1,295 1,368
MoH……….. 0 0 0 0 0
Private……... 194 214 249 286 226
Nursing Home
FBO……….. 5 5 5 5 5
NGO……….. 8 8 9 10 10
Sub-Total……………………………………. 207 227 263 301 241
Total………………………………………….1,869 1,992 2,154 2,313 2,355
MoH……….. 358 353 354 356 357
Private……... 202 231 269 303 373
Primary Care Hospital
Level 4 FBO……….. 100 101 106 109 106
NGO……….. 12 12 12 14 13
Total…………………………………………. 672 697 741 782 849
MoH……….. 9 13 13 13 13
Private…….. 2 2 2 2 2
Secondary Care Hospital
Level 5 FBO………… 3 3 3 3 3
NGO……….. 0 0 0 0 0
Total…………………………………………. 14 18 18 18 18
MoH……….. 4 6 6 6 6
2
Private…….. 0 0 0 0 0
Tertiary Referral Hospital
Level 6 FBO……….. 0 0 0 0 0
NGO……….. 0 0 0 0 0
Total…………………………………………. 4 6 6 6 6
11,597
Grand total……………………………………………………. 12,464 13,113 13,790 14,600
Source: Kenya Master Health Facility List, Ministry of Health
*Provisional
1
KEPH Level - Kenya Essential Package for Health.
2
Comprehensive and Specialized Hospitals
3
FBO - Faith Based Organization
Note: KEPH Level 1 are community facilities
16.21. Table 16.7 shows the trend in the number of hospital beds and cots by ownership, for
the period 2016 to 2020. In the review period, the number of hospital beds increased by 9.6
per cent to 82,091 while hospital cots increased by 7.7 per cent to 8,946. In the year 2020,
majority (45.0%) of the hospital beds and cots were in public health facilities.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 16.7: Hospital Beds and Cots by Ownership, 2016 - 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Ownership
Beds Cots Beds Cots Beds Cots Beds Cots Beds Cots
Public............. 35,254 3,633 35,439 3,693 35,556 3,723 36,267 3,773 37,069 3,867
Private............ 15,725 1,952 17,777 2,159 21,835 2,557 24,154 2,903 30,496 3,493
FBO............... 13,002 1,430 13,061 1,443 13,253 1,472 13,323 1,476 13,277 1,421
NGO............. 863 127 918 127 957 130 1,124 151 1,249 165
Total............. 64,844 7,142 67,195 7,422 71,601 7,882 74,868 8,303 82,091 8,946
Source: Kenya Master Health Facility List, Ministry of Health
* Provisional
Deliveries 16.22. The mode of deliveries in health facilities for the period 2016 to 2020 is presented in
in Health Table 16.8. The number of deliveries in health facilities increased by 1.8 per cent to 1.2 million
Facilities in 2020. Normal delivery accounted for 82.8 per cent of deliveries during the same period.
There was a 10.0 per cent increase in the number of deliveries through caesarean section
(C-Section) during the review period, representing 16.1 per cent of total deliveries.
Table 16.8: Mode of Delivery in Health Facilities, 2016 – 2020
Number
Mode of delivery 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Normal delivery………….. 859,022 754,547 939,910 970,267 973,882
1 9,242 6,939 9,171 8,724 9,209
Breech …………………….
2 131,037 130,799 155,191 171,856 189,119
Caesarean Section ………..
Assisted Vaginal Delivery 3.. 7,359 6,897 3,832 4,660 4,015
Total…………………….. 1,006,660 899,182 1,108,104 1,155,507 1,176,225
Source: Kenya Health Information System (DHIS 2), Ministry of Health
* Provisional
1
Type of birth where a baby is born with the bottom or feet, rather than the head, emerging first
2
This is the delivery through a surgical incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus
3
It is vaginal delivery performed with the help of specially designed instruments, such as a vacuum device or forceps.
Modern 16.23. The uptake of modern contraceptives in health facilities for the period 2016 to 2020
Methods of is shown in Table 16.9. Family Planning (FP) Injections was the most popular method of
Contraception contraception with 2.3 million clients followed by Pills Combined Oral Contraceptive, which
had 681.6 thousand clients in 2020. Permanent family planning methods recorded low uptake
with the number of females undergoing Sterilization Tubal Ligation decreasing to 4,435 while
male Sterilization Vasectomy recorded 334 clients during the review period. There was a general
decline in the uptake of modern contraceptive methods, except for pills which increased.
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Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
Table 16.9: Uptake of Modern Contraceptives in Health Facilities, 2016 - 2020
Number
Contraceptive Method 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
FP Injections1
New clients………………………… 627,442 546,370 694,486 714,518 616,529
Re-visits………………………………2,047,908 1,492,329 1,783,518 1,879,317 1,649,594
2
IUCD Insertion
New clients…………………………. 159,075 156,319 187,558 174,142 111,977
Re-visits…………………………...… 69,888 61,805 80,409 78,366 48,151
Implants Insertion
New clients…………………………. 388,256 369,137 498,018 514,213 376,242
Re-visits……………………………… 122,354 123,214 194,236 218,768 160,760
Pills Combined Oral Contraceptive
New clients………………………… 160,108 101,151 173,501 237,743 249,637
Re-visits…………………………...… 364,126 188,659 268,030 378,651 431,981
Pills Progestin Only
New clients………………………… 88,648 73,953 86,602 92,924 121,518
Re-visits…………………………...… 100,921 64,896 74,813 78,673 106,685
Sterilization BTL3
New clients………………………… 11,627 9,149 10,814 8,971 4,435
Sterilization Vasectomy
New clients………………………… 919 807 646 658 334
Source: Kenya Health Information System (DHIS 2), Ministry of Health
* Provisional
1
FP - Family Planning
2
IUCD - Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (also known as coil)
3
BTL - Bilateral Tubal Ligation
309
Economic Survey 2021
Teenage 16.24. Figure 16.3 presents the national trend in the number of adolescents (age 10 –19)
Pregnancy presenting with pregnancy at first antenatal care (ANC) visit for the period 2016 to 2020. The
number of adolescents presenting with pregnancy at first ANC visit declined nationally by
16.3 per cent to 332,208 in 2020. Majority (94.7%) were those aged 15 – 19 years.
Figure 16.3: Adolescents Presenting with Pregnancy at 1st ANC Visit, 2016-2020
450,000
427,297
396,929
400,000
350,000 339,676
332,208
300,000
275,633
250,000
Number
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Years
10 - 14 Years 15 - 19 Years 10 -19 Years
Morbidity 16.25. Table 16.10 presents outpatient disease caseloads reported in health facilities across
all ages during the period 2016 to 2020. The total number of cases of diseases reported in
health facilities decreased by 31.6 per cent to 60.0 million in 2020. Diseases of the respiratory
system and malaria accounted for 27.6 per cent and 19.1 per cent of the total disease caseload,
respectively. These two diseases have continued to present the leading outpatient disease
caseloads over the years.
Table 16.10: Cases of Diseases Reported in Health Facilities, 2016-2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Disease
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Disease of the Respiratory System ……… 19,621,737 34.7 14,482,269 31.3 21,957,171 29.3 21,974,043 25.0 16,562,227 27.6
Malaria……………………………………………… 8,325,387 14.7 7,958,213 17.2 10,020,721 13.4 13,073,008 14.9 11,460,477 19.1
Diseases of the Skin (Incl. Ulcers)………. 4,409,229 7.8 3,261,935 7.0 4,372,923 5.8 4,452,158 5.1 4,272,067 7.1
Diarrhoea Diseases……………………...……2,892,638 5.1 2,601,827 5.6 3,069,095 4.1 3,564,833 4.1 2,626,159 4.4
Urinary Tract Infections………...………… 1,697,479 3.0 1,555,733 3.4 2,188,576 2.9 2,517,536 2.9 2,490,689 4.2
Pneumonia………………………………...…….. 1,616,913 2.9 1,208,592 2.6 1,776,108 2.4 1,968,554 2.2 1,562,970 2.6
Accidents (Road Trafic )……….. 1,311,911 2.3 1,135,456 2.5 411,704 0.6 480,993 0.5 247,252 0.4
Rheumatism, Joint Pains etc………………………… 1,572,172 2.8 1,246,731 2.7 1,825,551 2.4 2,182,264 2.5 2,367,990 3.9
Intestinal Worms……………………...…….. 763,793 1.4 763,635 1.7 1,182,013 1.6 1,236,924 1.4 1,099,106 1.8
Eye Infection/Condition…………………………...………. 1,004,923 1.8 656,451 1.4 939,572 1.3 1,013,862 1.2 1,120,623 1.9
All Other Diseases ………………………….. 13,287,042 23.5 11,400,776 24.6 27,069,439 36.2 35,303,784 40.2 16,193,186 27.0
TOTAL……………………………………..…….
56,503,224 100.0 46,271,618 100.0 74,812,873 100.0 87,767,959 100.0 60,002,746 100.0
Source: Kenya Health Information System (DHIS 2), Ministry of Health
* Provisional
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Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
16.26. Table 16.11a shows the leading causes of infants’ admissions recorded in health
facilities for the period 2018 to 2020. The total cases of infants’ admissions in health facilities
decreased significantly from 64,774 in 2019 to 37,470 in 2020. Low birth weight, was the
leading cause of infant admissions at 10.3 per cent. Birth asphyxia and birth trauma followed
closely accounting for 10.1 per cent while pneumonia was third at 8.8 per cent in 2020.
Table 16.11a: Leading Causes of Infants Admissions in Health Facilities, 2018 - 2020
2018 2019 2020*
Condition Number % Condition Number % Condition Number %
Pneumonia………………………………… 12,293 18.8 Pneumonia………………………………… 11,018 17.0 Low birth weight......................................................... 3,870 10.3
Low birth weight……………………….. 9,535 14.6 Low birth weight……………………….. 9,081 14.0 Birth asphyxia and birth trauma......................... 3,789 10.1
Birth asphyxia and birth trauma… 8,655 13.3 Birth asphyxia and birth trauma… 8,239 12.7 Pneumonia...................................................................... 3,305 8.8
Diarrhoeal diseases…………………… 3,635 5.6 Diarrhoeal diseases…………………… 3,891 6.0 Bacterial sepsis of newborn................................... 2,720 7.3
Confirmed malaria………………………………………..
1,929 3.0 Confirmed malaria………………………………………..
2,301 3.6 Confirmed malaria ..................................................... 1,939 5.2
Congenital malformations, deformations Congenital malformations, deformations
and chromosomal abnormalities……… 1,554 2.4 and chromosomal abnormalities……… 1,177 1.8 Respiratory distress of newborn......................... 1,525 4.1
Meningitis………………………………….. 1,065 1.6 Malnutrition………………………………. 947 1.5 Neonatal aspiration .................................................. 1,456 3.9
Malnutrition………………………………. 852 1.3 Meningitis………………………………….. 936 1.4 Gastroenteritis and colitis ..................................... 1,333 3.6
Anaemias…………………………………… 564 0.9 Anaemias…………………………………… 650 1.0 Neonatal jaundice....................................................... 895 2.4
Lower respiratory infections……… 804 1.2 Sepsis…………………………………………. 636 1.0 Febrile convulsions..................................................... 605 1.6
Other Causes 1 …………………………….. 24,414 1
37.4 Other Causes …………………………….. 25,898
1
40.0 Other Causes …………………………….. 16,033 42.8
Total……………………………………………
65,300 100.0 Total……………………………………………
64,774 100.0 Total……………………………………………
37,470 100
Source: Kenya Health Information System (DHIS 2), Ministry of Health
* Provisional
1
Appendix 16.1
16.27. Table 16.11b shows the leading causes of admissions for children under-five years in
health facilities for the period 2018 to 2020. Nationally, the total admissions recorded in the
health facilities for the under-five increased by 2.7 per cent to 117,441 in 2020. Pneumonia
accounted for the highest number of admissions at 12.9 per cent followed by malaria at 10.0
per cent in 2020.
Table 16.11b: Leading Causes of Under-five Admissions in Health Facilities, 2018 - 2020
2018 2019 2020
Condition Number % Condition Number % Condition Number %
Pneumonia………………………………….23,935 20.6 Pneumonia……………………………….. 21,383 18.7 Pneumonia....................................................................... 15,127 12.9
Low birth weight………………………… 9,727 8.4 Confirmed Malaria………………………………………
11,321 9.9 Confirmed Malaria...................................................... 11,787 10.0
Confirmed Malaria………………………………………..
9,304 8.0 Low birth weight………………………. 9,263 8.1 Bacterial sepsis of newborn.................................... 9,209 7.8
Birth asphyxia and birth trauma… 8,862 7.6 Diarrhoeal diseases………………….. 8,875 7.8 Birth asphyxia and birth trauma......................... 5,737 4.9
Diarrhoeal diseases…………………… 8,393 7.2 Birth asphyxia and birth trauma…............... 8,465 7.4 Gastroenteritis and colitis...................................... 5,081 4.3
Congenital malformations, deformations
and chromosomal abnormalities… 2,379 2.0 Anaemias………………………………….. 2,187 1.9 Other preterm infants............................................... 3,904 3.3
Meningitis………………………………….. 2,147 1.8 Malnutrition……………………………… 2,086 1.8 Neonatal jaundice....................................................... 3,819 3.3
Congenital malformations, deformations
Anaemias……………………………………. 2,115 1.8 and chromosomal abnormalities…… 1,818 1.6 Low birth weight.......................................................... 3,066 2.6
Malnutrition……………………………….. 1,876 1.6 Meningitis………………………………… 1,777 1.6 Neonatal aspiration of meconium..................... 2,562 2.2
Lower respiratory infections……… 1,609 1.4 Sepsis……………………………………….. 1,599 1.4 Febrile convulsions..................................................... 2,543 2.2
1 1 1
Other Causes …………………………….. 45,859 39.5 Other Causes …………………………….. 45,574 39.9 Other Causes …………………………….. 54,606 46.5
Total……………………………………………
116,206 100.0 Total…………………………………………..
114,348 100.0 Total........................................................ 117,441 100.0
Source: Kenya Health Information System (DHIS 2), Ministry of Health
*Provisional
1
Appendix 16.1
311
Economic Survey 2021
COVID-19 16.28. The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak begun in China in December, 2019
Pandemic while the first case in Kenya was reported on 12 March, 2020. Table 16.12 presents the number
th
of confirmed positive cases and deaths due to COVID-19 by month. Since the confirmation
of the first case in the country, the number of infections and deaths continued to rise, with a
total of 96,612 confirmed positive cases as at 31st December, 2020. The number of confirmed
COVID-19 related deaths in the same period was 1,756. The first spike was experienced in the
month of July with 14,594 confirmed positive cases and 317 deaths. The month of November
witnessed the highest number of confirmed positive cases and deaths at 28,296 and 388,
respectively. The number of confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in Kenya were
much lower compared to other African countries during the year under review. South Africa
recorded 1,057,161 confirmed positive cases and 28,469 deaths while Morocco recorded
439,193 confirmed positive cases and 7,388 deaths during the same period (as reported by
WHO Africa Regional Office).
Table 16.12: Confirmed COVID-19 Positive Cases and Deaths by Month, 2020
Number
Confirmed Positive
Month Deaths
Cases
March ..................................................................................................................... 84 5
April.......................................................................................................................... 350 18
May........................................................................................................................... 1,694 57
June........................................................................................................................... 4,723 125
July............................................................................................................................ 14,594 317
August..................................................................................................................... 12,856 248
September............................................................................................................ 4,412 128
October.................................................................................................................. 17,157 307
November............................................................................................................. 28,296 388
December............................................................................................................. 12,446 163
Total 96,612 1,756
Source: Kenya Health Information System (DHIS 2), Ministry of Health
Health 16.29. Table 16.13 shows the number of registered health professionals by cadre from 2016
Professionals to 2020. There was a general increase in the number of registered health professionals in all
cadres during the period under review. The number of registered nurses was the highest at
63,580 in 2020, followed by enrolled nurses and clinical officer technologists who were 38,120
and 22,930, respectively.
16.30. In the review period, the proportion of registered health professionals per 100,000
population went up for all the cadres except that of laboratory technicians, which remained
constant. Registered nurses had the highest ratio of 130.6 per 100,000 population while
nutrition and dietetics technicians had the lowest ratio at 2.0 per 100,000 population.
The proportion of medical officers and clinical officers stood at 26.3 and 48.6 per 100,000
population, respectively during the same period.
312
Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
Table 16.13: Registered Health Professionals by Cadre, 2016-2020
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per
Professional by Cadre
Number 100,000 Number 100,000 Number 100,000 Number 100,000 Number 100,000
Population Population Population Population Population
Medical Practitioners and Dentists
Medical Officers…………………………………..10,377 23.4 10,922 24.1 11,647 25.1 12,090 25.4 12,792 26.3
Dentists………………………….................... 1,156 2.6 1,211 2.7 1,257 2.7 1,288 2.7 1,344 2.8
Pharmacists and Pharmtechs
Pharmacists………………………………………..3,169 7.1 3,373 7.4 3,512 7.6 3,825 8.0 4,069 8.4
Pharmaceutical Technologists…………………………....8,673 19.5 9,358 20.6 10,126 21.8 10,815 22.7 11,429 23.5
Nurses
Graduate Nurses…………………………………. 4,002 9.0 4,819 10.6 5,961 12.8 7,242 15.2 7,959 16.3
Registered Nurses……………..………………….4 7,480 107.0 51,420 113.2 57,564 123.9 58,247 122.5 63,580 130.6
Enrolled Nurses………………..………………....22,820 51.4 23,068 50.8 23,783 51.2 28,822 60.6 38,120 78.3
Clinical Officers
Graduate Clinical Officers……………………….. 164 0.4 285 0.6 428 0.9 608 1.3 715 1.5
Clinical Officer Technologists…………………………....
16,917 38.1 18,396 40.5 20,216 43.5 21,131 44.4 22,930 47.1
Public Health Officers and Technicians
Public Health Officers…………………………… 1,684 3.8 3,064 6.7 3,506 7.5 4,390 9.2 5,824 12.0
Public Health Technicians…………………………....3 48 0.8 717 1.6 1,029 2.2 1,328 2.8 1,614 3.3
Medical Laboratory Techs
Laboratory Technologists……………………….. 9,956 22.4 10,603 23.3 11,687 25.1 13,144 27.6 14,219 29.2
Laboratory Technicians………………………….. 2,793 6.3. 3,062 6.7 3,602 7.8 3,886 8.2 3,979 8.2
Nutritionists and Dieticians
Nutritionists and Dieticians………………………. 1,853 4.2 2,106 4.6 3,066 6.6 3,570 7.5 3,795 7.8
Nutrition and Dietetic Technologists…………… 2,608 5.9 3,122 6.9 4,430 9.5 5,282 11.1 5,775 11.9
Nutrition and Dietetic Technicians……………… 500 1.1 619 1.4 813 1.7 921 1.9 951 2.0
Source: Health Regulatory Bodies
* Provisional
Medical 16.31. Table 16.14 shows the number of middle level medical graduates by course from Kenya
Training Medical Training College (KMTC) from 2015/16 to 2019/20 academic years. The number
of middle level medical graduates decreased by 67.4 per cent from 12,605 in the 2018/19
academic year to 4,114 in the 2019/20 academic year. Most of the students who were expected
to take up exams and graduate in December 2020 did not do so due to the COVID-19
pandemic. The remaining students are expected to graduate in April, 2021. Diploma holders
accounted for 66.4 per cent of the graduates, with majority attaining a diploma in community
health nursing at 1,342 in 2019/20.
16.32. The number of graduates who had attained certificate level decreased by 63.6 per cent to
1,033 in 2019/20 academic year while the number of graduates with higher diploma decreased
from 517 in 2018/19 to 348 in 2019/20 academic year. Nursing and clinical medicine and
surgery accounted for 77.9 per cent of graduates who attained higher diploma in the 2019/20
academic year.
313
Economic Survey 2021
Table 16.14: KMTC Health Sciences’ Middle Level Graduates, 2015/16-2019/20
Number
Programme 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20*
Certificate in;
Community Health Nursing.................................... 248 245 613 801 156
Medical Engineering................................................ 70 64 123 283 243
Orthopaedic Plaster Technology.............................. 54 106 115 171 63
Health Records & Information Technology............. 857 1,125 1,758 1,248 441
Environmental Health Sciences................................ - 104 194 93 32
Nutrition & Dietetics................................................ 341 294 314 241 94
Health Promotion for the Deaf.................................. - - - - 4
Sub-Total...................................................................... 1,570 1,938 3,117 2,837 1,033
Diploma in;..................................................................
Community Health Nursing.................................... 2,165 2,848 2,728 3,308 1,342
Nutrition & Dietetics................................................ 237 322 386 514 115
Environmental Health Sciences................................ 509 477 329 462 120
Medical Laboratory Sciences..................................... 369 404 347 422 264
Clinical Medicine & Surgery..................................... 1,044 991 1,789 1,629 139
Medical Engineering Technology............................ 90 93 92 139 33
Community Oral Health.......................................... 42 45 40 42 27
Dental Technology................................................... 32 33 45 66 19
Health Records & Information Technology ............ 524 423 519 710 108
Occupational Therapy.............................................. 42 47 123 124 29
Orthopaedic Technology.......................................... 20 27 25 23 12
Neurophysiology Technology.................................. - - - - -
Pharmacy.................................................................. 356 468 400 634 166
Physiotherapy........................................................... 110 168 128 232 57
Medical Imaging Sciences......................................... 159 132 115 220 68
Optometry............................................................... 22 28 15 37 15
Mental Health & Psychiatry Nursing....................... 87 98 78 190 75
Health Education & Promotion................................ - - 134 374 49
Orthopaedic and Trauma Medicine.......................... - - 38 125 95
Sub-Total...................................................................... 5,808 6,604 7,331 9,251 2,733
Higher Diploma in;
Pharmacy ................................................................. - - 1 - -
Environmental Health Sciences 1…...................... 1 5 - - -
Medical Laboratory Sciences 2…............................. 17 5 11 26 -
Nursing.................................................................... 138 153 142 142 107
Clinical Medicine & Surgery4…............................ 136 133 162 178 164
Medical Engineering 5…......................................... - 16 12 57 -
Medical Imaging Sciences......................................... 36 46 28 38 9
Community Health & HIV/AIDs Care................... 19 4 1 2 -
Health Education & Promotion................................ 9 - 7 - -
Medical Education.................................................... 27 27 45 45 48
Orthopaedic Manual Therapy................................... 30 24 12 18 -
Health Systems Management................................... - 10 - 11 6
Orthopaedic Technology (Orthotics)...................... - - - - 14
Sub-Total...................................................................... 413 423 421 517 348
Total.............................................................................. 8,042 8,962 10,869 12,605 4,114
Source: Kenya Medical Training College, Ministry of Health
* Provisional
1
Includes food science and inspection, epidemiology, solid waste and occupational health
2
Includes clinical chemistry, haematology, histology, parastology, virology, microbiology, bacterialogy and blood transfusion
sciences
3
Includes mental & Psychiatry Nursing, Community Health Nursing, pallistive care,nephrology, anaesthetic, intensive
care,ophthalmic and Peri-Operative nursing
4
Includes paediatrics, orthopaedics, anesthesia, lungs & skin, ENT & audiology, mental health & psychiatry, reproductive
health, opthalmology, advanced refraction & low vision and opthamology & cataract surgery
5
Includes Therapeutic equipment option, diagnostic equipment
314
Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
16.33. Table 16.15 shows the number of Health sciences’ students enrolled in public and
private universities by course and sex for the period 2016/17 to 2020/21. The total number
of undergraduate and postgraduate medical students increased by 13.5 per cent to 22,200 in
2020/21, with male students accounting for 56.2 per cent of the total students. The number of
undergraduate students increased by 10.9 per cent to 19,040 while the number of postgraduate
students increased by 32.7 per cent to 3,160 in 2020/21. The number of students pursuing
medicine and surgery remained highest at 4,466, despite an 8.0 per cent decrease in enrollment
in 2020/21. Medicine and surgery was the most popular course among male undergraduate
students, while nursing was the most popular course among female students in 2020/21.
Table 16.15: Health Sciences’ Students Enrollment in Public and Private Universities by Course and Sex
as at 31st December, 2016/17– 2020/21
Number
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21*
Undergraduate Students
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Medicine & Surgery………………………………..
2,394 1,683 4,077 1,653 1,327 2,980 2,318 1,429 3,747 3,149 1,707 4,856 2,936 1,530 4,466
Dental Surgery………………………………….
204 208 412 119 108 227 182 117 299 193 96 289 231 114 345
Pharmacy………………………………………………………
822 690 1512 768 573 1,341 1032 717 1,749 1,218 791 2,009 1,025 609 1,634
Nursing…………………………………………………………
1,414 2,411 3,825 1,212 1,780 2,992 1,583 1,865 3,448 1,766 1,862 3,628 1,921 1,982 3,903
Clinical Medicine and Surgery……………………………………
476 336 812 552 436 988 867 677 1,544 1076 793 1,869 786 576 1,362
Public Health…………………………………………..
319 324 643 346 348 694 235 218 453 207 188 395 636 473 1,109
Medical Laboratory Sciences……………. 868 516 1,384 623 469 1,092 698 526 1,224 613 438 1,051 1,158 689 1,847
Nutrition & Dietetics………………………………..
364 512 876 369 570 939 419 585 1,004 274 578 852 250 574 824
Environmental Health……………………………….
789 801 1,590 384 310 694 280 237 517 202 172 374 485 405 890
Physiotheraphy………………………………………….
148 146 294 118 117 235 76 126 202 151 171 322 191 269 460
Occupational Therapy…………………………..
22 17 39 24 36 60 19 30 49 11 14 25 29 41 70
Health Records Management…………….... 228 237 465 191 248 439 228 328 556 254 319 573 569 695 1,264
Health System Management…………….. .. .. .. 240 281 521 282 367 649 245 241 486 94 74 168
Community Health and Development…… .. .. .. 252 337 589 237 303 540 164 261 425 293 337 630
Medical Psychology….……………………. 42 51 93 17 28 45 16 23 39 16 5 21 31 37 68
Sub-Total………………………………..8,090 7,932 16,022 6,868 6,968 13,836 8,472 7,548 16,020 9,539 7,636 17,175 10,635 8,405 19,040
Postgraduate students…………………..1,427 955 2,382 1,310 841 2,151 1,713 775 2,488 1,660 722 2,382 1,843 1,317 3,160
Total…………………………………………………..
9,517 8,887 18,404 8,178 7,809 15,987 10,185 8,323 18,508 11,199 8,358 19,557 12,478 9,722 22,200
Source: Public and Private Universities in Kenya
*Provisional
.. Data not available
16.34. Table 16.16 shows the number of health sciences’ graduates in public and private
universities by course and sex for the period 2016/17 to 2020/21. The total number of graduates
and post-graduates decreased significantly by 69.9 per cent to 1,396 in 2020/21. This was due
to the suspension of education services and resultant closure of learning institutions brought
about by the COVID-19 pandemic. All the health sciences’ courses recorded a decrease in
the number of graduates in the year 2020/21. Although nursing recorded a decrease in the
number of graduates, it accounted for the largest share of health sciences’ undergraduates at
24.5 per cent in 2020/21.
315
Economic Survey 2021
Table 16.16: Health Sciences’ Graduates in Public and Private Universities1 by Course and Sex as at 31st
December, 2016/17– 2020/21
Number
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21*
Graduates
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Medicine & Surgery……...……………………..172 148 320 212 202 414 225 116 341 335 293 628 65 37 102
Dental Surgery………..…….………………………. 9 16 25 16 17 33 21 15 36 39 30 69 9 12 21
Pharmacy……………………...………………………….. 116 93 209 168 135 303 208 171 379 136 123 259 35 14 49
Nursing……………………..…..…………………………. 428 712 1,140 477 656 1,133 379 691 1,070 403 497 900 97 182 279
Clinical Medicine and Surgery………...………………………
98 78 176 95 56 151 116 81 197 92 127 219 68 47 115
Public Health………………….………………191 189 380 234 196 430 267 209 476 188 195 383 65 83 148
Medical Laboratory Sciences……………… 320 268 588 275 216 491 286 233 519 160 128 288 56 32 88
Nutrition & Dietetics……...………………… 203 323 526 160 305 465 202 283 485 102 254 356 7 35 42
Environmental Health…..……………………… 163 100 263 159 136 295 192 158 350 171 164 335 14 28 42
Physiotherapy……………...……………………..6 6 12 10 5 15 2 14 16 21 18 39 18 18 36
Occupational Therapy……..………………. .. .. .. 4 6 10 15 20 35 9 10 19 7 4 11
Health Records Management……………….. 72 64 136 51 53 104 67 73 140 86 97 183 37 37 74
Health System Management………..………… .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 78 66 144 - - -
Community Health and Development……….. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 115 178 53 75 128
Sub-Total……………………...…………………1,778 1,997 3,775 1,861 1,983 3,844 1,980 2,064 4,044 1,883 2,117 4,000 531 604 1,135
Postgraduate ……..…………………………… 202 198 400 163 208 371 210 216 426 312 328 640 181 80 261
Total…………………………………………….
1,980 2,195 4,175 2,024 2,191 4,215 2,190 2,280 4,470 2,195 2,445 4,640 712 684 1,396
Source: Public and Private Universities in Kenya
*Provisional
.. Data not available
Birth 16.35. In the last five years, birth registration generally improved with more births being
Registration registered in health facilities. Higher proportions of births occurrence in health facilities
implies improved skilled delivery and overall infant and maternal wellbeing. There are a
number of initiatives aimed at improving birth registration in the country that have been
undertaken: Free maternity in public hospitals; introduction of NEMIS (National Education
Management Information System) which requires all school going children to have a birth
certificate ; Maternal and Child Health (MCH); and outpatient clinics strategy to provide for
the registration of unregistered infants at the point of immunization.
16.36. Table 16.17 shows registered births by place of occurrence for 2016 to 2020. The
proportion of births reported to have occurred in health facilities increased from 95.6 per cent
in 2019 to 97.7 per cent in 2020. This may be attributed to the Free Maternity Programme in
public health facilities launched in 2014, implementation of Universal Health Care (UHC)
and the general focus on health care both at county and national levels.
Table 16.17: Registered Births by Place of Occurrence, 2016 - 2020
Health Facility Community Total
Year
(Per Cent) (Per Cent) (Number)
2016 92.3 7.7 948,351
2017 92.6 7.4 923,487
2018 94.7 5.3 1,138,654
2019 95.6 4.4 1,186,144
2020* 97.7 2.3 1,138,667
Source: Civil Registration Services
*Provisional
16.37. In 2020, the proportion of registered male births was 51.1 per cent compared to 50.9
per cent in 2019, as presented in Table 16.18. In the last 5 years, the proportion of registered
male births was higher than that of registered female births yielding a sex ratio of more than
100. The sex ratio was 104 in 2020 compared to 103 in 2019.
316
Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
Table 16.18: Registered Births1 by Sex, 2016 – 2020
Male Female Total Registered Sex Ratio (Males
Year
(Per Cent) (Per Cent) (Number) Per 100 Females)
2016 51.1 48.9 948,351 104
2017 51.2 48.8 923,487 105
2018 51.2 48.8 1,138,654 105
2019 50.9 49.1 1,186,144 103
2020* 51.1 48.9 1,138,667 104
Source: Civil Registration Services
*Provisional
1
Registered Births are current cases of births registered within six months from the date of occurrence
16.38. Table 16.19 presents registered births by age of mother for the period 2016-2020.
Women aged 20 – 24 years accounted for the highest proportion of registered births across all
the years followed by women aged 25-29 years. In 2020, women aged 20-24 years accounted
for 30.4 per cent of registered births while those aged 25-29 years accounted for 25.3 per cent
of registered births in the same year. Women in the age category of 30-34 years accounted for
18.7 per cent of the registered births while adolescents aged 15-19 years accounted for 11.0 per
cent of the registered births.
Table 16.19: Registered Birth by Age of Mother, 2016 – 2020
Per Cent
Age of Mother 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
<15....................................... 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.21 0.19
15 - 19................................... 12.27 11.69 11.78 11.84 10.99
20 - 24................................... 30.24 29.78 29.03 29.86 30.37
25 - 29................................... 27.43 27.33 26.42 25.42 25.28
30 - 34................................... 16.85 17.65 18.52 18.17 18.74
35 - 39................................... 8.20 8.33 8.87 8.24 8.64
40 - 44................................... 2.20 2.07 2.41 2.35 2.30
45 - 49................................... 0.30 0.37 0.38 0.26 0.21
50+....................................... 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.01
Age Not Stated/Unknown... 2.10 2.31 2.15 3.61 3.26
Total (Number)................. 948,351 923,487 1,138,654 1,186,144 1,138,667
Source: Civil Registration Services
*Provisional
16.39. Registered births by marital status of mother are shown in Table 16.20. During the
period under review, married women accounted for 86.9 per cent of registered births, while
single women accounted for 12.3 per cent of registered births. Widowed and divorced women
accounted for 0.4 per cent and 0.1 per cent of registered births, respectively over the same
period.
317
Economic Survey 2021
Table 16.20: Registered Births by Marital Status of Mother, 2016 – 2020
Per Cent
Marital Status 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Married............................................... 87.4 86.4 85.4 87.3 86.9
Single.................................................... 11.2 12.0 13.5 11.9 12.3
Divorced............................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Widowed............................................ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Unknown/ Not Stated................ 0.9 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.3
Total (Number).................... 948,351 923,487 1,138,654 1,186,144 1,138,677
Source: Civil Registration Services
*Provisional
16.40. Kenya has been recording low death registration over the years as shown in Table 16.21.
This may be attributed to the fact that most deaths occur in the community and subsequent
registration for these events tends to be low, having an impact on the overall registration of
events. In 2020, a total of 184,185 deaths were registered compared to 191,495 deaths in 2019
with more than half of the reported deaths (53.4 %) occurring in a health facility.
Table 16.21: Registered Deaths1 by Place of Occurrence, 2016 - 2020
Health Facility Community2 Total
Year
(Per Cent) (Per Cent) (Number)
2016 57.1 42.9 189,930
2017 53.1 46.9 190,877
2018 58.8 41.2 192,019
2019 57.4 42.6 191,495
2020* 53.4 46.6 184,185
Source: Civil Registration Services
*Provisional
1
Registered deaths within six months
2
Community Death Registration are those that occur outside the health facilities
16.41. Registered male deaths accounted for 56.6 per cent of total registered deaths in 2020
as presented in Table 16.22. The sex ratio at death has exhibited an upward trend over the last
five years, rising to 130 in 2020.
Table 16.22: Registered Deaths by Sex, 2016 - 2020
Ma le Fe m a le Tota l S e x Ra tio (Ma le s Pe r
Ye a r
(Pe r Ce nt) (Pe r Ce nt) (Num be r) 100 Fe m a le s )
2016 5 4 .8 4 5 .2 1 8 9 ,9 3 0 121
2017 5 5 .2 4 4 .8 1 9 0 ,8 7 7 123
2018 5 5 .5 4 4 .5 1 9 2 ,0 1 9 124
2019 5 5 .6 4 4 .4 1 9 1 ,4 9 5 125
2020* 5 6 .6 4 3 .4 1 8 4 ,1 8 5 130
S ourc e : Civ il Re g is tra tion S e rv ic e s
*Prov is iona l
318
Chapter 16: Health and Vital Statistics
Death 16.42. Table 16.23 presents the nymber of deaths by sex and age. Overall, the numbers of
Registration registered male deaths were more compared to those of females. More male deaths were
registered across all age categories except for under one and 75 and above age categories
where more female deaths were registered. During the year under review, the highest number
of registered male deaths was recorded within the 55-74 age category at 26,434 deaths while
the highest number of registered female deaths was recorded among females aged 75 years and
above at 21,786 deaths.
Table 16.23: Registered Deaths by Age and Sex, 2016 - 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Age Group
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Under 1 11,009 10,466 21,475 9,484 10,411 19,895 10,598 9,752 20,350 10,655 10,175 20,830 9,148 9,647 18,795
1 -4 4,388 3,823 8,211 3,763 4,425 8,188 3,958 3,345 7,303 4,191 3,427 7,618 3,641 2,163 5,804
5 - 14 6,785 5,241 12,026 3,809 4,796 8,605 7,017 5,316 12,333 3,960 3,069 7,029 3,475 2,619 6,094
15 - 24 11,489 9,570 21,059 5,366 7,011 12,377 11,383 9,026 20,409 6,074 3,988 10,062 5,935 3,597 9,532
25 - 34 13,290 10,069 23,359 9,551 11,536 21,087 13,671 9,578 23,249 10,726 7,456 18,182 10,385 6,767 17,152
35 - 44 12,267 8,390 20,657 9,652 13,456 23,108 12,518 8,788 21,306 12,156 7,932 20,088 12,163 7,426 19,589
45 - 54 4,712 3,848 8,560 8,365 12,414 20,779 4,558 3,680 8,238 11,091 7,032 18,123 11,506 7,160 18,666
55 - 74 22,041 15,750 37,791 16,523 22,714 39,237 23,020 16,485 39,505 25,643 18,215 43,858 26,434 17,438 43,872
75+ 18,149 18,643 36,792 19,086 18,515 37,601 19,595 19,731 39,326 20,289 22,782 43,071 19,479 21,786 41,265
Age Not Stated - - - - - - - - - 1,083 1,551 2,634 2,017 1,399 3,416
Total 104,130 85,800 189,930 85,599 105,278 190,877 106,318 85,701 192,019 105,868 85,627 191,495 104,183 80,002 184,185
Source: Civil Registration Services
*Provisional
16.43. Table 16.24 presents trends in birth and death registration for the period 2016 to 2020.
A total of 1,138,667 births were registered in 2020 translating to a birth registration coverage
rate of 71.5 per cent. Death registration coverage rate declined from 39.1 per cent in 2019 to
36.8 per cent in 2020 with 184,185 deaths registered in 2020 compared to 191,495 registered
in 2019.
Table 16.24: Trends of Birth and Death Registration in Kenya, 2016-2020
Birth s De a th s
Ex p e c te d Ex p e c te d
Ye a r
Re g iste re d Birth s Co v e ra g e Re g iste re d De a th s Co v e ra g e
(Nu m b e r) (Nu m b e r) (P e r Ce nt) (Nu m b e r) (Nu m b e r) (P e r Ce nt)
2016 948, 351 1, 478, 910 64. 1 189, 930 453, 286 41. 9
2017 923, 487 1, 515, 301 60. 9 190, 877 463, 607 41. 2
2018 1, 138, 654 1, 551, 693 73. 4 192, 019 473, 927 40. 5
2019 1, 186, 144 1, 556, 157 76. 2 191, 495 489, 492 39. 1
2020* 1, 138, 667 1, 592, 715 71. 5 184, 185 500, 808 36. 8
S ourc e : Civil R e g is tra tion S e rvic e s
*P rovis iona l
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Economic Survey 2021
Appendix 16.1: Out Patient Diseases reported in the Health facilities
1 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 28 Road Traffic Injuries 55 Measles
2 Suspected Malaria 29 Chicken Pox 56 Rickets
Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Downs,
Confirmed Malaria (only Positive cases) 30 Overweight (BMI >25) 57
3 Edwards syndromes, etc)
4 Malaria in pregnancy 31 Mumps 58 Congenital Anomalies
5 Malaria 32 Other Bites 59 Tryponosomiasis
6 Disease of the skin 33 Violence related injuries 60 Physical Disability
7 Other Dis. Of Respiratory System 34 Brucellosis 61 Cerebral Palsy
8 Diarrhoea 35 Mental Disorders 62 Tetanus
9 Urinary Tract Infection 36 Dog Bites 63 Other Meningitis
10 Fevers 37 Epilepsy 64 Fistula (Birth related)
11 Arthritis, Joint pains etc. 38 Abortion 65 Other Central Nervous System Conditions
12 Pneumonia 39 Dysentery (Bloody Diarrhoea) 66 Meningococcal Meningitis
13 Other injuries 40 Malnutrition 67 Kalazar (Leishmaniaisis)
14 Hypertension 41 Disease of Puerperium and Childbirth 68 Cholera
15 Intestinal worms 42 Poisoning 69 Autism
16 Ear Infections/ Conditions 43 Central Nervous System Conditions 70 Viral Haemorrhagic Fever
17 Eye Infections 44 Jiggers Infestation 71 Plague
18 Dental Disorders 45 Cardiovascular conditions 72 Poliomyelitis (AFP)
19 Asthma 46 Bilharzia 73 Neonatal Tetanus
20 Tonsilitis 47 Tuberculosis 74 Yellow fever cases
21 Diabetes 48 Sexual Violence 75 Dracunculosis (Guinea Worm)
22 Typhoid fever 49 Newly Diagnosed HIV 76 All other diseases
23 Muscular skeletal conditions 50 Neoplasms
24 Other Eye conditions 51 Snake Bites
25 Sexually Transmitted Infections 52 Other Convulsive Disorders
26 Anaemia cases 53 Deaths due to Road Traffic Injuries
27 Burns 54 Hepatitis
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Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Governance, Peace and Security Chapter
17
T
Overview he administration of justice, access to legal remedies and dispute resolution were
severely disrupted in 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic whose first case was
confirmed in Kenya on 13th March 2020. The Government put in place several
measures to prevent and to control spread of the virus which included cessation of movements,
nationwide curfew, control of public transportation, suspension of all public gatherings,
cushioning citizens against the loss of income; a directive instructing government offices,
businesses and companies to allow employees where possible to work from home with the
exception of employees working in critical and essential services. In an effort to combat the
COVID-19, the Ministry of Health (MOH) also issued protocols for infection prevention and
control. The MOH measures included robust testing, contact tracing and treatment response,
keeping social distance, handwashing, sanitization and wearing of face masks. The National
Council on Administration of Justice i.e. the judiciary, the Police and the Office of the Public
Prosecutor, suspended all court sittings except for urgent matters. The Judiciary intensified
use of the Information Communication Technology (ICT) to enable judges and magistrates
to deal with cases, including e-filing of judgments, video conference remand hearings for
prisoners in custody, and the delivery of court judgments through video conferencing and
skype. The National Police Service developed guidelines for the disposal of criminal matters
at police stations, except for serious matters which had to be forwarded to the courts. This was
aimed at reducing the number of pre-trial detentions and ensuring that citizens access justice.
17.2. There was a decline of 25.4 per cent in the number of crimes reported to the Police
from 93,411in 2019 to 69,645 in 2020. There was also a decline in all the offences with the
exception of homicide, corruption and offences against morality which increased by 4.7, 2.3
and 13.7 per cent respectively in 2020. Cases involving stealing accounted for 12.5 per cent
while offences against morality accounted for 13.1 per cent of all reported crimes in the period
under review. Nairobi recorded the highest number of cases, which accounted for 8.4 per cent
followed by Kiambu and Meru command stations at 6.3 per cent and 6.0 per cent respectively,
in 2020. The number of persons reported to the police to have committed offences declined by
21.0 per cent to 65,083 in 2020. The number of male and female offenders decreased by 19.6
per cent and 27.1 per cent, respectively. The number of offenders reported to have committed
homicides went up by 11.3 per cent to 2,494 in 2020 out of which persons reported to have
committed murder and manslaughter accounted for the highest share of 75.3 per cent.
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Economic Survey 2021
17.3. There was a general decrease in the number of cases reported against child protection,
from 175,087 cases in 2019 to 146,881 cases in 2020. Most notably, was a decrease in cases
of children in need of registration at 44.9 per cent and children in conflict with the law at
42.4 per cent in 2020. This could be attributed to the work-from-home directive that led to
the closure of offices for the most part of the year during the period under review. However,
there were significant increases in cases such as child trafficking, child pregnancy, Female
Genital Mutilation (FGM), physical abuse and cases of internally displaced children which
increased from 2,329; 735; 74; 2,189 and 67 cases, in 2019 to 2,523; 1,122; 139; 3,884 and
205 respectively in 2020. Police repossessed 167 illegally held firearms in 2020 compared to
884 in 2019. Similarly, 69 firearms were surrendered in 2020 compared to 160 in 2019 while
3,878 rounds of ammunition were recovered in 2020 down from 14,086 rounds in 2019.
The quantity of dangerous drugs seized increased to 10,909 kilograms in 2020 from 6,533
kilograms in 2019.
17.4. The number of reports forwarded by the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
(EACC) to the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions (ODPP) for investigations decreased
by 36.2 per cent to 2,221 in year 2019/20. There were 163 files in 2019/20 forwarded by the
EACC to the ODPP with recommendation to prosecute representing 30.3 per cent decline,
and out of which 41 files were accepted. Also, during the same period, ODPP accepted 20
files which were recommended for closure while 56 files were returned to the EACC for
further investigations. The proportion of reports awaiting action by the Director of Public
Prosecutions (DPP) decreased from 21.8 per cent in 2018/19 to 17.8 per cent in 2019/20.
The EACC traced public assets worth KSh 25.3 billion and recovered others worth KSh 12.1
billion in 2019/2020. The commission also averted loss of assets worth KSh 10.0 billion
during the same period. The number of cases filed by various courts declined by 30.3 per cent
to 337,510 in 2019/20. Similarly, cases disposed of decreased by 38.2 per cent to 289,728 in
2019/20 while pending cases increased by 8.2 per cent to 633,866 in 2019/20.
17.5. The prison population declined by 60.7 per cent to 86,119 in 2020 with the number
of convicted and un-convicted prisoners decreasing by 62.1 per cent and 60.0 per cent to
29,306 and 56,813 respectively in 2020. The number of offenders serving probation sentence
declined by 58.9 per cent from 11,515 in 2019 to 4,730 in 2020 while that of offenders under
community service and those serving aftercare decreased from 17,067 and 560 in 2019 to
15,666 and 92 respectively in 2020. The significant decline was attributed to case order in 2017
to review the sentences of offenders serving death sentence or life imprisonment to definite
terms which resulted into early releases. Secondly, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the
Government reviewed cases of remandees to alternative non-custodial sentencing, affordable
bails, and re -trials to avoid congestion in prisons. Further, there was no admission of prisoners
for about seven months and alternative dispute resolutions were encouraged.
17.6. The number of passports issued in 2020 decreased by 51.0 per cent to 219,090 while
number of registered foreign nationals decreased by 29.7 per cent to 19,034. The number
of work permits issued decreased by 34.7 per cent to 5,851 while the renewed work permits
increased by 8.5 per cent to 11,395 in 2020. The decline was attributed to reduced demand
for travel documents due to travel restrictions imposed to control spread of the COVID-19
pandemic. The population of refugees and asylum seekers went up by 3.1 per cent to 504,854
in 2020 where child and adult refugee population increased marginally from 267,908 and
221,839 in 2019 to 270,245 and 234,609, respectively, in 2020. The number of Persons with
Disabilities who were registered by National Council for Persons with Disabilities (NCPWD)
decreased by 16.3 per cent from 45,411 in 2018/19 to 38,010 in 2019/20. This was partly
attributed to fewer medical assessments due to COVID-19 pandemic.
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Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Public 17.7. Table 17.1 presents the number of crimes reported to the police from 2016 to 2020.
Safety, Law In the period under review, there was a general decline in most of the cases reported to the
and Order police with an exception of offences under morality, murder and corruption. The total number
of crimes reported declined by 25.4 per cent from 93,411 in 2019 to 69,645 in 2020. The
number of crimes reported to the police involving other offences against persons decreased by
29.1 per cent in 2020 and accounted for 27.7 per cent of all reported crimes. Cases involving
stealing, went down by 37.6 per cent from 13,954 in 2019 to 8,709 in 2020. There was a slight
increase in reported cases of offences against morality by 13.7 per cent from 8,051 in 2019 to
9,153 in 2020. All these offences could be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic containment
measures such as restriction of movement and curfews that led to the reduction of crimes
committed as well as crime reporting to the police. In addition, homicide offences increased
by 4.7 per cent from 2,971 in 2019 to 3,111 in 2020.
Table 17.1: Crimes Reported to the Police, 2016 – 2020
Number
1
Crimes 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Homicide …………………………… 2,751 2,774
…………………………… 2,856 2,971 3,111
6,228
Offences against morality …………………………… 5,492 7,233
…………………………… 8,051 9,153
22,295
Other offences against persons …………………………… 22,515 25,049
…………………………… 27,196 19,288
Robbery …………………………… 2,697 2,713
…………………………… 2,935 2,858 2,384
Breakings …………………………… ……………………………
5,621 6,131 5,970 5,976 4,252
Theft of stock …………………………… ……………………………
1,918 2,136 2,077 1,962 1,556
Stealing …………………………… ……………………………
10,361 11,656 12,845 13,954 8,709
Theft by servant …………………………… 2,440 …………………………… 2,632 2,477 2,226 1,467
Theft of Vehicles and other thefts ……… 1,355 1,404 1,370 1,298 1,031
Dangerous drugs …………………………… 6,160 ……………………………5,565 8,021 8,011 4,477
Traffic offences …………………………… 139
…………………………… 69 213 341 186
Criminal damage …………………………… 4,307 ……………………………4,262 4,783 4,852 3,530
Economic crimes …………………………… 3,503 ……………………………3,695 4,100 4,786 3,488
Corruption …………………………… ……………………………
92 75 119 130 133
Offences involving police officers ……………………………57 ……………………………
86 174 77 64
Offences involving tourists …………………………… 15 15
…………………………… 93 48 26
Other penal code offences …………………………… 7,047 ……………………………
6,772 7,953 8,674 6,790
Total 76,986 77,992 88,268 93,411 69,645
Source: National Police Service
* Provisional
1
Refer to appendix 17.1 for detailed description of crimes
17.8. Crimes reported to the police by command stations for the period 2016 to 2020 are
shown in Table 17.2. All police command stations recorded declines in reported crimes except
Lamu, Taita Taveta, Garissa, Kisumu and Samburu. Nairobi, Kiambu, Nakuru, Machakos,
Meru, Kisii, Kisumu and Mombasa command police stations jointly accounted for 40.1 per
cent of all the crimes reported in 2020. Kakamega police command station recorded the
highest decline of 53.4 per cent in crimes reported to the police from 2,621 in 2019 to 1,221
in 2020. Other command stations that recorded significant declines in reported crimes were
Nandi, Murang’a, Kericho, Makueni and Kajiado at 44.3, 36.7, 36.3, 35.9 and 34.0 per cent,
respectively. There were slight increases in crimes reported in Kisumu from 2,188 in 2019 to
2,390 in 2020 while Lamu and Samburu increased from 339 and 363 to 380 each in the same
period.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.2: Crimes Reported to Police by Command Station, 2016-2020
Number
S /No Command station 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1 M ombasa …………………………………...
3,034 2,847 3,108 3,374 2,231
2 K w ale……………………………………
1,037 851 996 1,060 910
3 K ilifi ……………………………………
2,254 1,692 2,525 2,394 1,798
4 Tana River……………………………………
453 402 368 529 396
5 Lamu…………………………………… 434 385 434 339 380
6 Taita Taveta ……………………………………
755 679 720 860 863
7 Garrissa……………………………………
525 452 489 488 498
8 Wajir…………………………………… 343 425 664 356 243
9 M andera……………………………………
254 446 337 363 305
10 M arsabit……………………………………
675 736 743 783 621
11 Isiolo……………………………………507 368 513 619 431
12 M eru…………………………………… 5,117 5,151 5,689 6,077 4,163
13 Tharaka-Nithi…………………………………… 722 846 969 1,077 925
14 Embu…………………………………… 1,433 1,633 1,726 1,819 1,528
15 K itui…………………………………… 1,679 1,946 2,514 2,190 1,716
16 M achakos …………………………………… 2,452 2,633 3,090 3,314 2,842
17 M akueni …………………………………… 1,630 1,593 1,818 2,037 1,306
18 Ny andarua…………………………………… 1,473 1,402 1,620 1,768 1,323
19 Ny eri…………………………………… 1,792 1,657 1,910 2,002 1,482
20 K iriny aga…………………………………… 1,656 1,613 2,158 1,762 1,452
21 M uranga'…………………………………… 2,260 2,402 3,070 3,284 2,079
22 K iambu…………………………………… 6,006 5,603 6,932 6,597 4,353
23 Turkana…………………………………… 927 1,092 978 733 629
24 West Pokot…………………………………… 795 670 657 562 463
25 Samburu…………………………………… 361 432 436 363 380
26 Trans Nz oia…………………………………… 1,457 1,674 1,888 2,388 1,419
27 Uasin Gishu …………………………………… 2,068 2,072 1,999 2,376 1,948
28 Elgey o/M arakw et……………………………………
579 633 661 633 434
29 Nandi…………………………………… 1,105 1,148 1,235 2,066 1,151
30 B aringo…………………………………… 827 821 882 836 678
31 Laikip ia…………………………………… 1,061 1,220 1,100 1,163 983
32 Nakuru …………………………………… 4,133 4,313 4,329 4,730 3,492
33 Narok…………………………………… 1,308 1,110 1,180 849 719
34 K ajiado…………………………………… 1,435 1,650 1,540 1,678 1,107
35 K ericho…………………………………… 1,568 1,524 1,722 1,819 1,158
36 B omet…………………………………… 897 850 1,195 1,433 1,262
37 K akamega…………………………………… 2,382 1,584 2,180 2,621 1,221
38 Vihiga…………………………………… 886 764 1,003 1,024 923
39 B ungoma…………………………………… 2,422 2,269 2,686 2,811 2,007
40 B usia…………………………………… 1,633 1,639 1,762 1,789 1,309
41 Siay a…………………………………… 1,470 1,321 1,520 1,583 1,280
42 K isumu …………………………………… 2,026 1,858 2,363 2,188 2,390
43 Homa B ay …………………………………… 1,400 1,332 1,719 1,803 1,735
44 M igori…………………………………… 1,303 1,281 1,305 1,323 1,246
45 K isii…………………………………… 2,180 2,218 2,734 3,552 2,602
46 Ny amira ………………………………….. 1,055 1,091 1,440 1,523 1,265
47 Nairobi City …………………………………… 4,954 7,434 7,128 8,246 5,844
48 K A PU 1…………………………………… 141 129 94 84 66
49 Railw ay s Police 1 ……………………………………
122 101 139 143 89
Kenya 76,986 77,992 88,268 93,411 69,645
Source: National Police Service
* Provisional
1
K eny a A irp ort Police Unit (K A PU) and Railw ay s Police are fully fledged p olice command stations
324
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
17.9. Table 17.3 presents the number of firearms and ammunition recovered or surrendered,
and drugs seized for the period 2016 to 2020. In 2020, Police repossessed 167 illegally held
firearms compared to 884 repossessed in 2019. A total of 69 firearms were surrendered in
2020 compared to 160 surrendered in 2019. Police recovered 3,878 rounds of ammunition in
2020 down from 14,086 rounds of ammunition recovered in 2019. The quantity of dangerous
drugs seized increased to 10,909 kilograms in 2020 from 6,533 kilograms in 2019.
Table 17.3: Firearms and Ammunition Recovered or Surrendered and Drugs Seized, 2016–2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Firearms Recovered
Rifles ……………………………..
85 53 41 751 118
Pistols ……………………………..
152 65 53 97 34
Toy Pistols ……………………………..
199 65 72 36 15
Total 436 183 166 884 167
Firearms Surrendered
Rifles ……………………………..
8 2 19 104 48
Pistols ……………………………..
- 1 - 56 21
Total 8 3 19 160 69
A mmunition (Rounds)
Recovered ……………………………..
4,694 2,653 1,314 11,987 1,869
Surrendered ……………………………..
17 2 - 2,099 2,009
Total 4,711 2,655 1,314 14,086 3,878
Dangerous Drugs 1 seiz ed (kg) .. 4,510 3,386 6,533 10,909
Source: National Police Service
* Provisional
1
Prohibited harmful non-p harmaceutical narcotic drugs and p sy chotrop ic substances listed
in the First Schedule of Narcotic Drugs and Psy chotrop ic Substances (Control) A ct No. 4 of
1994
.. Data not available
17.10. Table 17.4 provides the number of persons reported to have committed offences by sex
and command stations from 2016 to 2020. There was a decline of 21.0 per cent in the number
of persons reported to the police to have committed offences from 82,398 in 2019 to 65,083
in 2020. During the review period, the number of male and female offenders decreased by
19.6 per cent and 27.1 per cent respectively. Nairobi City County accounted for the highest
number of persons reported to have committed crimes at 7.6 per cent in 2020 followed by
Kiambu, Nakuru and Kisii counties at 5.2, 5.1 and 4.7 per cent, respectively. The highest
increase in the number of persons reported to have committed crime was recorded in Kitui
County from 943 persons in 2019 to 1,382 persons in 2020. Other stations that recorded
increases in the number of persons who committed crimes included Samburu, Siaya, Taita
Taveta, Isiolo, and Nakuru. On the contrary, Nairobi City County had the highest decrease
in the number of persons reported to have committed crime from 8,210 in 2019 and 4,918
reported in 2020.
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Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.4: Persons Reported to the Police to have Committed Crimes by sex and Command Stations,
2016–2020 Num be r
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
S /No Com m a nd s ta tion Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l
1 Mom ba s a ……………………….. 2,426 806 3,232 2,435 578 3,013 2,253 420 2,673 2,747 601 3,348 1,920 424 2,344
2 Kwa le ……………………….. 740 103 843 431 126 557 633 138 771 743 71 814 827 108 935
3 Kilifi………………………..1,583 475 2,058 1,814 283 2,097 1,537 343 1,880 2,122 348 2,470 1,483 353 1,836
4 Ta na R ive r……………………….. 324 70 394 374 44 418 310 79 389 398 89 487 373 86 459
5 La m u………………………..313 35 348 412 41 453 374 45 419 531 84 615 365 58 423
6 Ta ita Ta ve ta ……………………….. 561 143 704 608 87 695 501 94 595 586 90 676 752 148 900
7 Ga ris s a ……………………….. 71 262 333 389 154 543 152 54 206 458 64 522 420 121 541
8 Wa jir………………………..1 41 107 248 268 36 304 296 101 397 302 56 358 247 20 267
9 Ma nde ra ……………………….. 149 29 178 271 31 302 45 5 50 306 48 354 214 47 261
10 Ma rs a bit……………………….. 695 49 744 403 105 508 567 135 702 453 192 645 522 65 587
11 Is iolo………………………..3 46 78 424 276 82 358 343 180 523 303 102 405 447 70 517
12 Me ru……………………….. 4,339 1,134 5,473 3,772 1,113 4,885 3,093 1,443 4,536 3,407 1,451 4,858 2,146 651 2,797
13 Tha ra ka -Nithi……………………….. 721 99 820 688 184 872 900 205 1,105 979 182 1,161 829 208 1,037
14 Em bu………………………..695 428 1,123 1,029 446 1,475 1,584 370 1,954 987 417 1,404 1,319 221 1,540
15 Kitui……………………….. 1,225 370 1,595 1,380 281 1,661 1,395 291 1,686 856 87 943 1,148 234 1,382
16 Ma cha kos ……………………….. 1,929 287 2,216 1,792 320 2,112 1,247 192 1,439 1,478 544 2,022 1,685 326 2,011
17 Ma kue ni……………………….. 1,203 221 1,424 990 183 1,173 1,630 187 1,817 1,434 298 1,732 997 217 1,214
18 Nya nda rua ……………………….. 1,360 249 1,609 1,486 275 1,761 947 189 1,136 1,422 269 1,691 1,208 182 1,390
19 Nye ri……………………….. 1,257 301 1,558 1,342 247 1,589 905 268 1,173 1,905 384 2,289 1,227 121 1,348
20 Kirinya g a ……………………….. 1,171 478 1,649 1,554 314 1,868 984 321 1,305 899 233 1,132 783 292 1,075
21 Mura ng a '……………………….. 1,741 366 2,107 2,150 330 2,480 2,246 237 2,483 2,145 309 2,454 1,449 234 1,683
22 Kia m bu……………………….. 3,707 1,235 4,942 3,773 1,575 5,348 4,125 2,175 6,300 4,270 1,528 5,798 2,470 892 3,362
23 Turka na ……………………….. 403 18 421 1,056 106 1,162 579 134 713 566 134 700 595 82 677
24 We s t P okot……………………….. 657 90 747 464 142 606 635 175 810 411 92 503 357 109 466
25 S a m buru……………………….. 276 58 334 234 53 287 233 68 301 126 17 143 273 91 364
26 Tra ns Nzoia ……………………….. 1,304 171 1,475 1,189 546 1,735 1,250 615 1,865 1,805 534 2,339 1,500 220 1,720
27 Ua s in Gis hu……………………….. 1,861 396 2,257 1,434 439 1,873 1,187 305 1,492 1,671 313 1,984 1,476 170 1,646
28 Elg e yo/Ma ra kwe t……………………….. 471 83 554 324 60 384 215 25 240 499 60 559 450 57 507
29 Na ndi………………………..884 163 1,047 724 229 953 783 227 1,010 921 259 1,180 739 281 1,020
30 Ba ring o……………………….. 698 290 988 579 133 712 850 174 1,024 643 89 732 578 97 675
31 La ikipia ……………………….. 884 188 1,072 739 127 866 793 175 968 1,072 177 1,249 1,014 150 1,164
32 Na kuru……………………….. 2,787 986 3,773 3,038 775 3,813 2,340 603 2,943 2,391 416 2,807 2,765 569 3,334
33 Na rok……………………….. 1,260 380 1,640 1,266 210 1,476 1,024 214 1,238 718 105 823 677 74 751
34 Ka jia do……………………….. 1,194 125 1,319 756 186 942 636 127 763 1,016 218 1,234 787 254 1,041
35 Ke richo……………………….. 1,277 243 1,520 1,075 184 1,259 1,104 200 1,304 1,101 199 1,300 445 92 537
36 Bom e t……………………….. 820 174 994 636 78 714 1,197 138 1,335 1,258 187 1,445 1,243 143 1,386
37 Ka ka m e g a ……………………….. 2,901 1,676 4,577 677 103 780 3,186 541 3,727 3,553 619 4,172 2,051 313 2,364
38 Vihig a ……………………….. 882 145 1,027 498 140 638 995 139 1,134 975 140 1,115 954 118 1,072
39 Bung om a ……………………….. 1,099 458 1,557 2,111 407 2,518 2,432 406 2,838 2,649 538 3,187 1,834 286 2,120
40 Bus ia ……………………….. 1,195 246 1,441 1,749 423 2,172 1,402 330 1,732 1,261 363 1,624 1,159 180 1,339
41 S ia ya ………………………..8 94 394 1,288 1,226 163 1,389 1,349 305 1,654 862 134 996 1,264 143 1,407
42 Kis um u……………………….. 1,388 371 1,759 1,409 363 1,772 1,366 446 1,812 1,980 383 2,363 974 343 1,317
43 Hom a Ba y……………………….. 1,256 193 1,449 956 205 1,161 1,603 344 1,947 1,394 186 1,580 1,453 186 1,639
44 Mig ori………………………..290 70 360 290 119 409 1,251 226 1,477 1,242 301 1,543 1,142 224 1,366
45 Kis ii……………………….. 1,701 358 2,059 2,142 344 2,486 2,143 343 2,486 2,568 447 3,015 2,567 520 3,087
46 Nya m ira ……………………….. 612 206 818 822 148 970 1,185 252 1,437 932 266 1,198 914 193 1,107
47 Na irobi City……………………….. 4,581 1,646 6,227 4,342 1,285 5,627 4,887 1,325 6,212 6,709 1,501 8,210 3,890 1,028 4,918
48 KAP U 1……………………….. 132 22 154 62 20 82 68 12 80 57 13 70 59 31 90
49 R a ilwa ys 1……………………….. 104 24 128 129 34 163 130 24 154 125 24 149 44 16 60
Tota l 58,508 16,499 75,007 57,564 13,857 71,421 60,890 15,345 76,235 67,236 15,162 82,398 54,035 11,048 65,083
S ource : Na tiona l P olice S e rvice
* P rovis iona l
1
Ke nya Airport P olice Unit (KAP U) a nd R a ilwa ys P olice a re fully fle dg e d police com m a nd s ta tions
Note : The num be r of pe rs ons re porte d to ha ve com m itte d offe nce s m a y diffe r with tha t of crim e s re porte d to the P olice (Ta ble 17.1) be ca us e a pe rs on m a y
com m it m ore tha n one crim e or a crim e m a y be com m itte d by m ore tha n one pe rs on.
17.11. Table 17.5 presents the number of persons reported to have committed crimes by sex
and type of crime from 2016 to 2020. The number of persons reported to the Police to have
committed crimes against morality increased by 21.2 per cent from 7,064 in 2019 to 8,565 in
2020. Persons reported to have committed offences of defilement increased by 26.0 per cent
from 5,397 in 2019 to 6,801 in 2020, and accounted for 79.4 per cent of all crimes against mo-
rality while incest increased by 23.8 per cent over the same period. Similarly, persons reported
to have committed rape increased by 2.4 per cent to 973 in 2020 and accounted for 11.4 per
cent of all persons reported to have committed offence against morality. The number of per-
sons reported to have committed assault and causing disturbance declined by 19.4 per cent
and 40.4 per cent to 13,139 and 3,887, respectively, in 2020.
17.12. The total number of persons reported to have committed homicides went up by 11.3
per cent from 2,240 in 2019 to 2,494 in 2020. Persons reported to have committed murder
326
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
and manslaughter accounted for the highest share of homicides at 75.3 per cent during the
period under review followed by persons reported to have caused death by dangerous driving
who were 290, and they accounted for 11.6 per cent of persons reported to have committed
homicide. The number of persons reported to have committed infanticide, murder and
manslaughter increased by 44.4, 16.6 and 5.4 per cent, respectively.
17.13. The total number of persons reported to have committed robbery, breakings and theft
decreased by 25.3 per cent from 25,559 in 2019 to 19,103 in 2020 with general stealing and
breakings accounting for 40.6 per cent and 22.8 per cent, within this category, respectively.
Persons reported to have committed theft of stock, theft by servant and theft of vehicles &
other thefts decreased by 13.8, 22.2 and 29.4 per cent, respectively, while robberies declined
by 4.7 per to 2,924 in 2020.
17.14. The total number of persons reported to the police for crimes related to dangerous
drugs, criminal damage, economic crimes, corruption and offences involving police officers
decreased by 33.8 per cent from 16,166 persons in 2019 to 10,706 persons in 2020. The
number of persons reported to have been involved in acts of corruption decreased from 388 in
2019 to 195 persons in 2020, representing a decline of 49.7 per cent. Similarly, the number of
persons reported to have committed offences relating to dangerous drug declined by 40.9 per
cent from 6,867 in 2019 to 4,060 in 2020 while those reported to have committed economic
crime reduced from 4,383 in 2019 to 3,077 in 2020. Moreover, the number of police officers
reported to have been involved in crime declined from 179 in 2019 to 79 in 2020.
327
Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.5: Persons Reported to Have Committed Crimes by Type of Offence and Sex, 2016-2020
Num be r
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Offenc e Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Agains t morality
Ra pe …………………………………………………. 750 173 923 694 90 784 875 46 921 923 27 950 924 49 973
De file m e nt …………………………………………………. 3,956 556 4,512 3,252 235 3,487 4,494 273 4,767 5,094 303 5,397 6,512 289 6,801
Ince s t …………………………………………………. 257 31 288 234 53 287 277 31 308 240 21 261 288 35 323
Unna tura l/s odom y ………………………………………………….
74 7 81 90 17 107 67 4 71 89 2 91 52 2 54
Be s tia lity …………………………………………………. 39 5 44 23 3 26 5 0 5 20 0 20 16 3 19
Inde ce nt a s s a ult ………………………………………………….
147 8 155 217 28 245 131 10 141 208 40 248 235 32 267
Abduction …………………………………………………. 48 5 53 66 72 138 40 12 52 60 11 71 59 11 70
Biga m y …………………………………………………. 11 2 13 15 53 68 9 3 12 25 1 26 53 5 58
S ub- total 5,282 787 6,069 4,591 551 5,142 5,898 379 6,277 6,659 405 7,064 8,139 426 8,565
Other offenc es agains t
pers ons
As s a ult …………………………………………………. 10,838 3,720 14,558 10,256 3,353 13,609 11,331 4,757 16,088 12,350 3,954 16,304 10,280 2,859 13,139
Cre a ting dis turba nce ………………………………………………….
4,624 1,548 6,172 4,575 1,342 5,917 4,499 1,244 5,743 5,166 1,351 6,517 3,212 675 3,887
Affra y (s cuffle ) ………………………………………………….
576 316 892 544 247 791 419 198 617 474 210 684 668 229 897
S ub- total 16,038 5,584 21,622 15,375 4,942 20,317 16,249 6,199 22,448 17,990 5,515 23,505 14,160 3,763 17,923
Homic ide
Murde r …………………………………………….. 1,236 203 1,439 1,213 222 1,435 1,126 1,207 2,333 1,275 252 1,527 1,558 223 1,781
Ma ns la ughte r ……………………………………………..49 9 58 48 11 59 31 73 104 80 12 92 83 14 97
Infa nticide …………………………………………….. 9 26 35 5 21 26 11 9 20 9 27 36 9 43 52
Procuring a bortion ……………………………………………..
4 28 32 17 18 35 6 6 12 7 45 52 23 27 50
Conce a ling Birth …………………13 61 74 7 31 38 22 4 26 4 54 58 7 43 50
S uicide …………………………………………….. 224 78 302 330 91 421 147 155 302 160 36 196 138 36 174
Ca us ing de a th by da nge rous 218 driving ………….
28 246 243 21 264 171 235 406 257 22 279 264 26 290
S ub-total 1,753 433 2,186 1,863 415 2,278 1,514 1,689 3,203 1,792 448 2,240 2,082 412 2,494
Robery, Breakings and
Theft
Robbe ry ……………………………………. 2,096 475 2,571 2,192 317 2,509 2,343 332 2,675 2,716 351 3,067 2,502 422 2,924
Bre a kings …………………...…………… 4,760 885 5,645 5,318 555 5,873 4,767 507 5,274 5,162 561 5,723 3,878 468 4,346
The ft of s tock …………………………. 1,682 245 1,927 1,606 203 1,809 1,647 243 1,890 1,699 161 1,860 1,472 131 1,603
Ge ne ra l S te a ling …………………………………….
7,769 2,107 9,876 9,096 1,942 11,038 8,472 1,965 10,437 9,428 2,196 11,624 6,339 1,421 7,760
The ft by s e rva nt ……………………….. 1,575 834 2,409 1,553 682 2,235 1,440 652 2,092 1,507 577 2,084 1,142 480 1,622
The ft of ve hicle & othe r the fts 1,050
……….. 162 1,212 958 129 1,087 932 112 1,044 1,066 135 1,201 772 76 848
S ub-total 18,932 4,708 23,640 20,723 3,828 24,551 19,601 3,811 23,412 21,578 3,981 25,559 16,105 2,998 19,103
Dangeruos Drugs ,
Criminal Damage,
Ec onomic Crimes and
Corruption
Da nge rous Drugs ……………………………………..…
5,071 923 5,994 3,949 570 4,519 5,449 884 6,333 5,945 922 6,867 3,451 609 4,060
Crim ina l Da m a ge ………………………………………………
3,455 884 4,339 3,302 822 4,124 3,071 1,009 4,080 3,536 813 4,349 2,688 607 3,295
Econom ic crim e s …………………………………………..
2,389 717 3,106 2,501 717 3,218 2,319 732 3,051 3,402 981 4,383 2,324 753 3,077
Corruption ………………………………………………………… 82 15 97 221 54 275 105 56 161 296 92 388 161 34 195
Offe nce s involving Police office rs 126………. 93 219 59 12 71 458 133 591 131 48 179 67 12 79
S ub-total 11,123 2,632 13,755 10,032 2,175 12,207 11,402 2,814 14,216 13,310 2,856 16,166 8,691 2,015 10,706
S ource : Na tiona l Police S e rvice
*Provis iona l
Note : The num be r of pe rs ons re porte d in this ta ble a re thos e re porte d to ha ve com m itte d s e rious crim e s a nd m a y not be the s a m e a s thos e in Ta ble 17.4
328
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Ethics and 17.15. Table 17.6 presents the number of reports investigated by the EACC, status and
Corruption outcomes of the investigation for the period 2015/16 to 2019/20. The total number of reports
for investigation decreased by 36.2 per cent from 3,482 in 2018/19 to 2,221 in 2019/20.
Similarly, reports referred to public organization for appropriate action more than halved from
921 in 2018/19 to 448 in 2019/20 while complainants advised on where to channel their
grievances decreased from 3,803 to 2,308 over the same period. Reports whose investigation
were completed and forwarded to the ODPP declined by 30.3 per cent from 234 to in 2018/19
to 163 in 2019/20 due partly due to change of focus by the commission to prioritize cases
which were more complex and take a longer time to finalize in terms of investigations.
Table 17.6: Reports Handled by EACC and Action Taken, 2015/2016-2019/2020
Num be r
S /No Ac tion Ta k e n 2 0 1 5 /2 0 1 6 2 0 1 6 /2 0 1 7 2 0 1 7 /2 0 1 8 2 0 1 8 /2 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 /2 0 2 0 *
1 R e ports for inve s tig a tion..................................... 3 ,8 5 6 3 ,7 3 5 2 ,8 9 8 3 ,4 8 2 2 ,2 2 1
2 R e ports re fe rre d to public org a niza tions 1 ………. 848 736 493 921 448
3 R e ports pe nding for m ore inform a tion............. 55 64 86 226 125
4 Com pla ina nts a dvis e d on w he re to re port 2 …..... 2 ,6 1 6 3 ,0 4 5 2 ,2 0 7 3 ,8 0 3 2 ,3 0 8
5 R e ports w ith no furthe r a ction (te rm ina te d)..... 542 575 527 876 814
6 R e ports forw a rde d to ODP P ............................... 167 143 183 234 163
S ourc e : Ethic s a nd A nti-Corruption Commis s ion
* Prov is iona l
1
A g g re g a te of c a te g orie s “Re ports re fe rre d to othe r inv e s tig a tiv e a g e nc ie s ” a nd “Re ports re fe rre d to public s e rv ic e org a niz a tions
for a dminis tra tiv e inte rv e ntion” in pre v ious re ports
2
A g g re g a te of c a te g orie s “Compla ina nts a dv is e d on the rig ht a uthority to re port to” a nd “Compla ina nts a dv is e d to s e e k c iv il re dre s s ”
in pre v ious re ports
17.16. Table 17.7 shows the number of reports investigated by the EACC and forwarded to
the ODPP for the period 2015/16 to 2019/20. Forty-one out of forty-four files forwarded
by the EACC to the ODPP in 2019/20 with recommendation to prosecute were accepted
compared to 77 out of 78 in the previous year. Files recommended for closure and accepted
by ODPP decreased from 31 to 20 over the same period, representing a drop of 35.5 per
cent. In 2019/20, the number of files returned to the EACC for further investigations slightly
decreased to 56 from 59 in 2018/19. The proportion of reports awaiting action by the ODPP
to the total reports forwarded decreased from 21.8 per cent in 2018/19 to 17.8 per cent in
2019/20.
329
Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.7: Files Forwarded to the Office of Director of Public Prosecution and Action Taken, 2015/2016-
2019/2020
Numbe r
S /No Ac tio n Ta ke n 2015/ 2016 2016/ 2017 2017/ 2018 2018/ 2019 2019/ 2020*
Re c omme nda tion to pros e c ute
1 117 89 113 77 41
a c c e pte d
Re c omme nda tion to pros e c ute not
2 5 8 6 1 3
a c c e pte d
Re c omme nda tion for a dminis tra tive or
3 3 7 9 13 9
othe r a c tion a c c e pte d
Re c omme nda tion for a dminis tra tive or
4 1 0 1 0 3
othe r a c tion not a c c e pte d
5 Re c omme nda tion for c los ure a c c e pte d 25 25 31 31 20
Re c omme nda tion for c los ure not
6 2 1 2 2 2
a c c e pte d
7 File s re turne d for furthe r inve s tig a tions 14 13 18 59 56
8 Re ports a wa iting DP P 's 1 a c tion 0 0 3 51 29
To ta l 167 143 183 234 163
S ourc e : E thic s a nd Anti-Corruption Commis s ion
* P rovis iona l
1
DP P - Dire c tor of P ublic P ros e c ution
17.17. The total value of public assets traced, recovered and loss averted from 2015/16 to
2019/20 is shown in table 17.8. The EACC traced public assets worth KSh 25.3 billion and
recovered others worth KSh 12.1 billion in 2019/2020 compared to assets worth KSh 2.7
billion traced and KSh 4.5 billion recovered in 2018/19. The increase in the value of public
assets traced and recovered was mainly attributed to the shift in focus to high priority cases
by the commission. The commission averted loss of assets worth KSh 10.0 billion in 2019/20
compared to KSh 14.5 billion the previous year.
Table 17.8: Value of Public Assets Traced, Recovered and Loss Averted by Ethics and Anti-Corruption
Commission, 2015/2016-2019/2020
K Sh M illion
Value of public Value of public
Financial Year assets traced assets recovered Loss Averted1
2015/2016.................. 3,614.1 420.6 1,244.2
2016/2017.................. 4,913.1 256.0 6,181.5
2017/2018.................. 2,320.1 3,812.9 4,702.0
2018/2019.................. 2,699.8 4,500.0 14,489.0
2019/2020* ................ 25,328.0 12,120.1 10,000.0
Source: Ethics and A nti-Corrup tion Commission
* Provisional
1
Loss averted refers to total value of p ublic assets w here an attemp ted illegal
acquisition w as detected and foiled through p re-emp tive investigations by the
EA CC
330
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Environmental 17.18. The total number of environmental crimes reported to the National Environment
Crimes Management Authority (NEMA) for the period 2016 to 2020 is presented in Table 17.9. The
number of environmental crimes reported declined by 67.2 per cent from 396 in 2019 to 130
in 2020 with air pollution recording the highest proportion at 43.8 per cent followed by illegal
movement or dumping of waste with a share of 27.7 per cent of all recorded crimes. Air pollution
cases and those involving illegal movement and dumping of waste significantly reduced from
157 and 227 in 2019 to 57 and 36, respectively, over the same period. The decrease was due to
implementation of the COVID-19 precautionary measures such as working from home that
resulted in reduced reports by the public and inspections by NEMA.
Table 17.9: Environmental Crimes Reported to NEMA, 2016–2020
Number
Type of cases 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
A ir Pollution ................................................. 74 97 156 157 57
W ater Pollution ............................................ 17 11 41 11 24
Soil Pollution ................................................ 11 23 2 1 13
Illeg al mov ement or dumping of was te ..... 229 253 328 227 36
Total................................................................ 331 384 527 396 130
Source: National Env ironment Management A uthority
* P rov isional
Prosecution 17.19. Number of murder cases registered and convictions obtained in the High Court for
of Murder the period 2016 to 2020 are presented in Table 17.10. In 2020, the number of murder cases
Cases registered stood at 1,018 compared to 1,171 in 2019 representing a reduction of 7.7 per cent.
Nairobi High Court station registered the highest number of murder cases at 82 followed by
Homa Bay (68) and Nakuru (57). Murder cases that were concluded with a conviction de-
creased from 243 in 2019 to 83 in 2020 owing to reduced court hearing sessions occasioned
by the COVID-19 pandemic. A third of all High Court stations handling murder cases had no
convictions. In addition, Nairobi recorded the highest number of murder convictions at 10
followed by Chuka and Kiambu High Court stations which had nine and seven convictions,
respectively.
331
Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.10: Registered Murder Cases and Convictions obtained by Court Station, 2016 – 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019* 2020
High Cour t S tation R C R C R C R C R C
Nairobi1................... 184 11 67 27 66 33 85 34 82 10
Mombas a ............... 40 1 25 21 24 8 22 8 15 0
Kis umu.................... 30 10 32 41 22 26 43 5 30 5
Eldoret .................... 92 13 70 10 90 10 62 25 41 6
Kitale....................... 3 5 17 10 26 2 40 7 33 6
Kakameg a............... 55 0 50 25 43 18 77 4 48 2
Bung oma................. 28 14 35 37 18 32 30 15 32 2
Meru........................ 77 35 104 0 79 12 87 21 35 0
Machakos ............... 23 1 32 9 35 10 39 1 39 1
Kericho.................... 28 18 16 8 28 4 43 6 25 0
Ny eri........................ 11 0 10 3 12 2 21 5 13 4
Kis ii.......................... 34 0 27 7 32 20 44 8 34 6
Embu........................ 21 6 20 20 24 20 19 12 25 2
Malindi.................... 14 6 16 3 18 2 25 5 42 0
Nakuru..................... 52 2 56 17 88 26 57 14 57 1
Bus ia........................ 34 24 33 4 34 14 20 1 24 5
Garis s a..................... 20 1 15 0 12 2 10 1 8 0
Homa Bay ............... 18 17 37 10 39 12 32 0 68 0
Murang 'a ................ 32 1 28 1 27 7 35 7 34 -
Kerug oy a ............... 19 1 10 2 10 4 9 0 30 6
Bomet ..................... 20 8 23 1 24 6 28 1 16 0
Kajiado ................... 21 0 8 13 10 5 20 5 14 0
Kitui ........................ 15 14 18 7 23 4 21 4 12 0
Voi............................ 4 1 10 3 12 2 16 1 16 1
Lodwar.................... 21 11 14 11 16 4 5 2 14 0
Naiv as ha................. 44 8 22 2 25 1 21 4 21 0
Chuka...................... .. .. 6 2 18 1 19 3 19 9
Gars en..................... .. .. 3 2 20 2 8 4 11 1
Kabarnet................. .. .. 18 1 20 5 27 2 2 0
Kapeng uria............. .. .. 11 0 6 14 9 5 15 3
Kiambu.................... .. .. 37 0 45 5 54 1 47 7
Mars abit.................. .. .. 8 3 6 4 16 5 14 1
Mig ori...................... .. .. 17 15 21 8 13 1 16 0
Nany uki................... .. .. 10 13 20 8 19 2 11 0
Narok....................... .. .. 6 4 8 6 13 8 8 2
Ny amira................... .. .. 9 4 12 0 22 3 19 1
Siay a........................ .. .. 33 18 28 16 29 11 19 2
Makueni.................. .. .. 3 0 24 2 31 2 29 0
Total 940 208 956 354 1,065 357 1,171 243 1,018 83
Source: Of f ice of the Director of P ublic P rosecutions
* P rov isional
1 Na irobi Hig h Court is Milima ni Hig h Court
.. Data not av ailable
R - Registered murder cases, C - Murder conv ictions obtained
332
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
The 17.20. The number of cases handled by various courts from 2015/16 to 2019/20 are presented in
Judiciary Table 17.11. The number of cases filed in courts decreased by 30.3 per cent from 484,349 in 2018/19
to 337,510 in 2019/20. Similarly, the number of cases disposed of, decreased from 469,359 in 2018/19
to 289,728 in 2019/20. The number of pending cases increased by 8.2 per cent to 633,866 in 2019/20
from 586,084 in 2018/19. Most of the pending cases were in the Magistrates’ Courts at 76.6 per cent
while the High Courts at were at 16.2 per cent.
Table 17.11: Cases Filed, Disposed of and Pending by various Courts, 2015/2016–2019/2020
Nu m b e r
Employment Environ
& Labour ment and
Financi S upreme Court of High Relations Land Magistrate Kadhis
al Y ear S tatus of Cases Court Appeal Court Court Court Courts Court Total
2015/16 Filed ................... 38 1,374 41,999 6,159 5,329 404,158 3,735 462,792
Disp osed of ........ 23 1,530 39,854 3,892 3,497 376,360 1,447 426,603
Pending ............... 68 2,861 127,958 11,309 20,875 333,014 3,256 499,341
2016/17 Filed ................... 38 1,578 20,553 6,082 9,770 300,655 5,504 344,180
Disp osed of ........ 16 1,052 27,987 3,668 6,307 260,319 4,833 304,182
Pending ............... 90 3,387 120,524 13,723 24,338 373,350 3,927 539,339
2017/18 Filed ................... 61 2,013 25,049 5,645 5,834 356,085 7,556 402,243
Disp osed of ........ 39 1,195 37,682 3,661 7,887 313,362 6,662 370,488
Pending ............... 112 4,205 107,891 15,707 22,285 416,073 4,821 571,094
Filed ................... 96 2,540 30,695 2,672 4,494 435,413 8,439 484,349
2018/19 Disp osed of ........ 89 1,300 36,998 4,228 7,162 413,332 6,250 469,359
Pending ............... 119 5,445 101,588 14,151 19,617 438,154 7,010 586,084
Filed ................... 72 2,620 23,602 2,015 3,156 298,838 7,207 337,510
2019/20* Disp osed of ........ 76 1,074 22,735 3,568 5,518 251,496 5,261 289,728
Pending ............... 115 6,991 102,455 12,598 17,255 485,496 8,956 633,866
Source: Judiciary
* P rov isional
Note:
1. Filed cases ref er to all cases brought bef ore a court during the y ear in ref erence
2. Disposed of cases ref ers to all cases that were resolv ed/determined by 30th June during the y ear in ref erence.
3. P ending cases ref er to the cases which had not been determined/resolv ed by 30 th June during the y ear in ref erence
17.21. Table 17.12 presents the number of judges, magistrates, kadhis and practicing lawyers
for the period 2016 to 2020. The total number of judicial officers decreased by 4.4 per cent
from 709 in 2019 to 678 in 2020. The number of male judges decreased from 90 to 85 while fe-
male judges increased from 63 to 67. On the other hand, the number of magistrates and kadhis
reduced from 503 and 53 in 2019 to 474 and 52 in 2020, respectively. However, the number of
practicing lawyers increased by 11.1 per cent from 10,768 in 2019 to 11,960 in 2020.
333
Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.12: Distribution of Kadhis, Magistrates, Judges and Practicing Lawyers, 2016 –2020
Number
J udicial Officers and Practising 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Lawyers Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
J udges
Supreme Court J udges.................. 5 2 7 5 2 7 5 2 7 5 2 7 4 2 6
Court of A ppeal J udges................ 18 7 25 15 7 22 12 7 19 12 7 19 12 7 19
High Court J udges......................... 59 37 96 48 37 85 42 40 82 45 40 85 42 40 82
Employ ment & Labor J udges....... - - - 8 4 12 8 4 12 8 4 12 8 4 12
Environment & Land J udges......... - - - 21 13 34 21 13 34 20 10 30 19 14 33
S ub-Total..................................... 82 46 128 97 63 160 88 66 154 90 63 153 85 67 152
Magistrates
Chief M agistrates.......................... 28 21 49 28 20 48 26 19 45 32 26 58 30 22 52
Senior Principal M agistrate........... 35 26 61 33 22 55 33 22 55 45 32 77 38 26 64
Principal M agistrate...................... 43 22 65 41 21 62 41 23 64 51 36 87 53 37 90
Senior Resident M agistrate........... 77 79 156 76 78 154 75 76 151 79 110 189 73 106 179
Resident M agistrate...................... 39 68 107 36 66 102 69 75 144 27 65 92 28 61 89
S ub-Total..................................... 222 216 438 214 207 421 244 215 459 234 269 503 222 252 474
Kadhis
Chief K adhi................................... 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1
Senior Principal K adhi.................. 1 - 1 2 - 2 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1
Principal K adhi............................. 2 - 2 10 - 10 10 - 10 10 - 10 9 - 9
Senior Resident K adhi................... 11 - 11 19 - 19 19 - 19 20 - 20 20 - 20
Resident K adhi.............................. 30 - 30 23 - 23 23 - 23 21 - 21 21 - 21
S ub-Total..................................... 45 - 45 55 - 55 54 - 54 53 - 53 52 - 52
Total Magistrates & Kadhis 267 216 483 269 207 476 298 215 513 287 269 556 274 252 526
Total J udicial Officers.................. 349 262 611 366 270 636 386 281 667 377 332 709 359 319 678
Practising Lawyers........................ 4,803 3,428 8,231 5,122 3,858 8,980 5561 4232 9,893 5,993 4,775 10,768 6,494 5,466 11,960
Source: J udiciary , Law Society of K eny a
* Provisional
Note: The Employ ment and Labour Court, and Environment and Land Court w ere operationaliz ed in 2017 Both courts are established at same level as the High Court
Prisons 17.22. The number of persons committed to prison from 2016 to 2020 by sex is shown in
Table 17.13. The total prison population declined by 60.7 per cent from 219,295 in 2019 to
86,119 in 2020. Similarly, the number of convicted and un-convicted prisoners decreased by
62.1 per cent and 60.0 per cent to 29,306 and 56,813, respectively, in 2020. There was signifi-
cant decline across all the categories of prisoners resulting in a drop in the prison population
per 100,000 people from 461.0 in 2019 to 176.9 in 2020. This was attributed to case order
in 2017 to review the sentences of offenders serving death sentence or life im-
prisonment to definite terms which resulted into early release. Additionally, due
to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government reviewed cases of remandees to
alternative non-custodial sentencing, providing affordable bails, and re-trials to
avoid congestion which led to decrease in the number of both convicted and
un-convicted prisoners. Furthermore, prisons were not admitting prisoners for
about seven months as alternative dispute resolution where applicable was en-
couraged.
334
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Table 17.13: Persons Committed to Prison by Sex, 2016 – 2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Categories of Prisoners Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Sentenced to:
Less than 1 Month ........................................ 16,956 1,337 18,758 1,531 16,365 1,657 16,400 1,643 3,563 522
1 Month to < 2 years ................................... 42,001 8,767 43,218 5,796 48,299 7,865 42,712 7,627 17,254 2,854
2 yrs or more ..................................................... 11,003 402 8,547 561 7,852 492 7,797 538 4,642 321
Life imprisonment ........................................ 1,087 120 1,108 74 973 8 507 4 128 2
Death sentence ............................................... 742 18 769 42 379 6 114 5 20 0
71,789 10,644 72,400 8,004 73,868 10,028 67,530 9,817 25,607 3,699
Total Convicted Prisoners ................
82,433 80,404 83,896 77,347 29,306
Committed for civil debt .............................. 431 103 326 113 497 103 503 145 178 22
Committed to remand ................................... 117,687 9,573 117,203 10,122 127,834 11,388 129,049 12,251 52,446 4,167
118,118 9,676 117,529 10,235 128,331 11,491 129,552 12,396 52,624 4,189
Total unconvicted prisoners .............
127,794 127,764 139,822 141,948 56,813
189,907 20,320 189,929 18,239 202,199 21,519 197,082 22,213 78,231 7,888
Total Persons Committed to Prisons
210,227 208,168 223,718 219,295 86,119
Previously convicted ....................................... 13,897 827 16,371 1,453 15,826 1,161 16,484 2,265 7,780 391
Deaths (Excluding Executions) ............... 178 9 166 10 108 11 80 3 72 6
Prison population per
100,000 Population 467.1 446.8 467.6 461.0 176.9
Source: Kenya Prison Service
* Provisional
17.23. Table 17.14 shows daily average prison population by sex, for the period 2016 to 2020.
Daily average population of prisoners decreased significantly from 53,348 in 2019 to 20,718
in 2020. The daily average population of convicted inmates declined by 62.1 per cent from
29,796 in 2019 to 11,294 in 2020 while that of the un-convicted inmates reduced by 60.0 per
cent from 23,552 in 2019 to 9,424 in 2020. Overall, the daily average population of male pris-
oners decreased by 60.9 per cent from 49,771 in 2019 to 19,452 in 2020 while that of female
prisoners decreased by 64.6 per cent from 3,577 to 1,266 over the same period.
335
Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.14: Daily Average Population of Prisoners by Sex, 2016-2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Convicted Prisoners
M ales ............................ 27,078 30,280 30,246 28,289 10,727
Females ......................... 1,889 1,469 1,525 1,507 567
S ub-Total...................... 28,967 31,749 31,771 29,796 11,294
Unconvicted Prisoners
M ales ............................ 20,060 18,156 20,141 21,482 8,725
Females ........................ 1,873 1,785 1,853 2,070 699
S ub -Total..................... 21,933 19,941 21,994 23,552 9,424
Total 50,900 51,690 53,765 53,348 20,718
Source: K eny a Prison Service
* Provisional
17.24. The number of convicted persons from 2016 to 2020 by age and sex are presented in
Table 17.15. Convicted prison population decreased by 62.1 per cent from 77,347 in 2019
to 29,306 in 2020. The prison population comprised of the youth aged 25 years and below
and accounted for 43.8 per cent of the total prison population. There was a decrease among
convicted prisoners among all age cohorts due to the changes implemented as a result of CO-
VID-19. The number of convicted child prisoners (under 18 years) decreased by 73.0 per cent
from 1,285 in 2019 to 347 in 2020. Similarly, the number of young-adult-prisoners of college
age (18-25 years) decreased by 62.9 per cent from 33,684 in 2019 to 12,487 in 2020 while
those aged 26 years and above decreased by 61.1 per cent from 42,378 to 16,472 inmates over
the same period.
Table 17.15: Convicted Persons Committed to Prison by Age and Sex, 2016-2020
Number
Age
Y ear S e x Under 16 16 -17 18-20 21-25 26-50 Over 50 Total
M ale ……………. 92 1,665 12,040 22,444 29,557 5,991 71,789
2016 Female……………. 19 211 1,343 2,818 5,256 997 10,644
Total……………. 111 1,876 13,383 25,262 34,813 6,988 82,433
M ale ……………. 108 1,393 11,886 24,559 28,384 6,070 72,400
2017 Female……………. 6 31 865 2,560 3,849 693 8,004
Total……………. 114 1,424 12,751 27,119 32,233 6,763 80,404
M ale ……………. 118 2,028 13,572 22,428 29,280 6,442 73,868
2018 Female……………. 13 82 1,126 2,448 5,342 1,017 10,028
Total……………. 131 2,110 14,698 24,876 34,622 7,459 83,896
M ale ……………. 57 1,162 10,831 19,597 30,503 5,380 67,530
2019 Female……………. 11 55 932 2,324 5,313 1,182 9,817
Total……………. 68 1,217 11,763 21,921 35,816 6,562 77,347
M ale ……………. 64 255 3,998 7,275 11,972 2,043 25,607
2020* Female……………. 1 27 355 859 2,085 372 3,699
Total……………. 65 282 4,353 8,134 14,057 2,415 29,306
Source: K eny a Prison Service
* Provisional
17.25. Table 17.16 provides data on convicted prisoners by type of offence and sex, from 2016
to 2020. There was a general decrease of the number of persons convicted due to various of-
fences from 2019 to 2020. Liquor offences accounted for the highest number of convicted
male and female prisoners at 22.1 per cent of inmates followed by offences relating to property
at 13.5 per cent, and order and administration of Lawful Authority at 3.7 per cent. The number
336
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
of offenders charged with other cases declined significantly, from 18,439 in 2019 to 7,751 in
2020.
Table 17.16: Prisoners Convicted by Type of Offence and Sex, 2016-2020
Number
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1
Type of Offence
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Liquor offences............................... 20,967 7,969 28,936 20,879 5,145 26,024 19,163 6,698 25,861 15,716 6,406 22,122 4,440 2,028 6,468
Order and administration
9,113 355 9,468 8,143 366 8,509 10,274 460 10,734 9,334 420 9,754 3,823 178 4,001
of lawful authority .
Related to property ...................... 8,269 334 8,603 7,953 353 8,306 8,065 415 8,480 8,011 416 8,427 3,762 186 3,948
Against person ............................... 5,084 369 5,453 6,211 318 6,529 6,043 401 6,444 5,398 438 5,836 2,693 224 2,917
Drugs related ................................. 4,264 114 4,378 5,243 154 5,397 4,733 136 4,869 4,993 273 5,266 1,509 112 1,621
Injurious to public .......................... 3,127 132 3,259 3,186 139 3,325 2,855 197 3,052 2,869 211 3,080 1,411 87 1,498
Employment .................................. 3,992 297 4,289 4,093 169 4,262 6,636 185 6,821 2,506 191 2,697 420 10 430
Attempts & conspiracies ............... 1,308 23 1,331 1,593 40 1,633 1,528 68 1,596 1,624 53 1,677 633 23 656
Registration of persons2................. 111 2 113 97 6 103 83 4 87 49 0 49 16 0 16
Other cases ..................................... 15,554 1,049 16,603 15,002 1,314 16,316 14,488 1,464 15,952 17,030 1,409 18,439 6,900 851 7,751
Total 71,789 9,595 65,830 72,400 8,004 80,404 73,868 10,028 83,896 67,530 9,817 77,347 25,607 3,699 29,306
Source: Kenya Prison Service
* Provisional
1
As categorised in Appendix 17.2
2
Refers to offences outlined in the Registration of Persons Act Cap 107 such as illegal registrations
Probation 17.26 Table 17.17 shows the number of offenders serving probation sentence, community ser-
and vice and aftercare by sex and type of offence for 2019 and 2020. The total number of offenders
Aftercare serving probation sentence declined by 58.9 per cent from 11,515 in 2019 to 4,730 in 2020.
The male offenders serving probation sentence decreased by 62.6 per cent from 9,632 in 2019
to 3,602 in 2020 while the female offenders reduced by 40.1 per cent to 1,128 in 2020. The of-
fenders serving probation sentence who had committed murder, manslaughter, rape, assault,
robberies and offences related to dangerous drugs declined from 298, 169, 524, 999, 371 and
897 in 2019 to 21, 36, 96, 691, 35 and 502, respectively, in 2020.
The total number of offenders under community service increased significantly from 6,614 in
2019 to 16,641 in 2020, affirming the drastic measures taken by the justice institutions to use
community service orders as an alternative to jail terms due to COVID-19. However, offend-
ers serving aftercare decreased from 560 in 2019 to 92 in 2020.
337
Table 17.17: Offenders Serving Probation Sentence, Community Service and Aftercare by Sex and Type of Offence, 2019 and 2020
Number
O ffenders S erving Probation S entence O ffenders S erving C ommunity S ervice O ffenders S erving Aftercare
2019 2020* 2019 2020* 2019 2020*
Economic Survey 2021
O ffence
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil Juvenil
Adult e Adult e Adult e Adult e Adult e Adult e Adult e Adult e Adult e Adult e Adult e Adult e
Murder (including attempt) ....................... 230 23 45 - 9 2 9 1 - - - - - - - - 10 2 2 - - - - -
Manslaughter ............................................ 128 10 29 2 27 - 9 - - - - - 1 - - - 7 - 2 - - - - -
Rape (including attempt) ......................... 452 24 46 2 41 52 - 3 - - - - 5 - - - 61 19 4 - 10 20 - -
Assault ...................................................... 783 38 175 3 470 29 183 9 52 2 41 - 257 - 36 - 7 9 1 1 - 4 - -
Other offences against persons .................. 988 48 199 19 80 3 78 1 74 2 84 - 19 2 16 2 14 11 2 1 - 3 - -
Robbery and Allied offences ...................... 309 15 47 - 25 9 1 - 2 - - - 20 1 1 - 8 2 2 - - 1 - -
Breakings .................................................. 263 51 29 - 261 88 7 3 4 - - - 114 - 10 - 2 8 1 - - 3 - -
Theft of Stock .......................................... 76 7 4 - 76 12 7 - 7 - 2 - 48 1 - - 6 2 - - - 1 - -
General stealing ........................................ 1,272 144 205 15 302 76 23 12 36 5 34 - 477 13 24 - 10 55 2 1 - 20 - -
338 Theft of M/vehicle .................................. 18 - 1 - 3 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 3 - -
Theft of M/vehicles parts ......................... 14 - 1 - 5 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 20 - -
Theft from m/ vehicles ............................. 12 3 - - 2 - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - - -
Theft of bicycles ...................................... 6 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Theft by servant ....................................... 105 5 29 - 44 - 7 2 15 - 5 - 224 3 3 - - - - - - - - -
Dangerous drugs1 ...................................... 746 44 100 7 407 39 51 5 544 3 158 - 339 6 73 - 6 10 1 - - 6 - 1
Handling stolen property .......................... 45 6 4 - 18 3 6 - 18 - 2 - 19 - - - - - - - - - - -
Corruption ................................................ 4 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Causing death by dangerous driving ........... 25 2 3 - 8 - 1 - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
Other offences against property ............... 326 30 78 4 623 12 126 4 133 3 66 - 484 6 66 1 1 30 - 1 - - - -
All other penal code offences .................... 3,233 147 810 26 798 78 561 19 3,252 57 2,004 6 10,839 133 2,395 22 184 59 12 4 - 3 - -
TO TAL 9,035 597 1,805 78 3,199 403 1,069 59 4,140 72 2,396 6 12,852 165 2,624 25 316 207 29 8 11 80 - 1
Source: Probation and Aftercare Department
* Provisional
1
See Appendix 17.1
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
17.27 Table 17.18 presents the number of police, prisons and probation officers by sex from
2016 to 2020. The total number of police officers decreased by 1.4 per cent from 101,926 in
2019 to100,481 in 2020. Similarly, the probation officers decreased by 4.2 per cent from 803
in 2019 to 769 in 2020. On the contrary, the number of prison officers increased by 17.6 per
cent from 24,049 in 2019 to 28,272 in 2020. The proportions of female officers in the National
Police Service, Kenya Prisons Service, and the Department of Probation and Aftercare Ser-
vices were 13.8, 21.6 and 51.2 per cent, respectively, in 2020.
Table 17.18: Police, Prisons and Probation Officers, 2016–2020
Number
National Police S ervice Officers Prison Officers
Kenya Administrat in Adult in J uvenile Probation
Year S ex Police ion Police Total Prisons Prisons Total Officers
2016
M ale .......... 36,274 36,510 72,784 17,249 308 17,557 303
Female ....... 6,375 5,826 12,201 3,491 91 3,582 251
Total 42,649 42,336 84,985 20,740 399 21,139 554
2017 M ale .......... 39,945 31,774 71,719 18,984 341 19,325 414
Female ....... 6,949 5,095 12,044 4,079 132 4,211 417
Total 46,894 36,869 83,763 23,063 473 23,536 831
2018 M ale .......... 51,143 40,682 91,825 19,619 348 19,967 407
Female ....... 8,102 5,940 14,042 4,385 89 4,474 417
Total 59,245 46,622 105,867 24,004 437 24,441 824
M ale .......... 58,145 29,934 88,079 19,280 345 19,625 395
2019 Female ....... 10,077 3,770 13,847 4,262 162 4,424 408
Total 68,222 33,704 101,926 23,542 507 24,049 803
M ale .......... 57,051 29,612 86,663 21,749 406 22,155 375
2020* Female ....... 10,053 3,765 13,818 5,908 209 6,117 394
Total 67,104 33,377 100,481 27,657 615 28,272 769
Source: National Police Service, K eny a Prison Service and Dep artment of Probation and A ftercare Service
* Provisional
Immigration 17.28. The number of passports and work permits issued, and foreign nationals registered for
the period 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table 17.19. The number of passports issued in 2020
was 219,090 translating to 51.0 per cent decline from 2019. Registration of foreign nation-
als declined by 29.7 per cent from 27,092 in 2019 to 19,034 in 2020. This was attributable to
reduced demand for the travel documents occasioned by COVID-19 restrictions on inter-
national travel as well as work-from-home measures implemented to contain the spread of
Corona virus. Work permits issued decreased by 34.7 per cent to 5,851 in 2020 while those
renewed increased from 10,501 in 2019 to 11,395 in 2020.
339
Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.19: Passports and Work Permits Issued, and Foreign Nationals Registered, 2016-2020
Num be r
Ca te g o ry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
P a s s ports is s ue d…………………………
156, 040 136, 990 241, 095 446, 954 219, 090
Fore ig n Na tiona ls Re g is te re d 1 …………
37, 033 29, 318 32, 332 27, 092 19, 034
W ork pe rm its is s ue d 2 ……………………….
5, 851 8, 366 9, 465 8, 967 5, 851
W ork P e rm its Re ne we d …………………
9, 547 10, 551 12, 160 10, 501 11, 395
S ourc e : De pa rtme nt of Immig ra tion
* Prov is iona l
1
Me a ns the s a me a s "A lie ns re g is te re d" in pre v ious re ports
2
Me a ns the s a me a s "Entry pe rmits " in pre v ious re ports
National 17.29. Table 17.20 presents data on identity card applications made, produced and collected
Identity by county from 2016 to 2020 for persons Not Previously Registered (NPRs). In 2020, the
Cards number of applications for new identity cards decreased by 47.9 per cent from 1,244,257 in
2019 to 648,553 while Identity (ID) cards produced and those collected reduced by 22.2 per
cent and 19.0 per cent respectively as a result of COVID-19 measures. Arid and Semi-Arid
counties experienced low number of applications with Lamu recording the highest decrease
at 80.0 per cent. West Pokot, Elgeyo/Marakwet and Samburu also experienced reduced ap-
plications at 73.8, 70.7 and 69.4 per cent, respectively. Contrastingly, applications in Garissa
county increased by 35.3 per cent from 4,363 in 2019 to 5,901 in 2020. This rise was largely
as a result of Government’s verification exercise undertaken in Garissa and Wajir counties for
persons with double registration where those found to have been registered more than once
were re-registered as NPRs hence the increased applications.
17.30. Tana River County had the highest increase in the number of ID cards produced which
more than doubled from 3,184 in 2019 to 7,738 in 2020 mainly due to a Rapid Results Initia-
tive (RRI) conducted in 2020. Other ASAL counties that registered increased production of
ID cards were Wajir, Isiolo , Mandera , Turkana and Lamu at 9.9, 59.0, 36.0, 12.6, and 7.2 per
cent, respectively.
340
Table 17.20: New Identity Card Applications Made, Produced and Collected by County, 2016 - 2020
Num be r
NPR Applic a tions NPR IDs Produc e d NPR IDs Colle c te d
S /No County 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
1 Mo m b a s a ............. 2 4 ,0 4 6 2 1 ,6 4 0 1 7 ,5 4 7 2 1 ,2 9 8 1 2 ,7 9 3 2 6 ,1 6 5 2 3 ,2 5 5 1 6 ,7 6 0 1 9 ,1 9 4 1 3 ,0 0 4 2 2 ,9 6 6 2 4 ,1 6 5 1 6 ,1 0 5 1 5 ,3 0 5 1 4 ,2 5 1
2 Kw a le .................... 3 7 ,8 4 6 2 1 ,8 0 8 2 2 ,1 3 9 2 7 ,6 0 8 1 1 ,9 2 4 3 8 ,6 8 8 2 7 ,3 1 1 1 9 ,2 0 4 1 5 ,8 6 2 1 3 ,9 7 1 3 3 ,4 1 7 2 9 ,8 2 8 1 7 ,7 5 1 2 8 ,6 0 2 1 6 ,2 2 2
3 Kilifi........................ 5 4 ,1 2 7 4 1 ,4 8 3 3 6 ,7 7 1 4 2 ,1 5 1 1 9 ,2 8 2 5 0 ,0 2 6 4 1 ,6 4 1 3 0 ,9 3 6 3 3 ,9 0 2 1 8 ,5 0 5 5 5 ,1 8 7 4 3 ,1 7 5 3 0 ,0 5 0 2 0 ,4 9 1 2 0 ,8 2 8
4 Ta na R ive r............ 1 2 ,3 0 1 6 ,8 5 0 4 ,4 7 7 9 ,9 4 5 5 ,7 3 7 1 0 ,1 9 6 9 ,5 7 7 4 ,6 2 6 3 ,1 8 4 7 ,7 3 8 6 ,4 8 1 1 1 ,5 3 3 4 ,2 8 1 2 ,6 7 0 6 ,8 7 2
5 La m u ..................... 4 ,5 3 9 2 ,4 0 8 1 ,7 1 2 3 ,8 1 5 763 6 ,1 2 9 9 ,8 2 7 1 ,5 8 5 2 ,4 2 0 2 ,5 9 5 4 ,0 6 9 4 ,1 4 9 1 ,8 0 7 1 ,9 5 2 2 ,6 3 8
6 Ta ita /Ta ve ta ......... 9 ,5 6 6 9 ,2 5 8 7 ,6 3 1 9 ,9 3 4 5 ,9 0 3 1 0 ,5 5 6 3 ,2 4 8 7 ,1 4 7 8 ,0 1 2 6 ,0 3 9 9 ,7 2 8 9 ,6 4 9 6 ,5 9 0 7 ,7 5 1 6 ,4 0 9
7 Ga ris s a ................. 1 9 ,8 3 1 6 ,2 4 2 9 ,7 5 3 4 ,3 6 3 5 ,9 0 1 1 3 ,8 1 3 1 8 ,3 4 1 1 0 ,7 4 4 6 ,5 6 3 5 ,4 4 3 7 ,7 8 5 8 ,7 8 1 4 ,2 6 6 2 ,3 2 2 3 ,6 1 4
8 Wa jir...................... 2 0 ,8 8 6 9 ,1 8 9 1 0 ,1 5 6 1 0 ,2 7 5 8 ,0 2 2 1 7 ,1 8 8 1 5 ,1 8 7 7 ,6 1 1 4 ,7 7 6 9 ,2 6 0 1 4 ,2 0 1 9 ,2 4 8 7 ,4 3 6 2 ,4 0 6 7 ,6 8 3
9 Ma nde ra ............... 1 6 ,9 0 1 1 3 ,5 6 3 7 ,0 5 9 1 4 ,2 0 6 7 ,7 0 2 3 3 ,5 1 8 1 8 ,9 7 7 8 ,5 3 4 7 ,2 4 1 9 ,8 4 6 2 4 ,9 2 6 8 ,5 3 9 5 ,0 7 5 3 ,7 7 2 9 ,5 6 1
1 0 Ma rs a b it................ 1 1 ,6 6 7 6 ,6 5 6 9 ,7 3 9 8 ,4 8 5 4 ,5 6 4 1 2 ,9 3 0 1 0 ,5 9 9 5 ,4 1 9 6 ,3 8 6 6 ,1 9 1 9 ,8 5 8 7 ,5 1 3 5 ,7 0 4 3 ,4 9 9 6 ,6 7 3
1 1 Is io lo ..................... 3 ,7 2 8 3 ,4 4 6 3 ,2 0 9 4 ,0 9 7 3 ,3 9 4 4 ,0 9 4 5 ,4 1 4 3 ,2 3 2 1 ,8 5 8 2 ,9 5 4 2 ,2 2 1 5 ,1 3 1 3 ,3 6 7 1 ,2 7 4 2 ,4 4 2
1 2 Me ru ...................... 7 3 ,7 4 7 2 5 ,8 9 2 3 5 ,6 7 8 2 6 ,9 4 7 2 4 ,8 4 2 7 0 ,3 5 4 4 7 ,6 6 7 2 3 ,4 2 2 3 5 ,0 5 6 2 1 ,1 8 2 3 6 ,2 0 6 2 4 ,3 0 9 2 1 ,4 7 0 2 1 ,2 9 6 2 ,4 4 2
1 3 Tha ra ka -Nithi....... 2 0 ,7 3 6 7 ,5 5 7 9 ,3 5 4 9 ,5 0 6 5 ,5 8 7 2 1 ,6 8 0 9 ,8 0 5 6 ,7 2 6 1 1 ,0 6 0 6 ,9 8 6 1 8 ,9 2 0 9 ,2 8 4 5 ,8 1 7 8 ,3 0 8 8 ,9 3 5
1 4 E m b u .................... 2 6 ,4 0 4 1 3 ,6 7 0 1 1 ,5 5 4 1 6 ,7 3 3 8 ,3 6 5 2 4 ,7 4 2 1 5 ,9 2 9 1 0 ,3 2 2 1 7 ,1 6 7 9 ,1 3 8 1 7 ,1 0 1 1 7 ,0 1 1 9 ,0 3 0 1 3 ,3 2 3 1 0 ,0 5 2
1 5 Kitu i....................... 4 6 ,5 9 1 3 8 ,4 9 1 3 4 ,6 5 6 4 4 ,7 1 2 1 8 ,9 5 0 4 8 ,3 7 1 3 8 ,5 4 7 3 0 ,8 3 1 4 2 ,3 3 9 1 9 ,8 1 7 4 5 ,7 4 0 3 9 ,8 9 8 3 0 ,2 9 9 3 6 ,7 2 7 2 2 ,3 6 4
1 6 Ma c ha ko s ............. 4 1 ,2 9 4 3 7 ,8 7 0 2 8 ,6 9 5 4 0 ,3 1 6 1 5 ,9 5 8 3 6 ,3 2 3 3 7 ,5 3 5 2 7 ,0 8 0 3 3 ,7 7 3 1 8 ,0 6 5 3 0 ,4 8 7 3 7 ,4 5 0 2 4 ,0 3 2 2 9 ,1 9 0 1 8 ,3 7 9
1 7 Ma ku e ni................ 3 3 ,3 7 6 3 6 ,0 1 4 2 9 ,6 2 9 3 9 ,6 4 6 1 4 ,9 2 4 3 7 ,0 6 9 3 6 ,0 0 2 2 8 ,3 1 1 3 5 ,4 8 7 1 7 ,5 5 0 3 3 ,4 6 8 3 6 ,3 1 3 2 2 ,4 5 9 3 2 ,3 9 6 1 9 ,1 1 2
1 8 Nya nda ru a ........... 2 9 ,2 8 5 2 1 ,0 9 5 1 4 ,4 2 0 2 3 ,3 2 6 9 ,7 8 9 2 5 ,1 1 4 2 1 ,3 6 8 1 1 ,5 3 5 1 8 ,4 3 5 1 0 ,2 7 6 2 2 ,8 9 2 2 1 ,3 3 5 1 0 ,5 4 4 1 5 ,6 2 7 1 2 ,8 1 9
1 9 Nye ri...................... 3 0 ,0 8 1 1 8 ,0 0 6 1 4 ,7 4 4 1 8 ,3 6 9 1 4 ,8 5 7 2 6 ,7 6 4 1 9 ,6 2 8 1 2 ,3 2 6 1 8 ,7 5 8 1 1 ,4 1 2 2 3 ,0 9 0 1 7 ,8 6 5 1 1 ,9 9 7 1 7 ,6 0 3 1 1 ,8 5 9
341 2 0 Kirinya g a .............. 2 7 ,5 1 7 1 6 ,1 6 4 1 0 ,9 0 5 1 5 ,6 3 3 8 ,2 6 9 2 1 ,8 6 9 1 8 ,7 3 3 9 ,6 2 2 1 4 ,1 8 7 8 ,1 9 6 1 5 ,5 8 1 1 6 ,1 8 6 8 ,5 0 0 1 1 ,3 8 0 8 ,2 7 9
2 1 Mu ra ng 'a ............... 5 4 ,0 2 1 3 1 ,1 7 6 2 0 ,1 0 0 2 8 ,7 0 9 1 6 ,4 8 6 4 3 ,5 7 0 3 3 ,6 9 9 1 7 ,6 1 5 2 7 ,8 2 7 1 7 ,7 1 5 3 6 ,6 0 5 5 3 ,7 4 8 1 7 ,0 9 7 2 5 ,5 9 2 1 8 ,0 3 5
2 2 Kia m b u ................. 6 4 ,1 3 4 4 7 ,3 3 5 3 4 ,4 3 9 4 5 ,4 1 0 2 9 ,8 0 2 5 8 ,0 7 0 5 2 ,0 9 5 3 1 ,8 8 8 4 2 ,8 6 6 3 2 ,2 3 3 4 7 ,2 2 7 4 8 ,4 1 5 3 0 ,5 0 7 3 7 ,8 1 8 3 1 ,4 1 8
2 3 Tu rka na ................ 2 6 ,5 5 6 1 8 ,3 9 6 1 7 ,1 3 8 1 7 ,1 9 2 1 0 ,1 6 5 1 5 ,0 2 6 1 5 ,5 6 7 1 2 ,9 2 9 1 0 ,2 6 3 1 1 ,5 5 5 1 6 ,6 1 1 1 3 ,7 2 1 1 0 ,4 0 2 8 ,6 0 9 1 1 ,4 4 8
2 4 We s t P o ko t........... 3 4 ,5 1 7 1 9 ,0 5 0 1 6 ,7 7 6 1 9 ,1 4 9 5 ,0 2 6 2 9 ,2 7 5 2 2 ,0 1 9 1 3 ,6 1 3 1 2 ,2 4 0 6 ,7 2 1 2 3 ,0 9 4 2 3 ,0 3 9 1 2 ,4 0 4 7 ,9 4 8 9 ,7 8 4
2 5 S a m b u ru .............. 8 ,8 6 8 7 ,9 6 4 4 ,3 8 5 9 ,0 3 7 2 ,7 6 1 8 ,1 2 5 6 ,9 8 2 3 ,8 7 2 4 ,9 3 6 3 ,6 1 4 7 ,0 5 8 6 ,2 7 5 3 ,1 2 2 3 ,7 5 2 5 ,0 3 4
2 6 Tra ns Nzo ia ......... 2 8 ,0 9 2 3 0 ,7 3 1 3 0 ,8 8 5 3 0 ,9 9 9 1 5 ,9 9 4 2 8 ,5 8 6 3 1 ,1 6 9 2 4 ,3 3 7 2 4 ,3 4 4 1 6 ,8 2 0 2 3 ,0 1 9 2 6 ,7 0 1 2 0 ,1 7 1 1 6 ,7 7 9 1 5 ,7 2 7
2 7 Ua s in Gis hu ........ 3 1 ,0 0 5 3 1 ,2 2 3 2 0 ,6 1 4 2 6 ,3 9 3 1 3 ,7 2 5 2 5 ,2 8 8 3 3 ,9 8 9 1 9 ,6 2 7 2 5 ,1 9 7 1 4 ,7 2 2 2 4 ,0 2 6 3 1 ,7 9 2 1 9 ,6 4 1 1 9 ,5 8 0 1 6 ,1 2 6
2 8 E lg e yo /Ma ra kw e t. 1 7 ,3 6 8 1 2 ,3 1 9 1 1 ,7 0 8 1 8 ,5 5 4 5 ,4 4 0 1 4 ,2 1 4 1 5 ,9 3 1 1 0 ,7 0 0 1 1 ,7 9 8 6 ,0 9 6 1 4 ,7 7 8 1 4 ,8 5 1 9 ,1 4 7 1 2 ,5 9 6 7 ,6 6 0
2 9 Na ndi.................... 3 2 ,2 1 5 2 9 ,2 5 3 2 1 ,2 8 3 2 2 ,0 1 5 1 0 ,7 0 6 2 2 ,1 4 3 3 3 ,5 5 9 1 8 ,4 5 4 2 2 ,9 6 1 1 0 ,8 8 4 2 0 ,6 3 7 3 1 ,6 9 6 1 7 ,4 3 7 1 7 ,2 2 8 1 2 ,7 1 0
3 0 B a ring o ................. 2 5 ,8 3 3 2 0 ,9 7 9 1 3 ,8 6 3 2 1 ,9 5 3 1 1 ,7 0 7 1 6 ,2 7 5 2 4 ,4 5 5 1 4 ,1 6 2 1 6 ,3 2 1 1 0 ,9 7 4 1 6 ,7 1 6 2 3 ,0 7 4 1 1 ,0 6 0 1 3 ,7 4 6 1 2 ,6 6 5
S ourc e : Na tiona l Re g is tra tion Bure a u
NPR - Not Pre v ious ly Re g is tre d
.. Da ta not a v a ila ble
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Table 17.20: New Identity Card Applications Made, Produced and Collected by County, 2016-2020 Cont’d
NPR Applications NPR IDs Produced NPR IDs Collected
S/No County 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
31 Laikipia 18,137 12,059 8,289 13,580 7,608 17,597 13,434 8,679 11,112 7,227 15,601 14,310 8,027 9,086 7,889
32 Nakuru 76,607 59,682 38,437 55,031 35,073 62,504 60,685 35,078 46,648 34,649 56,198 57,533 31,258 41,458 36,547
33 Narok 30,753 23,007 17,316 30,875 17,568 31,614 29,905 16,518 20,416 17,763 27,515 25,886 15,967 17,440 17,941
Economic Survey 2021
34 Kajiado 18,529 19,447 15,964 18,690 14,749 20,600 18,430 16,379 17,075 14,401 15,152 18,179 13,620 15,107 10,375
35 Kericho 30,801 28,353 18,048 29,123 13,255 23,979 30,260 16,199 23,711 13,925 23,086 29,638 15,258 18,936 17,027
36 Bomet 24,076 27,136 15,888 24,875 15,183 22,741 28,717 17,008 18,405 14,542 19,357 29,545 15,778 15,321 16,504
37 Kakamega 59,574 62,483 51,897 70,331 25,373 55,388 59,022 45,909 57,284 30,753 51,356 58,715 39,673 50,688 38,116
38 Vihiga 19,812 17,932 16,509 25,730 12,568 19,585 19,481 14,298 18,147 13,662 14,093 18,104 12,907 15,281 15,284
39 Bungoma 55,514 53,513 44,867 58,973 24,128 52,781 50,665 36,390 39,804 30,464 42,983 50,029 31,405 33,603 30,876
40 Busia 30,280 25,726 26,352 29,779 14,859 33,511 30,074 22,736 23,080 15,223 32,681 32,577 22,261 21,937 16,903
41 Siaya 45,097 35,677 19,340 26,619 13,995 41,453 36,528 16,580 23,406 13,569 38,887 34,140 16,170 19,422 15,477
42 Kisumu 39,774 46,898 25,829 33,831 16,027 39,613 43,027 18,958 29,920 17,280 35,158 40,842 19,228 25,039 18,416
43 Homa Bay 34,782 43,788 19,088 28,831 13,621 36,599 43,094 16,785 24,588 15,080 33,881 38,296 15,160 20,927 17,443
44 Migori 40,649 37,348 25,138 32,875 16,220 41,090 34,270 19,800 21,213 17,363 36,770 31,805 17,955 20,086 18,560
45 Kisii 40,140 40,732 32,603 40,233 19,910 40,567 38,418 28,728 38,640 21,100 37,381 41,478 25,659 30,138 23,222
46 Nyamira 24,085 22,443 16,653 21,461 10,150 19,506 18,824 14,318 17,580 11,018 18,342 18,010 13,151 15,101 10,869
47 Nairobi City 74,233 71,316 63,671 71,190 48,016 75,273 69,203 57,602 64,920 49,779 78,569 69,095 51,674 73,360 51,386
342 48 Foreign Office1 .. 881 743 1,454 912 532 654 884 1,060 607 532 654 884 1,060 607
Total 1,529,921 1,234,149 967,651 1,244,257 648,553 1,431,094 1,322,747 846,019 1,031,422 687,907 1,241,637 1,263,510 763,603 883,532 715,483
Source: National Registration Bureau
NPR - Not Previously Registred
1
These are produced in Nairobi for Kenyans abroad who applied through foreign office
.. Data not available
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Voter 17.31. Table 17.21 presents the number of registered voters by County in 2019 and 2020. The
Registration number of registered voters increased by 0.2 per cent from 19,677,349 in 2019 to 19,712,745
in 2020. Registration of voters in Marsabit, West Pokot and Samburu Counties remained the
same between 2019 and 2020 while those in other counties increased marginally. Nairobi
City County had the highest proportion of total registered voters at 11.5 per cent while Lamu
County had the least with only 0.4 per cent of the registered voters.
343
Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.21: Registered Voters, 2019 and 2020
Num be r
No .o f Re g is te re d Vo te rs Re g is te re d Vo te rs
Na m e o f Co u n ty , S p e c ia l Co n s titu a s a t 31.12.2019 a s a t 31.12.2020*
S /no d o m a in s e n c ie s Ma le Fe m a le To ta l Ma le Fe m a le To ta l
1 Mom ba s a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 327, 962 257, 912 585, 874 329, 377 259, 157 588, 534
2 Kwa le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 135, 468 146, 061 281, 529 135, 668 146, 225 281, 893
3 Kilifi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 241, 725 269, 841 511, 566 243, 929 271, 894 515, 823
4 Ta na Rive r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 58, 002 60, 412 118, 414 58, 057 60, 485 118, 542
5 La m u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 37, 503 32, 276 69, 779 37, 564 32, 347 69, 911
6 Ta ita Ta ve ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 81, 769 74, 846 156, 615 82, 036 75, 072 157, 108
7 Ga ris s a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 85, 964 77, 347 163, 311 86, 183 77, 451 163, 634
8 W a jir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 85, 518 77, 366 162, 884 85, 690 77, 441 163, 131
9 Ma nde ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 90, 309 85, 302 175, 611 90, 309 85, 306 175, 615
10 Ma rs a bit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 72, 188 69, 639 141, 827 72, 188 69, 639 141, 827
11 Is iolo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 38, 393 36, 969 75, 362 38, 397 36, 980 75, 377
12 Me ru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 357, 549 348, 918 706, 467 358, 249 349, 538 707, 787
13 Tha ra k a -Nithi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 107, 026 106, 523 213, 549 107, 041 106, 540 213, 581
14 E m bu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 156, 163 154, 337 310, 500 156, 526 154, 637 311, 163
15 Kitui. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 224, 575 250, 408 474, 983 224, 712 250, 562 475, 274
16 Ma c ha k os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 319, 586 302, 335 621, 921 320, 146 302, 814 622, 960
17 Ma k ue ni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 212, 312 212, 709 425, 021 212, 692 212, 950 425, 642
18 Ny a nda rua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 167, 191 170, 215 337, 406 167, 264 170, 280 337, 544
19 Ny e ri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 226, 620 231, 927 458, 547 227, 280 232, 462 459, 742
20 Kiriny a g a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 175, 884 174, 332 350, 216 176, 251 174, 560 350, 811
21 Mura ng 'a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 292, 512 296, 946 589, 458 293, 053 297, 346 590, 399
22 Kia m bu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 588, 032 597, 937 1, 185, 969 588, 972 598, 811 1, 187, 783
23 Turk a na . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 81, 863 110, 500 192, 363 82, 300 110, 803 193, 103
24 W e s t P ok ot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 87, 540 93, 052 180, 592 87, 540 93, 052 180, 592
25 S a m buru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 37, 962 45, 321 83, 283 37, 962 45, 321 83, 283
26 Tra ns Nz oia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 177, 587 162, 508 340, 095 177, 756 162, 603 340, 359
27 Ua s in Gis hu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 234, 465 216, 210 450, 675 234, 662 216, 376 451, 038
28 E lg e y o/Ma ra k we t. . . . . . . . . 4 92, 448 88, 696 181, 144 92, 560 88, 783 181, 343
29 Na ndi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 179, 226 168, 258 347, 484 179, 426 168, 395 347, 821
30 B a ring o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 117, 045 117, 321 234, 366 117, 539 117, 707 235, 246
31 La ik ipia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 126, 247 120, 652 246, 899 126, 284 120, 693 246, 977
32 Na k uru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 486, 863 464, 046 950, 909 487, 410 464, 522 951, 932
33 Na rok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 175, 866 166, 591 342, 457 176, 034 166, 692 342, 726
34 Ka jia do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 214, 679 196, 874 411, 553 214, 863 196, 994 411, 857
35 Ke ric ho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 194, 675 182, 488 377, 163 195, 157 182, 776 377, 933
36 B om e t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 164, 500 158, 604 323, 104 164, 816 158, 837 323, 653
37 Ka k a m e g a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 367, 249 379, 962 747, 211 368, 222 380, 850 749, 072
38 Vihig a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 129, 895 144, 580 274, 475 130, 263 144, 919 275, 182
39 B ung om a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 284, 068 275, 823 559, 891 285, 288 276, 849 562, 137
40 B us ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 171, 218 181, 229 352, 447 171, 659 181, 609 353, 268
41 S ia y a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 211, 589 247, 850 459, 439 212, 504 248, 754 461, 258
42 Kis um u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 266, 277 274, 999 541, 276 266, 306 275, 023 541, 329
43 Hom a B a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 223, 026 256, 317 479, 343 223, 753 256, 906 480, 659
44 Mig ori. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 187, 213 201, 911 389, 124 187, 391 202, 027 389, 418
45 Kis ii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 273, 148 276, 876 550, 024 273, 719 277, 255 550, 974
46 Ny a m ira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 140, 130 139, 539 279, 669 140, 469 139, 751 280, 220
47 Na irobi City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1, 245, 370 1, 010, 282 2, 255, 652 1, 246, 238 1, 011, 144 2, 257, 382
S u b to ta l.................... 290 9,952,400 9,715,047 19,667,447 9,971,705 9,731,138 19,702,843
48 Dia s pora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2, 769 1, 621 4, 390 2, 769 1, 621 4, 390
49 P ris ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5, 200 312 5, 512 5, 200 312 5, 512
To ta l 9,960,369 9,716,980 19,677,349 9,979,674 9,733,071 19,712,745
S ourc e : Inde pe nde nt Ele c tora l a nd Bounde rie s Commis s s ion
* Prov is iona l
Refugees 17.32. The number of registered refugees and asylum seekers in Kenya by age and sex from 2016 to
in Kenya 2020 is presented in Table 17.22. The proportion of male refugees and asylum seekers in 2020 was 51.1
per cent. The population of refugees and asylum seekers grew by 3.1 per cent from 489,747 in 2019 to
504,854 in 2020. Child refugee population marginally increased from 267,908 in 2019 to 270,245 in
2020 while adult refugee population increased from 221,839 in 2019 to 234,609 in 2020.
344
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Table 17.22: Refugees and Asylum Seekers by Age and Sex, 2016-2020
Num be r
Ca te g o ry 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Ch ild re n (< 18 y rs )
Ma le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 972 134, 109 132, 999 140, 159 141, 221
Fe m a le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 173 138, 994 122, 178 127, 749 129, 024
S u b To ta l-c h ild re n 284, 145 273, 103 255, 177 267, 908 270, 245
Ad u lts (18+ y rs )
Ma le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 781 103, 299 105, 318 109, 652 116, 914
Fe m a le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 937 112, 013 111, 229 112, 187 117, 695
S u b To ta l-a d u lts 210, 718 215, 312 216, 547 221, 839 234, 609
To ta l (a ll a g e s ) 494, 863
Ma le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250, 753 237, 408 238, 317 249, 811 258, 135
Fe m a le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244, 110 251, 007 233, 407 239, 936 246, 719
To ta l 494, 863 488, 415 471, 724 489, 747 504, 854
S ourc e : Re f ug e e A f f a irs S e c re ta ria t
*Prov is iona l
17.33. Table 17.23a shows the distribution of registered refugees and asylum seekers by loca-
tion of residence and sex. The total number of refugees and asylum seekers increased from
489,737 in 2019 to 503,854 in 2020. The rise was as a result of 3.1, 3.8 and 2.8 per cent in-
crease in Dadaab, Kakuma and Urban Centres, respectively. During the same period, 84.0 per
cent of all registered refugees and asylum seekers resided in Garissa and Turkana camps.
345
Economic Survey 2021
Table 17.23a: Registered Refugees and Asylum Seekers by Location and Sex, 2016-2020
Location Alinjugur Camp Dadaab Camp Kakuma Camp Urban centres
County/ Nairobi, Mombasa,
Years City Garissa County Garissa County Turkana CountyEldoret, Nakuru Total
2016 Male 47,522 87,323 82,279 33,629 250,753
Female 48,457 89,462 72,668 33,523 244,110
Total 95,979 176,785 154,947 67,152 494,863
2017 Male - 120,639 86,578 33,317 240,534
Female - 117,513 98,576 31,792 247,881
Total - 238,152 185,154 65,109 488,415
2018 Male - 101,857 99,650 36,810 238,317
Female - 106,776 87,699 38,932 233,407
Total - 208,633 187,349 75,742 471,724
2019 Male - 106,194 102,868 40,749 249,811
Female - 110,957 90,816 38,163 239,936
Total - 217,151 193,684 78,912 489,747
2020* Male - 109,478 106,768 41,889 258,135
Female - 113,942 93,768 39,009 246,719
Total - 223,420 200,536 80,898 504,854
Source: Refugee Affairs Secretariat
*Provisional
17.34. The distribution of registered refugees and asylum seekers by country of origin is shown
in Table 17.23b. Somalia remained the country of origin with highest number of refugees and
asylum seekers accounting for 54.0 per cent of all registered refugees in Kenya followed by
South Sudan at 24.6 per cent. Burundi recorded the highest increase of refugee and asylum
seekers of 7.6 per cent from 15,098 in 2019 to 16520 in 2020. Refugee and asylum seekers
from other countries of origin also increased slightly from 795 in 2019 to 904 in 2020.
Table 17.23b: Registered Refugees and Asylum Seekers by Country of Origin, 2016 – 2020
Number
Country of Origin 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Somalia................................... 326,562 284,346 257,318 264,265 272,490
South Sudan.......................... 88,391 111,612 115,286 121,553 123,968
Democratic Republic of
29,317 35,710 41,305 43,576 45,266
Congo
Ethiopia.................................. 27,237 27,880 27,701 28,416 29,204
Burundi.................................. 8,461 12,828 13,322 15,098 16,520
Sudan...................................... 9,306 10,008 10,106 9,926 10,109
Uganda.................................. 1,970 2,482 2,412 2,499 2,626
Eritrea..................................... 1,590 1,341 1,803 1,831 1,896
Rwanda.................................. 1,630 1,642 1,740 1,788 1,871
Other...................................... 399 566 731 795 904
Total 494,863 488,415 471,724 489,747 504,854
Source: Refugee Affairs Secretariat
*Provisional
346
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Child 17.35. Table 17.24a presents the number of child protection cases. There was a general de-
Protection crease in the number of child protection cases reported, from 175,087 in 2019 to 146,881 in
2020. This was partly attributed to the work-from-home directive that led to the closure of
Government offices for the most part of the period under review. Cases of vulnerable children
decreased by 37.2 per cent from 9,064 in 2019 to 5,694 in 2020 while those of children in need
of registration decreased from 1,955 in 2019 to 1,076 in Similarly, cases related to Violence
Against Children (VAC) declined by 11.2 per cent in the period under review. There were
however, significant rise in cases of child labour (55.4%)and child pregnancy (52.7%) in the
same period. Cases of FGM rose to 139 in 2020 from 74 in 2019, while gender based violence
in terms of physical abuse recorded 3,884 cases in 2020 from 2,189 in 2019. Additionally,
cases related to sick children increased to 74 in 2020 from 34 cases in 2019 while cases of in-
ternally displaced children increased to 205 in 2020 from 67 in 2019.
347
Table 17.24a: Child Protection Cases Reported by Sex, 2016 -2020
Numbe r
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Ca s e Ca te g orie s 1 Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l
Economic Survey 2021
Ch ild Cu s to d y
A ba ndone d 1,518 1,353 2,871 1,391 1,317 2,708 3,406 3,005 6,411 3,825 3,518 7,343 2,441 2,356 4,797
Cus tody 6,319 6,124 12,443 5,561 5,249 10,810 12,760 12,294 25,054 12,122 12,442 24,564 10,068 9,790 19,858
Dis pute d pa te rnity 154 135 289 141 118 259 275 243 518 243 222 465 158 140 298
Pa re nta l c hild a bduc tion 564 507 1,071 576 559 1,135 1,487 1,436 2,923 1,472 1,443 2,915 1,099 1,088 2,187
S u b To ta l - Ch ild Cu s to d y 8,555 8,119 16,674 7,669 7,243 14,912 17,928 16,978 34,906 17,662 17,625 35,287 13,766 13,374 27,140
Ch ild in n e e d o f Re g is tra tio n
Birth Re g is tra tion 285 228 513 215 224 439 1,010 931 1,941 820 855 1,675 407 453 860
Inhe rita nc e / S uc c e s s ion 124 67 191 108 75 183 166 148 314 148 132 280 112 104 216
S u b To ta l - Ch ild re n in n e e d o f re g is tra io n 409 295 704 323 299 622 1,176 1,079 2,255 968 987 1,955 519 557 1,076
Ch ild tra ffic k in g
A bduc tion 309 297 606 252 243 495 506 548 1,054 696 662 1,358 572 678 1,250
Child La bour 295 227 522 159 86 245 206 217 423 314 377 691 606 468 1,074
Tra f f ic ke d c hild 18 33 51 21 38 59 78 105 183 62 95 157 44 70 114
348
Unla w f ul c onf ine me nt 11 9 20 8 1 9 37 29 66 61 62 123 33 52 85
S u b to ta l - Ch ild Tra ffic k in g 633 566 1,199 440 368 808 827 899 1,726 1,133 1,196 2,329 1,255 1,268 2,523
Ch ild re n in c o n flic t w ith th e la w
Child De linque nc y 403 198 601 252 114 366 784 373 1,157 746 423 1,169 386 304 690
Child of f e nde r 296 149 445 150 28 178 367 95 462 931 280 1,211 705 203 908
Child ra dic a liz a tion 9 4 13 48 53 101 29 20 49 18 19 37 12 9 21
Child trua nc y 999 435 1,434 773 441 1,214 2,060 1,278 3,338 2,021 1,433 3,454 875 821 1,696
Drug a nd S ubs ta nc e A bus e 107 31 138 53 6 59 99 15 114 119 40 159 104 52 156
S u b To ta l - Ch ild re n in c o n flic t w ith th e la w 1,814 817 2,631 1,276 642 1,918 3,339 1,781 5,120 3,835 2,195 6,030 2,082 1,389 3,471
Dis p la c e d Ch ild re n
Inte rna lly dis pla c e d c hild 156 143 299 12 10 22 6 11 17 21 46 67 108 97 205
Re f ug e e Childre n - 3 3 157 116 273 136 124 260 141 140 281 58 47 105
S u b to ta l - d is p la c e d c h ild re n 156 146 302 169 126 295 142 135 277 162 186 348 166 144 310
S ourc e : State Department for Social Protection, Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
.. Data not av ailable
* P rov isional
1
See A ppendix 3
Table 17.24a: Child Protection Cases Reported by Sex, 2016 -2020, cont ..
Numbe r
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Ca s e Ca te g orie s 1 Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l
S u b To ta l - Ch ild re n in c o n flic t w ith th e la w 1,814 817 2,631 1,276 642 1,918 3,339 1,781 5,120 3,835 2,195 6,030 2,082 1,389 3,471
Vio le n c e a g a in s t c h ild re n (VA C)
Child Ma rria g e 46 401 447 10 276 286 26 800 826 34 622 656 62 701 763
Child pre g na nc y - 498 498 - 346 346 - 771 771 - 735 735 37 1,085 1,122
De f ile me nt 95 883 978 81 893 974 250 2,647 2,897 321 2,421 2,742 453 2,808 3,261
Emotiona l A bus e 306 342 648 199 257 456 431 569 1,000 529 680 1,209 440 573 1,013
FGM - 103 103 - 37 37 - 111 111 - 74 74 - 139 139
Ha rmf ul c ultura l pra c tic e 11 57 68 7 11 18 15 22 37 22 20 42 22 18 40
Inc e s t 10 39 49 11 38 49 21 95 116 61 109 170 30 128 158
Ne g le c t 22,354 21,610 43,964 16,430 15,779 32,209 42,154 39,847 82,001 57,279 54,587 111,866 48,861 46,969 95,830
Online A bus e - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 8 2 10
Phy s ic a l A bus e /V iole nc e 627 578 1,205 592 551 1,143 1,143 1,164 2,307 1,051 1,138 2,189 1,952 1,932 3,884
S e x ua l a s s a ult 15 55 70 25 107 132 37 105 142 40 103 143 39 110 149
S e x ua l Ex ploita tion & a bus e 12 111 123 8 72 80 48 153 201 41 91 132 29 92 121
S odomy 46 1 47 45 2 47 99 3 102 94 20 114 83 5 88
S u b to ta l - Vio le n c e A g a in s t Ch ild re n 23,522 24,678 48,200 17,408 18,369 35,777 44,224 46,287 90,511 59,474 60,600 120,074 52,016 54,562 106,578
Vu ln e ra b le Ch ild re n
349 Child A f f e c te d by HIV /A IDS 111 104 215 39 33 72 98 94 192 126 101 227 100 72 172
Child he a de d hous e hold 102 119 221 20 19 39 47 42 89 63 83 146 42 55 97
Child of impris one d pa re nt(s ) 118 114 232 64 52 116 134 146 280 132 135 267 51 54 105
Child out of s c hool - - - - - - - - - 333 220 553 158 214 372
Child Mothe r - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 17 19
Child w ith dis a bility 148 115 263 69 50 119 118 112 230 162 98 260 169 176 345
Childre n on the s tre e ts 502 109 611 297 54 351 608 147 755 492 135 627 248 101 349
Mis s ing Child (Los t & Found) 493 438 931 444 403 847 1,113 1,042 2,155 1,376 1,109 2,485 620 704 1,324
Mothe r (Re la tiv e ) Of f e r - - - - - - - - - 11 8 19 9 11 20
Orpha ne d Childre n 1,347 1,220 2,567 858 857 1,715 2,094 2,159 4,253 2,131 2,315 4,446 1,422 1,395 2,817
S ic k Child (Chronic Illne s s ) - - - - - - - - - 16 18 34 62 12 74
De s titution - - - - - - - - - - - - 56 33 89
S u b to ta l - Vu ln e ra b le Ch ild re n 2,821 2,219 5,040 1,791 1,468 3,259 4,212 3,742 7,954 4,842 4,222 9,064 2,939 2,844 5,783
TOTA L 37,910 36,840 74,750 29,076 28,515 57,591 71,848 70,901 142,749 88,076 87,011 175,087 72,743 74,138 146,881
S ourc e : State Department for Social Protection, Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
.. Data not av ailable
* P rov isional
1
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
See A ppendix 3
Economic Survey 2021
17.36. Table 17.24b presents various child protection intervention approaches that were applied to
dispose of cases reported to the Department of Children Services. The number of cases handled by
repatriation and reunification decreased by 35.2 per cent from 3,374 in 2019 to 2,185 in 2020 while
those that went through legal processes declined by 42.2 per cent to 3,142 in 2020. Similarly, cases
handled by diversion and counselling reduced by 19.1 per cent from 4,621 in 2019 to 3,739 in 2020.
The department also had a significant reduction in the number of pending cases which went down by
59. 4 per cent from 14,889 in 2019 to 6,042 in 2020. Cases referred to alternative family care, referred
to other agencies, and those handled by family reconciliation and support reduced by 56.1, 35.5 and
35.1 per cent, respectively. There were significant decreases in cases related to adoption, release on
license and early release from 166, 56 and 30 in 2019 to 16,3 and 1, respectively, in 2020. On the other
hand, there were slight increases in a number of interventions such as registration from 122 in 2019 to
333 in 2020, police diversion from 291 in 2019 to 635 in 2020 and open cases from 37,038 in 2019 to
61,920 in 2020.
350
Table 17.24b: Child Protection Interventions by Sex, 2016 -2020
Nu m b e r
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Inte rve ntion Ca te g orie s 1
Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l
Re p a tria tio n a n d re u n ific a tio n
Re inte g ra tion 278 562 840 266 219 485 213 203 416 239 159 398 100 77 177
Re pa tria tion 212 278 490 339 241 580 277 221 498 258 181 439 99 86 185
Re unite d 908 910 1,818 773 752 1,525 1,226 1,162 2,388 1,256 1,281 2,537 911 892 1,803
S u b to ta l - Re p a tria tio n a n d
1,398 1,750 3,148 1,378 1,212 2,590 1,716 1,586 3,302 1,753 1,621 3,374 1,110 1,055 2,165
re u n ific a tio n
Le g a l Pro c e s s e s
J udic ia l Orde rs 560 658 1,218 188 224 412 348 402 750 196 256 452 146 196 342
Le g a l A id 684 646 1,330 430 567 997 610 860 1,470 730 791 1,521 384 433 817
Re le a s e on e x piry of a n orde r 16 16 32 12 8 20 1 1 2 3 5 8 3 1 4
Re le a s e on lic e ns e 12 14 26 11 6 17 1 1 43 13 56 3 - 3
Re le a s e on re v oc a tion of a n orde r/ e a rlie r re le a s e 56 12 68 4 8 12 3 8 11 6 24 30 1 - 1
Re le a s e to Pa re nt(s ) 982 984 1,966 828 772 1,600 815 776 1,591 1,028 986 2,014 481 601 1,082
S upe rv is ion w ith c ourt orde rs 202 296 498 254 188 442 236 195 431 172 170 342 60 148 208
S upe rv is ion Without Court Orde rs 524 846 1,370 684 408 1,092 703 431 1,134 601 414 1,015 307 378 685
S u b to ta l - le g a l p ro c e s s e s 3,036 3,472 6,508 2,411 2,181 4,592 2,717 2,673 5,390 2,779 2,659 5,438 1,385 1,757 3,142
Div e rs io n a n d Co u n s e llin g
Polic e Div e rs ion .. .. .. 31 28 59 44 40 84 105 186 291 272 363 635
Prof e s s iona l c ouns e ling 2,574 2,334 4,908 1,818 1,853 3,671 2,209 2,280 4,489 2,204 2,026 4,230 1,419 1,685 3,104
S u b to ta l - d iv e rs io n a n d c o u n s e llin g 2,574 2,334 4,908 1,849 1,881 3,730 2,253 2,320 4,573 2,309 2,212 4,521 1,691 2,048 3,739
351 Pe n d in g c a s e s
Ca s e Droppe d Out (Los t to f ollow up) .. .. .. 1,503 1,423 2,926 3,476 3,215 6,691 2,540 2,581 5,121 1,782 1,738 3,520
Ca s e Ope n .. .. .. 19,226 17,812 37,038 31,121 30,799 61,920
Pe nding 3,134 2,898 6,032 7,454 7,019 14,473 7,632 7,357 14,989 2,489 2,553 5,042
S u b To ta l - p e n d in g c a s e s 3,134 2,898 6,032 7,454 7,019 14,473 7,632 7,357 14,989 2,489 2,553 5,042
TOTA L 126,540 129,448 255,988 60,343 58,355 118,698 71,848 70,902 142,750 88,076 87,011 175,087 72,746 74,128 146,874
S ourc e : State Department for Social Protection, Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
.. Data Missing
* P rov isional
1
See A ppendix 4
Note : 1. Ma jority of the c a s e s re c e iv e d more tha n 1 inte rv e ntions a nd the re f ore inte v e ntions do not ne c c e s a rily e qua l numbe r of c a s e s
2. Pe nding c a s e s re pre s e nt thos e ha v e not y e t be e n inte rv e ne d a nd c los e d
3. Ca s e s droppe d out(Los t to f ollow up) re pre s e nt c a s e s in w hic h the c ompla ina nt did not ha v e inte re s ts in f ollow ing up w ith non c rimina l c a s e .
4. Ope n c a s e s a re thos e tha t a re in the proc e s s on inte rv e ntion f or c a s e s re porte d w ithin the la s t 1 y e a r.
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Table 17.24b: Child Protection Interventions by Sex, 2016 -2020 cont …
Nu m b e r
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Inte rve ntion Ca te g orie s 1 Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l
Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le
A lte rn a tiv e Fa m ily Ca re (A FC)
84 88 172 62 73 135 76 43 119 63 103 166 6 10 16
A doption
1,284 1,174 2,458 1,052 1,010 2,062 1,243 1,243 2,486 1,067 956 2,023 405 412 817
Committe d to CCIs
234 126 360 248 182 430 127 139 266 55 30 85
Economic Survey 2021
Committe d to s ta tutory ins titution 226 502
54 142 196 141 136 277 120 138 258 79 98 177 57 58 115
Fos te r Ca re
370 298 668 290 289 579 222 253 475 315 368 683 218 206 424
Gua rdia ns hip
2,018 1,978 3,996 1,779 1,634 3,413 1,909 1,859 3,768 1,651 1,664 3,315 741 716 1,457
S u b To ta l - A lte rn a tiv e Fa m ily Ca re
Re ffe ra l to o th e r a g e n c ie s
426 448 874 481 446 927 534 604 1,138 516 677 1,193 157 182 339
Pla c e me nt in s c hool
5,604 5,344 10,948 4,887 4,967 9,854 4,414 4,701 9,115 3,873 4,225 8,098 2,696 2,774 5,470
Re f e rre d to Court / Kha dhi
11,404 10,886 22,290 9,515 10,229 19,744 10,073 11,379 21,452 9,009 10,553 19,562 5,878 7,300 13,178
Re f e rre d to othe r g ov e rnme nt a g e nc ie s
1,668 1,742 3,410 1,531 1,347 2,878 1,814 1,814 3,628 1,434 1,557 2,991 808 739 1,547
Re f e rre d to othe r non-s ta te a g e nc ie s
1,080 1,196 2,276 492 439 931 66 56 122 158 175 333
Re g is tra tion
672 396 1,068 432 516 948 456 564 1,020 322 369 691 114 220 334
Re s c ue a nd Pla c e me nt
20,854 20,012 40,866 17,338 17,944 35,282 17,291 19,062 36,353 15,220 17,437 32,657 9,811 11,390 21,201
S u b to ta l - re ffe ra l to o th e r a g e n c ie s
Fa m ily Re c o n c ilia tio n a n d s u p p o rt
12,578 12,970 25,548 10,265 9,765 20,030 9,567 9,059 18,626 9,746 9,232 18,978 5,807 5,648 11,455
Child Ma inte na nc e
1,638 1,548 3,186 1,512 1,483 2,995 2,001 1,801 3,802 2,451 2,493 4,944 2,613 2,667 5,280
Fa mily s upport
13,170 13,982 27,152 13,512 12,703 26,215 16,916 15,965 32,881 15,847 15,339 31,186 9,643 9,360 19,003
J oint Pa re nta l A g re e me nt (J PA )
478 634 1,112 382 340 722 604 533 1,137 636 580 1,216 376 447 823
Pa re nts Bonde d
4,324 4,536 8,860 4,653 4,460 9,113 5,452 5,519 10,971 5,790 5,619 11,409 3,908 3,689 7,597
352 Re c onc ilia tion
1,202 1,508 2,710 627 431 1,058 492 291 783 496 405 901 269 261 530
Writte n Promis e
S u b to ta l - fa m ily re c o n c ilia tio n & 35,178 68,568 30,951 29,182 60,133 35,032 33,168 68,200 34,966 33,668 68,634 22,616 22,072 44,688
33,390
S u p p o rt
.. .. .. 19,226 17,812 37,038 31,121 30,799 61,920
Ca s e Ope n
.. .. .. 3,134 2,898 6,032 7,454 7,019 14,473 7,632 7,357 14,989 2,489 2,553 5,042
Pe nding
3,134 2,898 6,032 7,454 7,019 14,473 7,632 7,357 14,989 2,489 2,553 5,042
S u b To ta l - p e n d in g c a s e s
126,540 129,448 255,988 60,343 58,355 118,698 71,848 70,902 142,750 88,076 87,011 175,087 72,746 74,128 146,874
TOTA L
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Persons 17.37. Disability refers to a person’s lack or diminished capacity to perform on their own, one or more
with Dis- of daily activities considered necessary for ordinary life of a human being such as moving around, com-
abilities municating, feeding, bathing and dressing. Persons with such functional limitations owing to a health
condition are deemed to be Persons with Disabilities (PWDs). However, identifying PWDs from the
population depends on the method and criteria applied. Data presented in this section is based on the
medical model premised on the International Classification of Function (ICF 2001, WHO).
17.38. The Persons Living with Disability Act No. 14 of 2003 mandates the National Council for Per-
sons with Disability vide section 7, Sub section 1(c) to register PWDs in Kenya. The following forms
of disabilities are recognized; visual, hearing, physical, mental, albinism, autism, cerebral pulse and epi-
lepsy. The registration process involves assessment by a medical panel at a public hospital of level four
or above; review by Ministry of Health Medical Board which makes recommendation to the National
Council for Persons with Disability (NCPWD) on whether or not to register; and NCPWD registers
those recommended and issues them identification card for PWDs.
17.39. The number of Persons with Disabilities registered by type of disabilities and sex for the period
2015/16 to 2019/20 is presented in Table 17.25. The number of PWDs registered decreased by 16.3
per cent from 45,411 in 2018/2019 to 38,010 in 2019/20. The reduction was partly attributed to fewer
medical assessments due to COVID-19 pandemic. The Council recorded a decline in registration of
persons with visual, hearing, physical, mental and other disabilities by 26.3, 10.9, 18.2, 18.2 and 7.4
per cent, respectively, in the period under review. Registration of persons with albinism and epilepsy
decreased by 26.4 per cent and 23.4 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, the number of persons
with autism increased by 15.7 per cent from 587 in 2018/2019 to 679 in 2019/2020. Similarly, the
number of those registered for experiencing cerebral palsy increased by 4.1 per cent from 3,165 re-
corded in 2019 to 3.297 in 2020. The number of female PWDs registered were lower than the male
PWDs registered across the five-year period.
353
Table 17.25: Persons with Disabilities Registered by Type of Disability and Sex, 2015/16-2019/20
Num be r
2015/16* 2016/17* 2017/18* 2018/19* 2019/20*
Type of Dis a bility Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l
Economic Survey 2021
Pe rs o ns w ith Any Dis ab ility 34,902 23,320 58,222 34,988 21,280 56,268 23,756 14,507 38,263 27,782 17,629 45,411 23,249 14,761 38,010
Vis u al
Blind 961 654 1,615 675 440 1,115 509 287 796 511 261 772 425 254 679
Othe r v is ua l dis a bility 3,759 2,579 6,338 3,449 2,138 5,587 2,542 1,563 4,105 2,966 1,838 4,804 2,170 1,259 3,429
S u b to tal 4,720 3,233 7,953 4,124 2,578 6,702 3,051 1,850 4,901 3,477 2,099 5,576 2,595 1,513 4,108
He aring
De a f-a ble to ta lk 317 192 509 332 182 514 171 92 263 175 120 295 176 120 296
De a f-Us e s s ig n la ng ua g e 2,264 1,611 3,875 1,983 1,342 3,325 1,173 772 1,945 1,284 952 2,236 1,340 955 2,295
Othe r He a ring dis a bility 1,892 1,417 3,309 1,903 1,336 3,239 1,162 841 2,003 1,387 1,003 2,390 1,025 768 1,793
S u b to tal 4,473 3,220 7,693 4,218 2,860 7,078 2,506 1,705 4,211 2,846 2,075 4,921 2,541 1,843 4,384
Phys ic al 19,486 12,569 32,055 20,144 11,818 31,962 13,375 7,898 21,273 15,973 9,731 25,704 13,124 7,970 21,094
Me ntal 6,573 4,474 11,047 6,478 4,106 10,584 4,302 2,786 7,088 4,889 3,315 8,204 3,871 2,834 6,705
All Othe r d is ab ilitie s
354
A lbinis m 181 172 353 236 174 410 226 127 353 236 181 417 165 142 307
A utis m 270 86 356 378 141 519 369 103 472 436 151 587 488 191 679
Ce re bra l pa ls y 1,364 1,287 2,651 1,403 1,326 2,729 1,368 1,291 2,659 1,621 1,544 3,165 1,687 1,610 3,297
Epile ps y 1,705 1,307 3,012 1,758 1,215 2,973 1,136 803 1,939 1,351 965 2,316 947 777 1,724
S u b to tal 3,520 2,852 6,372 3,775 2,856 6,631 3,099 2,324 5,423 3,644 2,841 6,485 3,287 2,720 6,007
Source: National Council for Persons with Disabilities
* Prov isional
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
17.40. Table 17.28 presents the cumulative number of registered PWDs by sex and type of disability.
The total number of registered Persons with Disabilities stood at 500,038 as at 30th June 2020 repre-
senting an increase of 8.2 per cent from 462,028 as at 30th June 2019. Majority of the PWDs as at 30th
June, 2020 were males (284,813) compared to females (215,425). A higher proportion of registered
PWDs were those assessed to have physical disabilities at 56.9 per cent. In addition, those with mental
and hearing disabilities were 18.2 per cent and 12.5 per cent, respectively, while those with visual dis-
abilities accounted for 11.8 per cent of all the PWDs.
355
Table 17.26: Registered Persons with Disabilities by Type of Disability and Sex as at 30th June, 2016-2020
Num be r
As a t 30th J une 2016* As a t 30th J une 2017* As a t 30th J une 2018* As a t 30th J une 2019* As a t 30th J une 2020*
Type of Dis a bility Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l Ma le Fe m a le Tota l
Economic Survey 2021
Pe rs o ns w ith Any Dis ab ility 174,838 147,248 322,086 209,826 168,528 378,354 233,582 183,035 416,617 261,364 200,664 462,028 284,613 215,425 500,038
Vis ual Dis ab ilitie s
Blind 6,218 5,096 11,314 6,893 5,536 12,429 7,402 5,823 13,225 7,913 6,084 13,997 8,338 6,338 14,676
Othe r v is ua l dis a bility 13,963 12,582 26,545 17,412 14,720 32,132 19,954 16,283 36,237 22,920 18,121 41,041 25,090 19,380 44,470
S ub to tal 20,181 17,678 37,859 24,305 20,256 44,561 27,356 22,106 49,462 30,833 24,205 55,038 33,428 25,718 59,146
He aring Dis ab ilitie s
De a f-a ble to ta lk 4,298 3,672 7,970 4,630 3,854 8,484 4,801 3,946 8,747 4,977 4,066 9,043 5,153 4,186 9,339
De a f-Us e s s ign la ngua ge 10,029 8,338 18,367 12,012 9,680 21,692 13,185 10,452 23,637 14,469 11,404 25,873 15,809 12,359 28,168
Othe r He a ring dis a bilitie s 8,044 7,312 15,356 9,947 8,648 18,595 11,109 9,489 20,598 12,496 10,492 22,988 13,521 11,260 24,781
S ub to tal 22,371 19,322 41,693 26,589 22,182 48,771 29,095 23,887 52,982 31,942 25,962 57,904 34,483 27,805 62,288
Phys ic al 100,189 84,064 184,253 120,333 95,882 216,215 133,708 103,780 237,488 149,681 113,511 263,192 162,805 121,481 284,286
Me ntal 32,398 26,048 58,446 38,876 30,154 69,030 43,178 32,940 76,118 48,067 36,255 84,322 51,938 39,089 91,027
All Othe r dis ab ilitie s
356 Albinis m 2,610 2,554 5,164 2,846 2,728 5,574 3,072 2,855 5,927 3,308 3,036 6,344 3,473 3,178 6,651
Autis m 859 467 1,326 1,237 608 1,845 1,606 711 2,317 2,042 862 2,904 2,530 1,053 3,583
Ce re bra l pa ls e 3,153 2,994 6,147 4,556 4,320 8,876 5,924 5,611 11,535 7,545 7,155 14,700 9,232 8,765 17,997
Epile ps y 8,006 7,049 15,055 9,764 8,264 18,028 10,900 9,067 19,967 12,251 10,032 22,283 13,198 10,809 24,007
S ub to tal 14,628 13,064 27,692 18,403 15,920 34,323 21,502 18,244 39,746 25,146 21,085 46,231 28,433 23,805 52,238
Source: National Council for Persons with Disabilities
* Prov isional
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Appendix 17.1: Classification of Offences by the National Police Service
1 HOMICIDE a) Murder 8 THEFT BY a) Stealing by Directors
b) Manslaughter SERVA NT b) Stealing by employ ee/serv ant
c) Inf anticide 9 VEHICLE A ND a) Thef t of M/V
d) Procuring A bortion OTHER b) Thef t f rom M/V
e) Concealing Birth THEFTS c) Thef t of M/V part
f ) Suicide d) Thef t of M/Cy cle
g) Causing Death by 10 DA NGEROUS a) Possession
dangerous Driv ing DRUGS b) Handling
c) Traf f ick ing
2 OFFENCES a) Rape d) Cultiv ating
A GA INST b) Def ilement e) Usage
MORA LITY d) Incest
c) Unnatural 11 TRA FFIC a) Tak ing and Driv ing Motor
Of f ences(Sodomy ) OFFENCES Vehicle without A uthority
e) Bestiality b) Driv ing under inf luence of
f ) Indecent assault alcohol
g) A bduction
h) Bigamy 12 CRIMINA L a) Malicious Damage
DA MA GE b) A rson
3 OTHER a) A ssault c) Negligent A cts
OFFENCES b) Creating Disturbance
A GA INST c) A f f ray 13 ECONOMIC a) Obtaining by False Pretence
PERSONS CRIMES b) Currency Forgery
c) Other Fraud/Forgery Of f ences
4 ROBBERY a) Robbery
b) Robbery with Violance
c) Carjack ing 14 CORRUPTION a) Soliciting f or Bribe
d) Robbed of M/V b) A ccepting Bribe
e) Cattle Rustling c) A ccept Free Gif ts
d) Demanding by f alse pretence
5 BREA KING a) House Break ing e) Other Corruption Of f ences
b) Burglary
c) Other Break ings 15 OFFENCES a) Soliciting f or Bribe
6 THEFT OF STOCK INVOLVING b) A ccepting Bribe
POLICE c) A ccept Free Gif ts
7 STEA LING a) Handling Stolen Property OFFICERS d) Demanding by f alse pretence
b) Stealing f rom Person e) Other Criminal Of f ences
c) Stealing by OFFENCES
Tenants/lodgers 16 INVOLVING a) Bag Snatching
TOURIST b) Other of f ences A gainst
d) Stealing f rom a building Tourists
c) Other Of f ences inv olv ing
e) General Stealing Tourist
Appendix 17.2: Description of Offences
Order and administration of lawful authority Treason, incitement to mutiny , aiding civ il disobedience
Injurious to public Stealing gov ernment property , stealing by person in public serv ice, stealing from state corporation
A gainst person A ssault, griev ous harm, murder etc
Related to property Theft, robbery with v iolence, arson
A ttempts and conspiracies A ttempts to commit offences, neglect to prev ent offence, conspiracies to commit offences
Employ ment A ct Employ ment of aliens without permit
Drugs related Possession, manufacture, trafficking etc of any quantity
Various cases By -laws under the Local Gov ernment A ct, Traffict A ct, Tax A ct etc
357
Economic Survey 2021
Appendix 17.3: Definition of Child Protection Cases
Case Category Definition
A child deserted willingly by a parent, guardian or the person who has actual legal custody with-
1 Abandonment
out any regard for the child’s welfare (The Children Act 2001)
Any child who by force, inducement, or by any deceitful means is moved from a place of safety
to another where his/her welfare is at risk. Abduction or kidnapping by strangers (from outside
2 Abduction
the family, natural or legal guardians) who steal a child for criminal purposes which may include
extortion ,illegal adoption, human trafficking& murder
Custody in respect to a child, means much of the parental rights and duties as relate to the pos-
3 Custody
session of the child (The Children Act 2001)
Deliberate trauma, physical injury caused by punching, beating, kicking, burning, biting or
4 Physical abuse/Violence otherwise harming a child which results in injuries such as bruises, broken bones, burns, cuts etc.
(Handbook for Child Protection Practice Report, 2000)
Every child shall have a right to a name and nationality and where a child is deprived of his/
her identity the Government shall provide appropriate assistance and protection, with a view
5 Birth Registration
to establishing his/her identity.(The Children Act 2001; Births and Deaths Registration, The
Constitution of Kenya,2010)
Street Living Children: children who ran away from their families and live alone on the streets.
Street Working Children: children who spend most of their time on the streets, fending for them-
6 Children on the streets
selves, but returning home on a regular basis. Children from Street Families: children who live
on the streets with their families (The State of the World’s Children Report, 2006)
Any situation where a child provides labor in exchange for payment and includes— a) when a
child provides labour as an assistant to another person and his labour is deemed to be the labour
of that other person for the purposes of payment; (b)where a child’s labour is used for gain
7 Child labor by any individual or institution whether or not the child benefits directly or indirectly; and c)
where there is in existence a contract for services where the party providing the services is a child
whether the person using the services does so directly or by an agent. (The Children Act 2001)
using the services does so directly or by an agent. (The Children Act 2001)
A child whose parent(s) are imprisoned (whether a child is either in prison with the parent (s) or
8 Child of imprisoned parent(s)
in the community. (Children of Imprisoned Parents Report, 2011)
It is the involvement of a child in acts of sexual exploitation and abuse through prostitution,
inducement or coercion to engage in any sexual activity, and exposure to obscene materials
9 Sexual exploitation and abuse
(pornography). (The Children Act 2001, Sexual Offences Act, For purposes of this document it
excludes defilement, sexual assault and sodomy.
Removal of a minor from the custody of the child’s natural parent or guardians without autho-
rization or knowledge of the other parent or guardian. This is when a family relative (usually
parents) has unauthorized custody of a child without parental agreement and contrary to family
law ruling, which largely removes the child from care, access and contact of the other parent
10 Parental child abduction
and family side. Occurring around parental separation or divorce, such parental or familial child
abduction may include parental alienation, a form of child abuse seeking to disconnect a child
from targeted parent and denigrated side of family. (Hague Convention of Civil Aspects of Inter-
national Child Abduction, 1980)
A recruited, transported, transferred, harbored or receipted child by means of the threat or use
11 Trafficked child of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, or deception. (NPA for Combating
Human Trafficking 2013-2017 )
Refers to a child who is suffering with HIV /AIDS or whose parent(s)/ caregivers/ are suffering
12 Child affected by HIV/AIDS
from HIV/AIDS. (Operational- MOH)
13 Child offender A minor who commits an offence and is found guilty by a court of law (The Children Act 2001)
Disagreement between two parents/ guardians on the biological relationship between a child
14 Disputed paternity
and that of the father (The Children Act 2001)
15 Defilement Committing an act which causes penetration with a child (Sexual Offences Act, 2006)
A child with a physical, mental or any other impairment who is significantly restricted in his or
her ability to perform daily living activities either “continuously or periodically for extended peri-
16 Child living with disability
ods” and, as a result of these restrictions, requires assistance with daily living activities. (Promot-
ing the Rights of Children with Disabilities Report, 2007)
A habitual patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with
17 Drug and substance abuse
methods which are harmful to themselves. (The Alcohol Drinks Control Act (2010))
358
Chapter 17: Governance, Peace and Security
Case Category Definition
Refers to a girl below the age of 18 conceiving and (having the embryo developing in her womb)
18 Child pregnancy
and carrying the pregnancy. (The Children Act, 2001)
A union/cohabitation/any arrangement made for a man and a woman, either or both of whom
19 Child marriage have not attained the age of eighteen years, whether in a monogamous or polygamous situation.
(The Marriage Act, 2014)
An ongoing emotional maltreatment or emotional neglect of a child also called psychological
abuse and which seriously damages a child’s emotional health and development. It can involve
20 Emotional abuse
many forms including threats, humiliation and exposure to domestic violence; (Hidden in plain
sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children Report, UNICEF 2014.)
Social norms, practices, traditions that are in violation of natural justice and written law. This
refers to all behavior, attitudes and or practices which negatively affect the fundamental rights
of children, such as their right to life, health, dignity, education, and physical integrity. These
21 Harmful cultural practice
include Taboo Children (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children (UNCRC);
The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW);
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC); (The Children Act, 2001)
This is a harmful cultural practices, a procedure that intentionally involves partial or total removal
22 Female Genital Mutilation of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organ for non-medical rea-
sons. (Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act, 2011); The Children Act, 2001)
An indecent act which causes penetration, committed by any male/female with a male/female
23 Incest child who is to his/her knowledge his/her daughter/son, or grandmother/grandfather. (Sexual
Offences Act, 2006)
An action of passing ownership property or money upon one’s death to his/her children (heir)
24 Inheritance who is entitled to succeed as guided by a will or state law. (The Law of Succession Act, 1972;
Trustees (Perpetual succession Act, 1987))
A child who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his/her country’s borders.
(Prevention, Protection & Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons and Affected Communi-
25 Internally displaced child
ties, 2012; Great Lakes Protocol on the Protection and Assistance to IDPs,2006; UN guiding
Principles on Internal )
This is a child whose whereabouts are unknown to their parents, guardians or legal custodian.
Missing (Lost/Lost & found)
26 (The Children Act, 2001)This child can be reported as missing child or a child who has been
children
found but cannot trace his/her home.
It refers to failure a person having parental responsibility, custody, charge or care of a child to
27 Neglect provide adequate food, clothing, education, immunization, shelter and medical care in a manner
likely to cause injury to his health and development. (The Children Act, 2001)
Refers to children exposed to the production, distribution and consumption of child sexual
28 Online Child Abuse abuse material; victimize children through live streaming their sexual abuse; and groom children
online for sexual exploitation
An orphan is a child whose mother or father or both have died. A vulnerable is a child below
29 Orphaned 18yrs currently at high risk of lacking adequate care and protection. (UNCRC, The Children Act,
2001)
A child who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for one of the reasons of being a refugee.
30 Refugee child
(Refugee Act, 2006; The Children Act, 2001)
Refers to unlawful (a) penetration of the genital organs of a child with -any part of the body of
another person or of that person; or an object manipulated by another or that person except
where such penetration is carried out for proper and professional hygienic or medical purposes;
31 Sexual assault
(b) a person’s manipulation any part of his or her body or the body of another person that causes
penetration of the genital organ into or by any part of the other child’s body.(Sexual Offences
Act, 2006)
Refers to having a carnal knowledge of any child against the order of nature.(Sexual Offences
32 Child sodomy
Act, 2006)
Refers to a child who stays away from school without a good reason, or is falling into bad associa-
33 Child truancy
tions. (Sexual Offences Act, 2006)
Refers to a child of a certain age, who has violated a criminal law or engaged in a disobedient, in-
34 Child delinquency decent or immoral conduct. A delinquent child is usually in need of rehabilitation. (The Children
Act, 2001)
359
Economic Survey 2021
Case Category Definition
Unjustly holding of a child in an institution, residence or other against their will through use of
35 Unlawful confinement threats, duress, force or deception a) beyond the legally provided duration, or b) against the best
interest of the child. (The Children Act, 2001)
Refers to a child that is voluntarily offered for adoption or care by a parent or relative for reasons
36 Child Offer
where the parent is unable to offer the child basic protection and services.
37 Child out of School A child within the school going age who for any reasons is unable to access education services.
38 Sick Child(Chronic Illness) A child suffering from chronic disease and in need of support.
This is a family in which a minor (child or adolescent) has become the head of the household and
39 Child headed household
takes care of all other members are under 18 years. (The Children Act, 2001)
This is a process by which a child is indoctrinated to adopt increasingly extreme social or reli-
gious views, ideas, beliefs, practices, attitude and aspirations that reject or undermine contem-
40 Child radicalization porary ideas and expression of freedom of choice which may have negative impact on the child’s
growth and development. (The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) – The
Hague, 2013)
360
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- www.knbs.or.ke