Kameswara Natakusumah et al., Integrating religiosity into a technology acceptance model for the adoption of mobile payment technology (2022)
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International Journal of Data and Network Science 7 (2023). 305–312
Contents lists available at GrowingScience
International Journal of Data and Network Science
homepage: www.GrowingScience.com/ijds
Integrating religiosity into a technology acceptance model for the adoption of mobile payment technology
Kameswara Natakusumaha*, Erna Maulinaa, Anang Muftiadia and Margo Purnomoa
a
Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
CHRONICLE ABSTRACT
Article history: This research studies the effects of the religiosity on financial technology (fintech) adoption. The
Received: March 10, 2022 study examines religiosity as part of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) dimensions for the
Received in revised format: Sep- adoption of mobile payment technology. We explore the role of religiosity in TAM and recommend
tember 20, 2022
several policies for related organizations. The study uses professional sample calculation from 113
Accepted: October 8, 2022
Available online: October 8 2022 traditional markets under Perumda Pasar Jaya as a business entity whose capital is wholly or mostly
Keywords: owned by the regional government through regional assets of DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia,
Religiosity which use mobile payment technology. We obtained 363 respondents from June 2020 to June 2021,
Technology Acceptance Model coinciding with the Covid-19 pandemic. Hypothesis testing was done employing SmartPLS 3.2.9
Mobile Payment Adoption software and questionnaires. The study also adapts previous studies to ensure the questionnaires are
Small Business in Traditional relevant to the research objects. The research result show that religiosity explained the formation of
Market TAM by small businesses in traditional markets under Perumda Pasar Jaya Management. Religiosity
and the adoption of mobile payment technology determined whether a user used fintech or not. As
the research period was limited to June 2020 - June 2021, including field research in the traditional
markets, newer TAM mobile payment technology development and other TAM mobile payment-
based research were not included. This research offers a new TAM development model using relig-
iosity for mobile payment adoption in traditional markets.
© 2023 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada.
1. Introduction
Indonesia is encouraging the digitization of payment systems to accelerate digital economic and financial growth. As an initial
step, Bank Indonesia (BI) developed the QR Code Indonesia Standard (QRIS). QRIS allows interconnected and interopera-
bility QR-based payment using one standardized QR code. Modern technology increases the efficiency of the financial system
and services. Therefore, BI encouraged QR Code transactions in traditional markets. As a response, Bank Rakyat Indonesia
(BRI) and Bank Mandiri actively used fintech due to the high potential of the financial transaction system in traditional
markets. Based on the description above, we studied the fintech adoption by small businesses in traditional markets managed
by Perumda Pasar Jaya of DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia. The utilization of fintech in traditional markets managed by
Perumda Pasar Jaya is seen as an opportunity. Perumda Pasar Jaya manages more than 140 markets and 105,233 business
places, in addition to an annual business turnover of up to 150 trillion IDR. Perumda Pasar Jaya traditional markets are visited
by more than 2 (two) million visitors (~20% of total DKI Jakarta citizens) daily. Therefore, Perumda Pasar Jaya resources
offer an opportunity for a mobile payment system. The utilization of mobile payment systems by small businesses in
traditional markets is part of the revitalization program by Perumda Pasar Jaya. Traditional market businesses may use mobile
payment to compete with modern stores and prevail in the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, the traditional market revitalization
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kameswara19001@mail.unpad.ac.id (K. Natakusumah)
ISSN 2561-8156 (Online) - ISSN 2561-8148 (Print)
© 2023 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada.
doi: 10.5267/j.ijdns.2022.10.003
306
program used a mobile payment system to maintain the existence of traditional markets and increase competitiveness in
providing daily necessities for the community (Wijayaa et al., 2021).
Perumda Pasar Jaya’s effort to encourage mobile payment technology in the traditional markets encountered both positive
and negative responses. Consumers tend to use cash in traditional market transactions. However, cash transactions have
several setbacks, such as the unavailability of small changes, fake or damaged money, and cash handling risk. In addition,
Perumda Pasar Jaya cannot monitor cash transactions and therefore reduce market management income. Home shopping
service connects 88 of 155 markets in DKI Jakarta and provides different shopping services from the marketplace. Consumers
can directly contact the merchants listed on Perumda Pasar Jaya’s website. The website shows the names of the merchants,
phone numbers, merchandise types, and market locations. However, consumers cannot view the products and prices in detail.
This system encourages the bargaining process between buyer and seller. In reality, the merchants claim that buyers demand
them to buy goods they do not sell. However, marketplace merchants can list their products, descriptions, specifications, and
prices. As a result, buyers can only buy products listed on the marketplace website. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is
one of the theories in information technology utilization. Davis (1989) developed TAM and the thinking framework of
behavioral intention on information technology. TAM focused on the user’s behavioral intention based on the perceived
usefulness and ease of utilizing information technology. TAM is one of many research models influencing the acceptance
determinant in information technology study. In this research, information technology refers to financial sector technology
such as mobile payment in small business management. The Scopus database showed that the study on mobile payment
utilization in small and medium businesses had been conducted since 2004. However, the publication on the subject started
in 2008. Therefore, mobile payment utilization in small and medium businesses is a new study that attracted interest from
academics and practitioners.
The previous researchers empirically used TAM to predict user acceptance and usage level based on perceived usefulness and
perceived ease of use of information technology. TAM showed that perceived usefulness and ease of use are crucial factors
that explain varying user behavioral intentions. According to Davis (1989), user behavioral intention relies on the intention to
use information technology. In this research, user behavioral intention referred to the perceived usefulness and perceived ease
of use of small businesses in the traditional markets that utilize information technology. However, perceived usefulness and
perceived ease of use received criticism since TAM did not fully explain user behavioral intentions on information technology
utilization. Therefore, previous researchers needed to find additional factors that could predict information system acceptance.
Chuang et al. (2016) and Gefen et al. (2003) added the “trust” variable to TAM theory in the context of information technology
usage. Therefore, this research modified TAM using the “trust” variable. The study by Chuang et al. (2016) on “the adoption
of fintech service: TAM perspective” aims to determine the influence of fintech adoption using the TAM model. The research
result showed that trust, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use positively influenced fintech user behavioral
intention. Various research used trust, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use as independent variables to assess their
influence on technology systems. However, previous research showed different findings and did not use the variables
simultaneously to assess mobile payment fintech. There were various studies on user behavioral intention on the utilization
of technology systems. However, little research assessed user behavioral intention on fintech (mobile payment) using small
businesses in Jakarta’s traditional market as a research object. The researchers chose small businesses in Jakarta’s traditional
markets for three reasons: (1) regulatory requirement from Perumda Pasar Jaya, (2) demand for technology development, (3)
consumer demand and the Covid-19 pandemic. The small businesses in Jakarta complained about the difficulty of facilitating
fintech. In addition, they questioned the fintech implementation from a religious perspective. Based on observation and
interview results, merchants refused to use fintech for religious reasons. Therefore, religiosity is crucial in determining fintech
implementation by small businesses in the traditional markets. Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) has observed the phenomenon.
MUI issued two fatwa (Legal ruling on a point of Islamic law given by a qualified jurist in response to a question posed by a
private individual, judge, or government) on sharia (Islamic divine law derived from the religious precepts of Islam) electronic
money (e-Money) and sharia fintech. Fatwa on Sharia e-Money is referred to as Fatwa Number 116/DSN-MUI/IX/2017. In
addition, the fatwa on Sharia-Based Information Technology Financing Service is referred to as Fatwa Number 117/DSN-
MUI/IX/2018. Both fatwa is related to sharia financial institutions and sharia business institution products and services. Fatwa
on sharia e-money manages the legal relationship between parties involved in e-money transactions. The fatwa requires akad
(Akad is derived from the word al-'Aqd which is a verbal noun form of the word 'Aqada which means recorded agreement or
contract) between e-money issuers and holders. For example, akad wadiah (A pure deposit from one party to another, both
individuals and legal entities must be guarded and returned whenever the depositor wants it) or akad qardh (Loan funds
without compensation, where the borrower returns the loan with the amount and within the agreed period). On the other hand,
akad between the issuer, e-money implementer, and digital financial service agent is called as akad ijarah (Contract of transfer
of usufructuary rights to goods or services through payment of rental wages, without being followed by transfer of ownership),
ju’alah (A promise or commitment to provide certain rewards for achieving specified results from a job), and wakalah bi al
ujrah (The contract of giving power by one person to another person to do something that is legally conditional, the granting
of power may be with or without the provision of wages). MUI issued regulations on Information Technology based financial
services that adhered to sharia principles. Implementing fintech mobile payment must not contradict sharia principles such as
riba (additions that are required and received by the lender in return for the borrower's debt), gharar (doubts, deception, or
actions aimed at harming others), and haram (something forbidden and may incur sin). Sharia fintech employs akads that
adhere to the characteristic of financial services such as akad mudharabah ( type of cooperation agreement regarding a
K. Natakusumah et al. / International Journal of Data and Network Science 7 (2023) 307
business between capital owner and manager) and musyarakah (cooperation between two or more parties to achieve a certain
goal, in business the goal is to gain profit from a jointly managed business).
Based on the research above the gap, we suggested additional factors in mobile payment adoption, such as religiosity, per-
ceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived security. Therefore, we assessed the factors mentioned above as part
of the TAM dimension. Based on the Scopus database, there is research on mobile payment technology adoption using the
religion factor. Usman et al. (2020) researched ‘integrating trust, religiosity, and image into technology acceptance model:
the case of the Islamic philanthropy in Indonesia’. Muflih (2022) studied ‘Muzakki’s adoption of mobile service: integrating
the roles of technology acceptance model (TAM), perceived trust and religiosity’. The two quantitative studies assessed the
religiosity factor in financial technology adoption. Furthermore, there was no research on mobile payment adoption using the
TAM perspective by small businesses in traditional markets.
2. Literature review and hypotheses development
2.1 Perceived Usefulness and Mobile Payment Adoption
Davis (1989) defined perceived usefulness as the degree to which a person believes using a particular system would enhance
their job performance. The proposition illustrates that individuals’ intent to use mobile payment technology is separate from
their attitude to technology, as they expect technology to increase their work performance. Previous research results showed
that perceived usefulness directly influenced behavioral intention to adopt mobile payment (Kelana et al., 2017; Riskinanto
et al., 2017; Sun & Havidz, 2019). In the context of cellular business service, previous research found that perceived usefulness
was crucial in determining mobile payment service adoption (Kelana et al., 2017; Riskinanto et al., 2017; Sun & Havidz,
2019; Juwaini et al., 2022). Therefore, we formulated the following hypothesis:
H1: Perceived usefulness influences mobile payment adoption.
2.2 Perceived Ease of Use and Mobile Payment Adoption
Davis (1989) defines perceived ease of use as the degree to which a person believes using a particular system would be free
of effort. According to TAM, perceived ease of use influences an individual’s attitude toward using a system. Previous re-
search showed that perceived ease of use is the primary tool of e-business, such as online trading (Chen, (2003) and online
banking (Guriting & Ndubisi, 2006). Users are concerned about the effort required to use an application and the complexity
of the processes involved. Furthermore, users prefer useful and interesting experiences during browsing, information identi-
fication, and transaction processes (Chen, 2003). Customers adopt mobile payment when the application is easy to use and
operate. Therefore, users easily adopt a technology due to its simplicity and usefulness (Rafdinal & Senalasari, 2021; Yan &
Yang, 2015; Zhou, 2011). We formulated the following hypothesis:
H2: Perceived ease of use influences mobile payment adoption.
2.3 Perceived Security and Mobile Payment Adoption
Salisbury et al. (2001) define perceived security as the extent to which one can securely transmit sensitive information over
the web. Threat refers to financial, resource, or network difficulties due to digital breaches such as denial of service, fraud,
data destruction, etc. (Kalakota & Whinston, 1997). Consumers consider perceived security as the extent to which they believe
their personal information will not be seen, stored, or misused by any party without their consent (Guinalíu, 2006). Perceived
security is considered a significant consideration in conducting financial transactions through electronic devices and can be a
major barrier to adopting e-commerce activities (Furnell & Karweni, 1999; Singh & Srivastava, 2018). Previous research
stated that perceived security influenced mobile payment adoption (Gao et al., 2018; Widyanto et al., 2021; Zhang et al.,
2019). Therefore, we formulated the following hypothesis :
H3: Perceived security influences mobile payment adoption.
2.4 Religiosity and Mobile Payment Adoption
The relationship between religiosity and the adoption of mobile payment technology is built on two rationales. The first is the
relationship between religion and technology. Technology and religion are seen as two competing things (Singh & Srivastava,
2018). Barlow (1996), Adamu (2002), and Bockover (2003) stated that the internet imposes a value system on its users and is
therefore perceived as a potential threat to Muslim society. Adoption of new technology can be perceived as an unnatural and
risky process by individuals who are deeply attached to their religion (Sjöberg, 2004; Sjöberg & Winroth, 1986). Fear of
technology can be perceived as something that undermines the preservation of religious values and generates community
resistance to technology adoption, which relies on religion-based justifications (Cabrera, 2010). However, another view
suggests that there is no real conflict. Technology and religion are not contradicting each other (Brooke, 1991). Buddenbaum
(2002) suggests that the relationship between religion and adopted technology needs to be considered together to develop and
308
deepen understanding of the relationship between the two. Armfield & Holbert (2003) and Lewis et al. (2005) studied the
implications of religiosity on internet use and showed simultaneous consumption of technology and religious beliefs. Religion
is a fundamental motivator at individual and collective levels that influences individual perceptions and attitudes towards new
technologies (Armfield et al., 2006). Technology is embedded in social processes to negotiate the formation of personal and
societal identities, which have the power to shape human desires and values (Campbell, 2006). Therefore, religion can act as
an important motivator in adopting new technologies (Fernback, 2002) and creating forms of religious activity that are not
available offline (Krogh & Pillifant, 2004). Dawson et al. (2000) argue that the technological services provided by the internet
provide a sound basis for religious communities and encourage individuals to be free from the limitations of time, space, and
mobility. The second is the relationship between knowledge and technology adoption. Al-Emran et al. (2020) have found
that the knowledge of technology users determines technology acceptance. Roziq et al. (2020) studied TAM development and
showed that knowledge determines the adoption of the zakat (a certain part of the property / asset that must be issued by every
Muslim after achieving specified conditions) management information system. Sa et al. (2018) have found that personal
factors determine mobile payment adoption. Based on the two optimistic opinions, we formulated the following hypothesis
H4: Religiosity influenced mobile payment adoption.
3. Research method
This research referred to relevant previous research. For example, Chuang et al. (2016) and Davis (1989) explained perceived
usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived security variables. We developed the religiosity variable using Pace (2014)
and mobile payment adoption using Mwania (2018). Perceived usefulness consisted of six indicators: saving on transactions,
limited time, limited space, convenience, flexibility in managing a business, and obtaining financial resources (Chuang et al.,
2016; Davis, 1989). Perceived ease of use consisted of five indicators: easy to access, easy transaction with consumers, easy
transaction with suppliers, easy to practice in business, and easy to learn (Chuang et al., 2016; Davis, 1989). Perceived security
indicators refer to misused, exploited, researched, accessed, and traded personal financial information (Ryu, 2018). Religiosity
consists of two indicators: intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity. We adopted the religiosity variable relevance to the
real condition (Pace, 2014). Finally, mobile payment adoption comprises six indicators: facilitating supplier transactions,
consumer transactions, opportunities to access financial resources, safe transactions, and usability at any time and place
(Mwania, 2018).
Fig. 1. Research Hypothesis Model
This research used professional sample calculation on 113 traditional markets under DKI Jakarta Province Perumda Pasar
Jaya that used mobile payment technology. We obtained 363 respondents from June 2020 until June 2021, coinciding with
the pandemic. Hypothesis testing employed SmartPLS 3.2.9 software and questionnaires. We adapted previous research to
ensure the questionnaires are relevant to the research objects
4. Findings
Table 1 shows the measuring model, such as Cronbach’s Alpha analysis, Composite Reliability (CR), and Average Variance
Extracted (AVE). The construct or indicators have fulfilled the minimum value of the measuring model. In this research, the
K. Natakusumah et al. / International Journal of Data and Network Science 7 (2023) 309
indicators have AVE > 0.5 and a loading factor > 0.6 (Hair Jr et al., 2014). Therefore, the latent variables and indicators
selected in this study are appropriate.
Table 1
Measurement Model
Construct/indicator α CR AVE
Mobile Payment Adoption 0.904 0.926 0.678
Perceived Security 0.888 0.918 0.691
Perceived Ease of Use 0.840 0.893 0.676
Perceived Usefulness 0.890 0.916 0.644
Religiosity 0.906 0.925 0.640
Table 2 shows bootstrapping analysis that measures the relationship between variables and hypothesis analysis with p <0.05
significance. The hypothesis testing result showed that Perceived Usefulness (t = 2.616), Perceived Ease of Use (t = 5.505),
Perceived Security (t = 2.414), and Religiosity (t = 2.401) were able to predict the intention factor for mobile payment
adoption. These findings indicate that all hypotheses are accepted.
Table 2
Structural Estimates Result
Variable Original Sample t-Stat Result
Perceived Security → Mobile Payment Adoption 0.161 2.414 Accepted
Perceived Ease of Use → Mobile Payment Adoption 0.351 5.505 Accepted
Perceived Usefulness → Mobile Payment Adoption 0.173 2.616 Accepted
Religiosity → Mobile Payment Adoption 0.191 2.401 Accepted
5. Discussion
Based on the analysis result, perceived usefulness influenced mobile payment adoption. Limited time, limited space,
convenience, flexibility in managing a business, and obtaining financial resources determined the intention of small businesses
to adopt mobile payment. Therefore, perceived usefulness influenced small businesses’ intention to adopt mobile payment.
Bailey et al. (2022) stated that the trust level in an organization and system influenced user intention to use cellular payment.
Small businesses adopted fintech due to the technology usefulness factor. The utilization of technology is an opportunity
during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, technology simplifies financial transactions at small businesses in traditional
markets—for example, the need to prepare for small changes in the transaction, the availability of an automatic recording
system, and access to financial resources such as a business capital loan. Previous research showed that perceived usefulness
directly influenced behavioral intention to use certain online systems (Kelana et al., 2017; Riskinanto et al., 2017; Sun &
Havidz, 2019). Furthermore, perceived ease of use increased the intention to adopt mobile payment. Perceived ease of use
and mobile payment adoption had a significant relationship. Therefore, easy access, easy consumer transactions, easy supplier
transactions, easy practice in business, and easy-to-learn indicators affected mobile payment adoption. Rafdinal & Senalasari
(2021), Yan & Yang (2015), and Zhou (2011) stated that small businesses considered perceived ease of use before using a
mobile payment system. As a result, mobile payment was easy to use and operate, encouraging users to adopt the technology
mentioned above and reap the benefit.
Perceived security in fintech adoption relates to safe financial transactions and user information confidentiality. The above
factors influenced the intention to adopt mobile payment (Gao et al., 2018; Patel & Patel, 2018; Widyanto et al., 2021).
Various research has observed the importance of security and user privacy in mobile payment (Bailey et al., 2022; Giovanis
et al., 2012; Patel & Patel, 2018) defined perceived security as the extent of a person’s trust in the safety of internet usage.
Due to security violations such as personal data leaks and account breaches, however, small businesses need to consider
security factors before adopting new technology. This research suggested that perceived credibility could better predict and
explain the behavioral intention to adopt mobile payment. Based on the research results, religiosity influenced small busi-
nesses’ intention to adopt mobile payment. Small businesses adopted mobile payment that adhered to religious teaching,
value, and sharia economic principle. Previous research stated that religiosity and fear of sinful acts determine community
intention to use mobile zakat services (Muflih, 2022; Suhartanto et al., 2019; Usman et al., 2020). For this reason, the
religiosity factor can be an important motivator in adopting new technology (Fernback, 2002) and creating forms of religious
activity that are not available offline (Krogh & Pillifant, 2004). Dawson et al. (2000) argue that technology services provide
a sound basis for religious communities and encourage individuals to be free from time, space, and mobility limitations.
6. Conclusion and suggestion
The empirical finding of this research provided a new perspective on TAM. This research studied the influence of religiosity
on fintech usage. We suggested religiosity as part of the concepts forming TAM. This research found that fintech has its
310
advantages for small businesses in traditional markets. For example, small businesses tend not to record financial transactions;
now, the mobile payment system allows small businesses to record transactions automatically. Religiosity and mobile payment
adoption are crucial factors determining a user’s use of fintech. Therefore, the research hypothesis is accepted. Furthermore,
small businesses in the traditional markets used the religiosity factor to consider using mobile payment. Therefore, sharia
fintech products may develop in the future because small businesses are eager to adopt mobile payment.
7. Research limitation
The research encountered difficulty during sample collection. The research sample was 113 traditional markets managed by
Perumda Pasar Jaya, DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia. The sample used mobile payment technology and was willing to be-
come a respondent to fill the questionnaire. However, the data collection was constrained due to the Covid-19 pandemic from
June 2020 to June 2021.
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