Jolyne Myrell Parera et al., Development Strategy For Micro Small Business (Umk) During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Maluku Province (2021)

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Article by Jolyne Myrell Parera, Debby Likumahua and R. Suryanti Ismail of Maluku Indonesian Christian University in MediaTrend 17 (2), published October 2021, on credit to micro and small businesses in Maluku Province during COVID-19. Using a survey, SWOT analysis and non-performing loan ratios for 2019 and 2020, the authors find banks were neither effective nor efficient in lending to these firms. Non-performing loans stayed below 5%, which they attribute to loan relaxation and government stimulus. They call for simpler credit paperwork and propose a five-year plan from 2020 to 2025 for competitive businesses built on e-commerce.

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“Jolyne Myrell Parera et al., Development Strategy For Micro Small Business (Umk) During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Maluku Province (2021).” Original at journal.trunojoyo.ac.id. Archived at Pandemic Darlings, https://pandemicdarlings.com/source-documents/jolyne-myrell-parera-et-al-development-strategy-for-micro-small-busine-45babf057b/, SHA-256 a1c968222fa1b90275fc882cf50d1846fe7e9353727ed97bddd909073d579ce5.

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MediaTrend 17 (2) 2021 p. 259-274

Media Trend
Berkala Kajian Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan
http://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/mediatrend

Development Strategy For Micro Small Business (Umk) During The Covid-19
Pandemic In Maluku Province

Jolyne Myrell Parera1*, Debby Likumahua2, R. Suryanti Ismail3

1,2,3
Maluku Indonesian Christian University

Article Information ABSTR ACT
Article of History: This research was conducted based on the reality of the research problem, where
Received September 2021 economic activity in SMEs is in a threatened position due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Approved September 2021
Published October 2021 This study aims to analyze the internal and external sides of SMEs, measure financial
stability and lending to banks, analyze whether credit provision has been efficient
or not in improving banking performance for SMEs. In addition, strategic policy
measures are taken through a roadmap for developing competitive and sustainable
SMEs. The research method used is a survey method. The data obtained were
processed based on the principles of descriptive statistics, namely the analysis of
Non Performing Loans (NPL) to determine the ratio of NPL and the average NPL.
The time period used for analysis needs is 2019 and 2020. The results of the SWOT
analysis, Non Performing Loans (NPL), effectiveness and efficiency, indicate that
banks have not been effective and not efficient in disbursing credit. This needs to be
a concern for banks in disbursing credit to SMEs, by providing easy administrative
requirements for SMEs proposing credit, so that SMEs can have business capital for
the development of competitive and sustainable SMEs. On the other hand, the results
of the NPL calculation are below 5%, this shows a healthy banking performance,
meaning that there are no bad loans, as a result of relaxation and stimulus from
the Government to SMEs when SMEs experience a chaotic situation due to the
COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, a 5-year development plan was carried out,
namely from 2020-2025, with the goal of strategic planning being competitive and
sustainable SMEs based on e-commerce.

Keywords: SWOT, NPL, Effective, Efficient.
JEL Classification Code: G21, E51, D61

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v15i2.11698
© 2021 MediaTrend. All rights reserved.
Strategy for Development ..... MediaTrend 17 (2) 2021 p. 259-274

INTRODUCTION of MSEs in Maluku province.
For more than twenty years, the role The Covid-19 pandemic situation
of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises provides both challenges and opportunities
(UMK) in the Indonesian economy has for the government to maintain the
continued to increase. Even in 1998 when existence of MSEs. The hand is interpreted,
there was an economic crisis, MSEs there is a need for a short-term solution to
became the savior of the Indonesian help MSEs. Opportunities are interpreted
economy. The dynamics of MSEs continue as short-term solutions that need to be
to move in line with economic growth, followed by long-term solutions, especially
so as to increase the added value of the when associated with the industrial era
economy in terms of the creation of new 4.0 which requires digital technology to
business fields and employment. Currently, support economic activities. There are
Indonesia has entered the era of the several short-term solutions to maintain
industrial revolution 4.0, and therefore the existence of MSEs. According to the
speed and accuracy are needed by Organization for Economic Cooperation
MSE actors. MSEs must be able to and Development (OECD) and Financial
penetrate the e-commerce business, not ServicesAuthority (OJK) Regulation Number
in a conventional way. 11/POJK.03/2020 concerning National
Maluku Province UMK production Economic Stimulus as a Cauntercyclical
in the fourth quarter of 2019 increased Policy, solutions that need to be considered
by 0.74%, compared to the previous related to MSEs are: (1) strict health
period. (BRS, 2020). This shows that the protocols, ( 2) postponement of debt or
contribution of MSEs to the economic credit payments to maintain financial
growth of Maluku Province in driving the liquidity of MSEs, (3) financial assistance for
economy is quite significant. The Covid-19 MSEs, and (4) structural policies.
pandemic has had a negative impact The challenges faced by MSEs
on all sectors of life, both from the social during the Covid-19 pandemic since the
sector and the economic sector. Referring enactment of the PSBB are; (1) difficulty
to the Regulation of the Minister of Health in supplying raw materials; (2) Decreased
number 9/2020 concerning Guidelines for cash flow as a result of declining people's
Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) purchasing power resulting in decreased
causing economic activities, especially income; (3) fall in demand. Observing
production, distribution and sales to this condition, during the implementation
experience disruptions which ultimately of the PSBB, MSEs used Facebook and
disrupt the performance of MSEs. WhatsApp to market their wares.
Based on statistical data from Business digitization is of course not easy,
Maluku Province, economic growth in the it requires infrastructure readiness, human
first quarter of 2020 was 4.01%, with a resources and product innovation so that
growth contraction of 2.32%. Meanwhile, the quality and quantity of goods are
in the second quarter of 2020, economic maintained. The government continues to
growth decreased by 1.52%, with a strive to assist MSEs with various regulations
contraction of 2.61%. (BPS, BRS, 2020). to make it easier for MSEs to survive for
Observing the economic situation as the sustainability of their business. One of
mentioned above, it is necessary to get the programs in the banking sector is the
serious attention and be used as relaxation program or credit restructuring
an evaluation material for the local for MSEs affected by the COVID-19
government to design the right pandemic that meets the provisions. MSEs
activities and strategies for the existence must have resilience and agility in dealing

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with economic changes so that they are able
to adapt to enter the new normal era.

METHODOLOGY
This research begins by examining
and analyzing the role of MSEs during the
COVID-19 pandemic through regulations
relating to health protocols, financial system
stability to encourage economic growth,
credit stimulus to maintain MSEs' Based on the analysis carried
performance during the COVID-19 out, a roadmap for the development of
pandemic, and encourage MSEs. to MSEs during the Covid-19 Pandemic
develop business through e-commerce was made to become a reference for the
The research method used is a implementation of strategies and policies
survey method, namely to obtain factual by local governments.
facts and information based on research
problems, using descriptive analysis RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
through a quantitative approach, with PROFILE Micro and Small
inferential descriptive analysis methods. Enterprises (UMK) in Indonesia consists of
The data obtained is processed based on three major clusters, namely the producer,
descriptive statistical principles, namely the trading and service clusters. Producer
analysis of Non Performing Loans (NPL) to clusters generally produce a variety of
determine the ratio of NPLs and average food and beverages, including various
NPLs using data from Bank Indonesia, clothing, printing and other creative
while to measure the effectiveness and industries. Trading businesses include
efficiency of lending using data from the street vendors, culinary businesses,
Directorate General (DITJEND). Maluku fashion shops, basic food businesses,
Province State Treasury. The time period etc. Meanwhile, service businesses
used for analysis needs is 2019 and 2020. include online transportation businesses,
In addition, a strength, weakness, travel agents, beauty salons and clinics
opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis and other service businesses. In Maluku
model is used in order to be able to identify Province, the number of MSEs reached
internal factors (weaknesses or 147,000 businesses or 99.15% of the total
weaknesses) and MSE external factors businesses in Maluku and spread across all
that are strengths and sources of non-agricultural categories. Its
opportunities. Besides that, it can existence is able to absorb more than
also formulate alternative MSE 0.35 million workers or about 87.75
strategies both from the internal and of the total non-agricultural workforce
external sides. The following will (SE BPS, 2016).
present the analysis model as follows:

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Table 1.
Percentage of UMK by category in Maluku province 2017

Source: Economic Survey, BPS, Maluku Province, 2016
The data above shows that small, throughout Indonesia and 875 of them
micro and medium enterprises are still the located in Maluku and Papua indicate a
main drivers of the economy in Maluku. shift in business behavior for MSEs to
MSEs play an important role in driving maintain their business.
the wheels of the economy. However, the
Covid 19 Pandemic that hit Indonesia 4.1. SWOT analysis
in early 2020 was a heavy blow to the Internal factor analysis was
national economy, especially for MSEs carried out to identify factors in the form
who really felt the impact of various of strengths and weaknesses, while
policies implemented by the government. external factor analysis was carried out by
The results of the Covid 19 Impact survey processing external factors in the form of
on business actors released by BPS on opportunities and threats to MSEs during
September 15, 2020, with 34,559 business the pandemic-19. Below you can see the
respondents spread SWOT analysis table as follows:
Table 2
SWOT analysis

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Table 3
Urgency of Handling

4.2. Description of SWOT Analysis characteristics or conditions attached to
A. Changes in Marketing Aspect business activities and the behavior of
The pattern of marketing goods the entrepreneur concerned in running
and services, MSEs have their own his business (LPPI, 2015). These
characteristics in running their business. characteristics are the distinguishing
The characteristics of MSEs are factual characteristics between business actors

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according to the scale of their business. in utilizing technology are important things
Product marketing in normal situations that need to be considered in developing
tends to lead to conventional marketing the MSE business.
patterns. Conventional marketing of According to research on the social
goods and services then becomes the media management platform Hootsuite
main choice because business actors and the We Are Social Marketing Agency
have limited knowledge about the use entitled "Global Digital Report 2020" which
of technology in marketing goods and was released at the end of January 2020,
services. Conventional marketing patterns it was stated that the number of internet
become less effective in certain situations. users in Indonesia in 2020 had reached
For example in the current pandemic 175.4 million people. Compared to 2019,
conditions. this figure has increased by 17% or by
The MSE business sector that was 25 million users (Techno and Science,
most affected and experienced a decline February 21, 2020). Furthermore, it was
in demand was the accommodation explained that during 2019, internet users
and food and drink, transportation and in Indonesia, aged 15 to 64 years, had an
trade sectors, as well as other services. average of 7 hours 59 minutes per day to
Government regulations that impose surf the virtual world. This figure exceeds
restrictions on community activities (PKM) the global average of only spending
and large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) 6 hours 43 minutes per day using the
are the main factors for the decline in internet. Indonesia also has 160 million
demand. There was a spike in inflation in social media users with an average usage
the city of Ambon until June 2020 which per day reaching 3 hours 26 minutes,
was recorded at 0.43. Meanwhile, the level which exceeds the global average of 2
of household consumption expenditure in hours 24 minutes per day and is below the
the first quarter of 2020 was -5.53 and the Philippines with a total time of 3 hours 53
second quarter of 2020 was -1.14. This minutes per day. The number of internet
situation is exacerbated by restrictions on and social media users will continue to
land, sea and air transportation. This has grow considering the very large population
hampered the pace of economic growth, of Indonesia. Taking into account the data
especially the operational activities of above, online marketing options have great
MSEs. In addition, the simple management potential to develop MSEs.
of MSEs also has an impact on the weak Online marketing or Digital
marketing aspects of the business itself. It Marketing is very useful in marketing
is known that the management of MSEs MSE products today. This method allows
in Maluku has informal characteristics MSEs to always be connected with
which are characterized by not having consumers indefinitely. Business actors
legal entity status, not keeping financial can also respond to consumer requests
records properly, running with limited quickly and can serve various complaints
capital and expertise, and using very submitted online. In this way, the various
simple technology. The number of MSEs costs incurred as a result of conventional
that are not legal entities still dominates, marketing policies can be minimized.
reaching almost 86%. Similarly, the use of Furthermore, the online marketing policy
information technology, such as the use by MSEs needs to be supported by the
of computers and the internet, is still not provision of service facilities and internet
optimal. In relation to access to marketing, network access that is well connected in
knowledge of business actors in managing areas that are MSE business centers.
their business operations as well as skills This is very important to expand the

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marketing network, increase sales volume enterprises and 12.5% for medium and
and disseminate access to information for large enterprises. In addition, when viewed
consumers and fellow business actors. from the prospect of MSEs in the future, the
In addition, business actors also need to government has targeted an increase in
cooperate with providers of transportation businesses that have the potential to grow
and delivery services to facilitate the and be innovative. The implementation of
process of delivering goods to consumers physical distancing and PSBB in several
as well as opportunities for implementing areas, both in Maluku and other regions
on-site payment models. This payment in Indonesia, also has an impact on the
model can also provide alternatives and disruption of MSEs' operational activities.
various payment methods and increase The distribution of raw materials that are not
consumer confidence in products and cool and the increase in raw material prices
business existence. is more common in the food and beverage
sector. For example, the raw material for
B. Quality of Human Resources and soybeans. There was an increase as well
Business Operations as supply constraints from distributors
The sluggish national economy outside the region. Barriers to the supply
has caused a decrease in the level of work of raw materials and price spikes are one
motivation and productivity of business of the factors driving businesses to take
management. The Work From Home other policies to save their businesses.
(WFH) policy creates new problems The attitudes and policies adopted by the
for MSE business players. Significant company in relation to these conditions are
changes are certainly felt by workers and as follows:
business actors. Not all work can be done a. Some business actors have
from home. For MSEs that carry out the decided to temporarily stop
process of producing goods, work from operating. This is caused by the
home cannot be carried out. This can also inability to finance the company's
happen to MSEs engaged in services. operations.
This is due to inadequate facilities when b. Some business actors have
working from home. Communication decided to continue operating their
and coordination are very limited, plus businesses by implementing WFH
internet access is not evenly distributed for some of their employees and also
throughout Maluku. In addition, the supply implementing physical distancing
of production raw materials that come for workers who are still working
from outside the region, makes production in their original place.
activities not run well. Some businesses c. Several business actors implement
are forced to terminate employment with WFH for all their workers while closely
their workers to reduce operational costs. monitoring their operational
Meanwhile, workers who are still active in activities.
MSE operations must comply with various d. Some business actors even run their
health andemics while working. This often business beyond their normal
causes discomfort at work for workers capacity. This tends to happen to
and business actors. Work motivation businesses that switch from their
decreases, as does business productivity. original fields. For example,
Even though it is known that MSEs are the a garment company that originally
largest absorbers of labor. Labor absorption produced ready-made clothes,
by business status in Maluku province was then switched to the production of
recorded at 87.75% for micro and small personal protective equipment

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for health. had to be incurred remained unchanged.
e. Most of the business actors are still Even the costs that must be incurred
running their business normally or as to maintain business continuity are
usual. This policy was carried out far greater than the current income. In
with various considerations, addition, the ability to pay short-term and
including the business cannot be long-term obligations is also experiencing
carried out with WFH, the supply problems. The Bank Indonesia Maluku
of raw materials is running normally, Representative Office noted that as of
the business is an important sector, July 2020 there were unpaid MSME loans
protecting workers from the risk or bad loans of Rp 4,026,719,777,265 or
of layoffs, as well as maintaining 3.95% of the total loans disbursed.
business continuity. During this pandemic, the
This situation requires MSE government plans several programs to
business actors to make new plans or strengthen MSEs that have the potential
strategies to maintain and develop their to revive the country's economy. Among
businesses. Because UMK is still a pillar these programs are the cash assistance
of the national economy. The government stimulus and also the People's Business
also provides full support to maintain MSE Credit (KUR) to strengthen business
business continuity and develop MSE capital. This assistance to MSEs is planned
business in the future. to last until 2021. Several MSEs in Maluku
In this regard, the workforce under the guidance of Bank Indonesia
needs to be trained to improve knowledge have also received attention in improving
and skills in accordance with the MSE their business conditions. The assistance
business field. This training can be carried provided to the assisted MSMEs was
out according to the level of interest and not in the form of fresh money, but Bank
the company's ability to carry it out. In Indonesia provided assistance in the form of
the current situation, job training can be Capacity Building to MSMEs in the context
directed at the employee's ability to produce of the Covid-19 pandemic. In general, the
better quality products. This training tends Capacity Building carried out is related to
to increase soft skills and hard skills in digital payment systems, e-commerce,
areas related to MSE business. Such packaging, and digital promotions. This
as product processing training, online training and assistance helps business
media use training, and financial report actors to develop their business, especially
preparation training. This training activity in terms of digitizing the MSE business.
can be carried out in collaboration with All of that is also a very useful thing in the
UMK and government-owned job training business world today and in the future.
centers or in collaboration with universities Digitalization of MSEs business
in community service programs. will transform business processes from
conventional concepts to become virtual
C. Finance and Digitalization of MSEs ones. This transformation is carried
Other problems faced by MSEs out on business processes, functions
are financial problems and the digitization and business models and is applied to
of MSEs. Financial problems are the most digital technology. In general, this virtual
faced by MSEs. The sudden decline in concept includes transaction processing
transactions began to be felt since early and application of enterprise systems.
February 2020. Sales and revenues Business digitization can accelerate
decreased during the pandemic, while work efficiency, reduce the use of human
operating costs and other fixed costs that labor, increase profits and expand market
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share globally. It is known that technology The current Covid-19 pandemic
is starting to become the controller in has caused a decline in economic activity,
the business world. Various companies inflation and changes in interest rates,
and MSEs in the world have turned to making banks selective to anticipate a
technology functions to facilitate business surge in non-performing loans or bad
with greater income. Thus, digitizing the loans. To encourage the optimization
MSE business can encourage business of the banking intermediation function,
development, especially in uncertain maintain financial system stability, and
conditions such as during this pandemic. support economic growth, a stimulus
Through the use of technology, MSEs can policy is needed as a countercyclical to the
cut production costs and promotion costs. impact of the spread of COVID-19, which
Product marketing becomes easier, more is regulated in Financial Services Authority
effective and efficient, and is targeted at Regulation (POJK) No.11/POJK.03/2020.
the right target. In addition, the reach of In addition to stimulus policies, but also
digital technology is not limited to cross- credit relaxation or relaxation to debtors
country coverage. For this reason, MSE and MSEs, this is to encourage MSEs'
business development can be carried out performance to survive during the Covid-19
in stages by getting assistance or through period.
collaboration with related institutions and Non-Performing Loan (NPL)
communities. Under current conditions, analysis is one of the analyzes to assess
MSEs can join a sales platform or market the performance of banking functions,
place that provides marketing facilities, on debtors (MSEs) related to liquidity
promotions and online payment models. (inability to pay), profitability (uncollectible
Of course, this kind of business digitization debts, and solvency (reduced capital). BI
model will reduce and minimize business Regulation No. 6 /10/PBI/2004 dated April
operational costs. 12, 2004 concerning the Rating System for
Commercial Bank Soundness stipulates
4.3 Analysis of Non-Performing Loans that the ratio of non-performing loans
(NPL) (NPL) is 5%.
Table 4
Calculation of NPL UMK in 2019

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Source : Bank Indonesia, Maluku Representative, 2020
Based on the results of the NPL Ambon Branch is getting lower, which
calculation in table 4 above, from January- means the better the performance of
December 2019 it was in the range of banks towards MSEs. There is serious
2-3%, with an average NPL of 3.14%. In attention from Bank Indonesia to MSEs in
accordance with the NPL criteria below Maluku Province for the development and
5%. This shows that in 2019 the level of sustainability of MSEs.
non-performing loans at Bank Indonesia
Table 5
Calculation of NPL UMK in 2020

Source : Bank Indonesia, Maluku Representative, 2020

The results of the NPL calculation 4.4. Credit Effectiveness and
in 2020 in table 5 above, the lowest is Efficiency Analysis
2.27% and the highest is 2.76%, while A. Effectiveness Analysis
the average since January-July 2020 is Giving credit that does not
2.47%. When compared to 2019, the NPL pay attention to existing policies and
in 2020 is smaller. This indicates that the procedures will invite irregularities. One of
banking performance is healthy, meaning andem that is important in providing credit
that there are no non-performing or bad by conducting early detection of credit to be
loans. The stimulus and relaxation policy disbursed, thus avoiding congestion. On
for people's business credit (KUR) from this basis, during the Covid-19 pandemic,
the Government is very helpful in reducing restructuring and relaxation policies
MSEs while maintaining their performance, became important to save MSEs from credit
so that the ability to pay or repay loans congestion.The effectiveness of lending
from MSEs can run according to the rules is the achievement of the realization of
agreed between MSEs and banks. lending based on what targets have been
set by the bank. The greater the realization

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of lending, the greater the effectiveness of credit is said to be effective if the amount
lending in order to optimize the allocation of output andem is greater than or equal to
of funds. Measurement of financial the target output.
effectiveness is based on the relationship The standard of effectiveness
between income and outcome. This aims according to the Decree of the Minister
to analyze how effective the financial value of Home Affairs No. 690.900-327 of 1996
of MSEs is that can be used as a reference. concerning the criteria for assessment and
The greater the realization contribution, financial performance can be known to be
the more effective the MSEs are in carrying effective or not by meeting the following
out their activities. That is, the provision of criteria:

Criteria for effectiveness level

Table 6
Maluku KUR distribution as of 31 December 2019

Source: Directorate General of Treasury of Maluku Province, 2020

Table 7
Maluku KUR distribution as of 31 August 2020

Source: Directorate General of Treasury of Maluku Province, 2020

Year 2019 =140,477,578,985,477 x100 % = 1%
799,220,000,000,000 Recommendation = Ineffective
= 18%
Recommendation = Ineffective
Based on the results of the 2019
Year 2020 =107,562,242,399,336 x 100 % KUR calculation, it is 18%, and in 2020
10,590,000,000,000,000

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it is 1%. Referring to the effectiveness allocated forthe health sector, and subsidy

criteria as in the table above, neither policies intended for people affected by

2019 nor 2020 KUR distribution was COVID-19, or also delaying the distribution

effective. For 2019 there were 82% of of KUR until normal conditions.

Kurs that were not channeled, and in 2020 B. Efficiency Analysis
it was 99%. This shows that banks must Banking competitiveness is reflected
in the bank's ability to deal with any
provide convenience or space in terms of
disturbances that arise, both internally and
administrative procedures for lending to externally. Internally such as high interest
MSEs, so that MSEs can develop, given rates and externally such as the Covid-19
condition that is currently engulfing the
theandem most MSEs have limited working
world. Facing the current economic
capital. The distribution of credit needed conditionsandemicThe good performance
by MSEs in Maluku Province is mostly of a bank can be seen from the level of
efficiency achieved by the bank. One of
intended to increase business capital to
the performance measures expected is
increase production. In CenturyDuring the ability to produce maximum output
this covid-19 pandemic, Bank Indonesia with the use of certain inputs. The policy
on credit restructuring and relaxation is the
continues to encourage SMEs to carry out
government's effort to improve banking
marketing activities through digitalization performance by improving the quality of
that leads to e-commers. services to debtors (UMK) to maximize
output and minimize input. This is done in
On the other hand, entrepreneurs
order to maintain stabilityfinancial security
do not yet have sufficient knowledge to but also improve the performance of MSEs
sell goods through e-commers, therefore to stay afloat when andemic covid-19.
Based on table 6 and table 7 above,
education is needed through training,
the results of the calculation of credit
but also MSEs must have digitalization efficiency can be seen as follows:
infrastructure facilities, so it is very
Year 2019 = 140,477,578,985,477 x 100 %
necessary to facilitate MSEs through KUR 69,559,243,736,338
= 2.02%
in Maluku Province. It can be said that the

inefficiency of the KUR in 2020, which is Year 2020 = 107,462,242,399,336 x 100%
19,207,986,083,498
only 1%, is also influenced by the Covid-19 = 5.59%
condition, where most of the State budget is

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From the results of the calculation unhealthy bank.
of the bank's efficiency level in 2019 and The banking sector still has not
2020, it can be illustrated that the level of provided much space and opportunity
optimizing credit output and input is not to MSEs with various problems such
efficient because income is still smaller as how to repay credit, how to manage
than the specified target. This is due to credit that can benefit both parties, also
the precautionary principle applied by the process of application and lending
banks to lending (KUR) to MSEs, even to MSEs is still minimal in terms of the
though restructuring and relaxation requirements that must be met by MSEs. .
policies have been carried out for MSEs,
given the Covid-19 condition, many MSEs 4.5. Roadmap for MSE Development in
have experienced sluggish decline in Maluku Province
production, high inflation rates, causing

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