İsmihan Göze et al., Pharmaceutical Services and Pharmacy Economies in Sivas before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ethical Analysis (2025)
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Research article by İsmahan Aydın Göze, Ziynet Çınar and Ahmet Altun in the Journal of Research in Pharmacy, volume 30, issue 4 (2026), on community pharmacies in Sivas, Türkiye, before and after COVID-19. The authors ran an online questionnaire of community pharmacists, who are mostly small business owners. Respondents reported heavier workloads, no government help with protective equipment, falling revenue and losses on expired stock. Some took bank loans or put personal savings into their pharmacies, and the authors also cite blame over mask prices and online sales of agricultural and veterinary drugs. They propose a national emergency action plan for pharmacies.
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Journal of ResearchArticle
Research in Pharmacy www.jrespharm.com
Pharmaceutical Services And Pharmacy Economies In
Sivas Before And After The Covid-19 Pandemic. An Ethical
Analysis
İsmahan Aydın GÖZE 1* İD , Ziynet ÇINAR 2 İD , Ahmet ALTUN 3 İD
1 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul Kent University, 34406 Kağıthane, İstanbul, Türkiye.
2 Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Türkiye.
3 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Türkiye.
* Corresponding Author. E-mail: igoze58@gmail.com (İ.A.G); Tel. +90.533.361 86 86.
Received: 14 February 2025 / Revised: 7 May 2025 / Accepted: 2 April 2026
ABSTRACT: The research was conducted to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pharmacy
services and pharmacy economies in Sivas community pharmacies. This study employs a descriptive and quantitative
research design. Questionnaire and informed consent forms were distributed to participants online. Only volunteers
who provided informed consent were included in the study. During the pandemic, the workload of community
pharmacists increased, and pharmacists could not receive support from any governmental institution to protect
themselves against the ongoing disease. They also had to deal with economic difficulties due to decreased pharmacy
revenues, expiration dates, and stock losses. Moreover, due to their assignment in vaccine and mask distribution, the
risk of transmission in pharmacies has increased significantly.In addition, the unfair accusations which made against
pharmacists due to the rise in mask prices and the disclosure of their names have created other problems for
pharmacists.It has been observed that pharmacies applied for bank loans to provide business financing, or pharmacists
had to sell their savings and add itto the their pharmacies’ capital.There were no institutions to support pharmacists
within this economical struggle period.It has been determined that uncontrolled drug sales on the internet (agricultural
and veterinary drugs) and non-pharmacysales of food products had disrupted the incomebalance of pharmacists and
these factors resulted pharmacies to have difficulty in paying. During the pandemic, all health professionals, including
pharmacists, worked with great devotion, but these sacrifices could not be seen or acknowledged by many. The COVID-
19 pandemic has brought financial trouble to community pharmacists, who are more likely to be small business owners.
In addition to the fact that community pharmacists were caught unprepared for the pandemic, it was found that all the
problems detected were an opportunity to learn from the current situation. Our findings are intended to guide
preparing a “national emergency action plan” for possible out-of-control situations (such as earthquakes, fires, floods,
pandemics etc.).
KEYWORDS: Covid-19; pharmacy economies; pandemic; community pharmacies; ethical and economic analysis.
1. INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 Pandemic has become a global health problem, infecting more than 6 million
individuals in the world since the beginning of 2020 1,2. Healthworkers who dealt with the diagnosis and
treatment of the diseases during the pandemic have been in close contact with COVID-19 patients and have
become an occupational group whose health is at great risk1-3
The existence of the pandemic process was officially accepted in our country on 10/01/2020 with the
establishment of the "Coronavirus Science Board and Operation Center" affiliated with the Ministry of Health.
On 21/03/2020, test centers were established and spread in many hospitals. While distance education started
on 23/03, "life fits home/hayat eve sığar" campaigns were llaunched with curfew restrictions. COVID-19 death
numbers began to be announced to the public on 29/03. Intercity travel bans on 03/04, and curfewb egan on
04/04/2020.
Community pharmacists, who have the status of 1st level Health care providers, continued their 24/7
hours work shift un interrupted during the pandemicas the Health workers that the public can reach
How to cite this article: Göze I. Çınar Z. Altun A. Pharmaceutıical Services and Pharmacy Economies in Sivas before and after the Covid-19
Pandemic. An Ethical Analysis. J ResPharm. 2026; 30(4): 1018-1026.
© 2023 Marmara UniversityPress https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1639923
ISSN: 2630-6344
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Goze et al. Journal of Research in Pharmacy
Pharmacy economies in Sivas before and after the Covid-19
pandemic. An ethical analysis ResearchArticle
mosteasily. Pharmacists tookcare of the patients who came to the pharmacy with complaints such as "I have
flu" and "I have a fever" at the beginning of the epidemic, when the symptoms were unknown. Community
pharmacists received their prescriptions and directly contacted all patients without any physical distancing.
As a matter of fact, the first person who died of COVID-19 in Turkey was a pharmacist called Ecz.
İhsan Giray (17/03/2020). As the pandemic progressed, the roles of community pharmacists and hospital
pharmacists in our country3-7 and in the world8-14, and prevention methods from the epidemic were
determined by the researchers, and it was seen that all Health care workers struggled with similar problems.
As a matter of fact, pharmacists in our country continued their work undergreat risk during the "COVID-19
pandemic, (16/03/2020), even though places of worship were closed14,15. Even under curfew limitations, which
were applied for about 3 months to both people groups (including 65 years old people and older and those
who are 20 years old and under) pharmacists prepared and delivered the prescriptions to their patients.
- Pharmacy working hours were regulated, pharmacies were exempted from the ban and remained
open even on curfew days, and the shifts continued uninterrupted.
- Pharmacists also briefed the public on prevention and treatment protocols for opportunist infections
that appeared with COVID-19.
- It has been decided to supply the prescribed medicines of patients with chronic diseases directly
from pharmacies without going to a Health institution, and pharmacies have delivered the medicine to the
patient without interrupting this service.
- And finally, pharmacists were given a "public duty" by the state in the form of free mask distribution
and free fluvaccine distribution to citizens (05/04/2020). Pharmacists have successfully fulfilled these services,
too.
- During the pandemic period, people who came from abroad were quarantined in the dormitories of
Sivas Credit and Hostels Institution, and community pharmacists provided medicines under the coordination
of the 37th Region Sivas Chamber of Pharmacists. (In this process, it is a fact that the majority of peoplecoming
from abroad did not have any sort of social security, and their medicines are financed by pharmacists.)
- In addition, not even a single institution has started a project on "How pharmacies should be
protected from the epidemic", and pharmacists were left alone in this sense. Each pharmacist has taken their
own pre-cautionswith the reflex of a Health care professional.
- In addition to all these duties, pharmacies continued their primary services. This situation has
exposed pharmacists and pharmacy workers to a great risk of contamination. Our pharmacists had to deal
with both the epidemic and economic problems, which have triggered an on going economic challenge.
In this research, we aimed to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the service delivery,
economic situation, and ethical practices of community pharmacies in Sivas.
2. RESULTS
51 of 195 Sivas pharmacists participated in there search voluntarily. At the first stage, the health
conditions of pharmacists and their employees were examined during the pandemic period. It was determined
that among these 51 pharmacies, in 9 out of 51 the pharmacists were infected with coronavirus, and in 20 out
of 51 the pharmacy workers were infected with coronavirus (In Sivas, 3 of our pharmacist colleagues died due
to coronavirus, and they are not included in the study data). The participants' socio-demographic information
and distribution are shown in Tables 1A and 1 B. 20 (39.2%) were female pharmacists, and 31 (60.8%) were
male pharmacists. Forty-two pharmacists (82.4%) are married, and 9 (17.6%) are single. Forty-six participants
(90.2%) live in an elementary family type. Forty-two pharmacists (82.4%) received bachelor's of pharmacy
degrees, 8 (15.7%) master's degrees, and 1 (2%) doctorate degrees (Table 1A).
Twenty-seven participants (52.9%) are between the ages of 25-44. There is a Health institution near 26
pharmacies (51%). Fifteen (29.4%) of the participants were identified as having a community pharmacy for
less than 10 years, 19 (37.2%) of the participants had a community pharmacy for 10-29 years, and 17
pharmacists (33.4%) for 30 years or more (Table 1B).
Pharmacists were asked about their workload; 29 (56.9%) pharmacists described their work as 'heavy.'
30 pharmacists (58.8%) stated that they had time problems, 31 (60.7%) of the pharmacists stated that they
worked in thepharmacyfor 8-10 hours, and 22 (43.1%) pharmacists saidthat they could not spare enough time
for their families (Table 2).
Pharmacists were asked about the basic product buyer. Before and after the pandemic, SGK (Turkish
Social Security Institution) was the main buyer of 49 (96.1%) of 51 pharmacists. While 46 pharmacies (90.2%)
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pandemic. An ethical analysis ResearchArticle
declared that the sale of drugs by prescription before the pandemic was the main income of thepharmacy, 44
pharmacies after the pandemic said that their main income was from drug selling (86.3%) (Table 3).
Before the pandemic, 25 pharmacists (49.1%) claimed that they constantly felt stressed; this number
increased to 36 (70.6%) during the pandemic period. When the pharmacy economies were examined before
and after the pandemic, one pharmacist (2%) declared a monthly income of 3000.- TL, this number increased
to 6 people (11.8%) during thepandemic. The number of 16 pharmacists (31.4%) who declaredin comeover
12.000.- TL before the pandemic decreased to 2 people (27.5%) during the pandemic.
Before and after the pandemic, pharmacist was asked about "satisfaction with pharmacy income";
Before the pandemic, 34 (66.7%) pharmacists said “I am satisfied with my job”, and 13 (24.9%) pharmacists
said “I am not satisfied at all”, during the pandemic; The number of pharmacists who said "I am not satisfied"
increased to 24 (47.0%) while three people were "undecided" (5.9%). Employment status of employees in the
pharmacy before and during the pandemic was asked; While the number of pharmacies that employe person
before the pandemic was 4 (7.8%), it became 8 (15.7%) pharmacies during the pandemic; While the number of
pharmacies employing four or more people was 2 (3.9%), it was determined as 3 (5.9%) pharmacies (Table 4).
While 45 (88.2%) pharmacies could maintain their pharmacy working capital with only pharmacy income
before the pandemic, this number decreased to 40 (78.4%) during the pandemic. The number of pharmacists
who obtained a business loan from the bank increased from 2 (3.9%) to 5 (9.8%) (Table 4).
Pharmacists were also asked about their "future plans"; Only 31 (60.7%) of 51 pharmacists stated that
they would continue too per ate a pharmacy. The question "What do you think is the biggest danger
threatening pharmacies and the pharmacy profession?" was asked; It was statedby 26 pharmacists (51%) that
newly opened pharmacy faculties (with no sufficient staff either) are the biggest threat. 18 pharmacists (35.2%)
stated that the rumors of opening pharmacy chains as a result of theen forcement of the current law on by
newly graduated pharmacists is these cond biggest threat. On the other hand, it was stated by 41 pharmacists
(80.4%) that ales of veterinary drugs, pesticides and food supplements out of pharmacies caused a greatloss
in pharmacy revenues (Table 5).
3. DISCUSSION
Pharmacies are the most easily accessible health centers, and pharmacists are the closest health
consultants. In this respect, in case of any disease symptoms, especially during epidemic periods, they are the
first Health care institutions and people to be approached by the patients. However, pharmacies can also
become a source of epidemic if necessary precautions won’t be taken. Therefore, it is very important for public
health to take preventive measures, primarily in pharmacies, in the fight against epidemics4-14. During the
pandemic, pharmacists were not provided with support and information regarding new types of coronavirus
protection methods, which have a very high risk of transmission. Pharmacists have taken precautions with
their own reflexes4-7. Community pharmacies world wide have taken measures to prevent the epidemic with
similar methods. The main thematic challenges these can be given as: Bureaucratic obstacles, the logistics
supply chain (which is not ready for an emergency case), and pharmacists who are not trained for epidemic
prevention. It has been seen that it causes an increase in deaths in countries that have limited resources, and
in line with the epidemic experiences and within the framework of interactive crisis management, suggestions
for more effective and efficient management of other pandemic crises that may occur in the future have been
brought to the agenda. Our topic is current, but there is not much literature to compare. In all studies, the
importance of the role of pharmacists in publichealth has been emphasized 4- 6, 8- 14, 17- 25.
In the survey study conducted by the Turkish Pharmacists Association (TEB) with 1372 pharmacies in
all regions throughout the country, the rate of COVID-19(+) was determined as 49.9%. From the participating
51 pharmacies, 9 out of the 51 pharmacies’ pharmacists and 16 out of the 51 pharmacy workers had COVID-
19 (+), which shows that a total of 25 people got infected. Our finding sare very close to the rate found by TEB
for pharmacies.6 During the pandemic period, it has been revealed that the workload of all pharmacists, as
well as work stress, has increased21-23. In the context of "Satisfaction with Pharmacy Revenue" before and after
the pandemic, the rate of "satisfaction" before the pandemic (66.7%) decreased to 47% after the pandemic. In
otherwords, the rate of in comedissatisfaction has increased.
Before the pandemic, 45 pharmacies were able to maintain their working capital with only pharmacy
revenues, but after the pandemic, this number decreased to 40, and to over come economic difficulties, it
became necessary to take a business loan from the bank, dispose of their assets, etc. In the future, the options
of doing additional work to earn their live lihood came to the fore. Similarly, a study conducted in SaudiArabia
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Pharmacy economies in Sivas before and after the Covid-19
pandemic. An ethical analysis ResearchArticle
determined that pharmacists experienceda 10% loss of income16. In the study of Çalıkuşu, the COVID-19
pandemic affected all sectors economically, and the income of pharmacy pharmacists decreased (44.5%)
during the pandemic; It was determined that more than half (52.6%) of them experienced economic
distress5.The research findings conducted by TEB also supportour findings6. However, Bilgener24 reached the
conclusion in his research that "pharmacists did not have financial difficulties because they made their SGK
payments regularly" and this finding is definitely inconsistent with our research. SGK payments were not
disrupted, but the number of prescriptions and cash flow of pharmacies decreased.
When our finding sare examined, the main buyer of 96.1% of pharmacies is SGK. While it was stated
that the main pharmacy income item (90.2%) before the pandemic was giving prescriptions, this rate decreased
to 86.3% during the pandemic. Similar results were seen in the TEB survey. Patient admission by hospitals or
the fact that patients were not going to hospitals with the fear of contagion has reduced the number of
outpatient (group B) prescriptions to almost nothing. Without B-group prescriptions with higher profitability,
pharmacy economies began to have difficulties. Eventhough the pharmacies' regulation of patient
prescriptions with reports relieved the pharmacist to some extent, the decrease in drug sales increased the
number of expired drugs and caused financial losses to many pharmacies that had to work withstock.
It was stated by 41 (80.4%) of 51 participating pharmacists that one of the reasons for the great decrease
in pharmacy revenues was the sales of veterinary and agricultural drugs and food supplements, which the
Ministry of Agriculturel acknowladge these items' selling locations went out of pharmacies. 32 (62.7%)
pharmacists noted that some products sold over the Internet harm publich ealth. During the pandemic, many
people bought food supplements, OTC drugs, and vitamins from the internet instead of a pharmacy; then,
patients came with the question of "how are we going to use it?" to the pharmacy to ask for instruction
guiadance. This has two meanings: 1) Pharmacists are trusted advisors. 2) The sale of products containing
active pharmaceutical ingredients, which is the main source of income for the pharmacy sector, over the
internet has not been banned by the authorities even during this period.
The number of staff in pharmacies has been increased in order not to interrupt the service due to the
illness of the employees during the pandemic. This situation has shown that there was noincrease in income,
but the personel expenditures has enormously increased. While the pharmacists were waiting for the increase
in the profitrates as a way out to improve their economic situation a little bit and the granting of their
Professional rights, the urgentupdating of the renewed and disappointing "drug price decree" was declared.
4.CONCLUSION
It has been seen during the COVID-19 pandemic that pharmacists have served as essential first-line
care givers to provide medication information and the management of medication the rapies based on their
personal sacrifices, but there is a limited examination of the complexities of their role in the triage of care and
referrals of community members to other health professionals. Personal sacrifices to provide a range of
Professional Health Services are not recognized by the Scientific Committee eestablished by the Ministry of
Health. In addition, pharmacists were blamed for the suddenly rising prices of masks, and the names of
pharmacies were disclosed illegally. In addition to the loss of reputation and work-life balance, pharmacists
have facedongoing and increasingly severe economic problems since the pre-pandemic period. They are stil
continuing the economic "existence" war.
Pharmacists, who practice their profession selflessly by adhering to their oathunder all circumstances,
have successfully managed this difficult pandemic process despite not receiving training for disaster
management. Every pharmacist and pharmacy employee has caught coronavirus at least once during this
process, and many pharmacists died due to pandemic. Despite all this, they continued to serve in their
pharmacies during the pandemic and provided medicine and food to patients' homes.
In this context, pharmacists reiterated their demands: The Ministry of Healths hall give the licence to
sell all types of drugs, including agricultural and veterinary medicines, food stuff, and food supplements, only
to pharmacies and ban the sales of all products containing drug-active ingredients through the internet.
After pandemics aftermath (in which it has been stated that nothing in the worldwill be the same as
before) Pharmacists expect TEB –pharmacist's roof organization- to do this; In the process of preparing
interactive crisis management for possible future pandemics, etc., to be a guide for taking measures to
managecrises more effectively and efficiently, to announce their unbearable economic problems, their "silent
cries" and their demands to put health authorities in action.
5. MATERIALS AND METHODS
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pandemic. An ethical analysis ResearchArticle
Before starting the research, an application was made to the Üsküdar University Non-Interventional
Research Ethics Committee, and the approval of the Ethics Committee was obtained (29/11/2021;
61351342/November 2021-37). The research is in the descriptive quantitative research type and complies with
the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The prepared questionnaires were delivered to pharmacists in
Sivas city center and its districts via online, "due to the fact that the study was conducted during the
pandemic". With the informed consent form, the participants were informed and participated in the study by
obtaining their consent. The sample size represents a total of 195 pharmacies in Sivas, 138 in the center, and 57
in the districts, was determined as 51 with a sampling error of 0.10 and a probability of 0.5.15 The data obtained
as a result of the survey were expressed in numbers and percentages.
In the first part of the research questionnaire, socio-demographic information of community
pharmacists in Sivas was determined. In the second part of the questionnaire, it was made to determine the
perspective of community pharmacists regarding their role in managing the coronavirus pandemic, the
possible income losses of pharmacists before and after the pandemic, and the methods they used to solve their
problems. In addition, current health policies were also examined with question16.
Table 1A. Distribution of Socio-Demographic Information of Pharmacists Participating in the Study
NUMBER % NUMBER % NUMBER %
Gender Woman 20 %39.2 Male 31 %60.8 51 %100
Marital Status Married 42 %82.4 Single 9 %17.6 51 %100
Family Type Wide 5 %9.8 Seed 46 %90.2 51 %100
Academic Year 4 years 42 %82.4 5 year 9 %17.7 51 %100
Table 1B. Distribution of Socio-Demographic Information of Pharmacists Participating in the Study
N % N % N % N % N % T
Age 25-34 15 29.5 35-44 12 23.5 45-54 9 17.6 55-64 6 11,8 65+ 9 17.6 51
Free <10 15 29.4 10-19 7 13.7 20-29 12 23.5 30 >over 16 31.4 - - - 51
Pharmacy Less than the year
Period
years
Other Pharmacy 4 8.9 Academician 2 4.4 Officer 10 22.2 Trade 5 11.2 Other 19 42.3 51
Professions
Pharmacy Street 14 27.5 Neighborhood 6 11.8 Hospital 18 35.3 Health 8 15.7 Work 5 9.8 51
Location Pharmacy Surroundings center, Place
Polyclinic, density,
city center
banks, etc.
N: Number
Table 2: Pharmacist's Work and Stress Load
Subject N % N % N % N % Total
How many hours do you stay at 7< 14 27.5 7-8 18 35.3 9-10 13 25.5 10>+ 6 11.8 51
the Pharmacy?
How would you describe your Difficult 8 15.7 Heavy 21 41.2 Not heavy 22 43.1 Unstable - - 51
work load?
Do you have enough time? Always 8 15.7 Most of the 22 43.1 Sometimes 17 33.3 Very rarely 4 7.8 51
time
Do you have time left for private I 17 33,3 May be 12 23,5 I'm 12 23,5 I can't 10 19.6 51
life? separate undecided separate
N: Number
Table 3: Important Product Buyers and İmportant Product Groups of the Pharmacist
N % N % Total
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pandemic. An ethical analysis ResearchArticle
Your pharmacy's most important product SGK 49 96.1 Cachs ales 2 3.9 51
buyer. Prepandemic and pandemic period
BEFORE PANDEMIC Prescription 46 90.2 Sales revenue of non- 5 9.8 51
What are the product groups that your medicine pharmaceutical products
pharmacy sells the most?
PANDEMIC PERIOD Prescription 44 86.3 Sales revenue of non- 7 13.7 51
What are your Pharmacy's Top Selling Product medicine pharmaceutical products
groups?
N: Number
Table 4: Economic status of pharmacists before and after the pandemic
N % N % N % N % Numbe % Tota
r l
Pre- 3000 1 2.0 3001-5999 1 25. 6000-8999 1 25. 9000- 8 15, 12000+ 16 31, 51
pandemic; 3 5 3 5 11999 7 4
Monthly
income (TL)
Pandemıc 3000 6 11. 3001-5999 8 15. 6000-8999 1 31. 9000- 7 13. 14 27. 51
perıod: 8 7 6 4 11999 7 5
Monthlyincom
e (TL)
Pre- Not 3 5.3 Not glad 1 19. Glad 2 47. Very 1 19. Undecide 4 7.8 51
pandemic; satisfied 0 6 4 1 plased 0 6 d
Satisfied at all
with his job
in terms of
earnings?
Pandemic Not 1 23. Not glad 1 23. Glad 1 33. Very 7 13. Undecide 3 5.9 51
period; satisfied 2 5 2 5 7 3 plased 7 d
Satisfied at all
with his job
in terms of
earnings?
Pre- 1 4 7.8 2 3 70. 3 7 13. 4> 2 3.9 Undecide 2 3.9 51
pandemic: 6 6 7 d
how many
staff were
working?
Pandemic 1 8 15. 2 2 54. 3 1 19. 4> 3 5.9 Undecide 2 3.9 51
period: how 7 8 9 0 6 d
many staff
are working?
Pre- Frequentl 1 27, Continuall 1 21, Sometime 2 45. Never 3 5,9 Other - - 51
pandemic – y 4 5 y 1 6 s 3 1
Stress at
work
Pandemic Frequentl 2 39, Continuall 1 31, Sometime 1 21, Never 4 7,8 Other 1 2,8 51
period- y 0 2 y 6 4 1 6
Stress at
work
Pre- Pharmacy 4 88. Transfer 4 7.8 Getting a 2 3.9 Borrowin - - Other - - 51
pandemic – revenues 5 2 from other loan from g
How does only assets to the bank
the pharmacy or TEB
Pharmacy
finance?
Pandemic Pharmacy 4 78. Transfer 6 11. Getting a 5 9.8 Borrowin - - Other - - 51
period- How Revenues 0 4 from other 8 loan from g
does the only assets the bank
Pharmacy pharmacy or TEB
provide
financing?
N: Number
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Table 5. Common Wiews for Pharmacy Economies
N % N % N % N % Tota %
l
Pharmacists' Maintaining a 3 60. Self-employed 6 11. Be retired 1 19. Planning 4 7.8 51 100
Plans for the self-employed 1 8 pharmacist and doing 8 0 6 a business
Next pharmacy another job outside of
FiveYears pharmacy
What do you IncreasingNumbe 2 51 ChainPharmaciesthrea 9 17. Coercion of 9 17. Falling 4 7.8 51 100
think is the r of Faculty of 6 t 6 Pharmacist 6 profitrates
biggest threat Pharmacy s who do
facing not have
pharmacists the right to
in the coming open a
years? pharmacy
Food – True 3 64. Wrong 5 9.8 Partially 5 9.8 Absolutel 8 15. 51 100
Veterinary 3 7 true y wrong 7
Medicines –
Is it right to
sell pesticides
outside the
pharmacy?
Veterinary True 4 96. Partially true 5 9,8 Wrong 2 3,9 No idea - - 49 96,
drugs - 2 1 1
Agrochemical
s -food
supplements
"afterall, they
are drugs and
must be
licensed by
the Ministry
of Health" is
it right?
Foods – Income decreased 1 31. Reduced cash sales 1 31. Did not 8 15. No idea 1 21. 51 100
Veterinary 6 4 6 4 affectin 7 1 6
Medicines – come
Pesticides
were taken
out of the
pharmacy,
how did this
practice affect
pharmacy
economies?
What is the Profit rates 1 37. The drug pricede 1 29. Service fee 7 13. Profession 7 13. 48 94.
priority for should be 9 3 creeshould be 5 4 should be 7 should be 7 1
improving updated updated increased given
pharmacy
economies?
Do you think Wrong 4 86, Dangerous 5 3,9 No idea 2 3,9 True - - 51 100
it is right to 4 3
sell drugs
online?
N: Number
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Goze et al. Journal of Research in Pharmacy
Pharmacy economies in Sivas before and after the Covid-19
pandemic. An ethical analysis ResearchArticle
Acknowledgements: 37th Region Sivas Chamber of Pharmacists, who supported our survey, Pharm. We would like to
thank the members of the Board of Directors and our devoted Pharmacists who work in Sivas province and districts.
Author contributions: Concept – İ.G.; Design – İ.G.; Supervision İ.G.; Resources – İG., Z.Ç.; Materials – İ.G.; Data
Collection and/or Processing – A.A, İ.G Analysis and/or Interpretation – İ.G., Z.Ç.; Literature Search – İ.G.; Writing
İ.G, A.A., Critical Reviews - İ.G
Conflict of interest statement: “The authors declared no conflict of interest”
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