Order: Emergency Motion for Temporary Release Under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(i) — United States v. Hill (Dkt. 25)

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An Order dated April 27, 2020, by United States Magistrate Judge Daniel J. Albregts, Document 25 in United States of America v. Steve Hill, Case No. 2:20-cr-00031-APG-DJA, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada. The Order addresses Defendant Steve Hill's Emergency Motion for Temporary Release Under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(i) Due to COVID-19 Pandemic (ECF No. 20), filed on April 16, 2020. It summarizes the one-count criminal complaint charging Felon in Possession of a Firearm, the earlier detention order, the Government's response and the defense reply requesting an evidentiary hearing. The Order concludes that Defendant has not met the burden of showing a compelling reason for temporary release and denies the motion.

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                                 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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                                          DISTRICT OF NEVADA
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                                                     ***
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      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                            Case No. 2:20-cr-00031-APG-DJA
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                             Plaintiff,
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            v.
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      STEVE HILL,
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                             Defendant.
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            This matter is before the Court on Defendant Steve Hill’s Emergency Motion for
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     Temporary Release Under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(i) Due to COVID-19 Pandemic (ECF No. 20), filed
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     on April 16, 2020. The Court ordered the Government to file a response by April 17, 2020. (ECF
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     No. 21). The Government timely filed its Response (ECF No. 22). The defense filed a Reply
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     shortly thereafter (ECF No. 23) on that same date in which they request an evidentiary hearing
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     because they argue there are issues of fact to be resolved. However, the Court finds this matter
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     appropriately resolved without a hearing because there are no material issues of fact relating to
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     the Court’s decision which necessitate an evidentiary hearing.
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            I.      BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
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                    a. Original Detention Decision
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            On February 14, 2020 the United States filed a one-count criminal complaint charging
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     Steve Hill with Felon in Possession of a Firearm in violation of Title 18 U.S.C. §§922 (g)(1) and
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     924(a)(2). (ECF No. 1) The complaint alleges six (6) prior felony convictions, including two for
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     felon in possession of a firearm, escape, trafficking in a controlled substance, possession of a
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     controlled substance and assault with a deadly weapon. (Id). In short, the complaint alleges that
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     after law enforcement received information that Hill was armed, they began to look for him and
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     spotted his pick-up driving in the area of Pahrump, Nevada. (Id). After pulling Hill over for a
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 1   traffic violation, Hill was asked to step out of his vehicle and on his right hip in a holster was a

 2   Glock model 21 .45 caliber pistol equipped with a laser site. (Id). According to the complaint,

 3   the pistol was loaded with a round in chamber and Hill had two additional loaded magazines of

 4   ammunition in a carrier on his left hip. (Id). Hill was arrested and the federal criminal complaint

 5   followed.

 6            Hill appeared before the Court for his initial appearance and detention hearing. The

 7   Government sought detention arguing that Hill was both a flight risk and a danger to the

 8   community. After hearing argument from the parties, the Court ordered Hill detained and filed a

 9   lengthy written Order of Detention. (ECF No. 11). In its Order of Detention, the Court cited

10   among other reasons, Hill’s prior criminal history, his lack of stable employment, his lack of

11   financial responsible sureties and his prior violation of probation, parole and supervised release.

12   (Id). Additionally, the Court provided further justification for Hill’s detention in its order

13   indicating that there were a virtual plethora of reasons to detain Hill as both a flight risk and

14   danger to the community. (Id). Simply stated, based upon the record in this case Hill was not

15   even a marginal candidate for consideration for release given the reasons stated in the written

16   order of detention. (Id).

17          Thereafter, the Government presented this case to the Grand Jury which returned a one-

18   count Criminal Indictment on February 25, 2020 charging Hill with Felon in Possession of a

19   Firearm in violation of Title 18, §§922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). (ECF No. 13). The indictment

20   alleges these same six (6) prior felony convictions, the first of which dates back to 1993. Thus,

21   probable cause has been found for the charge and Hill is currently awaiting trial which is

22   scheduled for September 28, 2020. (ECF No. 19). It should be noted that the trial was set out to

23   September, 2020 pursuant to a stipulation between the parties, including the Defendant. (Id).

24                  b. Temporary Release Arguments

25          In the instant Motion the Defendant is not reopening his detention hearing because of new

26   information, but is requesting temporary release as a result of changed circumstances, specifically

27   the COVID-19 outbreak. (ECF No. 20). The defense generally outlines the history and the spread

28   of the COVID-19 virus in the United States and the State of Nevada, and describes the measures


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 1   that have been taken by this Court and other courts to address the outbreak of the COVID-19

 2   virus. The motion also details alleged conditions of confinement, the spread of the virus, and

 3   provides an extensive breakdown of outbreaks of COVID-19 in various BOP facilities around the

 4   country. The motion further makes allegations regarding the specific conditions at Nevada

 5   Southern Detention Center (NSDC) where Hill is being held detailing what it argues are

 6   limitations on addressing the national recommendations for how to limit the spread of the virus.

 7   Defendant claims that the current conditions of confinement create an unreasonable risk of

 8   exposure to COVID-19 and that the facility does not provide the necessary personal hygiene

 9   supplies to protect him. Defendant claims that COVID-19 testing is not being offered to inmates

10   or to him specifically and these conditions limit his ability to have contact with his attorney.

11   Interestingly, the Defendant does not make any specific claims regarding his health conditions

12   that would make him more susceptible to the virus, does not point to any circumstances related

13   specifically to him that would warrant his temporary release as a result of the virus, and simply

14   makes the blanket assertion that essentially he would be safer from the virus if released from

15   pretrial detention.

16           Specifically, the Defendant first argues that the Fifth Amendment requires his release

17   because the pandemic presents a significant harm outweighing the government’s interest in

18   confinement. Second, the Defendant argues that the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel

19   and unusual punishment compels release. Third, the Defendant argues that the Bail Reform Act

20   requires his release as the circumstances have changed rapidly with the encroaching pandemic.

21   Finally, the defense claims that there are conditions of release available to insure the community’s

22   safety, including confining himself at home (there is no indication of what home is, where it is, or

23   who else lives there), that he check in with the use of voice Id, that he abide by a curfew with

24   location monitoring and that he use face to face computer meeting systems to meet with his

25   pretrial officer. The Defendant concludes that he is not safer in prison during this pandemic due

26   to some reported cases of COVID-19 in prisons across the country, his belief that there is a

27   shortage of sanitary supplies in the facility, and other measures that the facility is failing to take to

28   limit the spread of the corona virus.


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 1           The Government responds that the Court should deny the Motion for several reasons.

 2   First, they argue release is not necessary to Defendant’s defense. It contends that Defendant’s

 3   attorney is permitted contact visits at NSDC, and even if it would be unwise for counsel to meet

 4   in person there, it would be equally unwise to meet if Hill was out of custody for the same

 5   reasons. Further, the Government argues that Hill has the ability to both video conference and

 6   speak telephonically with his attorney, and that the facility has assured inmates that they have free

 7   access to unmonitored calls with their attorney. See, United States v. Cox, 2:19CR00271-RFV-

 8   VCF (D. Nev. 219) (ECF No. 32 at No. 9)

 9           Second, the Government argues that there is no compelling reason for release pursuant to

10   Section 3142(i). The Government alleges that Hill is healthy and not part of a high risk

11   population and that there is no evidence that Hill is somehow part of an at risk population risk

12   simply because he is in custody. The Government further argues that NSDC has taken extensive

13   precautions to limit Hill’s exposure and outlines those precautions in their response. (ECF No. 22

14   pp. 7-8). Finally, the Government argues that Hill’s request is not for temporary release but for

15   outright release given that he has not considered any parameters for how his release would be

16   temporary. The Government concludes that Hill has not carried his burden under 18 U.S.C.

17   §3142(i) and therefore his motion for temporary release should be denied.

18           The defense replied and requested an evidentiary hearing because they allege there are

19   material disputes over the current conditions and protocols in place at NSDC. The defense

20   alleges that recent information reflects that at least one inmate at NSDC has tested positive for

21   COVID-19. The reply then proceeds to outline how the pandemic has swept through the United

22   States and specifically the Bureau of Prisons. The reply concludes that this Court has the inherent

23   authority to protect human rights of the individuals detained pretrial and that this Court should

24   release Hill given the potential that he might be infected with COVID-19 as a result of the

25   conditions inside NSDC. 1

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27               The defense filed a supplement to its motion providing what it felt was further justification for
     its request for an evidentiary hearing (ECF No. 24). The Court is not persuaded by this supplement that an
28   evidentiary hearing is necessary for the determination of this motion.


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 1          II.     LEGAL STANDARD

 2          The Bail Reform Act of 1984 mandates that every person charged with a federal offense

 3   be given a detention hearing. 18 U.S.C. § 3142(a). If the Court finds the defendant poses a

 4   danger to public safety or a flight risk, the Court may order the defendant detained pending trial.

 5   18 U.S.C. § 3142(f). Section 3142(i) permits a judicial officer to “permit the temporary release of

 6   the person, in the custody of a United States marshal or another appropriate person, to the extent

 7   that the judicial officer determines such release to be necessary for preparation of the person’s

 8   defense or for another compelling reason.” Courts have used this provision “sparingly to permit a

 9   defendant’s release where, for example, he is suffering from a terminal illness or serious injuries.”

10   United States v. Hamilton, 2020 WL 1323036, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 20, 2020) (citations

11   omitted).

12          A defendant bears the burden of establishing circumstances warranting temporary release

13   under § 3142(i). United States v. Clark, 2020 WL 1446895, at *2 (D. Kan. Mar. 25, 2020); see

14   also United States v. Buswell, 2013 WL 210899, at *5 (W.D. La. Jan. 18, 2013) (collecting

15   cases). Most courts addressing a motion for temporary release under § 3142(i) have done so in

16   the context of evaluating the necessity of the defendant assisting with preparing his or her

17   defense. Clark, 2020 WL 1446895, at *2; see, e.g., United States v. Cecerle, 2014 WL 31674, at

18   *4 (D. Nev. Jan. 3, 2014); United States v. Dupree, 833 F.Supp. 2d 241, 247 (E.D.N.Y. 2011);

19   United States v. Jeffries, 2011 WL 182867, at *4 (E.D.Tenn. Jan. 20, 2011); United States v.

20   Hazelwood, 2011 WL 680178, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Feb. 16, 2011). Courts considering whether

21   pretrial release is “necessary under § 3142(i) have considered: (1) time and opportunity the

22   defendant has to prepare for the trial and to participate in his defense; (2) the complexity of the

23   case and volume of information; and (3) expense and inconvenience associated with preparing

24   while incarcerated. Cecerle, 2014 WL 31674, at *4.

25          Relatively little guidance exists about what qualifies as a “compelling reason” for

26   temporary release under § 3142(i). Some courts have considered a defendant’s serious medical

27   condition compelling. See, e.g., United States v. Rebollo-Andino, 312 Fed.App’x 346, 348 (1st

28   Cir. 2009) (noting that defendant could seek temporary release under § 3142 for medical reasons).


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 1   Courts typically grant relief under § 3142(i) only “sparingly to permit a defendant’s release

 2   where, for example, he is suffering from a terminal illness or serious injuries.” United States v.

 3   Hamilton, 2020 WL 1323036, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 20, 2020); see e.g., United States v. Scarpa,

 4   815 F.Supp. 88 (E.D.N.Y. 1993) (permitting the defendant’s release under the 24-hour guard of

 5   the U.S. Marshal Service at his own expense because of traumatic gunshot injury and terminal

 6   AIDS diagnosis and correctional authorities could no longer manage his medical conditions);

 7   United States v. Cordero Caraballo, 185 F.Supp. 2d 143, 144-47 (D.P.R. 2002) (ordering release

 8   of defendant who sustained multiple gunshot wounds, was partially paralyzed, could not walk,

 9   lost some arm function, who required the supervision of 4-5 contracted security guards on a daily

10   basis, where Bureau of Prisons could not provide required medical care).

11           III.    DISCUSSION

12           The Court is mindful of the unprecedented magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic and the

13   extremely serious health risks it presents, particularly within the jail and prison setting. The rate

14   at which COVID-19 is spreading and affecting communities around the world is alarming. Governor

15   Steve Sisolak declared a State of Emergency in Nevada on March 12, 2020. Nevada’s K-12 schools

16   have been closed since March 16, 2020. Most unprecedented, casinos have announced complete

17   closure of their properties. On March 20, 2020, Nevada’s governor issued an order closing all non-

18   essential business to the public and pleading for individuals to stay in their homes.

19           This Court has also taken measures to protect the public, staff, and litigants. See General

20   Order 2020-02 and Temporary General Orders 2020-03, 2020-04 and 2020-05. The DOJ also

21   announced it may investigate and prosecute individuals who intentionally spread the virus, referred to

22   as a “biological agent” and potentially implicating terrorism-related statutes. As of the date of this

23   Order, one case has been reported at NSDC, located in Pahrump, Nevada, which is where Defendant

24   is currently detained. That individual has been quarantined and it does not appear that the virus has

25   spread to anyone else in the facility.

26                   a. Constitutional Basis for Temporary Release

27           Defendant bases his temporary release request, in part, on the Fifth and Eighth Amendments

28   to the U.S. Constitution. In evaluating whether a condition of pretrial detainment violates the Fifth


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 1   Amendment, the question is whether the condition amounts to punishment. Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S.

 2   520, 535 (1979). The United States Supreme Court has stated that if a particular condition or

 3   restriction of pretrial detention is reasonably related to a legitimate governmental objective, it does

 4   not, without more, amount to “punishment.” Conversely, if a restriction or condition is not

 5   reasonably related to a legitimate goal—if it is arbitrary or purposeless—a court permissibly may

 6   infer that the purpose of the governmental action is punishment that may not constitutionally be

 7   inflicted upon detainees qua detainees. Id. at 539; see also Demery v. Arpaio, 378 F.3d 1020, 1028

 8   (9th Cir. 2004) (applying same rule). Thus, the question before this Court is whether detaining

 9   Defendant is reasonably related to a legitimate government objective.

10           This Court finds that Defendant’s detention is reasonably related to legitimate government

11   interests, namely, protecting the community and ensuring his appearance at trial as outlined in its

12   original detention order. (ECF No. 13). The Court does not find that any of the grounds for detention

13   have changed. The recent COVID-19 pandemic does not change the analysis under the Fifth

14   Amendment’s Due Process Clause.

15           Similarly, the Court does not find that the analysis under the Eighth Amendment supports

16   temporary release given all of the grounds for detention and no evidence that NSDC is unable to

17   provide sufficient medical treatment to Defendant if he were to contract COVID-19 while in custody.

18   There is also no evidence that Defendant has a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 in custody than

19   when released, as proposed, to meet the deliberate indifference to medical needs standard. Therefore,

20   the Court does not find any constitutional basis supports Defendant’s temporary release request.

21                   b. Bail Reform Act Basis for Temporary Release: Compelling Reason or

22                       Preparation of Defense

23           A defendant should not be entitled to temporary release under § 3142(i) based solely on

24   generalized COVID-19 fears and speculation. Clark, 2020 WL 1446895, at *3. Instead, the court

25   must make an individualized determination as to whether COVID-19 concerns present such a

26   compelling reason in a particular case that temporary release is necessary. Id. The Court will

27   evaluate the following four factors: (1) the original grounds for Defendant’s pretrial detention; (2)

28   the specificity of Defendant’s stated COVID-19 concerns; (3) the extent to which the proposed


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 1   release plan is tailored to mitigate or exacerbate other COVID-19 risks to Defendant; and (4) the

 2   likelihood that Defendant’s proposed release would increase COVID-19 risks to others. Id. The

 3   Court will not necessarily weigh these factors equally, but will consider them in their entirety to

 4   determine whether a “compelling reason” exists such that temporary release is necessary in the

 5   instant case. Id.; § 3142(i). Here, all of the factors relevant to the Court’s analysis of the

 6   compelling reason basis for temporary release weigh in favor of denying release.

 7                             i. The Original Grounds for the Defendant’s Pretrial Detention

 8              The Court finds that the grounds for its detention decision still apply. There has been no

 9   change to the reasons that the Court relied on for its original detention decision. Those reasons

10   were extensive and voluminous and were outlined in the written order of detention pending trial

11   (ECF No. 11). Those reasons are extremely persuasive to the point where the Court did not even

12   consider attempting to try to fashion conditions that might address the reasons for detention. If

13   this Court were to release Hill given the charges, his background and criminal history, and all of

14   the other facts and circumstances that the Court considered in detaining him simply because of

15   the corona virus, then the Court may as well issue an order releasing all of the defendants

16   currently being detained at NSDC as a result of the corona virus.

17                             ii. The Specificity of the Defendant’s Stated COVID-19 Concerns

18              The Court agrees with the Government that Defendant’s stated COVID-19 concerns are

19   not specific enough to pass the line beyond pure speculation. Defendant does not even claim to

20   have a physical condition which makes him more susceptible to COVID-19. Indeed, Hill is a 45

21   year old white male who described his health as good when interviewed by Pretrial Services in

22   February 2020. Defendant submits no specific COVID-19 risk; rather, his arguments are

23   speculative and generalized and do not favor release. See Sanders, 2020 WL 1528621, at *5

24   (motion for temporary release denied where defendant asserted no specific personal health risk

25   factor).

26              Further, Defendant cannot predict the extent to which COVID-19 cases might increase at

27   NSDC. Nor can he predict the extent to which he may be exposed to the virus if allowed to live

28   in Las Vegas. Defendant also cannot predict how NSDC might respond to an outbreak any more


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 1   accurately than many Americans can predict how their local hospitals might respond. While

 2   inmates may not be able to fully adhere to optimal social distancing guidelines, these

 3   circumstances are generalized to all individuals in the prison system and are not unique to

 4   Defendant. The Court, however, “cannot release every detainee at risk of contracting COVID-19

 5   because the Court would then be obligated to release every detainee.” United States v.

 6   Fitzgerald, 2020 WL 1433932, at *2 (D.Nev. March 24, 2020).

 7          Moreover, the Court does not agree with Defendant’s conclusory statements that NSDC is

 8   not utilizing proper protocols to ensure a COVID-19 outbreak does not occur. In fact, there is

 9   only one reported COVID-19 cases at NSDC and the facility has appeared to contain it to that one

10   individual. There is also no evidence that NSDC does not have the proper sanitation supplies or

11   medical treatment ready if Defendant were to contract COVID-19. As such, Defendant’s

12   speculation that he might contract COVID-19 because of the conditions in the facility does not

13   support his argument for temporary release.

14                        iii. The Extent to Which the Proposed Release Plan is Tailored to

15                             Mitigate or Exacerbate the Defendant’s Overall COVID-19 Risks

16          Additionally, the Court finds that the Defendant’s proposed release plan to be released to

17   home confinement with use of voice ID, curfew with location monitoring technology, use of face

18   to face computer meeting systems, and abstaining from the use of controlled substance fails to

19   mitigate his flight risk and danger to the community. Defendant offers no evidence to explain

20   how the proposed living situation mitigates the risk of infection. For example, Defendant fails to

21   explain who else has or will live in or frequent the home where he is staying or identify any

22   screening practice or concrete COVID-19 precautions taken there. Likewise, the Defendant

23   offers nothing regarding who lives at the home, who might come in and out of the home, or

24   whether any individuals who might live there have been infected or exposed to the COVID-19

25   virus. Defendant therefore offers nothing more than mere speculation that home detention would

26   be less risky than detention at NSDC, which has screening practices and other reasonable

27   COVID-19 precautions in place. Finally, the facility has only had one inmate test positive for

28   COVID-19 and has taken measures to isolate that individual from the rest of that population.


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 1           In contrast, if Defendant remains at NSDC, he has access to medical care should he

 2   become ill. NSDC has ample motivation to prevent any outbreak and, even if an outbreak occurs,

 3   to contain and manage it for the well-being of all involved. The record is void of information

 4   suggesting NSDC would be unable to render appropriate medical treatment to Defendant if he

 5   became ill. To the contrary, the Court is convinced that NSDC has established a comprehensive

 6   plan to manage the facility during the pandemic. The facility has demonstrated this by isolating

 7   the one individual who has tested positive for the virus (an individual who was brought into the

 8   facility with the virus and was immediately quarantined) and no further infections have occurred.

 9   Thus, the Court finds that the Defendant’s unexplained, conclusory allegations regarding NSDC’s

10   inability to manage the care of inmates during the pandemic does not rise to the level of justifying

11   temporary release based solely on COVID-19 concerns.

12                         iv. The Likelihood that Defendant’s Proposed Release Plan Would

13                              Increase COVID-19 Risks to Others

14          Finally, the likelihood of Defendant’s proposed release increasing COVID-19 risks to

15   others is high. There are no assurances that Defendant would comply with the Governor’s shelter

16   in place order and not violate conditions of release, as Defendant has in the past. See Clark, 2020

17   WL at 1446895, at *7. Given the Section 3142 considerations discussed previously, the Court

18   believes Defendant will likely violate any conditions of release it may impose if it were to issue a

19   temporary release order. As another Court recently observed, “[w]hile the location monitoring

20   that [defendant] proposed may offer useful information about where he is, it provides little useful

21   information about what he is doing.” United States v. Martin, 2020 WL 1274857, at *4 (D.Md

22   March 17, 2020). Here, Defendant has been unable or unwilling to remain law-abiding in the

23   past. The Court has no reason to believe he would suddenly become compliant now.

24          Furthermore, supervising a high-risk offender out in the community will place Pretrial

25   Services officers at a heightened risk of contracting the virus. “[L]ocation monitoring is not a

26   limitless resource, nor is its installation and monitoring by the United States Pretrial Services

27   officers without risk to those personnel (who must be trained and certified to install location

28   monitoring) given current recommendations regarding implementation of social distancing.” Id.


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 1   For all of the reasons previously summarized regarding Defendant being a flight risk and danger

 2   to the community, it is highly likely that the Court would need to expend resources to apprehend

 3   him when temporary release period ended and the Court does not find GPS monitoring to be a

 4   viable option at this time.

 5          In conclusion, Defendant has not established a compelling reason sufficient to persuade

 6   the Court that temporary release is necessary. None of the factors that the Court considered

 7   weighed in Defendant’s favor. Defendant’s arguments regarding the risk of outbreak at NSDC

 8   are nonspecific to him and are speculative at best. Indeed, Defendant’s generalized arguments

 9   about risk apply equally to every detainee at NSDC. Additionally, Defendant has failed to

10   demonstrate that his proposed release plan would alleviate his overall COVID-19 risks. The

11   Court further finds that Defendant’s proposed release plan would place Pretrial Services officers

12   at risk in supervising him and, when the temporary release inevitably ends, other law enforcement

13   officers and the facility would be placed at risk in re-apprehending Defendant after he has had

14   ample opportunity for contamination. Therefore, Defendant has failed to demonstrate a

15   compelling reason for temporary release.

16                          v. Necessary for Preparation of the Defense

17          The Court also does not agree that Defendant’s temporary release is necessary for the

18   preparation of his defense. Courts considering whether pretrial release is necessary for preparation

19   of defense have analyzed: (1) the time and opportunity the defendant has to prepare for the trial and

20   participate in his defense; (2) the complexity of the case and volume of information; and (3) expense

21   and inconvenience associated with preparing for trial while incarcerated. Cecerle, 2014 WL 31674,

22   at *4. These typical considerations, however, are not necessarily relevant to the claims made by

23   defendants seeking release due to COVID-19 concerns.

24          The Court understands that there are reasons that Defendant’s counsel may not wish to

25   conduct in person visits at NSDC, but those same reasons would apply to in person visits if he

26   was released. Plus, if he was released, he would not likely have access to video conferencing.

27   The Court also has no evidence that Defendant is being deprived of unmonitored telephone calls

28   with his counsel. Considering all these circumstances, this Court does not find that Defendant’s


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 1   temporary release is necessary to prepare his defense, especially since his trial is not scheduled until

 2   September of 2020. Therefore, this factor also weighs against temporary release.

 3           IV.     CONCLUSION

 4           Defendant has not met his burden of demonstrating a compelling reason that would justify

 5   temporary release, or that the circumstances necessitate temporary release for preparation of his

 6   defense. The Court also finds that the original detention decision is amply supported by the record

 7   and no circumstances warrant temporary release under the Fifth or Eighth Amendments.

 8           IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendant Steve Hill’s Emergency Motion for

 9   Temporary Release Under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(i) Due to COVID-19 Pandemic (ECF No. 20) is

10   denied.

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12           DATED: April 27, 2020

13
                                                             DANIEL J. ALBREGTS
14                                                           UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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