Business Loan Program Temporary Changes; Paycheck Protection Program-Nondiscrimination and Additional Eligibility Criteria

Summary

A Small Business Administration interim final rule, "Business Loan Program Temporary Changes; Paycheck Protection Program-Nondiscrimination and Additional Eligibility Criteria", published in the Federal Register, Vol. 85, No. 90, on Friday, May 8, 2020, under docket number SBA–2020–0024 and effective May 8, 2020. It supplements earlier PPP interim final rules on discrete issues, including whether PPP loan recipients are entitled to exemptions from SBA's nondiscrimination provisions, and addresses a discrepancy between SBA's religious employer exemption at 13 CFR 113.3–1(h) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. It states that, for purposes of the PPP, SBA regulations do not bar a religious nonprofit entity from making decisions about the membership or employment of individuals.

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27287

Rules and Regulations Federal Register
Vol. 85, No. 90

Friday, May 8, 2020

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER made available for this purpose are individuals, families, and businesses
contains regulatory documents having general exhausted. affected by the coronavirus pandemic.
applicability and legal effect, most of which Comment date: Comments must be The Small Business Administration
are keyed to and codified in the Code of received on or before June 8, 2020. (SBA) received funding and authority
Federal Regulations, which is published under through the CARES Act to modify
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments,
50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510.
identified by number SBA–2020–0024 existing loan programs and establish a
The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by through the Federal eRulemaking Portal: new loan program to assist small
the Superintendent of Documents. http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the businesses nationwide adversely
instructions for submitting comments. impacted by the COVID–19 emergency.
SBA will post all comments on Section 1102 of the CARES Act
SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION www.regulations.gov. If you wish to temporarily permits SBA to guarantee
submit confidential business 100 percent of 7(a) loans under a new
13 CFR Parts 113 and 120 information (CBI) as defined in the User program titled the ‘‘Paycheck Protection
Notice at www.regulations.gov, please Program.’’ Section 1106 of the CARES
[Docket Number SBA–2020–0024]
send an email to ppp-ifr@sba.gov. Act provides for forgiveness of up to the
RIN 3245–AH40 Highlight the information that you full principal amount of qualifying
consider to be CBI and explain why you loans guaranteed under the Paycheck
Business Loan Program Temporary believe SBA should hold this Protection Program (PPP). On April 24,
Changes; Paycheck Protection information as confidential. SBA will 2020, the President signed the Paycheck
Program—Nondiscrimination and review the information and make the Protection Program and Health Care
Additional Eligibility Criteria final determination whether it will Enhancement Act (Pub. L. 116–139),
publish the information. which provided additional funding and
AGENCY: U.S. Small Business FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: A authority for the PPP.
Administration. Call Center Representative at 833–572– Prior to the CARES Act, nonprofit
ACTION: Interim final rule. 0502, or the local SBA Field Office; the organizations were not eligible to
list of offices can be found at https:// participate in SBA’s 7(a) Loan Program
SUMMARY: On April 2, 2020, the U.S. www.sba.gov/tools/local-assistance/ (15 U.S.C. 636(a)). Section 1102 of the
Small Business Administration (SBA) districtoffices. CARES Act expanded eligibility, limited
posted an interim final rule announcing to PPP, to include certain nonprofit
the implementation of the Coronavirus SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
organizations, among other
Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act I. Background Information organizations.
(CARES Act). The CARES Act SBA regulations at 13 CFR part 113
On March 13, 2020, President Trump
temporarily adds a new program, titled impose regulatory requirements ‘‘to
declared the ongoing Coronavirus
the ‘‘Paycheck Protection Program,’’ to reflect to the fullest extent possible the
Disease 2019 (COVID–19) pandemic of
the SBA’s 7(a) Loan Program. The nondiscrimination policies of the
sufficient severity and magnitude to
CARES Act also provides for forgiveness Federal Government as expressed in the
warrant an emergency declaration for all
of up to the full principal amount of several statutes, Executive Orders, and
States, territories, and the District of
qualifying loans guaranteed under the messages of the President dealing with
Columbia. With the COVID–19
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The civil rights and equality of
emergency, many small businesses
PPP is intended to provide economic opportunity.’’ 13 CFR 113.1(a). But
nationwide are experiencing economic
relief to small businesses nationwide because SBA’s loan programs previously
hardship as a direct result of the
adversely impacted by the Coronavirus served business entities, these
Federal, State, tribal, and local public
Disease 2019 (COVID–19). SBA posted regulations did not restate certain
health measures that are being taken to
additional interim final rules on April 3, limitations and exemptions under
minimize the public’s exposure to the
2020, April 14, 2020, April 24, 2020, federal law primarily pertinent to
virus. These measures, some of which
April 28, 2020, and April 30, 2020 and certain faith-based or nonprofit
are government-mandated, are being
the Department of the Treasury posted organizations. In particular, Title IX of
implemented nationwide and include
an additional interim final rule on April the Education Amendments of 1972
the closures of restaurants, bars, and
28, 2020. This interim final rule permits single-sex admissions practices
gyms. In addition, based on the advice
supplements the previously posted by preschools, non-vocational
of public health officials, other
interim final rules by providing elementary or secondary schools, and
measures, such as keeping a safe
guidance on nondiscrimination private undergraduate higher education
distance from others or even stay-at-
obligations and additional eligibility institutions. See 20 U.S.C. 1681(a)(1).
home orders, are being implemented,
requirements, and requests public Additionally, the Fair Housing Act of
resulting in a dramatic decrease in
comment. 1968 allows religious organizations to
economic activity as the public avoids
DATES: malls, retail stores, and other reserve housing for coreligionists, see 42
Effective date: This rule is effective businesses. U.S.C. 3607, and allows for single-sex
May 8, 2020. On March 27, 2020, the President emergency shelters that provide refuge
Applicability date: This interim final signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and to abused women (or abused men), see
rule applies to applications submitted Economic Security Act (the CARES Act) 24 CFR 5.106; see also Johnson v. Dixon,
under the Paycheck Protection Program (Pub. L. 116–136) to provide emergency 786 F. Supp. 1, 4 (D.D.C. 1991) (‘‘It is
through June 30, 2020, or until funds assistance and health care response for . . . doubtful [that] ‘emergency

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27288 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 90 / Friday, May 8, 2020 / Rules and Regulations

overnight shelter,’ . . . can be economic activity nationwide, provides and the full principal amount of the
characterized as a ‘dwelling’ within the good cause for SBA to dispense with the loans and any accrued interest may
meaning of the [Fair Housing] Act.’’). 30-day delayed effective date provided qualify for loan forgiveness. Additional
Finally, the Indian Child Welfare Act of in the Administrative Procedure Act. information about the PPP is available
1978 requires certain placement Specifically, it is critical to meet in interim final rules published by SBA
preferences in the foster care and lenders’ and borrowers’ need for clarity and the Department of the Treasury in
adoptions of Indian children. See 25 concerning program requirements as the Federal Register (85 FR 20811, 85
U.S.C. 1915. The broadly worded SBA rapidly as possible because the last day FR 20817, 85 FR 21747, 85 FR 23450,
regulations do not articulate these eligible borrowers can apply for and 85 FR 23917, 85 FR 26321 and 85 FR
limitations on the application of the receive a loan is June 30, 2020. 26324) (collectively, the PPP Interim
relevant nondiscrimination provisions. This interim final rule supplements Final Rules).
In addition, there is a technical previous regulations and guidance on
discrepancy between SBA’s religious certain important, discrete issues. The 1. Non-Discrimination
employer exemption at 13 CFR 113.3– immediate effective date of this interim Are recipients of PPP loans entitled to
1(h) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, final rule will benefit lenders so that exemptions on the grounds provided in
which allows religious employers to they can swiftly close and disburse Federal nondiscrimination laws for sex-
make hiring decisions according to their loans to small businesses. This interim specific admissions practices, sex-
religious beliefs with respect to all final rule is effective without advance specific domestic violence shelters,
‘‘activities,’’ not just ‘‘religious notice and public comment because coreligionist housing, or Indian tribal
activities.’’ See An Act to further section 1114 of the Act authorizes SBA preferences in connection with adoption
promote equal employment to issue regulations to implement Title or foster care practices?
opportunities for American workers, I of the Act without regard to notice Yes. With respect to any loan or loan
Public Law 92–261, 86 Stat. 103, 104 requirements. In addition, SBA has forgiveness under the PPP, the
(1972), codified at 42 U.S.C. 2000e–1(a). determined that there is good cause for nondiscrimination provisions in the
Given these various discrepancies, dispensing with advance public notice applicable SBA regulations incorporate
organizations have accordingly faced and comment on the ground that it the limitations and exemptions
uncertainty about whether their would be contrary to the public interest. provided in corresponding Federal
participation in the PPP program would Specifically, SBA has determined that statutory or regulatory
require them to substantially change advance public notice and comment nondiscrimination provisions for sex-
their operations for a short period of would delay the ability of certain specific admissions practices at
months. These types of changes are organizations to implement their preschools, non-vocational elementary
impossible for some organizations, and nondiscrimination obligations in a or secondary schools, and private
impractical for many. This uncertainty manner consistent with the limitations undergraduate higher education
risks frustrating the purpose of the contained in existing Federal laws, and institutions under Title IX of the
CARES Act, which was to afford swift potentially force such organizations to Education Amendments of 1972 (20
stopgap relief to Americans who might change their operations until SBA U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), for sex-specific
otherwise lose their jobs or businesses adopted a final or interim final rule. emergency shelters and coreligionist
because of the economic hardships Rather than change their operations, the housing under the Fair Housing Act of
wrought by the response to the COVID– affected organizations could elect not to 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3601 et seq.), and for
19 public health emergency. To provide apply for PPP loans and lay off adoption or foster care practices giving
certainty to applicants and recipients of employees, which would defeat the child placement preferences to Indian
loans and loan forgiveness under the paycheck protection purposes of the tribes under the Indian Child Welfare
PPP, and to address the large-scale PPP. This rule is being issued to allow Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.).
burdens that SBA regulations may for immediate implementation of this In addition, for purposes of the PPP,
impose on recipients participating only program. Although this interim final SBA regulations do not bar a religious
on a short-term basis, this interim final rule is effective immediately, comments nonprofit entity from making decisions
rule provides guidance that for purposes are solicited from interested members of with respect to the membership or the
of the PPP, nonprofits must meet their the public on all aspects of the interim employment of individuals of a
nondiscrimination obligations under final rule, including section III below. particular religion to perform work
existing Federal laws and Executive These comments must be submitted on connected with the carrying on by such
Orders. This interim final rule also or before June 8, 2020. SBA will nonprofit of its activities.
provides guidance with respect to the consider these comments and the need
religious employer exemption to ensure 2. Student Workers and PPP Loan
for making any revisions as a result of Eligibility
harmony with Section 702 of Title VII. these comments.
In addition, as described below, to Do student workers count when
enable certain eligible small educational III. Paycheck Protection Program determining the number of employees
institutions to participate in PPP, this Nondiscrimination and Additional for PPP loan eligibility?
interim final rule provides that Eligibility Criteria Yes, student workers generally count
institutions of higher education shall as employees, unless (a) the applicant is
Overview
exclude work study students when an institution of higher education, as
determining the number of employees The CARES Act was enacted to defined in the Department of
for purposes of PPP loan eligibility. provide immediate assistance to Education’s Federal Work-Study
individuals, families, and organizations regulations, 34 675.2, and (b) the
II. Comments and Immediate Effective affected by the COVID–19 emergency.
Date student worker’s services are performed
Among the provisions contained in the as part of a Federal Work-Study Program
The intent of the Act is that SBA CARES Act are provisions authorizing (as defined in those regulations 1) or a
provide relief to America’s small SBA to temporarily guarantee loans
businesses expeditiously. This intent, under the PPP. Loans under the PPP 1 The Department of Education’s Federal Work-

along with the dramatic decrease in will be 100 percent guaranteed by SBA, Study Programs described at 34 CFR part 675 are

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Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 90 / Friday, May 8, 2020 / Rules and Regulations 27289

substantially similar program of a State receiving PPP loans due solely to their Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C.
or political subdivision thereof. provision of financial aid to students in Chapter 35
Institutions of higher education must the form of work study. Second, it SBA has determined that this rule
exclude work study students when would result in the exclusion of small will not impose new or modify existing
determining the number of employees educational institutions whose part-time recordkeeping or reporting requirements
for PPP loan eligibility, and must also work study headcount dwarfs their full- under the Paperwork Reduction Act.
exclude payroll costs for work study time faculty and staff headcounts.
students from the calculation of payroll Educational institutions that filed loan Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
costs used to determine their PPP loan applications prior to the issuance of the The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
amount. regulation are not bound by this generally requires that when an agency
The Administrator, in consultation interpretation but may rely on it. issues a proposed rule, or a final rule
with the Secretary, has determined that Lenders may continue to rely on pursuant to section 553(b) of the APA or
this is a reasonable interpretation of borrower certifications as part of their another law, the agency must prepare a
section 1102(a) of the CARES Act’s good faith review process. regulatory flexibility analysis that meets
reference to ‘‘individuals employed on a 3. Additional Information the requirements of the RFA and
full-time, part-time, or other basis.’’ publish such analysis in the Federal
Such programs generally provide part- SBA may provide further guidance, if
Register. 5 U.S.C. 603, 604. Specifically,
time jobs for students with financial needed, through SBA notices that will
the RFA normally requires agencies to
need, and their services are incident to be posted on SBA’s website at
www.sba.gov. Questions on the describe the impact of a rulemaking on
and for the purpose of pursuing a course small entities by providing a regulatory
of study. Work study students are Paycheck Protection Program may be
directed to the Lender Relations impact analysis. Such analysis must
excluded from the definition of address the consideration of regulatory
employees in other areas of federal law. Specialist in the local SBA Field Office.
The local SBA Field Office may be options that would lessen the economic
For example, in the regulations effect of the rule on small entities. The
implementing the Affordable Care Act, found at https://www.sba.gov/tools/
local-assistance/districtoffices. RFA defines a ‘‘small entity’’ as (1) a
Treasury defined an employee’s ‘‘hours proprietary firm meeting the size
of service’’ to exclude work study Compliance With Executive Orders standards of the Small Business
hours.2 Explaining this exclusion, the 12866, 12988, 13132, 13563, and 13771, Administration (SBA); (2) a nonprofit
regulation’s preamble states that ‘‘[t]he the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. organization that is not dominant in its
federal work study program, as a Ch. 35), and the Regulatory Flexibility field; or (3) a small government
federally subsidized financial aid Act (5 U.S.C. 601–612). jurisdiction with a population of less
program, is distinct from traditional than 50,000. 5 U.S.C. 601(3)–(6). Except
Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and
employment in that its primary purpose for such small government jurisdictions,
13771
is to advance education.’’ 3 Similarly, neither State nor local governments are
student work is generally exempt from This interim final rule is ‘‘small entities.’’ Similarly, for purposes
Federal Insurance Contribution Act economically significant for the of the RFA, individual persons are not
(FICA) and Federal Unemployment purposes of Executive Orders 12866 and small entities. The requirement to
taxes.4 13563, and is considered a major rule conduct a regulatory impact analysis
For similar reasons, the under the Congressional Review Act. does not apply if the head of the agency
Administrator, in consultation with the SBA, however, is proceeding under the ‘‘certifies that the rule will not, if
Secretary of the Treasury, has emergency provision at Executive Order promulgated, have a significant
determined that a limited exception for 12866 Section 6(a)(3)(D) based on the
economic impact on a substantial
work study is appropriate here. In need to move expeditiously to mitigate
number of small entities.’’ 5 U.S.C.
particular, the Administrator recognizes the current economic conditions arising
605(b). The agency must, however,
that requiring institutions of higher from the COVID–19 emergency. This
publish the certification in the Federal
education to count work study students rule’s designation under Executive
Register at the time of publication of the
towards employee headcount would Order 13771 will be informed by public
rule, ‘‘along with a statement providing
result in an anomalous outcome in two comment.
the factual basis for such certification.’’
respects. First, it would prevent some Executive Order 12988 If the agency head has not waived the
small educational institutions from requirements for a regulatory flexibility
SBA has drafted this rule, to the
extent practicable, in accordance with analysis in accordance with the RFA’s
(1) the Federal Work-Study Program, (2) the Job waiver provision, and no other RFA
Location and Development Program, and (3) Work the standards set forth in section 3(a)
Colleges Program. and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988, to exception applies, the agency must
2 26 CFR 54.4980H–1(a)(24) (‘‘Hour of service
minimize litigation, eliminate prepare the regulatory flexibility
. . . (ii) Excluded hours . . . (B) Work-study ambiguity, and reduce burden. The rule analysis and publish it in the Federal
program. The term hour of service does not include Register at the time of promulgation or,
any hour for services to the extent those services
has no preemptive or retroactive effect.
are performed as part of a Federal Work-Study
if the rule is promulgated in response to
Executive Order 13132 an emergency that makes timely
Program as defined under 34 CFR 675 or a
substantially similar program of a State or political SBA has determined that this rule compliance impracticable, within 180
subdivision thereof.’’). will not have substantial direct effects days of publication of the final rule. 5
3 79 FR 8544, 8550 (Feb. 12, 2014).
4 Internal Revenue Code Section 3121(b)(10)
on the States, on the relationship U.S.C. 604(a), 608(b). Rules that are
excepts from FICA tax ‘‘service performed in the
between the National Government and exempt from notice and comment are
employ of—(A) a school, college, university . . . if the States, or on the distribution of also exempt from the RFA requirements,
such service is performed by a student who is power and responsibilities among the including conducting a regulatory
enrolled and regularly attending classes at such various layers of government. Therefore, flexibility analysis, when among other
school, college, university.’’ Student workers, who
are not full time, are excepted where the services
SBA has determined that this rule has things the agency for good cause finds
are ‘‘incident to and for the purposes of pursuing no federalism implications warranting that notice and public procedure are
a course of study.’’ 26 CFR 31.3121(b)(10)–2(d)(3)(i). preparation of a federalism assessment. impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary

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27290 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 90 / Friday, May 8, 2020 / Rules and Regulations

to the public interest. SBA Office of FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: goal of the Administration to alleviate
Advocacy guide: How to Comply with Brenda Fernandez, U.S. Small Business the regulatory burdens placed on the
the Regulatory Flexibility Act, Ch.1. p.9. Administration, Office of Policy, public. Under Executive Order 13777,
Accordingly, SBA is not required to Planning and Liaison, 409 Third Street agencies must evaluate their existing
conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis. SW, Washington, DC 20416; (202) 205– regulations to determine which ones
7337; brenda.fernandez@sba.gov. should be repealed, replaced, or
Jovita Carranza,
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: modified. In doing so, agencies should
Administrator. focus on identifying regulations that,
[FR Doc. 2020–09963 Filed 5–7–20; 8:45 am] Small Disadvantaged Business Program among other things: Eliminate jobs or
BILLING CODE 8026–03–P The government promotes contracting inhibit job creation; are outdated,
and subcontracting with small unnecessary or ineffective; impose costs
disadvantaged businesses (SDBs) by that exceed benefits; create a serious
SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION setting government-wide and agency- inconsistency or otherwise interfere
specific goals for the percentage of with regulatory reform initiatives and
13 CFR Part 124 Federal contract and subcontract dollars policies; or are associated with
awarded to SDBs each fiscal year. The Executive Orders or other Presidential
RIN 3245–AH13
government-wide goal is that not less directives that have been rescinded or
Regulatory Reform Initiative: Small than 5 percent of the total value of all substantially modified.
Disadvantaged Businesses prime contract and subcontract awards In response to the President’s
be made to SDBs. At one time, SDBs had directive, SBA initiated a review of its
AGENCY: U.S. Small Business to be certified by the SBA, or by a regulations to determine which might be
Administration. private certifying entity acting in revised or eliminated. Based on this
ACTION: Direct final rule. compliance with SBA regulations, to analysis, SBA has identified
qualify for certain Federal programs as unnecessary provisions that can be
SUMMARY: The U.S. Small Business prime contractors. However, all Federal removed from the CFR. First, this rule
Administration (SBA) is removing from programs for SDB prime contractors removes 13 CFR 124.516—which states
the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) have been discontinued, with only the that the procuring activity decides all
16 regulations that are no longer government-wide and agency-specific contract disputes arising between an
necessary because they are either goals for the percentage of Federal 8(a) Participant and a procuring activity
redundant or obsolete. This action will contract and/or subcontract dollars contracting officer after the award of an
assist the public by simplifying SBA’s awarded to SDBs each year remaining. 8(a) contract—because this provision is
regulations. Pursuant to the SDB subcontracting redundant. 13 CFR 124.512 already
DATES: This rule is effective on August program, Federal agencies must
delegates 8(a) contract administration
6, 2020 without further action, unless negotiate subcontracting plans with the
functions to procuring agencies and
significant adverse comment is received apparent successful bidder or offeror on
contract dispute resolution is an
by July 7, 2020. If significant adverse qualifying prime contracts prior to
element of contract administration.
comment is received, SBA will publish awarding the contract. Subcontracting
plans set goals for the percentage of Second, this rule removes 13 CFR
a timely withdrawal of the rule in the 124.1002 through 124.1016. As
Federal Register. subcontract dollars to be awarded to
SDBs, among others, and describe discussed below, these provisions
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, efforts that will be made to ensure that pertain to the Small Disadvantaged
identified by RIN 3245–AH13 by any of SDBs have an equitable opportunity to Business Program, which is no longer a
the following methods: compete for subcontracts. Federal viable program. Section 1207 of the
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// agencies may also consider the extent of 1987 Defense Authorization Act (Pub. L.
www.regulations.gov. Follow the subcontracting with SDBs in 99–661, codified in 10 U.S.C. 2323)
instructions for submitting comments. determining to whom to award a established a statutory 5 percent goal for
• Mail or Hand Delivery/Courier: contract or whether to give contractors all Department of Defense (DOD)
Brenda Fernandez, U.S. Small Business monetary incentives to subcontract with contracts to be awarded to small
Administration, Office of Policy, SDBs. disadvantaged businesses (SDBs). To
Planning and Liaison, 409 Third Street Firms do not need to be certified this end, the statute authorized the
SW, 8th Floor, Washington, DC 20416. SDBs to qualify for Federal programs for award of contracts to SDBs using less
SBA will post all comments on http:// subcontractors. Rather, a firm may than full and open competitive
www.regulations.gov. If you wish to represent that it qualifies as an SDB for procedures. Specifically, DOD
submit confidential business any Federal subcontracting program if it implemented regulations requiring a
information (CBI), as defined in the User believes in good faith that it is owned contracting officer to set-aside a
Notice at http://www.regulations.gov, and controlled by one or more socially procurement for exclusive competition
please submit the information to Brenda and economically disadvantaged among SDBs whenever market research
Fernandez, U.S. Small Business individuals. In addition, 8(a) identified two or more SDBs that could
Administration, Office of Policy, Participants are deemed to be SBDs for perform the contract at a fair and
Planning and Liaison, 409 Third Street Federal contracting purposes. As of reasonable price. In addition, SDBs
SW, 8th Floor, Washington, DC 20416, August 8, 2019, the SBA’s Dynamic would receive a 10 percent price
or send an email to brenda.fernandez@ Small Business Search database evaluation adjustment for offers
sba.gov. Highlight the information that included 125,616 self-certified SDBs. submitted in an unrestricted or full and
you consider to be CBI and explain why open competition. DOD’s SDB program
you believe SBA should hold this Background Information was initially a self-certification program.
information as confidential. SBA will On February 24, 2017, President SBA established eligibility criteria, but
review the information and make the Trump issued Executive Order 13777, firms self-certified their SDB status for
final determination on whether it will Enforcing the Regulatory Reform particular procurements. However, SBA
publish the information. Agenda, which further emphasized the was responsible for processing SDB

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