John Ioannidis: Uncompromising gentle maniac
Summary
A BMJ Confidential interview titled John Ioannidis: Uncompromising gentle maniac, published September 24, 2015 (BMJ 2015;351). Its biography section describes John Ioannidis, 50, as the scourge of sloppy science, whose 2005 paper, Why Most Published Research Findings are False, has achieved near legendary status. It states that Ioannidis was born in New York, grew up in Greece, and now holds the chair in disease prevention at Stanford University, California. It also reports a study showing that 97% of head to head industry sponsored non-inferiority trials back the sponsor’s drug.
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“John Ioannidis: Uncompromising gentle maniac.”
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2. John Ioannidis:...
3. John Ioannidis: Uncompromising gentle maniac
[](https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4992)
Observations BMJ Confidential
# John Ioannidis: Uncompromising gentle maniac
BMJ 2015; 351 doi: [https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4992](https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4992)(Published 24 September 2015) Cite this as: BMJ 2015;351:h4992
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#### Biography
John Ioannidis, 50, is the scourge of sloppy science, whose 2005 paper, Why Most Published Research Findings are False, has achieved near legendary status. He recalls his rising excitement as he wrote the paper while on Sikinos, an island in the Cyclades, and the feeling that things were falling into place. He was born in New York, grew up in Greece, and now holds the chair in disease prevention at Stanford University, California. His dim view of medical science, radical in 2005, has since been supported by many empirical studies, the latest showing that 97% of head to head industry sponsored non-inferiority trials back the sponsor’s drug—a result he describes as “very curious.”
## What was your earliest ambition?
To become an astronaut, Zorro, or a scientist.
## Who has been your biggest inspiration?
The late Tom Chalmers, the great champion of randomized trials and meta-analyses with whom I had the pleasure to work in his last years in Boston. I remember him pacing up and down the room in our brainstorming meetings, fresh with new ideas, even though he …
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* [The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and his Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/dHkWnmfqOHWfRTIsC1SIssBbraQJXarYL6j0l5AypJyKE2PFR-u_t0E-WerdtIInJYbiuZU41ZKnP9UCmQbRzPD8TpxlqjXTHRP4ReCDhp7q7MR9JUOI1bhmHieeuqfesM-bHWU19NvDklKNKS-1uMzwe9Ank0_XMYF0zwij65rdoLH7qiFHQbxfVjugK_5Bg3Erh-hT7HxuXsU4f5iLAqhBFBmkY6uL8VIgfedv2Mxrbm516kqFiunRotiuR5qyeAykJLKpfOx0d10xKpZf_Y-WqzHZcQ0a0D1SrrataZ_sg2ts2w7ZFa5XD6FJpfV8XMe3qJKV2d9abJJwX7zcr5qhOxGWt_CPOswvUFMx6iqhx_whV3hANr00hhbgkVsIOAd1nULWtPhErhzJGnDImaF-W5UYPP0OFuXxGMWU2sSbDW9SLI2j1uRHrrRlyzcHmRX-ty0XBzxRqx9yPlC6MX_LJsJubokmdH6S1BiXdLdPnpEKsBID3b3YIIPsPhn1dAF7azYKhIU6Ait8uNdnY-o1VYYPatML17EFzZ49SOJc5mOS8GV8NkCBQ_DQJv81hLEl5Jkd5V2zVFF4gSmv418939YTtuhCpzcLiVqkmwJsMTnjSOy4JpUiSjSg7MYoI5S33hlzACq3CsLlXou4EkiwXYgfNQTm7sAgs4QOTIonK3G1TWe3ZK_j78P2ddhfmLEStRHd0GHjOYGCDPj1vnhmlnIL6GDnqQ6LcKpMzWQ8s7-TDD7AWkRW_Yse9TmjVPufwy9B6M58d_XRTHIc4AiBO31t_U_wjhddLskRDDLhNxxEwZIfVf8h0mYIcz0B6uYN5lwIMsG5T__B7_YJLPGlU_EE3pBkvfKqGnUq_OaOIsCYANV-NtP8Su-VFnHRoOUUnZEh05RlADhJ37MkwnNgN5UYKyv8hkAHn2C7GbQUhFs5_xHOxWA1ATQvQVg8yhwYn9N6UOulLxMHOEv6WmAdWWv2XQmuA209gI9eYttdtXMS11Ln-PcBi7uUh17_TN3DXyp16PjX7wgVZbaTvsTBAyIWli7tmk52i2GsSIsqKtEzVysElNfZdHslnSgh_rrP3hgsk7e3pKtDCmX8lPn5ZXdkwiYCgJT-DMSvBQ23Idtpkift2XmyyoAEVL1YhlZqTPbkCmlXT_10_HBvvYH-RYjdoyHQ8X1WpAGnOQM4nAWBQHkL5Tx8bRs5cSbQZZX5Pa1VoY5vdH5oImeT0LNV-wBMVsERS1GIW59F1vzC5dB6pnZZqgzuKAMv7qD9p8VZJ_tDaeuYVHd9XFuBlJBiO6H3MEAcPBR8K-ttYfZDsCw_MMkMWQM6GUIAurmaNSuTXuhc0GgSdxO8-Egxno7sY2SCFrUP42KANbejWe8RVgBzvTq_sniQYkPxRI3kdP73XAYHLL8ZptvlUz03qNNyHJqa_2F_Ntj2TCY)Raj Persaud, The BMJ, 2005
* [John Brand: GP who carried out much cited research into motion sickness after serving in the Royal Navy](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/LDMSyuAl_KN5ECzpHPsvGWoearttSx57Wl2etJu-P70Brdg3q8i28Fd7tedUXCaIaPAdf-hgamf5uUX_ZH1bO80Sm4S-AwB4rb55ZyokAANUaA0T-Dno0YYrRP6V-XJJ11Mzu-GWKqQZumbhuCIh44-W3wioS-a2rc8qxlfoovY-_D25tE_omiIVuvr2LifkNQMIWLBbdWvuwrI01YSeWpn7nq1yLq9O696iAORmCYNA_lwzTtoATE_XZlsI-7L93jq645wVb26ObVM6NkWM_YPe2CzDQEKoBDxRUuoH425WSYagBMxN2nEvaZbKeM_YBT6P3A8o_KDPt8TgY6vDyEQ2SDSILJp5dAlafkRdDCVHRIRoiCRWxTrid6nU1DlaQoce2yHlIEURXfOhxUZ5HOF-zUKPQfangKIrd7HLV0NNSjIWKWQ1Jv10B5yuMIL1jwEpy5bksWxbhMP1UE0I7N4z1jy7CuKfgWR9iZcbrOigz3cZNxlFt8eIpthQ08KEEaREPYA_KOT-U0ZDa-BxFFCYZmDxsr5LOYeLvrwu57_WjI1X3rTU7KMp-iKB8mASnaWKKZy-JL_SypgstTm8YL5IhiauMlM5iE9n8ToPC6hP3n8EWF0VDjdRro2-PvU-wAbsHAwIdj0DnYBE4adakLjjQevUxISofV5OkXeZIZWEBJX6R9CXx4FM_yubhxbEsJT9aTSFPPz2AR-gnipp4a-WyQSTSMdLCVDdEXJp99dlNIOZYJSJE6cLxnxv0ke_89WQEiXvawm83lv1h_enhvXrtAUQmoHdx5BRW4S-IP_7YCjsWaUD6tIi2GZN3ATYtF_6SHAoaPk37mpBF-Zmjg4CcBcXUh3s-YhFAhvp9_mFFvvDD0pTzYBKEpnq7_hrVJ2FqL_P2ZQpJ1sYkroFEcgV2YyXzmujYJEn6M6_837_UpgfIaZxX4oANwxqofv_M_P9WaWXm9twYd4MdDkzdXV5NJObgTCfkXKsQtR9gik3aKYhK7y0AryGlZ-WJdd-oweBD0xCfAMQ7oW6COwkc2uo4SCO_2AFREDz_fglHgA2G6qShYyPf5-nzJRui-ztUasaKIRMY1PJfoHwtTWGX-tz9YPVeHZg--Qz5X8y9yVaxXUktIz-KqXFGjZRQ_9H9jb_-8rXVPUN8QWUkNK9N3IqDblHL72QuIFegdRhKZWuBqxMP4GysLtfMjxGcsjMvIosqBa_9tYpBlQrF7cBilq2VTqJIJu-9scBSRDzgqHmpEYJ-Q-V-Xi4BcLjeH4QQ_1-zGnmnTmcPxg1wci3kNKE3J6rjsSpV2N9G1BhwGgOM9kWeUWCo4D1zVNvWlBfY5Uiq1J9gUUDCvYzEQYfnbzcD0vnv5Q8iBviI6R9J3X2ZAtYMrypuAVeGFvycFK6YrYW5TQY0HznmmKGCHXXVRajytUNPYjgi655Rw)Anne Gulland, The BMJ, 2025
* [US drug trials expand outside academic centres](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/cn7qUDRmt6WTPdIiHu6D_7a24xUqOFjRSM1Kwme-tFMxhW5V8-yVFUNVrMjfXqKFzBK-rx_VJnBZ-fQWx4tneFjvqf72WCEM1kBdu2VOuT-iJ8NdVwwGpE4FLnB6QzsNIxHNFB6SrQhLUpRRhrSONtlv7tQsHwTbCz5VAUm-OGTRIjVEmktN6fjalaEQhOKlP4VJ1RPedjQr_4hoiIGgRjeeB5VrUSbr1rDTunhQjT8ryJJVPHu-P5mpDX99-VUfTpnu4jXfhbEJ-jpNrDp3BxF3IFPveDT7wM6BK0G-LNRWsyhHzAQGypZfNScYlWCNIRGFrUK1CTfA1FwKr4BgxHM3C9RYpuo7NTfWS2X2k-wXvfFWMwHTTlY07e9eIn22ADe01rFJWW0XgDkxms3PTyFQL7F-FCCXRIy3uc9By_gaSXkqPc8Nr13bbhr5_wpZtDwcHkDrbeGxhWa7YKWdoFOCJ5br-7_tlsEpS9pSLn3tY_ph8QNJ3AeIPjKjOsjKKhFuhRpQK19JX8Q_1t0GGdBu8KC8ViCIwu66D54ZNBqxCUIfjHQrT3e8nPRX3jqpjpE-_PHWGlWTVA6DtRdXD23UaEveRuD5xDI-lOhwC8-89cHEHSc2IoW7Zpq0TlHVx5zxqFj3s7fhHQ6XS3hKRqxlOPTSSaLzY_cWTMN274bcTCQiSopmvrYKZ-aln4Zk2Xx4YKb6AdTMD-b2M3fFB_8gdV4SeQ6astFHEReECCt1myU2D463nTxJv5zGd6w3iUE5nFYz_pkfM5ikVxKSQsES7mK3uUZfU-l-7o3yhiT6iAacz8mVvXiamWNuF10uOSx5aZLEjqs1werFi_Hufrk8GfBXz_oIgdEmZxPzSjuYgNfOYL7_-YSXwLYRtw0FXKvFjo0EbaZQJQpzHZNWjtl_6KBsNPJguOCqUtNEclas5k-eIJSEkDSdfo0yDl78jC8p-ar5RFjvrDUKdcXtK9zMsCt-l-3bK4-4C6R4_CtfdTTaHK-6zPNlfiVCzUSgUem2FXp91-VpAB8lGjeb4Xhd4qTcROekNA-ZeJQNagABho5xVCFMOXkQyUNsyA3pY4l_RqEJPruRlLDYWofGa7RraeEoyjZrF5mNzQhk4pkXIEZfQRR07NmaSPhg5npmpgRhUfb7YXmx-3S3y37zUs2ggkAOWcGlgoMvHclMsPPz8RbRXic-S9mP2PGILpe9vocDfW7IS60hkwDCrJDxrGQ1aaL9Iq9TaIHDT3uL26iGRTnNezf7zcnTH4XqbIaVZA0WKVs5miEnpg0tugO729eDqoyqpZ3JMxRuGvNgbW8b8cnAdMCuKR6_QGm9uVhkEee-Ui6Q6nQNRO7_DENeI0wfCSKTgYoMNhA5JTZLYVnQZjxuJxdnQcN9GfX6xYfeL9Kvrko76BuUGJT2VZo-fnGkgjFeGR9A5jFyp7WcONXMZZ-xgoSL3iIOjgnfYck)F. Charatan, The BMJ, 1999
* [Press: Close encounters of an alternative kind](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/UFAQdPukWZPAZd2opCZuo4jJ-hQMm0D460cT_BqKHzBHkdyJ82op5UmyMVg4BOznaI7sBQAIXbWEpS6wSewt96y_CsAZpdQCLmxLCCWGp70GK9BjgkL7512Sm9RiU-WA7tX3bNX9G2c_G7luEObfbtW-kvtTeKFXQPhNJlLqRMRaglyY5hadvirvVH82Lp9Te6WPzWtih87pjd6LZF4w48gFwTXhoPvmVfQuyw_jxe-on9U-2AxVd400VlOw_C6T5dGCNaISFSiYgMO2lgv8uRiR89bVx34UX0qKpLWQr5rl-445sF7EYMhLlo5vuotlL2jlP1v3KXnQbUSUiaH1Z_qXgh-Tb0WPAlPwkF-O_82TdVJQRYhKUNt5XFtQ3W1m5LHXV82r9gDg6_vSha_quNrtBo2gNJU2zvIDW_j5D4xZMcc9m9t5Ytx1S7XAn0uANfXEbgCwTFnyRwqJfi6x8ukOylYlcz2OsTChgpbU8vKmK6p5qyWXjk1N4yBLtHwVOIZ8dbJaBwblfbh6ooJ65vLhi3eetkezyeQZN99HBxoWoX4UruobP2JwxZSALkYcQJDBS7Sa5RVmW1t5oRYrgAf_pOQlvOPKXfKcWDfZEgIjBn4lLGzT4xhud6jCa04jPwuHxEeqJezyoarW7HL9NfI9H08g7kWMckw0Ag5rCvr6Y39dUp38ktRctyMzDijZnTAVRw3GRya26-2oOfMXyiagl0TtIxKmiaHPBGLs-DOZaC80CL9BKH3OHsuS6eMcPlPsoHDw5AR6upVFwAkoQLnrvru2r7Lql1jUFcqATdKqPuiTf2N8dF-DA5_FMPjWuH8sVYvCc6K_zZJ1fgZueuORDYWCJTOd194tlz9NVOonltMDLRWLs99ZmSoSFam-r5mG0R5zVnTtgeXe1XLPJXPGqwzd9ILLG55_6NcQW-0OT00wFCSS-tDYR4UupjAjCX5_GDe7Apr_sOkvtDmrLkDZdxqN-CXv2wT-9h-RCw9EiYR4r56L0U8WnpmcCokH6xoXtDxEwZ5WbvmRPmp8tqbEJ_5mtN_5eX0FrOS_SeKZPNvpdIK4_BdEKqUgwj0rOGwU1JeNnju3D8V4h7qirGncTw54eGbf3WRMOGmysqFlh4zTJhxJJZP3CITLl_tMcVgK1kx_ZGfkWl1VsO5ueyryKPifQRrq7uOQiHQshLldfNcyV9_kVg6wrv13BJYZRy076wh0N10rroLVL8BlRlhrPhba83ovexpqQWN-LQ8XStD6xpTPbwzyqAyeQuqF9ta64Dkfe80CVE8OuUcwZYInAjZIZ0E3DTEt8CovVK_vNHfuJtolbQm8v-Mk4sS0D2ubWtwzCes4P0hVZ1UXtoaZePR2blhntGroQreUF4XHKuMInG431Qt_aht6UeBi2lfsI2kAnfdOKg3bz_E0vbXwdtIRKTUCEZ0mkYEsmYqLe1qdUCRG_hE)J. Diamond, The BMJ, 2000
* [They were cheap and available: prisoners as research subjects in twentieth century America](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/gKucs_bQmUdjElEugHK4WlxJmZaB2lx-EACvkc66xyjsxPq3-lGTw-O_l08wn-Nz8gl8_D4JZEo5nL-M3Gx0CQiectCXpMhunORphDyX6xPbCjgPX5bghzPV1NmbQ_OdK20f3kN919cdXR9NL1TKraLiquNn199A4JHMGIPhNG04OLPXtA_zsbUtxNE7vp0ekkCuztOofctGlEiXiFFA3tcFvHT-byx7oPOmKB2naFWqibXpWqJ_H3PD5_fzIyj7zS_7wwABs8Rpj5xvQQry2fV67cQAmVDqMu4vWNquDhiQsSJ9e-S-zm3pWg9dmshvBYWzhjsoK6fwuzHJ52mUiJrK3E3bqT8-cbbXEWYl_WM5F9cpm-A_QOKKxuoWIiwzUZlG3Ij7ATXoNe_2GUYQUsq8Aj-3SKTOx0-yevfPrHldNU5KZKY3FShym1_GaE6nuXZR1XZIkuvIePr37KV3EKtXW_rzFogZFTh2fdlWq6n42GhfHFoxByVaR_T1bZYNIIxoZ9EtDrD7c1bDqvjsJDFMiiLJF_FW569Vx7dd5-0HF5WKeistlFsqo0eGtKgFpBH_qWjzXnsmigyA_CnVPabVnJ0GEIA1gskVcteAXpPP_wFc3jWehxhFILfVEU0OUJZXbk1mg7IslkyE5rmcI_fFkMqbJ3J4c4aBOIM9SCrL6YGcoAAhOdlMHLEgjTIOAzEcvei37U9KcagP4oQl9x5uDeonGTJdphiFNmsDMsyWSPXE8iToN0temUGvy0V74Qt3UmHdRvVNV45uGjbIXoGk5fSkQoq2qZ_8J7OAJsaoa52Bx5mcL9HuHQYuJzLWSQkxovxBK0uqkqhgdjr-WAM7ULIju7USv-f5ObyUaxIDZOZZdoFnx3ZJCWhYCzf6WNjygFBmtQsNSJN27A9wyaFFY_055ijzVYcWoJPQS9mv3gFO8mSWxzcXS5SuHdgBp8igiYf0GA9iRXkxc0sH4v2N6NS2n45nAPaEEo0eODJCQCUsBsjKGgeGOmUQxy0HvXaM858R3cvl8baAW08mZbyPcKEJLRArwqgmxgo-yTOyZXCZeScfzxMJ95I8ub-p-XaHyx8ve5JenY_49e-kXPGmfxJPOR5bqhy1UIyGG2rC_mdA3bv1ANsPul-9TLTocwVW9RaETshEUejedN6wajgSz9O9unp6ZyafdyvrgcyGiJOhUSbdyi4pexv3CUHWR0ow146no1h-_wmUoaey4-iDygFK3UltXsuc7DmPdfx8Vr5XOaNkJwDIaBnzcZ5EJFArS9liRaXu2yS2u7tVq06f514_cv7klihMjgJyHafJ73HCaQlh6IXXz8Y1OnM3zZ44RyWN2BJVpvq_crTWJe7wnVWBlaZM41n-Ic3RrCrmJwhGO3voPJdYxOJ-PmOMHo_Q2XsYkw3fVtYQjJmmqRebZA5yDpLv_7ZAMXo)Allen M. Hornblum, The BMJ, 1997
* [John Q. Trojanowski, MD, PhDDecember 17, 1946–February 8, 2022](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/KIWj6vyMrClqvogG7XO2b62vl_EYh9fHVe1jhHc5dTgvek57JLeTsZJSOw1246r_tPWG2eZdfLHxuNdYL9h5rxd1lwM0dKi-2N5Cucs4K7bMMN1vz_FVXQvaIRTOXYS0RGfSq6zWMOrUwV44CW6uk3_sMak7K4lro-UsH569uPN6OljnIl-zxqnFbUkAIfjpawV5tLB7uvWD6kyB7yGh-b51KtgONqzo1AjSxMTE6yCWjomhjAEmL_MLgl-2gP-j-nJzd-gYy9YV3dZhXF2OenD7lW3uwSgLYMBkoLAMWImES8crRlFB3JObqI99LwkKDD8DdUfcE5cnpR-RqnIvHpq-i2S7sl9NUs1vwJ_mnnoK9mB4hd4w_XzOJ9WJdsRK_y3ICK4n3BTZr6tHCWoS5qtiyLcJSsyk0UsVCIZie9HEJbOdJNJmCYT8pBvXTS8Wg5l6zqE33vialhmLSumVzjF58gU_5VmFTqblGR-K5-eQh1dHVg2uX3sPdIiCHMgs71a9YwCHuAg3k39IleB2migwKUZQcZPJvhPtAyDE4T8pnUZd2t9qIGm6-hPiiWkc0m7-T6t7Ptf4Nds9Dcc_cyCZg57pxJWvjRVwaQ7Z3RM9amSyMXVc8RMKdRq6CPQRPBIuc2IlatObJ1V0KqFzrBnPiEUSZiaFrc81Ph2cB68HxVtfdkhNWCHf7xN45PBei1M--HD_d91jOyDSZjFOxoOgKT0PCZTtLsc2FlvefSFPzVx5DwDa9yO5ssQVzxXydzQMHI1WdXTpNz3kQ_SwwYfrTCi-ePS6qhBrBhivcTWxASGPGvfIoU-xxmdQDo5P8lIFmW761__UuAgJyiMnlcsIFyjI_EIVJGbqraov05Att11Bve0I6_x5W3cFjOlCHsqAbONql8xqY_SoYIWKD7z0wzIPM1S8jDrwj9Plh6ZmBSX3yvy0P0RMMaq71SUuz7pbkhfSOpuODut0vC64np4_OGZFdur0U0R4Dxf7Ytl-bBB5CeZeGCaLXCVLUb6J6LZxxrQjeFwOmrwdb8kGFrJX5On0yPYQuuUPIBdL8VlFwuu_nPVEMx99qygTvP5TAzbmZ5HAyvFDrnkPu2fsYAYonJjF1EpKljDYlDn4DIXmuF6Nqb6emt5NawuxzHWwWjpeAGOrAwyKC_eeB7-rd8Wkckj59bOF2TadVlvVtcBrjxcvU1Scv6OYCFogZ7-kEglmI30zv-K45cZRILafoCYcJH5ZK-StHXZeBLcpfqhwe8NvpCtrzuI9fj1O21UqvV1Off1FNa9Fof9XiCRLjtMvmr0BuVD5zM0iLgx_gez_Ug7Kt5_Dtazol0_BP3nZWyQf3PanVKh-4enpcA-PFz0SEbKnUFq9-Ul2SUYmKIOkblo0t-GfS6TgjTVP8ZdH)Peter T Nelson, Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 2022
* [‘Sensation Novels’, Medical Critic and Psychological Journal, 11 ( July 1863), 513—19 [514—16, 518—19]](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/o90HVCC_vuCzgI_TBdiLNzinBj7m85xROFY7-LI9qVsrtQ9hpg20fzlvPypC4OVjIv0PUJA2HBTkOwIfPSVU8ErH4UcL7AUkNHITGwR_zDN3Kl1bhTUhon9qFqEYgZwneaSSWttEAH4rHjU1aFZjtuUOPLQhEUhveoSFrWkKQK0gUVu_orzdQ2yr_C-h0GfMOUWBNNGqjhWTaLY7zGAWS_ynTNgFUZ9fQ-Z-j5R6B8x1kVfmahfi8navjoUz45H9Bxp9aRr6BR-4Uz0iNPsbrtuAifnIzXajsvlMneQylVkkZ49NUpKRJ2MtcHbC6EwpBoeG8OBCjLpuq7rdv_K0DsMJkmKtzMmBv9oSlx9tF2MuY9MTLqZXApK3Jzcd4oDvezV4L0G051siI00RpVdhJV-MO9MO2gV3F7EmwJeRfaLjZPCTX3Xht9gjNeDXV92-VTU4PC9W4TYKoSV-FI-Fob9SLFMgb0rtRUOGfEQ9q_Zz8SyVk6eCBTGjOw0LREkrGKnxiANJBe5TF49H91Ucf6pS9RzF9xvxA6Bq6cS2ZLjmjVnkZXfVELfM9H12wUYxOCxO8GKEipS-U_hKlBWT7CwlP1LZjXsJn5Pbq7a-hv9Jw2Yek_X2Vmo0VrgFtLr7kKW30SrB7YS2CtnZfTKFKiqTZ18C2VSkPi5HiGHiCsQbwNeK72HVBb6XJ1hUEXhcX2iiv1qsQtaIHAgG1OLaISe2XjN59OlL7CV1tgCxyer-svS70b2909FEkAc4Mg51P20ZZ_BQV4bK04Zj_jK8_0-ayPIuwuwV3OaLfOqT3-sOgX8Dvd8B-kimGrZ8aGn7eIpK4JOaVoFCkboHI4BULg6Cg_0kgc86o4lq4s5Szjuo4Ryke3H_12q7tkZMbTUMQcrUCmrsELzpmV3fEB1s4yq-rc5Pj9iHAVElcLgMDvmdXtLx5XJD6BLDtlzYOzQqX-peeRZrb0mYJqiGovOq8zrYJP_b28NWj9g9P1OK1L6giOwjQvC0yYlV0ZX2josPYRaCDY-KJVJLS55hdfGrKq_Drp9iwNgKVz9cZERZC1MjKc1HuDsn1RLeoZxv5z9GQGImLcKbs6eOki2vMHGgaVwkJbZKgAoA_zMTbs5qCV2Chqt4ykVAcqgisfIhAuuIynSjZ9jlCi8R6jwh_TkZcxpMwB5Xc3W0qYkgnyqp0-DoieX27X7QMHpgh12Rpsm0XsYg-IR6cD2A3Oh0JRCAho7NFFDrq-giMRwOYsFcZZjE_C9RONTsqgYtLjG2MELC0dpgPirpk0ca3Oum-7WHk9Jk9R-AXy-3WjbjNRzkk58EV6rtwVgU6qW4r1y81PnsZ-VZrAD1MsTJjEGcguSpvzVcKvTlNBEf60Ft5tTjkKTzE_m9VX1qNaYfKY9_h0gZqHaMW6EI1qJP6M_4ojxtS8ACawFBbi8UYn3Lxaz4rfE)Andrew King ed., Oxford Academic Books, 1990
* [Certainty and authority](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/_dM9RztI1G292mP2Y2RAtynzJMa4BBlCJ4fUXDePg7_7NgitbuEoCfFw_lb_yascQv-Xypc6EevNLIcHJtdWLvUANtIZs9OBWiDlx6_AoCu2OWZsiBuUTRmfRiM_f-5u0uO_JUcoI34udi_3Q5FGatTylLWT-eSrVpkVjE7tBBBSJ0slLFyPUh-qk2ApQOEVB3-FLkP2_pTjCoOycUotp0y5npQrK1uRjk34Iwi3Vdg1RNFXrQ_J1HgGzSrxX01MX5DNu1hWnYyv7bSsQ2rcyLynxGA6qxZ-9FQWwfzO6r7dN88Nw-60PFU8qS5g3TgUdUVKpDkwO4B1tTOQTLy9SD9X2C0aTh6jUA4JBuwXp5Mkd8ynA1D_neGzXWJrVs3Ci6zeFeJid_6GbM-ydWDiGa3M-VTFwWqmxzY0kktbushuHtnQkOCNv4KGP-XPXF3xq1pHi-FzAV0PPhaQvRQNJ2bubz6c9TIaiNn5xk53kR2CzU_uDfo6niueZ3CnWkYSFyJ9LsUeerD-9KZH6-eK_1EsIwVz4RHcceRAUI1ZsNAAhqHlwif7v815BykKxlqdAo5Km0sf1t4C89AFZ1i6RAhZTH1yYF-qyY2NYdmz4-4-qHZXBobbb-X44JUU-fxjK8G6apBDfGI_wlWwDyJpI7icaHWcvKsuaef-iRkPA6TLQ0DMGZCF9t-h4WqwQafHdXz7fYpiWN8ZQ6hcsRcLm6MgqmIeDawGj1jTkeSewJ0Iy5rmxMC-yrnOBGJ4PorL-Y36f2Z4vlTr_K_mPiTTZoCW5wEFeUS_yj_1NgLi7tWsuyrI53YDVFNxzhUc6jmVo_46NG3WvpcoqB1IZdzQhhOHTk5Cr18kW6JLO6zYPoFnw1sFA7BlZLGyydHeviqdDzMM_2ERlwpjPSvmi67BeiZRzWPwHUX6I2b-oJpJ8_aG8x78HYvjjDh_p7OmhfBw5QhB8UXTCsNNL8MYXOM3uA5l0x1Fz-BowlfTkSyz2UhZk3n9_DJH7Mq-gh0Pq1JLAJ8hH7tJTL4Q5y0N69ZrKBBWCMNE4Xxqkp5rWsjoNkHBesN3IMc_k7UMAzLzNfCM618CQ7LsZ7fjzf0uMQSgZTbGUUTnYGBpqM8Gng263uJVWR8mJ7Nz4Ov9rhbZJ7T4I_NnfSK4O63exlbJUwNG09ikHEqFPUVP0_oaA9VhCQmYvyrlvm_lUr75SRXZaRuwYisy6FjaNJ0es-GAL1wDirJlUsViHRPtqBDxo_raBDWpgUc5S6M4pd1W_XOxEQ1rB0l_Iai4kBRiaEVFOhnmLpPigAffvHvdJGkBtBNZsjZHMOw7GvaA9t7dQXfmvKwSpG1xxwxsHErRJca6gC5EC1ON2jHxzKFp5gIYZ_4k3xWXy85FWTkEyPoKAu-CSnl5dDdBe8Mo4NwDbO-ayGTaWz8)OUPblog Editor, OUPBlog, 2014
* [Exploiting Vulnerable Citizens: Drug Testing and the Mentally Ill](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/u0jIUWzPx2WcP9gKw4HAaEKMr8OGyKXzQBlhfJ7WOmLDzEAEwD0pnxOuI33UirbrwEhY_J8JILG10kMLaL0pMw0XaRbgblqZV7MmiLCTu6kceB3nTP_lDJt2lgmyj9Ae9m5yh16Cwb_cDEZJKRmTJsw-XImZmQSLF23L8DHII6xi_r84bH0OJ8VjRVgoUnqCm5hajXIneiBZE5HUAaVjo2VA6YPo2aUvv1Xv8ytaxU6O70oIh0MVfiUUqIgQIZtp0Mt3EUpP1WQEM48y0Xk7M77Ofu_w7juUJUcePylzExYHLgTpVKiSIIbWOBu_IxHclesEH4lD7TULBNywQDJq_Iq2cnKsgmzi9uzYjZG9j2hruHqZNHfxc_Km1Qu3EmO4NeBmy8znCz7ya_WEk5QKfZ33nUwVou2SYtUagJRiVDq_TEi8veud-0soqU4Lercwfuw5LNSAsklG2sgZliLDYyG_mzcUdTj0FP8sByLG4tnOJPE6kGTCnVftZU8SbtNjMwPdyUfil9balF7uwu6vVrXjJ5djgUw8vHMtsWAmnl3SngLAU2OLxj5B4VC6JlomF8ha0Va1PvsfT7QVmNXT4Y3fwLjg5GfJn8R3SgMBopGKvAM2HWsGdk5i6PBiVXnAWLLzPck5XANUEnej1RvMax64k-Pk0cbVIeMqXvg64kqgAKZlNteThmuT0XsHk_T7amhHM28yDXrO-5tj8w_F461MG3qNpzTVp6nZzb3Ags5u4FpyvsOHQpROaaWAJ9ALCD0Gq8ieGRT9DyE7LNZzCgmNaimwr4DVTiuOUZq4hsFVQMEG0CEcIssfclkcbWHmPu6hdtbw-6fGJ7PIGk-qNlcUqtHE7lNjwOvPoQyL_Uo_warbkYEn40OC7p5oNTWF20fkVCQRsnN1mxFUbOgQtDUJWkSVedRI0jBP9TjIM636XL6d3dlCpXTvuW5sdmX3vNJ771ePsOvHx2sWSme-MwabLeAkogT-GJT9WZDu8BIMQxhdCIWZ7r-6QbFu4YCXOMeyRYUpLbPx7LPGRCVeFLtiudGlo1ibC-f6w_Xq9yQPDC1IMBWuzudJ79Y-dgSOrOQ9jO9E7JIiK8p2qCgy93m18vYYfeKtRsc7ThbRKKz3xC4AGQdP--8eaVifqbjnGvoMZ3sZMCMSTrcgvzSIjm8tSRYuACHnhAjxC9O5B4zL6HXMK6olEbPnVQpltgXuSEQlwRUlhOgVolI0a44tDNmagT3saxXfvXKhGI_LW6n5r9mNQqo3jY7n0JlOz2QuYVq7Q5Aj7c2eIaVMYyw11pdKhDJvfmCw7wSZEdxFwtLBcDe0Ay-k4ruX5o_a8IaX5NEqJiE1FcDRZWfVHt1yiWnPNZaHaA1Jzon-zNS56_hdL6JoLim-XAyqWYIlBne5hYpqiVX0IDuoSNVHvLclKsORCCXxHyppZVsJgTm1eEGkNtH8VWrPZOAGU98iHTakf2mrcjvtRptuhMq8FA)Carl Elliott, NYU Press, 2018
* [The Problem with Science: The Reproducibility Crisis and What to do About It](https://rev.trendmd.com/open/saiQ-SJX8jcVwsNyO9nkkukUnl5GwN3tyrifogYK6tUJKjfH2j3_WQg3xBAx-apEnBWUjeh6XO_dDQ1cA6AnRAiDFzXf6MD8XSNSYRfDmDZK2Kvf8sHDFJrvacUbIzMK-zMBMKsNus3SxA6A_lFIP9hfYmZBtj7doC530iOfXO2v_st7KX4b6J4HWbX7X3xwRptQLKnrlkN9-z-YEnT_3x5SNkKxZI0eD_5xF7Zagl2VF9ap4aFlCVRE8pUBzFMTGV2iPhjwX-vAkeGD1CtM4x6YJAUJGmd3Fv5mZGJ8Vfi2L6FO8alAKtTATdRK_8P_a0i89Sl8WyZsGNQw7yvMcUIlBvoWZ7J-S8uc75pCGur-qG6GyGd-uWxWArfFvaJqbwu_WX_dXZhjiXcz2cof0MQCHDjov4mNHn8_9fiJ9mT1sC71SteCFJQ6xfl-4-iWOM7gwqe0lLi7D6RnAGF_Xrweez3IeAFL4t-aXTQ3zSsEVnBx_3lqqtXpxPhJxG7-xA2XYK1uawl5kAwrVlerBrLezilB5E2vyoNfiBZGqAB2tyOJxuO2zRTJNBZ2n5oZEiVZ-KIrIzo4c8ibGtdpi8tu114V9SQ44Au37vzTwjV2FUjO6VK6WMp7ICMh5Sy9W0JWZs_XwGVvv-mTW1HfL-7BJyF6MwYX9GvgxiEi7zysWW5juxEY0orHyVzQspYGoWgfaYHhE7P3MfgS8mUrn5DmXAyrOYcQWUB0e1RcQ1K8k0-FDiEdOOxBMGvjGj6n8ui4ck7CZj752VoXxIKsDmONoPvFKQF_LWR0BIgborlQqftsnDsu9C2guzcG3_COygia3jB7Gc9MtLpC2HS7_gAZhhoXzLgsbn7YQO-ViRZk0GTxU67ZJavaYHYWv5pdsKzDjyuLqn96UiTmXZ5vlOuCp5sq27K7QdE49cyOe0FuALv1_jjjI45A29c8tKEmIXCRYJ9b4xJO2BlsaNTJLx3qRukD-M4MiJXzFilNvRoKYGPVH1pUY89wK4NJi1eFQZszEH8qbYJMHAa1UJ_7w97yxJ55csZ13YPZTjwOhksq2uKhtoaiuL04Lc_Mw_GpjlgttNM2R16bVwLoCdf99-4IdouMe1A6loIZT0-aO6VlDe5Nh5GZo3rb-SD8qOBuq9k-htINfcWs2jYSLEwdGNAQdBT878nsbdfHv50qA6s6NPBqSuJdsz3asVIAPsqCIUabVcK5ula_YjYXQAceULpA1wPiUF2LJJoLNoA59NqOOd4fuiBPdgYfg-7JsgXr7hfh9KQ3eeOzB-Omefv-qa0IEbz4Lux4GvR_5uIK8FBy4_0Gos5j-fynOow0q7ICk2Ueiikt7wkCJl-N_mbtyOgtOSZ_bA0tSOLMkDc)R. Barker Bausell, Oxford Academic Books, 2021
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#### Google & IAB TCF 2 Purposes of Processing
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Allowing third-party ad tracking and third-party ad serving through Google and other vendors to occur. Please see more information on Google Ads https://policies.google.com/privacy?hl=en-US
Cookies Details
#### Store and/or access information on a device 261 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Store and/or access information on a device
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
List of IAB Vendors|View Illustrations
#### Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 327 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development
* ##### Use limited data to select advertising 256 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
View Illustrations Object to Legitimate Interests Remove Objection
* ##### Create profiles for personalised advertising 192 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
View Illustrations
* ##### Use profiles to select personalised advertising 193 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
View Illustrations
* ##### Create profiles to personalise content 70 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
View Illustrations
* ##### Use profiles to select personalised content 64 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
View Illustrations
* ##### Measure advertising performance 300 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
View Illustrations Object to Legitimate Interests Remove Objection
* ##### Measure content performance 112 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
View Illustrations Object to Legitimate Interests Remove Objection
* ##### Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 189 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
View Illustrations Object to Legitimate Interests Remove Objection
* ##### Develop and improve services 217 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
View Illustrations Object to Legitimate Interests Remove Objection
* ##### Use limited data to select content 66 partners can use this purpose
- [x] Switch Label
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
View Illustrations Object to Legitimate Interests Remove Objection
List of IAB Vendors
#### Use precise geolocation data 88 partners can use this special feature
- [x] Use precise geolocation data
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
List of IAB Vendors
#### Actively scan device characteristics for identification 54 partners can use this special feature
- [x] Actively scan device characteristics for identification
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
List of IAB Vendors
#### Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 210 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
List of IAB Vendors|View Illustrations
#### Deliver and present advertising and content 201 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
List of IAB Vendors|View Illustrations
#### Match and combine data from other data sources 140 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
List of IAB Vendors
#### Link different devices 91 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
List of IAB Vendors
#### Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 185 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
List of IAB Vendors
#### Save and communicate privacy choices 184 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
List of IAB Vendors|View Illustrations
### Cookie List
Consent Leg.Interest
- [x] checkbox label label
- [x] checkbox label label
- [x] checkbox label label
Clear
* - [x] checkbox label label
Apply Cancel
Confirm My Choices
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File and source
- File
- bmj-h4992_1233d479cd57532f.md.txt
- Size
- 49,362 bytes
- SHA-256
- e1951bceddf8b67daf4c005896fbee65737560af6bc75320e915911a7825a27c
- Original
- No public link identified.