Gary L. Cunningham — Written Testimony - Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (May 2, 2024)

Summary

Written testimony dated May 2, 2024 to the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship by Gary L. Cunningham, Senior Advisor at the Institute on Race, Power and Political Economy at The New School. The testimony presents strategies to address the racial wealth divide and support minority-owned firms. It reviews the history of African American, Asian American, Latino and Native American entrepreneurship and cites census figures of approximately 8 million minority-owned businesses. It discusses access to capital, loan denial rates, market access and research on entrepreneurship and the racial wealth gap. The testimony closes by urging continued support for the Minority Business Development Agency and the SBA 8(a) Business Development Program.

Summary drafted by a model from the document's text below and checked by script against that text before publication. It is a navigation aid, not a reading of what the document proves. Where AI is used

Full text

                                    **May 2, 2024**

          **Written Testimony - Senate Committee on Small Business and
                                Entrepreneurship**

  **Gary L. Cunningham, Senior Advisor, Institute on Race, Power and Political
                        Economy at The New School**

Introduction
Chairman and honorable Members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to
present strategies to combat the racial wealth divide and to support minority-owned
firms. I am honored to be asked to provide input into your consideration of policies to
grow and accelerate the success of businesses of color.

My comments draw on my many years of work in this field, including leadership in the
CDFI movement, as a founding member of the African-American Alliance of CDFIs
CEOs, the BlackBusiness Credit Initiative, and the Black Vision Fund. Additionally, I
served as president of the Metropolitan Economic Development Association (MEDA),
one of the highest performing minority business development centers in the country
according to The U.S. Department of Commerce’s Minority Business Development
Agency for 4 consecutive years. I also operated the Federal Procurement Center pilot
for MBDA providing technical assistance and trusted guidance to businesses of color
seeking federal contracts. More recently, I served as President and CEO of Prosperity
Now, a national organization focusing on racial and economic inequalities.

I am board chair of Momentous Capital and board member of the Association for
Enterprise Opportunity, the largest microenterprise membership organization in the
country. I also am a member of the Treasury Advisory Committee on Racial Equity.

Currently I am senior advisor to the Institution on Race, Power and Political Economy at
The New School. Where we advance research and understanding of structural
inequalities to identify innovative ways to promote equity and create a world that works
equally well for everyone.

Today, I stand here proudly on the shoulders of my ancestors – the Black Freedmen of
the Muskogee Nation in Oklahoma. The Black Creek Freedman who were in part
responsible for the creation of Black Wall Street in the Greenwood District of Tulsa.
Their resilience and entrepreneurial spirit in the face of systemic racism and exclusion
laid the groundwork for what would become a symbol of Black economic empowerment
and excellence. Despite the tragic destruction of Black Wall Street in 1921, the legacy of
the Freedmen and their descendants continues to inspire our efforts to uplift
entrepreneurs of color. Their struggles and triumphs underscore the importance of our
work to ensure that entrepreneurs of color have the support and resources they need to
thrive. As we discuss strategies to empower minority firms, let us remember the


                                            1
enduring spirit of the Creek Freedmen and the vital role that Black entrepreneurship has
played in our nation's history.

We are at a critical juncture in our nation's history, where many hard-fought gains
toward creating a more inclusive union, where everyone—regardless of their
background—can pursue the American Dream, are under assault. The American
Promise is founded on the idea that through hard work and dedication, anyone can
climb the economic ladder of success. I would argue that this is not only an economic
imperative for our country, but that opening up doors of opportunity through small
business and entrepreneurship for communities of color is key to sustaining our
American democracy.

Our journey through a complex legal and socio-economic landscape underscores the
urgency of our commitment to fostering an equitable business environment, which is
crucial for the prosperity of our nation.

Historical Context of Minority Entrepreneurship
The history of minority entrepreneurship in the United States reflects a complex tapestry
of resilience, innovation, and persistence against the backdrop of racial discrimination,
segregation, and economic exclusion. Spanning diverse communities—African
Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans—each group’s
entrepreneurial journey has been uniquely shaped by its distinct challenges and
contributions to the economic landscape.

This narrative of minority entrepreneurship is not just a chronicle of business
development but also a profound testament to the enduring spirit of communities that
have navigated systemic barriers. Whether facing overt policies of exclusion or subtler
forms of bias, these entrepreneurs have consistently demonstrated remarkable
ingenuity and determination. Their contributions enrich our understanding of the
American economic story, highlighting the pivotal role of diversity in fostering a vibrant,
inclusive marketplace.

Post-Civil War Era and African American
Entrepreneurship
African American entrepreneurship has its roots in the period following the Civil War.
During Reconstruction, African Americans began to establish businesses. However, the
end of Reconstruction marked the beginning of the Jim Crow era, which imposed
severe restrictions on African American life through enforced racial segregation and
discriminatory laws. Despite these barriers, African Americans created thriving business
districts, famously known as "Black Wall Streets" in several cities, such as the
Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

The Jim Crow laws not only segregated African Americans but also limited their
economic opportunities, forcing them to start and patronize their own businesses due to

                                             2
racial exclusion from white-owned establishments. This period saw the rise of Black-
owned banks, insurance companies, and other institutions as a response to exclusion
from white-dominated financial services.

Redlining, a practice that began in the 1930s, systematically denied mortgage and
business loans to residents in predominantly minority neighborhoods. This practice,
along with other forms of economic discrimination, significantly hindered the ability of
Black entrepreneurs to acquire capital and grow their businesses. The effects of
redlining are still evident today, as minority communities continue to face significant
disparities in business ownership and access to business resources.

Asian American Entrepreneurship and Immigration
Challenges
Asian Americans have also faced significant hurdles due to discriminatory laws and
practices. Early Asian immigrants, particularly the Chinese and Japanese, came to the
United States in significant numbers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They
were met with hostility and legal barriers, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882,
the first significant law restricting immigration based on nationality.

These restrictions curtailed their rights to own property and businesses. Nevertheless,
Asian Americans managed to establish ethnic enclaves where they started businesses
that catered primarily to their own communities. Over time, these enclaves became
pivotal in nurturing the growth of Asian American businesses, which expanded beyond
ethnic boundaries as legal and social hurdles were gradually dismantled.

Latino Entrepreneurship and Sector Concentration
Latino entrepreneurship has been shaped by both immigration patterns and the socio-
economic conditions of Latino communities in the U.S. Historically, Latino businesses
have been concentrated in sectors like agriculture, retail, and service industries. These
businesses often emerged within tightly-knit communities, providing goods and services
not only to fellow Latinos but also to other minority groups. The challenges faced by
Latino entrepreneurs include language barriers, access to capital, and navigating legal
frameworks for business, which were often compounded by racial and ethnic
discrimination.

Native American Entrepreneurship and Economic
Development Efforts
Native American entrepreneurship, often overlooked, has been hindered by systemic
marginalization and land dispossession. Recent efforts have focused on tribal
enterprises, including ventures like casinos that have become significant Native
American business endeavors. Despite challenges, Native entrepreneurs engage in


                                             3
various sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and crafts, contributing to the diverse
landscape of entrepreneurship.

Current State of Minority-Owned Businesses in the
U.S.
In examining the current landscape of minority-owned businesses in the United States,
it becomes evident that these enterprises play a vital role in driving economic growth
and innovation across diverse sectors. According to the US census, there are
approximately 8 million minority-owned businesses contributing over $1 trillion annually
to the economy, their impact underscores the entrepreneurial spirit and resilience within
minority communities. Despite significant contributions, disparities persist relative to
demographic proportions, highlighting challenges that hinder the full potential of these
businesses. For example, Black Americans comprise approximately 12.4% of the US
population, but represent only about 2.4% of all employer firm owners.

Growth Trends and Economic Contributions
Over the past decade, minority business enterprises have been at the forefront of new
business creation, accounting for more than 50% of the two million new businesses
started in the U.S. These ventures have created 4.7 million jobs, showcasing their
substantial role in job creation and economic vitality. While there has been notable
growth, disparities persist, especially concerning the representation of Black-owned
businesses compared to their population share, indicating the need for targeted support
and interventions to address underlying barriers.
Black owned businesses, in particular, have shown notable growth. Between 2017 and
2020, the number of Black owned businesses increase by 13.64% significantly more
than the 0.53% increase in all businesses combined.
In addition, the revenue and employment figures for Black owned businesses have also
seen significant increases from 2017 to 2021, Black firms' gross revenues soared by
43% and these businesses employed over 1.4 million people.

Sector-Specific Challenges and Opportunities
A substantial portion of minority-owned businesses are concentrated in low growth
sectors like health care and social assistance. However, these businesses face
systemic financial barriers that hinder their expansion and competitiveness in the
market. Addressing these challenges requires a nuanced understanding of the sector-
specific dynamics and the unique hurdles minority entrepreneurs encounter in
accessing capital and resources.

Challenges Faced by Minority-Owned Businesses
The history of minority entrepreneurship in the U.S. is marked by resilience and
innovation in the face of systemic racism and economic exclusion. Each group, while

                                             4
facing unique challenges, has developed strategies to sustain and grow their
businesses. The legacy of these entrepreneurial efforts is a testament to the crucial role
that minority businesses play in the American economy, contributing not only to the
economic diversity but also to the social and cultural richness of the nation.

Minority-owned businesses across various groups encounter persistent challenges in
accessing capital, with disparities in loan approvals, funding amounts, and interest rates
affecting their financial stability. Entrepreneurs of color face obstacles in securing
adequate financing, limiting their capacity for investment and growth. Additionally,
disparities in equity investments and venture capital further compound the financial
challenges faced by minority-owned businesses, restricting their ability to scale and
innovate within their industries.
Access to capital: Surveys, such as one conducted by Goldman Sachs, revealed that
37% of black small business owners report significant difficulties in accessing new
capital – 14% higher than their non-Black peers, underscoring systematic bias.
Loan denial rates: reports from institutions like Intuit QuickBooks illustrate that 57% of
Black business owners have been denied bank loans at least once during their start up
phase. Rates are also significantly higher than experienced by their non-Black
counterparts.
Cost disparities and business startups: on average, Black entrepreneurs face a
higher initial financial burden, costing them approximately $5000 more to start a
business compared to their non-Black peers.
Recent studies by the Federal Reserve have highlighted persistent disparities in
financing approval and amounts between minority and non-minority-owned small
businesses. According to the 2021 Report on Firms Owned by People of Color, based
on the 2020 Small Business Credit Survey, Black- and Latino-owned firms applying for
non-emergency financing were less than half as likely to receive full approval compared
to their white counterparts, even when categorized as low credit risks. Specifically, while
48% of low-risk white-owned firms received all the financing they sought, only about
25% of similarly situated Latino-owned firms did.
Furthermore, a 2016 Federal Reserve study found that even among businesses
approved for some level of financing, only 40% of minority-owned firms received the full
amount they sought, compared to 68% of non-minority-owned firms. This data points to
a broader trend where minority-owned businesses face not only higher hurdles in
securing initial loan approvals but also receive lesser amounts than requested,
underscoring the challenges these businesses encounter in accessing capital.
The Federal Reserve's findings suggest that these disparities are due in part to weaker
banking relationships and structural barriers that disproportionately affect minority-
owned firms.

Market Access and Growth Limitations

                                             5
In addition to financial barriers, minority-owned businesses encounter significant
obstacles in accessing markets, expanding their customer base, and penetrating
established networks. Limited networking opportunities, geographic constraints, and
sector concentration pose challenges to market diversification and growth opportunities.
Overcoming these obstacles requires targeted initiatives to enhance market access,
address customer biases, and provide resources for effective marketing strategies,
enabling minority-owned businesses to compete and thrive in a competitive business
environment.
The current state of minority-owned businesses in the U.S. reflects a dynamic
landscape of growth, innovation, and resilience, tempered by persistent disparities and
challenges. By understanding the unique contributions and obstacles faced by these
enterprises, policymakers can implement tailored solutions to foster an inclusive
economic environment where minority entrepreneurs can flourish, drive economic
progress, and contribute meaningfully to the nation's entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Business owners of color, despite facing systemic challenges and biases, are making a
substantial impact. Various studies support the assertion that Black entrepreneurship
can significantly impact the racial wealth gap. However, the effectiveness and extent of
this impact remain subjects of ongoing research and debate.

The Role of Entrepreneurship in Reducing the Racial
Wealth Gap
The racial wealth gap in the United States is a significant and persistent issue, marked
by substantial disparities in wealth between Black and white households. This gap has
historical roots and has been exacerbated by systemic inequalities and discriminatory
practices over centuries. Recent data shows that the median wealth for white
households is significantly higher than for Black households, with the gap amounting to
approximately $164,000. The median white household has about $189,000 in wealth,
while the median Black household has around $24,000.
Addressing this racial wealth gap requires substantial economic investment. McKinsey
& Company projects that closing the racial wealth gap, including supporting Black-
owned businesses to achieve revenue parity with white-owned businesses, could
potentially add between $1 trillion and $1.5 trillion annually to the U.S. economy by
2028. This projection accounts for the negative effect of the wealth gap on consumption
and investment, suggesting that addressing it could significantly boost economic activity
and growth.
Despite systemic challenges and biases, business owners of color are already making
significant contributions. In his study "The 'Myth' That Black Entrepreneurs Can Reduce
the Gap in Wealth between Black and White Families," William D. Bradford from
Washington University argues that African American entrepreneurs can bridge the racial
income gap. His research, published in "Economic Development Quarterly" in August
2014, analyzed family income data from 1999 to 2009 and showed that African
American entrepreneurship significantly reduces income disparities between African

                                            6
American and white families. Bradford found that African American entrepreneurs
experience similar upward income mobility to their white counterparts. He also noted
that self-employed entrepreneurs, regardless of race, tend to have higher income levels
and upward mobility than those employed in the labor force.
Supporting this view, the Brookings Institution noted that the racial wealth gap in the
United States widened during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring systemic
challenges facing Black entrepreneurs and households. A study from Springer
emphasized that entrepreneurial success is crucial for reducing the racial wealth gap. It
highlights that improving the success rates of Black entrepreneurs by increasing access
to capital, markets, and technical assistance is critical for the sustainability and growth
of Black-owned businesses. The St. Louis Federal Reserve has highlighted that Black
entrepreneurs face unique challenges that contribute to a racial entrepreneurship gap.
Addressing these challenges could help Black entrepreneurs build wealth and
strengthen their communities.
While entrepreneurship is not a panacea for closing the racial wealth gap, it can play a
crucial role in addressing the issue. However, broader systemic challenges must also
be addressed to fully unlock the potential of entrepreneurship in reducing racial wealth
disparities.

Broadening the Spectrum of Financial Support
To address these challenges, it is crucial to broaden the spectrum of financial support
available to minority-owned businesses beyond traditional loans. This can include equity
investments, grants, and innovative funding mechanisms that are more inclusive and
accessible.

Equity Investments
Minority entrepreneurs often face significant barriers in accessing venture capital and
equity investments. Programs like Backstage Capital and Founders First Capital
Partners are specifically designed to support underrepresented entrepreneurs by
providing not just funding but also strategic advice and networking opportunities. These
initiatives recognize the value of diversity in driving innovation and are committed to
correcting the underrepresentation of minority-owned businesses in venture funding.

Grants
Grants provide an essential source of funding for minority-owned businesses because
they do not require repayment, which can alleviate financial pressure. Numerous grants
are available specifically for minority entrepreneurs, such as those offered by the U.S.
Small Business Administration and private entities like the Pepper Start Up Grant for
Blackwomen business owners. These grants can support various business needs, from
startup costs to expansion efforts, without the burden of debt.




                                             7
Community Development Financial Institutions
(CDFIs)
CDFIs play a pivotal role in supporting minority-owned businesses by offering loans,
investments, financial services, and technical assistance to underserved populations
and communities. These institutions often provide more favorable terms compared to
traditional banks and are more likely to understand and support the unique challenges
faced by minority entrepreneurs.

Digital and Fintech Solutions
The rise of fintech has introduced new avenues for accessing capital. Digital platforms
can offer alternative lending options that bypass traditional banking barriers. For
instance, the Opportunity Project's initiative to develop digital tools helps minority
businesses understand and access alternative business capital options, enhancing their
ability to secure necessary funding.

Government and Nonprofit Programs
Several government and nonprofit programs are designed to facilitate access to capital
for minority-owned businesses. For example, the Minority Business Development
Agency (MBDA) offers various resources to help minority entrepreneurs secure capital
and navigate the financial landscape. Additionally, programs like the SBA’s 8(a)
Business Development program provide business assistance, training, and support for
government contracts, which can be a crucial growth area for these businesses.
Expanding the types of financial support available to minority-owned businesses is
crucial for fostering an inclusive economic environment where diversity is seen as an
asset rather than a barrier. By supporting a range of funding options—from equity
investments and grants to innovative fintech solutions—stakeholders can help address
the systemic barriers that have long hindered the financial success of minority
entrepreneurs. This comprehensive approach not only aids in the immediate growth of
minority-owned businesses but also contributes to the long-term vitality of the broader
economy.
Remedying Persistent Discrimination
Diversity and inclusion business development programs transcends merely addressing
historical injustices; it actively combats ongoing discrimination that still affects minority
entrepreneurs today. Discriminatory practices in lending, barriers to networking, and
unequal access to business opportunities continue to undermine minority business
owners. These support programs provide essential support to these entrepreneurs,
leveling the playing field and enabling true competition based on merit and innovation.
Economic Benefits Extend Beyond Beneficiaries
The economic justification for diversity and inclusion extends well beyond the immediate
benefits to minority businesses. By fostering diversity in the business community, these

                                              8
programs enhance innovation, stimulate competition, and drive economic growth. The
success of minority-owned businesses leads to job creation and revitalizes
economically underserved areas, yielding benefits for the economy at large.
Ethical Imperatives and Social Integration
From an ethical standpoint, diversity and inclusion is crucial for correcting deep-seated
imbalances in a society that professes to value fairness and equal opportunity. Socially,
these programs contribute to a more inclusive and diverse business landscape that
mirrors our multicultural society. Diversity in business precipitates varied perspectives
and solutions, essential for catering to a broad spectrum of consumer needs and
addressing societal challenges.
Enhancing National Cohesion and Stability
Diversity and inclusion programs play a pivotal role in fostering national cohesion and
social stability by mitigating economic disparities that can lead to social tension and
conflict. By ensuring equitable economic opportunities, these programs promote
inclusivity and fairness, foundational to societal harmony and long-term prosperity.
As legal interpretations and societal contexts evolve, the continued support and
refinement of divers programs are imperative. These programs are vital not only for
rectifying historical injustices but also for proactive equity in opportunity distribution. By
steadfastly supporting and enhancing these initiatives, we ensure that minority-owned
businesses flourish, thereby enriching our nation’s economic landscape and forging a
more just and equitable society.
In light of the challenges and opportunities outlined in the landscape of minority-owned
businesses in the United States, it is imperative to ensure targeted policies that can
effectively support and empower these enterprises. The following recommendations aim
to enhance the growth, sustainability, and competitiveness of minority-owned
businesses through strategic interventions and proactive initiatives:

Expansion of Federal Programs
  1. Increased Funding for Minority Business Development: Allocate additional
     resources to programs like the Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) to
     expand outreach, provide comprehensive business consulting services, and
     facilitate market expansion opportunities for minority entrepreneurs.
  2. Enhanced Access to Federal Contracts: Implement initiatives that streamline
     the procurement process for minority-owned businesses, ensuring fair and
     equitable participation in government projects. Strengthening programs like the
     8(a) Business Development program can enhance contracting opportunities and
     promote the growth of minority enterprises in federal projects.

Implementation of Lending Supports
  1. Targeted Financial Instruments: Develop specialized financial products,
     including grants and low-interest loans tailored for minority entrepreneurs. These

                                               9
    financial instruments should address the specific needs and challenges faced by
    minority-owned businesses, providing crucial support for capital investments and
    business development.
 2. Increase Federal Partnerships with Minority Depository Institutions and
    Minority led CDFIs: Foster collaborations between federal agencies and Minority
    Depository Institution and CDFIs to increase access to capital (not just debt
    capital) for minority businesses. Establishing lending partnerships can facilitate
    easier loan approvals, lower interest rates, and enhanced financial services
    tailored to the unique requirements of minority entrepreneurs.

Increased Contracting Opportunities with the
Government
 1. Diversification of Supplier Networks: Encourage government agencies to
    diversify their supplier networks by actively seeking contracts with minority-owned
    businesses. Implementing inclusive procurement policies can create more
    opportunities for minority entrepreneurs to engage in government projects and
    access a broader market for their goods and services.
 2. Capacity Building for Minority Contractors: Provide capacity-building programs
    and training initiatives to enhance the competitiveness of minority contractors in
    bidding for government contracts. Offering technical assistance, mentorship, and
    resources can empower minority-owned businesses to navigate the contracting
    process effectively and secure lucrative opportunities.

Comprehensive Mentorship and Networking Programs
 1. Establish Mentorship Networks: Create mentorship programs that connect
    established business leaders with aspiring minority entrepreneurs. These
    initiatives can provide valuable guidance, industry insights, and networking
    opportunities to support the growth and development of minority-owned
    businesses.
 2. Industry-Specific Networking Events: Organize industry-specific networking
    events and conferences that facilitate connections between minority
    entrepreneurs, potential investors, and key stakeholders. Promoting collaboration
    and partnerships within sectors can catalyze innovation, growth, and market
    expansion for minority-owned businesses.

Tailored Support Programs for High-Growth Sectors

 1. Sector-Specific Support Initiatives: Develop sector-specific support programs
    that cater to high-growth industries where minority businesses are prevalent.
    These initiatives should offer targeted resources, training, and financial incentives
    to foster innovation, competitiveness, and sustainability within key sectors.


                                           10
  2. Technology and Innovation Grants: Introduce grant programs that encourage
     technological advancement and innovation in minority-owned businesses.
     Providing funding for research and development, digital transformation, and
     technology adoption can enhance the competitive edge of minority enterprises in
     the evolving business landscape.
By implementing these policy recommendations, policymakers can proactively address
the systemic barriers, financial constraints, and market challenges that hinder the full
potential of minority-owned businesses. Empowering these enterprises through targeted
support, inclusive programs, and strategic partnerships will not only drive economic
growth and job creation but also foster a more equitable and vibrant entrepreneurial
ecosystem that benefits diverse communities and advances the collective prosperity of
the nation.

Conclusion
In reflecting on the rich tapestry of insights surrounding minority-owned businesses in
the United States, it becomes evident that these enterprises embody resilience,
innovation, and the enduring spirit of communities striving for economic empowerment.
From the historical contexts of African American, Asian American, Latino, and Native
American entrepreneurship to the challenges faced in accessing capital, navigating
discriminatory laws, and expanding market reach, the journey of minority entrepreneurs
is marked by both triumphs and obstacles.
As we navigate the current landscape of minority-owned businesses, marked by growth
trends, sector-specific challenges, and financial disparities, it is imperative to recognize
the substantial contributions and untapped potential of these enterprises. Policy
recommendations aimed at enhancing support through targeted financial instruments,
federal programs expansion, and comprehensive mentorship initiatives are crucial steps
towards fostering an inclusive economic environment that empowers minority
entrepreneurs.
The importance of continued support for agencies like the Minority Business
Development Agency (MBDA) and programs such as the SBA 8(a) Business
Development Program cannot be overstated. These entities play critical roles in leveling
the playing field, providing minority business owners with access to much-needed
resources including capital, contracts, and markets. The MBDA, for instance, serves as
a dedicated advocate for minority entrepreneurs, offering technical assistance and
fostering partnerships that amplify growth opportunities. Similarly, the SBA 8(a) program
specifically helps small, disadvantaged businesses compete in the marketplace,
enhancing their viability and capacity to grow.
In conclusion, the imperative of implementing effective policies to support minority-
owned businesses aligns with national values of equity, justice, and economic
sustainability. By embracing proactive interventions, advocating for equitable
opportunities, and fostering an environment conducive to growth and innovation, we not
only bridge the racial wealth gap but also catalyze overall prosperity and diversity within
the American economic landscape. The journey of minority entrepreneurship is a

                                            11
testament to the enduring spirit of entrepreneurship, the resilience of diverse
communities, and the transformative power of inclusive economic policies. These efforts
are essential not just for the success of minority entrepreneurs, but for the health and
competitiveness of the entire U.S. economy.




                                          12


File and source

File

Cunningham_Testimony.pdf

Size

226,288 bytes

SHA-256

9b8709df14645498f7c12a4834dd059c1dd02aa3bf23fe1d7e87568c7db0b678

Our copy

Cunningham_Testimony.pdf

Original

No public link identified.