Cindy Cisneros — U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, April 10, 2024
- Issuer
- Congressional materials
- Document type
- Cindy Cisneros — U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, April 10, 2024
- Date
- 2024-04-10
- Case
- Cindy Cisneros — U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, April 10, 2024
Summary
Written testimony of Cindy Cisneros, Vice President of Education Programs at the Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board, submitted to the U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship on April 10, 2024, for a hearing on child care small businesses. The testimony reports labor force participation of mothers, stating that 70.8% of mothers with children under age five were in the labor force in 2023. It reports that there were 624,312 child care businesses in the U.S. in 2022 earning revenue of $68.5 billion, and describes revenue and staffing declines in 2020. It notes that Congress appropriated $52 billion in supplemental child care funding to states and questions whether the current market is sustainable after those funds are spent by September 30, 2024. It closes with state-by-state data tables.
Summary drafted by a model from the document's text below and checked by script against that text before publication. It is a navigation aid, not a reading of what the document proves. Where AI is used
Cite this document
“Cindy Cisneros — U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, April 10, 2024.”
Dated 2024-04-10. Archived at Pandemic Darlings, https://pandemicdarlings.com/source-documents/2024-04-10-cisneros-testimony/
, SHA-256 aa5203902acfeafb2414d61a3938d3d92205c09f34859c33d2998cfad11a97a3.Full text
Cindy Cisneros
Vice President of Education Programs
Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board
U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
April 10, 2024
Good afternoon. My name is Cindy Cisneros, and I serve as the Vice President of Education Programs at the
Committee for Economic Development (CED) of The Conference Board (TCB). I am pleased to have the
opportunity to contribute testimony in support of this Senate hearing today about the role of child care small
businesses in supporting parents and the American workforce.
CED is the public policy center of The Conference Board and is a national nonprofit, nonpartisan, business
member-driven organization that conducts well-researched analysis and proposes reasoned solutions in the
nation’s interest to policy challenges facing our country. CED does not lobby nor endorse specific legislation.
One of our key areas of focus is education, and CED has an extensive, more than 50-year history of research
and public policy recommendations in the early learning arena—related to both child care and public pre-
kindergarten (pre-K) programs.
Our business leaders know that a skilled workforce is essential to economic stability and prosperity. CED’s
research supports the view that for the U.S. to ensure its competitive edge, it is critical that the nation
increase the number of students who graduate high school ready for college or careers. While there is room
for improvement in the nation’s K-12 education system, business leaders understand that there is a
correlation between school readiness developed in the earliest years and school success. This makes access
to high-quality child care and public pre-kindergarten programs an imperative.
From CED’s perspective, access to quality, affordable child care is a two-generation strategy. It helps fuel
economic growth and vitality throughout states and communities by supporting employees so that the
workforce is productive and businesses thrive. It also promotes a safe environment for children while parents
work and in a setting that promotes their healthy development. Both are important. Clearly an important key
is funding for child care, from all sources, public and private. Private investment is an essential part of
addressing funding for child care needs.
Across the country, the need for child care is most related to mothers in the workforce. Since the Spring of
2020 when the COVID-19 public health pandemic resulted in stay-at-home restrictions and layoffs, the U.S.
labor force participation of mothers has rebounded to exceed the labor force participation rate prior to the
pandemic.1 Mothers of children of all ages—those with children under age five, with school-age children, and
with children from birth to age 14, are now working at higher rates compared to 2019.2
• In 2023, 70.8% of mothers with children under age five were in the labor force compared to 68.8% in
2019.3
• In 2023, 79.4% of mothers with school-age children (ages 5-14) were in the labor force compared to
77.7% in 2019.4
• In 2023, 73.9% of mothers with children ages 0-14 were in the labor force compared to 71.5% in
2019.5
Mothers with very young children are also working.
• 68.5% percent of mothers with two-year old children are working.6
• 61.6% percent of mothers with children under age one are working.7
1
Single mothers of young children are working at greater rates than married mothers (72.8% of single mothers
with a two-year old are working compared to 66.6% of married mothers),8 however, both are substantial.
And, both point to a potential need for child care.
The reality today is that 14.4 million children under age six have working parents (either in married couple
families or single parent families).9 Whether families have access to child care impacts their ability to
participate in work and to be productive in the workplace as well as the healthy development of their
children while they are at work.
In 2019, CED released a study, Child Care in State Economies,10 which reviewed the use of child care by families
and the impact of child care on state economies. At that time, we found that child care as an industry plays a
significant role in state and regional economic growth throughout the country. The industry, which includes
both center-based child care and home-based child care, had a total economic impact in 2016 of $99.3 billion.
This includes $47.2 billion in revenue and another $52.1 billion in spillover in other industries (related
productivity).11 We are currently in the process of updating the 2019 report to estimate economic impact in
today’s economy. For example, industry revenue in 2023 was nearly $70 billion. The 2019 report will be
updated in a three-part series in 2024, with Part 1 released in January of 2024.12
CED’s 2019 Child Care in State Economies report; the 2022 4-part series, The Economic Role of Paid Child Care
in the U.S.; and CED’s current 3-part series updating the 2019 report analyze the use of market-based care
(that is, paid child care services—the number of child care businesses, employment within those businesses,
and revenue) at the national and state levels. To do so, we utilize the U.S. Census Bureau Economic Census
and County Business Pattern data, the Census Bureau’s Quarterly Service Survey (QSS) program, as well as
the Census Bureau Non-employer Statistics data (i.e., data related to home-based businesses (sole
proprietors) that report income earned for child care services). Both nonprofit and tax-paying entities are
reflected.
Child Care Businesses. In 2022, there were 624,312 child care businesses in the U.S. (76,847 center-based
employers and 547,465 child care homes) earning revenue of $68.5 billion.13 This means that child care
centers represent about 12.3% of child care businesses, while family child care homes represent 87.7%.
However, center-based programs serve about three-quarters of all children in organized care and generated
86% ($58.9 billion) of the industry’s total revenue.14 Child care centers employed about 957,500 wage and
salary workers, paying out a total of $27 billion in employee compensation (an average of $28,185 per
worker).15 In contrast, home-based providers earned $9.6 billion in revenue and are largely sole proprietors
earning on average about $17,472 (with net earnings of $10,400 after operational costs).16
In the second quarter of 2020, which reflects the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a 36%
drop in revenue for child care centers, falling to an annual rate of $33.1 billion from a high of $51.6 billion
recorded in the first quarter of 2020.17 This abrupt decline in revenue reflects the initial financial impact of
the pandemic faced by the child care sector. Total U.S. wage and salary employment dropped by 14% in
March and April of 2020, a decrease of 22 million jobs; the child care sector incurred a 36% revenue
reduction.18 For home-based providers, there was a 10.4% drop in revenue from $9.45 billion in 2019 to $8.46
billion in 2020.19
Since the Spring of 2020, the child care industry has rebounded. About 3,900 net new child care centers (5.3%
increase) were added relative to the pre-pandemic period.20 Center-based revenue increased from $42.7
billion in 2020 to $58.9 billion in 2022.21 Home-based revenue increased from $8.5 billion in 2020 to $9.4
billion in 2021 (the most recent data available released in March 2024).22
2
With regard to child care center employment, in the Spring of 2020, there was a 31% reduction in staffing (a
loss of about 290,000 jobs) in child care centers.23 The number of child care employees is now roughly the
same compared to 2019 but below pre-COVID projected industry trends.24 The average number of employees
per child care center was 14 in 2019 (which dropped to 9.8 in the Spring of 2020) and in 2022 was 12.8
(slightly below pre-COVID center-based staffing).25 While staffing per center is down, wages for staff have
increased. By the second quarter of 2023, total wages paid in center-based employment increased to an
annual rate of $30 billion, marking a 31% increase from pre-pandemic levels.26 Average annual wages per
child care worker increased 27% from $24,969 to $31,797 in the second quarter of 2023.27
With regard to family child care homes, in contrast to the increase in the number of centers, the 2021 home-
based child care business data released by the Census Bureau in March 2024 found a drop in home-based
providers of 17,235 compared to 2019.28 This decline continues a trend over the past decade. For example, in
2010, there were 752,212 home-based providers,29 compared to 547,465 in 2021 (a decline of 27.2% in
home-based care).30 Because home-based care is often less expensive for families, the decline in family child
care providers not only reduces parent choices for child care but also could make care unaffordable for more
families.
The revenue rebound in the child care industry along with the increased pay for workers looks strong.
However, there is much we do not know. Between March of 2020 and March of 2021, Congress appropriated
$52 billion in supplemental child care funding to states.
• The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136)31
The CARES Act appropriated an additional $3.5 billion to states for child care.
• Coronavirus Response & Relief Supplemental Appropriations (CRRSA) (P.L. 116-260)32
CRRSA appropriated an additional $10 billion to states for child care.
• American Rescue Plan (ARP) (P.L. 117-2)33
ARP appropriated an additional $14.99 billion for Child Care & Development Fund (CCDF)
Supplemental Discretionary Funds, available until September 30, 2024; and $23.97 billion for child
care stabilization grants, available until September 30, 2023 (of which 90% was required to be passed
through to child care providers).
It is difficult to estimate the precise impact that the increase in Federal funds had on the sector’s revenue
and wage recovery. At a minimum, states passed through $21.5 billion to providers from ARP stabilization
funds, but it is also possible that states used some of the CRRSA and CARES Act funding for child care
provider stabilization. The expenditure of these funds by states has not yet been publicly reported.
Generally, there is a lag time as to when the states report the expenditure of child care funds and when the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services posts such information to the agency’s web site, with
Government Accountability Office (GAO) not expecting a full accounting until 2025 or 2026.34
When revenue data is released in the Census Bureau’s Quarterly Service Survey (QSS), it is not differentiated
by source (e.g., total revenue from the quarter is reported, but with regard to child care businesses, the data
does not differentiate how much of the revenue is a result of parent payments compared to government
funds).35 A similar situation describes wage data. Wages are reported; however, it is unclear how much of the
wage increases are a result of state efforts to utilize some of the $52 billion in supplemental child care
funding for strategies to increase child care staff recruitment and retention (e.g., bonuses, “hero grants”,
retention grants that were awarded by states).36
Child care is a business. Whether that business is center-based or home-based it is still a business. Operating
funds for each program are largely derived from parent fees. The reason it is important to understand better
3
the role that the supplemental Federal child care funds have played as a part of overall industry revenue is
that it is not clear whether program revenue, or the increase in wages is sustainable (i.e., after the additional
Federal money is expended by the deadline of September 2024).
In January 2024, CED released the first of a three-part series, Child Care in State Economies, 2024 Update,
Part 1: Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage.37 The report found that while paid child care use has
rebounded since the Spring of 2020, there were still nearly 1.2 million fewer children age 0-14 in paid care in
2022 compared to 2019 (a decline of nearly 10%).38
The share of children age 14 and younger in paid child care declined from 20.2% in 2019 to 19% in 2022.39
With fewer children in paid care, industry revenue should have declined, not risen. Because parent payments
comprise the operating budget of child care programs, with fewer children in care, it is surprising that wages
would have increased by an average of 27% per worker.40 However, we know from the data that industry
revenue grew as well as wages. Congress made a policy decision to allocate $52 billion to the states to
stabilize the child care market so that parents could work and have access to child care for their children.
While we do not have specific data about the role that the additional Federal funds played, it does appear
that funding was used by states as intended—to stabilize the market and implement innovative strategies to
support higher wages to promote recruitment and retention of child care workers.41
What is less clear is whether the current state of the child care market is sustainable. The last of the Federal
supplemental child care funds are to be spent by September 30, 2024.42
Use of Paid Child Care in More Detail. The use of paid child care varies greatly across states. For example,
across the recovery years of 2021-2022, the U.S. average percentage of children under age five in paid care
was 27.2%.43 However, the use of paid care varied from a low of 11.1% in Hawaii to a high of 46.7% in
Nebraska.44 The District of Columbia reported the highest overall share at 52.7%.45 The share of young
children in paid care declined from 29% in 2018-2019 to 27.2% in 2021-2022.46 Yet there were 17 states and
DC in which the share of children in paid care was at or above the pre-pandemic share of children in paid
care.47 In contrast, the remaining 33 states remain below their pre-pandemic share of children in paid care.48
Eleven of these states have gaps that remained five percentage points or more below their pre-pandemic
level: Maine (-23.9 points), New Hampshire (-11.6 points), Arizona (-10.7 points), Wisconsin (-9.8 points),
Michigan (-9.6 points), Georgia (-9 points), Connecticut (-9 points), South Carolina (-8.2 points), Louisiana
(-6.2 points), Oregon (-6.2 points), and Missouri (-5.7 points).49
Labor Force Participation in More Detail. The U.S. labor force participation rate by mothers of all ages of
children (0-4, 5-14, and 0-14) exceeds pre-pandemic levels (2019).50 However, in 19 states, the labor force
participation rate of mothers with children under age five is lower than it was in 2019.51 In 20 states, the
labor force participation rate of mothers with school-age children is lower than it was in 2019.52 See
appendix tables for state labor force participation rates of mothers from 2019-2023.
Child Care Wages in More Detail. The business model for child care centers is challenged to keep rates low
enough for parents to pay but high enough to hire and retain high-quality staff. Staffing is the highest cost of
operating a child care center.53 For most programs, parent fees comprise the operating budget. The current
market model for child care has led to a child care workforce that earns low wages with a median of $13.71
per hour or $28,520 per year.54 Low wages lead to high turnover and little incentive for individuals in the
child care workforce to access higher education coursework which increases their knowledge about child
development, age appropriate activities, and ways in which to meet the needs of individual children.
Much of the Federal financial assistance allocated by States to child care providers was structured to either
4
maintain employment or increase wages paid to child care providers.55 While the average annual wage per
worker across the private services sectors increased by 18.5% by the second quarter of 2023, average wages
per child care worker increased by 27% compared to pre-pandemic levels.56 Nevertheless, wages for child
care workers remain low compared to other service occupations.
For example, even though child care wages have increased compared to the pre-pandemic period, they are
still low compared to other jobs in many communities that pay more with little training or education
required. On average (all May 2022 figures from Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)), hotel desk clerks earn about
$13.90 per hour (about $28,910 per year),57 parking lot attendants earn about $14.70 per hour (about
$30,570 per year),58 retail sales workers at the mall earn $14.71 per hour (about $30,600 per year),59
telemarketers earn about $14.92 per hour ($31,030 per year),60 hair stylists earn about $16.01 per hour
(about $33,290 per year),61 and receptionists earn about $16.33 per hour (about $33,960 per year).62 While
important jobs, these individuals are not entrusted with the lives and development of young children.
Child Care Affordability. The price of child care varies by setting and by the age of the child. For 2022, the
annual median price for center-based infant care across the U.S. was $12,024, for four-year-old children the
median price was $9,998, and for school-age child care (before and after school) the median price was
$5,175.63 For home-based care, the annual median price was $9,100 for infants, $8,183 for four-year-old
children, and $4,875 for school-age children.64
The supply of child care is uneven across communities, which is understandable as child care is a business.
Although there were about 624,312 market-based child care providers in the country as of 2022,65 child care
centers open in areas where a market analysis shows that the population is dense enough and has sufficient
income to support revenue to sustain a viable business model—one that supports staffing and other costs of
operating a business. Of concern, particularly in rural areas where the economics of operating a child care
center may not be viable, is the decline in family child care homes throughout the country (declining by
204,747 from 2010 to 2021, a drop of 27.2%).66
One reason that CED used the Census Bureau Economic Survey compared to state licensing data for home-
based providers is that market-based care reflects a combination of care arrangements—both those that
operate under a state licensing framework and those that are legally operating but not subject to regulation.
For example, in New Hampshire, a child care license is needed for anyone operating a family child care home
for up to six children from one or more unrelated families.67 But in Iowa, a family child care home is not
required to become registered until six children are in care68 (which does not mean that home-based providers
are not caring for fewer than six children, it just means that state regulation does not apply until six unrelated
children are in the home). Iowa home-based operators caring for fewer than six unrelated children can choose
to become registered, but they are not required to do so.
Fundamentally, the supply of child care is related to economics. For home-based providers, the hours are
long and the fees charged to parents—while typically less than the rates charged by child care centers—do
not offer an economic incentive to stay in business. The fact is that average revenue was about $17,472 per
year for home-based providers in 2022,69 below the Federal poverty level for even a family of two.70 A vast
number of jobs pay more, particularly in a good economy.
U.S. Census Bureau data continues to show that the use of paid child care remains closely related to family
income. CED’s Child Care in State Economies report, Part 1, released in January 2024 found large income gaps
between families who pay for child care and families who do not.71
5
Source: IPUMS-CPS, University of Minnesota and RegionTrack calculations
In 2022, families with children under age five who used paid child care had an average household income of
$164,147.72 Families with children under age five who did not use paid child care had an average income of
$111,107—an income gap of $53,040.73 Families with children ages 0-14 who used paid child care had an
average household income of $163,316 whereas families with children age 0-14 not using paid care had an
average income of $123,736—an income gap of $39,580.74
The income gap between families who pay for child care and families who do not suggests that the price of
care, when considered in the context of other family expenses, may play a role in whether families choose to
use paid care. For example, it could be that after families pay basic expenses for housing, utilities, food, car
payments, gas, and other expenses such as health care insurance, the price of care to access the licensed
market is not affordable.
Conclusion
The supply of child care and the cost are challenges for families. The economic model for child care makes it
difficult for home-based providers to stay in the business and for child care centers to hire and retain high-
quality staff, which also impacts choices for parents.
Solutions exist. While there is no easy way to make quality child care more available and affordable, there are
a variety of approaches to address child care supply and cost. Options include:
1) Review Current Child Care Financing and Increase Child Care Investments in Systems that Better
Support the Economic Model of Child Care.
A broader discussion of how this country invests in child care and early education across programs is
warranted. There are multiple funding streams, and child care is not the only setting in which young children
spend time. An integrated review of the whole early care and education landscape would be helpful to
understand gaps and develop strategies to address those gaps with all key stakeholders including public and
6
private partners. Private investment is an essential part of overall child care funding.
At the Federal level, subsidies are provided to enable low-income families to access child care. The cost of
center-based care for an infant was about 16.1% of annual household income and for a four-year old is about
13.3% in 2022.75 The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services allocates funding through the Child Care
and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) annually.76 While Congress has increased funds during the past few
fiscal years, for Fiscal Year 2019 GAO found that available Federal funding supported only about 16% of
children eligible under Federal standards (up to 85% of state median income) and 23% of children eligible
under state standards (i.e., states set eligibility below the maximum allowed under Federal law).77
CED’s Child Care in State Economies (2019) report found that every dollar increase in Federal child care funding
leads to an additional $3.80 in net economic gains to states,78 as additional families can obtain and retain
employment based on the availability and affordability of child care for young children.
2) Invest in Strategies to Better Support the Child Care Workforce.
To help fill the gap between what parents can afford to pay and a livable wage for individuals working in child
care, CED’s research has considered the adoption of a tax credit investment in the early educator workforce
that would incent individuals to obtain certifications (such as a Child Development Associate credential) or an
Associate’s degree in early childhood education or a Bachelor’s Degree in early childhood education by
pairing these achievements with a tax credit designed to increase overall wages. At the state level, Louisiana
adopted the first school readiness tax credit79 in 2007.
Such a credit, if considered at a national level, could be tied to individuals working in high-quality programs
(as defined by states, such as working in programs that participate in state quality rating and improvement
systems or other systems that are tied to quality). The tax credit would be voluntary and earned by individuals
within the field who achieve state determined benchmarks (e.g., a child development associate credential, an
infant/toddler credential, a preschool credential, an Associate’s degree in early childhood education). In this
way, the Federal government could provide the resources for state designed (and verifiable) strategies to
invest in the workforce who not only is entrusted with the care and education of our next generation, but also
supports all other workforces (employees across industries who have young children depend on a high-
quality child care workforce).
High-quality child care costs more than parents can pay. A tax credit strategy could help fill the gap by serving
as a wage supplement and ensure that a strong workforce with the knowledge and competencies needed to
promote healthy child development is in place.
3) Expand the Capacity of Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs) with Staff Who Understand the
Child Care Business Model (for both child care centers and family child care homes).
Child care is a business. Many who operate within the child care industry have a great deal of knowledge
about child development but not about business practices that best maximize economic viability. This is true
for centers and family child care homes. When the Child Care and Development Block Grant was reauthorized
in 2014, Congress included language to require business technical assistance.80 The type of assistance
available or offered varies by state. Given that SBDCs are located throughout the country, in both urban and
rural areas, it makes sense for SBDCs to partner with state child care agencies to offer hands-on business
technical assistance related specifically to the child care industry (which requires different types of support
for child care centers compared to child care homes).
Thank you for your time today. I have attached tables by state that I hope will be helpful to you in better
understanding market-based care. I am pleased to answer any questions that you have.
7
Endnotes
1 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies, 2024 Update, Part 1:
Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage, January 2024. https://education.ced.org/child-care-in-state-economies
2 Ibid.
3 IPUMS-CPS, University of Minnesota and RegionTrack Calculations. U.S. Labor force participation rate for women ages 18-54,
2019 – 2023.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Women in the Labor Force: Databook, Table 6. Employment status of mothers with own
children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest child and marital status, 2021-2022 annual averages.
https://www.bls.gov/news.release/famee.t06.htm#cps_fm_mchld.f.4
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 U.S. Census Bureau, Table B23008, Age of Own Children Under 18 Years in Families and Subfamilies by Living Arrangements by
Employment Status of Parents, 2022 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates.
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2022.B23008?q=b23008&moe=false
10 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies: 2019 Update.
https://education.ced.org/childcareimpact
11 Ibid.
12 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies, 2024 Update, Part 1:
Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage, January 2024. https://education.ced.org/child-care-in-state-economies
13 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies (2024), Part 2
(scheduled to be published in May 2024).
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board, Child Care in State Economies, 2019 Update.
https://education.ced.org/childcareimpact
30 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies (2024), Part 2
(scheduled to be published in May 2024).
31 The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, P.L. 116-136.
https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ2/PLAW-117publ2.pdf
32 Coronavirus Response & Relief Supplemental Appropriations (CRRSA), P.L. 116-260.
https://www.congress.gov/116/plaws/publ260/PLAW-116publ260.pdf
33 American Rescue Plan (ARP), P.L. 117-2. https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ2/PLAW-117publ2.pdf
34 U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Child Care: Observations on States’ Use of COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Funding,”
GAO-23-106833, May 31, 2023. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-106833
35 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies (2024), Part 2
(scheduled to be published in May 2024).
36 Ibid.
37 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies, 2024 Update, Part 1:
Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage, January 2024. https://education.ced.org/child-care-in-state-economies
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies (2024), Part 2
(scheduled to be published in May 2024).
41 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, 2022.
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/occ/map/arp-act-stabilization-funding-state-territory-fact-sheets
42 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Information Memorandum ARP Act
CCDF Discretionary Supplemental Funds, CCDF-ACF-IM-2021-03, June 11, 2021.
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/occ/CCDF-ACF-IM-2021-03.pdf
43 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies, 2024 Update, Part 1:
Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage, January 2024. https://education.ced.org/child-care-in-state-economies
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid.
51 IPUMS-CPS, University of Minnesota and RegionTrack calculations.
52 Ibid.
53 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Early Childhood Quality Assurance, Guidance on
Estimating and Reporting the Costs of Child Care, June 2023. https://childcareta.acf.hhs.gov/resource/guidance-estimating-and-
reporting-costs-child-care
54 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Child Care Worker Occupational Classification,
SOC Code 399011, May 2022.
https://data.bls.gov/oes/#/occGeo/One%20occupation%20for%20multiple%20geographical%20areas
55 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Care,
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/occ/training-technical-assistance/office-child-care-covid-19-resources
56 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies (2024), Part 2
(scheduled to be published in May 2024).
57 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks
Occupational Classification, SOC Code 434081, May 2022.
https://data.bls.gov/oes/#/occGeo/One%20occupation%20for%20multiple%20geographical%20areas
58 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Parking Attendants Occupational
Classification, SOC Code 536021, May 2022.
https://data.bls.gov/oes/#/occGeo/One%20occupation%20for%20multiple%20geographical%20areas
59 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Retail Salespersons, Occupational
Classification, SOC Code 412031, May 2022.
https://data.bls.gov/oes/#/occGeo/One%20occupation%20for%20multiple%20geographical%20areas
60 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Telemarketers, Occupational Classification,
SOC Code 419041, May 2022.
https://data.bls.gov/oes/#/occGeo/One%20occupation%20for%20multiple%20geographical%20areas
61 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Hair Stylists, Occupational Classification, SOC
Code 395012, May 2022. https://data.bls.gov/oes/#/occGeo/One%20occupation%20for%20multiple%20geographical%20areas
62 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Receptionists and Information Clerks,
Occupational Classification, SOC Code 434171, May 2022.
https://data.bls.gov/oes/#/occGeo/One%20occupation%20for%20multiple%20geographical%20areas
63 Child Care Aware of America, The U.S. and the High Cost of Child Care, 2022 Survey.
https://www.childcareaware.org/catalyzing-growth-using-data-to-change-child-care-2022/#PriceofCare
64 Ibid.
65 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies (2024), Part 2
(scheduled to be published in May 2024).
66 Ibid.
67 2022 New Hampshire Revised Statutes, Title XII - Public Safety and Welfare, Title 170-E - Child Day Care, Residential Care, and
Child-Placing Agencies
Section 170-E:2 - Definitions. https://law.justia.com/codes/new-hampshire/2022/title-xii/title-170-e/section-170-e-2/
68 The Child Development Home minimum requirements are found, in their entirety, in 441 Iowa
Administrative Code, Chapter 110 found at https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/iac/chapter/441.110.pdf
69 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies (2024), Part 2
(scheduled to be published in May 2024).
70 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2024 Poverty
Guidelines, https://aspe.hhs.gov/topics/poverty-economic-mobility/poverty-guidelines
71 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies, 2024 Update, Part 1:
Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage, January 2024. https://education.ced.org/child-care-in-state-economies
72 Ibid.
73 Ibid.
74 Ibid.
75 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board (CED), Child Care in State Economies, 2024 Update, Part 1:
Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage, January 2024. https://education.ced.org/child-care-in-state-economies
76 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Care, Child Care and
Development Block Grant, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/occ/data/gy-2023-ccdf-allocations-based-appropriations
77 U.S. Government Accountability Office, CHILD CARE: Subsidy Eligibility and Use in Fiscal Year 2019 and State Program
Changes during the Pandemic, March 2023. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-
106073?utm_campaign=usgao_email&utm_content=topic_workerfamilyassistance&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdeli
very
78 Committee for Economic Development of The Conference Board, Child Care in State Economies, 2019 Update.
https://education.ced.org/childcareimpact
79
Louisiana Department of Revenue, School Readiness Tax Credits,
https://www.revenue.louisiana.gov/IndividualIncomeTax/SchoolReadinessTaxCredit
80 Child Care and Development Block Grant Act, P.L. 113-186. https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-
bill/1086/text
Appendix Tables
Labor Force Participation of Mothers, Children Under Age 5
Labor Force Participation of Mothers, School-Age Children (Ages 5-14)
Labor Force Participation of Mothers for Children Birth – Age 14
Miscellaneous Family and Child Data, 2022 American Community Survey
Share of Children Under Age 5 in Paid Child Care
Share of School-Age Children (Ages 5-14) in Paid Child Care
Share of Children Birth – Age 14 in Paid Child Care
Child Care Sector Economic Profile by State (2022)
Labor Force Participation of Mothers with Children Under Age 5
2018 - 2023
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
United States 67.4% 68.8% 68.4% 68.1% 70.4% 70.8%
Alabama 64.0% 66.2% 65.5% 64.1% 73.3% 71.5%
Alaska 59.8% 52.2% 63.0% 63.1% 65.5% 70.8%
Arizona 65.8% 64.9% 69.0% 58.0% 66.3% 71.4%
Arkansas 71.3% 76.4% 68.1% 67.6% 68.6% 68.7%
California 65.1% 67.3% 63.2% 64.4% 69.1% 67.7%
Colorado 66.8% 72.4% 69.9% 73.4% 72.8% 71.8%
Connecticut 76.6% 69.9% 79.1% 66.3% 76.1% 73.7%
Delaware 76.6% 79.6% 64.4% 80.4% 77.6% 79.6%
District of Columbia 82.1% 82.2% 81.4% 84.9% 84.8% 87.8%
Florida 65.6% 65.0% 65.8% 66.6% 64.7% 71.5%
Georgia 65.8% 63.5% 63.1% 69.2% 66.5% 64.6%
Hawaii 61.2% 65.0% 62.1% 67.3% 69.0% 68.3%
Idaho 58.2% 70.9% 69.0% 60.4% 62.2% 65.1%
Illinois 79.5% 73.1% 76.4% 78.3% 81.1% 74.6%
Indiana 66.8% 67.7% 75.5% 65.5% 71.4% 74.9%
Iowa 79.3% 81.1% 79.2% 83.8% 75.0% 73.9%
Kansas 69.2% 76.7% 73.5% 69.8% 66.2% 78.8%
Kentucky 63.4% 68.7% 72.0% 62.8% 77.3% 73.2%
Louisiana 62.5% 65.6% 71.4% 67.8% 63.6% 66.4%
Maine 79.9% 76.0% 71.7% 78.0% 72.9% 68.6%
Maryland 75.3% 74.3% 73.5% 65.5% 76.1% 79.2%
Massachusetts 76.5% 77.5% 79.1% 77.9% 84.4% 85.0%
Michigan 70.0% 72.1% 69.5% 69.8% 71.3% 74.0%
Minnesota 79.7% 81.5% 73.6% 74.5% 79.8% 80.5%
Mississippi 64.2% 65.9% 70.4% 67.1% 74.2% 70.5%
Missouri 76.2% 67.4% 68.2% 69.6% 71.1% 67.9%
Montana 68.1% 74.1% 67.5% 75.1% 75.2% 76.2%
Nebraska 81.1% 83.8% 78.9% 82.9% 78.4% 74.2%
Nevada 65.9% 69.2% 68.6% 69.9% 70.9% 68.0%
New Hampshire 74.6% 75.6% 74.6% 67.6% 67.4% 70.2%
New Jersey 71.2% 72.0% 59.0% 66.8% 75.2% 76.1%
New Mexico 63.6% 70.0% 62.0% 65.4% 60.4% 61.6%
New York 62.3% 64.1% 62.4% 62.8% 69.4% 69.5%
North Carolina 62.4% 64.5% 67.8% 69.2% 66.0% 71.6%
North Dakota 77.2% 79.1% 76.5% 78.8% 78.9% 70.1%
Ohio 71.6% 70.4% 66.7% 69.1% 75.3% 70.7%
Oklahoma 61.5% 64.2% 65.4% 68.2% 71.0% 66.8%
Oregon 68.0% 66.1% 67.5% 66.0% 71.4% 69.0%
Labor Force Participation of Mothers with Children Under Age 5
2018 - 2023
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Pennsylvania 72.3% 78.4% 75.1% 76.1% 75.0% 65.8%
Rhode Island 72.4% 73.0% 77.8% 71.1% 78.4% 69.7%
South Carolina 64.6% 66.3% 66.7% 64.5% 64.8% 72.1%
South Dakota 77.4% 85.7% 78.1% 76.6% 77.1% 80.0%
Tennessee 60.0% 71.0% 71.1% 66.0% 65.3% 60.6%
Texas 60.7% 61.7% 63.1% 63.3% 66.9% 68.8%
Utah 61.0% 67.1% 61.5% 63.3% 56.8% 61.6%
Vermont 77.2% 76.9% 75.9% 82.8% 77.3% 78.3%
Virginia 69.4% 71.1% 68.9% 63.8% 68.6% 74.8%
Washington 62.6% 67.4% 70.0% 74.4% 64.0% 65.5%
West Virginia 62.4% 63.4% 62.4% 59.2% 66.3% 76.3%
Wisconsin 76.4% 78.0% 75.7% 77.9% 73.2% 76.2%
Wyoming 63.5% 63.8% 66.2% 61.6% 69.7% 66.0%
Source: IPUMS-CPS, University of Minnesota and RegionTrack Calculations. Labor force participation of mothers
age 18-54, seasonally adjusted. Pink shading represents states where the labor force participation of mothers has
declined since 2019.
Labor Force Participation of Mothers with School-age Children (ages 5-14)
2018 - 2023
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
United States 76.9% 77.7% 75.8% 75.7% 77.8% 79.4%
Alabama 68.9% 74.0% 77.3% 70.5% 70.5% 75.4%
Alaska 80.6% 77.2% 79.4% 78.2% 78.4% 80.9%
Arizona 74.3% 81.5% 77.0% 72.0% 71.6% 78.8%
Arkansas 79.1% 73.8% 71.8% 72.0% 79.6% 79.3%
California 70.5% 72.1% 67.1% 70.7% 74.7% 74.8%
Colorado 78.4% 83.6% 77.1% 79.0% 77.1% 81.4%
Connecticut 82.0% 84.1% 82.1% 77.7% 82.5% 82.7%
Delaware 79.0% 81.1% 80.3% 75.8% 79.5% 80.2%
District of Columbia 86.7% 80.8% 81.4% 79.8% 86.8% 81.7%
Florida 76.7% 79.5% 74.0% 73.8% 75.8% 77.3%
Georgia 75.7% 75.7% 76.5% 77.7% 75.2% 78.5%
Hawaii 78.7% 80.1% 74.5% 77.5% 73.7% 70.5%
Idaho 77.0% 71.8% 72.4% 71.6% 73.2% 80.2%
Illinois 76.5% 77.4% 78.4% 79.2% 84.8% 82.5%
Indiana 76.4% 76.3% 75.1% 75.7% 79.2% 80.6%
Iowa 86.2% 89.1% 87.4% 91.6% 86.1% 88.1%
Kansas 83.4% 85.8% 85.3% 77.4% 80.7% 86.7%
Kentucky 78.3% 69.2% 75.3% 79.3% 78.3% 83.0%
Louisiana 76.1% 74.7% 70.6% 71.3% 75.2% 78.7%
Maine 80.6% 77.6% 81.5% 80.5% 82.7% 84.7%
Maryland 83.1% 85.0% 77.3% 77.6% 85.8% 82.2%
Massachusetts 84.1% 82.5% 80.9% 80.2% 81.2% 83.0%
Michigan 76.9% 78.1% 76.3% 72.5% 76.7% 80.5%
Minnesota 87.1% 87.6% 87.2% 86.6% 83.9% 89.0%
Mississippi 81.0% 77.2% 75.3% 78.8% 76.9% 79.8%
Missouri 78.9% 83.3% 83.6% 79.0% 81.9% 84.8%
Montana 81.5% 81.7% 82.7% 83.9% 86.0% 82.6%
Nebraska 88.3% 85.6% 82.6% 84.9% 89.1% 88.4%
Nevada 78.2% 80.1% 74.2% 70.9% 71.8% 77.9%
New Hampshire 87.7% 85.5% 83.2% 82.1% 82.6% 81.4%
New Jersey 77.0% 77.7% 77.4% 75.1% 79.5% 82.6%
New Mexico 73.7% 74.1% 72.5% 70.9% 74.0% 73.8%
New York 75.9% 74.8% 73.3% 73.3% 77.1% 80.9%
North Carolina 79.2% 80.0% 73.8% 73.6% 76.5% 75.1%
North Dakota 81.6% 85.5% 88.9% 82.1% 83.8% 85.7%
Ohio 80.0% 78.1% 80.1% 80.4% 79.9% 80.0%
Oklahoma 68.0% 73.3% 70.5% 72.9% 76.4% 81.2%
Oregon 83.2% 78.9% 76.3% 76.4% 74.3% 78.1%
Labor Force Participation of Mothers with School-age Children (ages 5-14)
2018 - 2023
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Pennsylvania 80.4% 81.4% 79.8% 77.7% 80.5% 78.8%
Rhode Island 84.1% 84.5% 79.9% 81.9% 83.5% 79.4%
South Carolina 69.8% 77.9% 79.9% 74.2% 72.7% 76.5%
South Dakota 82.0% 87.4% 87.1% 84.3% 90.1% 96.3%
Tennessee 72.0% 72.8% 75.3% 74.3% 73.5% 76.8%
Texas 75.2% 73.8% 75.2% 74.7% 77.2% 77.7%
Utah 71.6% 71.7% 75.5% 80.5% 68.2% 75.3%
Vermont 84.8% 84.4% 89.2% 84.4% 83.3% 86.9%
Virginia 76.7% 78.0% 75.6% 76.6% 81.7% 81.5%
Washington 75.5% 79.8% 73.2% 76.5% 76.1% 78.6%
West Virginia 73.5% 73.8% 76.4% 72.1% 74.4% 74.9%
Wisconsin 88.6% 87.4% 83.5% 81.6% 83.6% 85.1%
Wyoming 85.8% 87.2% 82.4% 79.6% 80.7% 80.2%
Source: IPUMS-CPS, University of Minnesota and RegionTrack Calculations. Labor force participation of mothers
age 18-54, seasonally adjusted. Pink shading represents states where the labor force participation of mothers has
declined since 2019.
Labor Force Participation of Mothers with Children Birth to 14
2018 - 2023
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
United States 70.6% 71.5% 70.5% 70.4% 72.5% 73.9%
Alabama 65.9% 69.0% 71.9% 66.1% 68.7% 71.6%
Alaska 70.3% 65.3% 66.9% 67.5% 68.1% 71.4%
Arizona 66.5% 72.5% 70.8% 62.5% 66.8% 73.4%
Arkansas 72.2% 71.8% 68.5% 68.8% 72.8% 71.7%
California 65.6% 67.4% 64.0% 65.5% 70.1% 70.5%
Colorado 73.0% 76.2% 72.9% 74.3% 73.6% 74.6%
Connecticut 76.0% 76.9% 79.5% 72.1% 77.5% 78.1%
Delaware 75.9% 78.6% 72.6% 74.8% 76.8% 77.5%
District of Columbia 81.9% 79.3% 78.2% 78.3% 83.5% 81.7%
Florida 70.9% 71.1% 68.5% 69.7% 70.7% 74.0%
Georgia 69.3% 69.3% 70.2% 71.7% 69.7% 69.6%
Hawaii 69.6% 72.2% 68.6% 69.8% 68.8% 68.2%
Idaho 64.6% 66.9% 66.7% 65.5% 66.6% 69.8%
Illinois 74.5% 73.4% 73.6% 75.8% 79.0% 76.6%
Indiana 70.2% 69.5% 73.8% 68.5% 72.0% 73.9%
Iowa 79.7% 81.1% 79.4% 84.9% 83.8% 82.2%
Kansas 75.3% 76.2% 77.2% 72.4% 73.0% 81.9%
Kentucky 72.8% 66.6% 70.4% 68.9% 72.0% 73.2%
Louisiana 68.2% 70.3% 69.7% 68.2% 68.5% 72.1%
Maine 76.7% 75.6% 72.9% 78.2% 75.7% 76.4%
Maryland 77.0% 77.7% 74.5% 72.7% 77.3% 81.1%
Massachusetts 78.8% 77.0% 78.1% 77.8% 79.5% 82.0%
Michigan 72.5% 73.5% 70.6% 68.3% 71.9% 75.9%
Minnesota 80.8% 80.6% 79.7% 79.0% 81.3% 84.2%
Mississippi 72.1% 70.8% 71.1% 69.8% 72.8% 73.7%
Missouri 77.4% 78.0% 77.6% 77.3% 77.1% 74.6%
Montana 71.0% 75.4% 74.2% 78.0% 80.7% 77.2%
Nebraska 83.0% 80.9% 79.8% 80.6% 83.9% 80.9%
Nevada 71.2% 72.3% 68.6% 67.4% 69.5% 73.7%
New Hampshire 79.1% 78.1% 78.1% 76.2% 76.8% 73.2%
New Jersey 71.8% 73.8% 67.5% 69.8% 75.2% 76.2%
New Mexico 65.3% 68.5% 65.5% 66.5% 66.7% 69.1%
New York 68.9% 68.0% 67.4% 68.7% 72.1% 74.6%
North Carolina 70.0% 71.2% 69.3% 68.5% 72.2% 70.3%
North Dakota 74.7% 80.3% 80.7% 78.3% 79.4% 77.3%
Ohio 73.1% 72.8% 72.5% 72.8% 75.4% 75.6%
Oklahoma 62.9% 64.8% 65.7% 65.7% 68.8% 74.8%
Oregon 75.2% 72.2% 71.6% 72.0% 72.2% 76.3%
Labor Force Participation of Mothers with Children Birth to 14
2018 - 2023
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Pennsylvania 74.7% 77.2% 76.1% 75.0% 74.8% 72.2%
Rhode Island 75.3% 76.7% 73.5% 74.9% 79.1% 73.7%
South Carolina 66.3% 71.3% 73.6% 69.8% 68.0% 73.1%
South Dakota 80.4% 85.0% 81.0% 78.7% 81.9% 84.1%
Tennessee 64.6% 70.5% 69.0% 68.5% 68.9% 71.5%
Texas 66.5% 66.0% 67.3% 67.6% 70.7% 71.6%
Utah 60.6% 63.7% 64.5% 67.4% 60.8% 67.5%
Vermont 78.4% 79.8% 84.2% 80.4% 79.4% 80.9%
Virginia 69.9% 71.3% 71.8% 70.1% 73.7% 75.3%
Washington 66.5% 71.4% 69.3% 71.8% 67.7% 69.6%
West Virginia 66.1% 66.6% 67.8% 66.2% 68.8% 72.2%
Wisconsin 80.8% 82.3% 77.7% 77.3% 76.0% 78.2%
Wyoming 70.3% 73.7% 72.1% 70.4% 70.2% 70.7%
Source: IPUMS-CPS, University of Minnesota and RegionTrack Calculations. Labor force participation of mothers
age 18-54, seasonally adjusted. Pink shading represents states where the labor force participation of mothers has
declined since 2019.
Miscellaneous Child & Family Data
States Children Children Children Children Single mother Children
Under Age under Age 6 Under Age 6 Under 6 with families with Under 5
3 Living in working children under Living in
Poverty parents 5 living in Poverty
poverty
United States 10,658,295 22,133,354 3,784,124 14,415,594 36.2% 17.4%
Alabama 161,391 345,530 85,928 213,806 50.2% 25.6%
Alaska 29,675 55,282 10,244 31,502 42.4% 20.2%
Arizona 228,165 477,267 82,439 288,402 31.1% 17.7%
Arkansas 106,437 217,161 52,993 127,988 41.5% 26.5%
California 1,227,335 2,539,850 387,291 1,617,412 29.6% 15.4%
Colorado 177,322 367,980 40,475 239,664 30.7% 10.9%
Connecticut 107,381 217,689 27,706 156,436 29.3% 13.6%
Delaware 30,297 65,333 8,705 48,162 27.6% 13.3%
District of Columbia 23,815 46,000 6,341 33,309 14.8% 14.7%
Florida 627,384 1,327,553 247,134 874,127 36.8% 19.5%
Georgia 369,835 749,621 131,987 500,492 31.1% 18.0%
Hawaii 44,223 94,001 11,053 59,705 26.3% 12.3%
Idaho 63,922 136,395 18,728 76,279 23.7% 14.2%
Illinois 391,134 813,447 135,348 558,101 34.7% 16.8%
Indiana 233,574 482,675 87,910 308,179 43.9% 18.2%
Iowa 102,360 217,883 28,954 163,732 37.9% 13.8%
Kansas 100,962 211,094 31,832 139,052 45.6% 15.4%
Kentucky 147,964 312,308 68,377 191,370 43.6% 23.1%
Louisiana 164,189 327,212 84,232 233,414 48.5% 25.4%
Maine 37,365 74,571 8,616 51,439 16.3% 11.3%
Maryland 200,994 421,263 47,693 299,416 24.4% 11.5%
Massachusetts 198,647 411,201 43,930 296,619 27.6% 10.7%
Michigan 309,412 647,383 126,426 413,244 41.4% 19.8%
Minnesota 192,122 397,244 45,457 285,657 39.8% 11.5%
Mississippi 99,319 202,792 52,404 133,091 44.5% 25.4%
Missouri 205,675 429,852 79,678 291,530 36.1% 19.0%
Montana 33,656 71,216 9,182 45,477 24.2% 13.0%
Nebraska 72,374 146,715 21,600 102,335 42.8% 14.6%
Nevada 102,460 210,270 35,019 134,984 32.3% 17.2%
New Hampshire 34,953 75,371 5,607 52,299 26.2% 8.4%
New Jersey 290,194 612,671 81,281 415,621 27.6% 13.5%
New Mexico 58,110 131,499 29,583 80,529 44.2% 22.6%
New York 609,664 1,252,604 230,239 833,827 30.7% 18.5%
North Carolina 336,971 707,416 128,240 456,819 36.5% 18.3%
North Dakota 27,335 56,622 6,622 39,065 51.2% 11.9%
Miscellaneous Child & Family Data
States Children Children Children Children Single mother Children
Under Age under Age 6 Under Age 6 Under 6 with families with Under 5
3 Living in working children under Living in
Poverty parents 5 living in Poverty
poverty
Ohio 381,877 793,442 151,059 543,080 42.5% 18.9%
Oklahoma 137,276 289,813 61,448 177,967 45.8% 21.6%
Oregon 117,806 244,016 35,000 158,665 38.8% 15.1%
Pennsylvania 391,317 797,079 125,356 547,622 31.6% 16.2%
Rhode Island 28,110 61,839 6,862 44,736 24.4% 10.0%
South Carolina 166,128 343,337 70,222 223,819 42.2% 20.5%
South Dakota 34,204 68,072 11,541 49,914 38.8% 17.8%
Tennessee 232,525 478,685 96,078 291,661 40.8% 20.0%
Texas 1,091,987 2,289,114 472,407 1,365,640 42.1% 20.9%
Utah 135,493 278,349 28,321 147,525 37.0% 10.4%
Vermont 16,775 34,151 5,037 25,613 57.0% 15.6%
Virginia 285,726 577,526 81,236 386,761 33.1% 14.4%
Washington 244,131 510,789 54,489 307,678 27.8% 10.8%
West Virginia 49,832 104,001 30,227 62,485 51.2% 30.1%
Wisconsin 180,086 372,435 49,282 262,481 33.0% 13.8%
Wyoming 18,406 37,735 6,305 26,863 36.9% 16.9%
Puerto Rico 55,874 123,521 77,802 79,219 71.9% 62.4%
Source:
U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates
Share of Children Under Age 5 in Paid Child Care
2018 - 2022
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
United States 28.6% 29.4% 25.0% 26.5% 27.9%
Alabama 20.4% 31.0% 32.3% 27.9% 15.0%
Alaska 17.5% 17.0% 17.2% 14.8% 18.8%
Arizona 30.9% 28.9% 25.2% 17.0% 21.5%
Arkansas 30.2% 25.2% 22.0% 21.0% 25.3%
California 24.8% 23.9% 20.7% 22.5% 25.0%
Colorado 34.8% 27.6% 19.8% 27.9% 26.5%
Connecticut 38.8% 39.5% 25.1% 14.0% 46.4%
Delaware 30.5% 23.7% 29.3% 23.3% 30.7%
District of Columbia 43.0% 45.4% 30.9% 44.8% 60.7%
Florida 25.9% 26.2% 19.2% 23.4% 25.0%
Georgia 28.2% 34.7% 19.9% 17.6% 27.4%
Hawaii 14.0% 13.9% 17.5% 13.9% 8.4%
Idaho 18.4% 19.3% 19.0% 22.4% 23.3%
Illinois 34.2% 32.1% 34.7% 24.1% 34.1%
Indiana 31.0% 27.8% 28.8% 29.8% 33.9%
Iowa 38.5% 38.3% 49.2% 39.8% 39.7%
Kansas 34.8% 29.7% 37.4% 42.5% 30.6%
Kentucky 24.1% 22.2% 21.6% 27.3% 20.7%
Louisiana 33.6% 29.2% 24.5% 24.9% 25.4%
Maine 45.5% 51.0% 11.9% 23.4% 25.2%
Maryland 35.7% 33.4% 33.8% 35.3% 36.2%
Massachusetts 37.9% 36.8% 28.9% 39.0% 41.1%
Michigan 36.1% 33.6% 24.8% 24.9% 25.7%
Minnesota 41.1% 38.9% 39.4% 37.1% 46.4%
Mississippi 31.8% 24.0% 20.9% 31.5% 32.4%
Missouri 29.4% 39.0% 30.8% 27.1% 29.9%
Montana 22.5% 24.1% 29.0% 36.8% 32.7%
Nebraska 33.5% 47.0% 40.7% 49.9% 43.4%
Nevada 23.1% 30.6% 11.6% 17.4% 28.9%
New Hampshire 34.9% 46.4% 40.6% 35.1% 23.0%
New Jersey 33.1% 32.9% 15.6% 29.6% 29.5%
New Mexico 22.1% 13.5% 5.1% 11.3% 16.5%
New York 28.5% 33.9% 20.9% 25.9% 29.1%
North Carolina 22.7% 21.1% 21.7% 29.1% 24.3%
North Dakota 36.3% 47.2% 32.3% 44.7% 38.1%
Ohio 23.2% 29.5% 22.9% 32.8% 33.1%
Oklahoma 22.4% 20.3% 23.1% 20.2% 15.6%
Oregon 35.3% 39.9% 27.7% 33.0% 29.8%
Pennsylvania 27.9% 25.9% 31.2% 33.3% 32.9%
Share of Children Under Age 5 in Paid Child Care
2018 - 2022
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Rhode Island 24.8% 35.1% 29.4% 31.5% 19.3%
South Carolina 28.5% 26.9% 19.7% 21.0% 17.9%
South Dakota 49.1% 40.5% 32.5% 47.4% 42.8%
Tennessee 23.9% 26.6% 16.2% 25.3% 21.4%
Texas 25.1% 27.5% 24.4% 23.3% 26.5%
Utah 19.2% 20.2% 8.2% 18.7% 15.2%
Vermont 32.3% 30.3% 37.7% 47.1% 32.1%
Virginia 29.2% 40.9% 40.0% 29.0% 32.4%
Washington 31.0% 30.6% 39.4% 31.3% 24.9%
West Virginia 20.2% 12.1% 19.6% 13.7% 22.7%
Wisconsin 42.6% 32.8% 28.9% 31.7% 24.1%
Wyoming 33.8% 27.0% 35.0% 30.5% 28.2%
Source: IPUMS-CPS, University of Minnesota and RegionTrack calculations.
Share of School-age Children (Ages 5-14) in Paid Child Care
2018 - 2022
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
United States 15.9% 16.0% 12.8% 13.0% 15.0%
Alabama 11.5% 12.8% 10.6% 7.8% 7.5%
Alaska 8.4% 6.3% 9.1% 12.5% 14.3%
Arizona 21.5% 16.7% 12.9% 7.7% 17.0%
Arkansas 13.8% 14.2% 10.7% 5.0% 12.0%
California 14.6% 14.6% 12.3% 12.1% 12.6%
Colorado 19.3% 19.3% 10.3% 12.6% 19.3%
Connecticut 15.3% 28.9% 17.1% 18.2% 26.7%
Delaware 22.8% 11.5% 11.1% 13.5% 11.4%
District of Columbia 23.4% 27.7% 24.8% 18.5% 30.1%
Florida 16.7% 15.6% 11.1% 14.0% 13.2%
Georgia 11.2% 12.1% 6.3% 11.0% 12.8%
Hawaii 12.8% 12.8% 9.4% 5.4% 9.0%
Idaho 9.4% 11.8% 8.5% 11.8% 8.6%
Illinois 18.1% 15.1% 14.2% 12.7% 19.2%
Indiana 10.6% 19.4% 15.4% 13.4% 17.3%
Iowa 13.5% 20.4% 13.2% 27.7% 20.9%
Kansas 15.5% 18.2% 11.1% 10.7% 16.1%
Kentucky 12.0% 11.0% 8.4% 6.1% 10.7%
Louisiana 17.9% 14.0% 12.5% 10.3% 8.9%
Maine 21.5% 24.0% 18.9% 13.6% 18.5%
Maryland 20.4% 17.6% 15.7% 15.8% 21.7%
Massachusetts 20.9% 21.3% 17.4% 15.6% 20.7%
Michigan 21.4% 16.5% 12.1% 13.7% 14.4%
Minnesota 26.9% 14.7% 16.4% 20.5% 28.9%
Mississippi 9.1% 10.8% 8.1% 8.7% 11.5%
Missouri 13.2% 19.6% 16.4% 12.5% 12.4%
Montana 12.5% 13.2% 13.5% 11.4% 14.8%
Nebraska 26.5% 21.5% 20.0% 24.6% 18.9%
Nevada 17.6% 12.5% 9.2% 8.7% 12.9%
New Hampshire 25.9% 29.6% 17.5% 19.2% 14.7%
New Jersey 14.7% 19.2% 13.9% 20.0% 13.4%
New Mexico 7.5% 8.4% 3.1% 7.2% 5.2%
New York 15.0% 17.3% 13.5% 13.7% 13.9%
North Carolina 19.8% 12.6% 12.3% 14.3% 12.5%
North Dakota 18.4% 23.4% 19.9% 24.3% 22.8%
Ohio 17.6% 16.2% 11.3% 13.2% 15.9%
Oklahoma 8.0% 10.5% 6.3% 9.8% 7.6%
Oregon 18.8% 22.7% 15.3% 11.8% 17.8%
Share of School-age Children (Ages 5-14) in Paid Child Care
2018 - 2022
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Pennsylvania 18.5% 14.1% 17.7% 11.4% 19.3%
Rhode Island 18.0% 23.2% 24.8% 15.6% 9.7%
South Carolina 17.5% 20.6% 12.3% 12.9% 14.4%
South Dakota 21.8% 24.7% 14.5% 15.8% 18.8%
Tennessee 11.7% 11.7% 9.8% 11.7% 18.7%
Texas 12.8% 14.2% 12.2% 13.9% 12.7%
Utah 11.4% 4.8% 6.4% 4.0% 6.7%
Vermont 22.9% 18.9% 26.1% 24.8% 20.8%
Virginia 15.8% 21.9% 20.0% 12.5% 24.6%
Washington 15.6% 25.1% 15.6% 14.1% 16.5%
West Virginia 7.3% 3.7% 11.9% 9.8% 8.6%
Wisconsin 22.8% 18.0% 12.3% 12.9% 19.3%
Wyoming 14.8% 15.5% 10.6% 14.9% 10.1%
Source: IPUMS-CPS, University of Minnesota and RegionTrack calculations.
Share of Children Birth to Age 14 in Paid Child Care
2018 - 2022
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
United States 20.0% 20.2% 16.6% 17.2% 19.0%
Alabama 14.6% 19.3% 17.4% 14.4% 9.9%
Alaska 11.5% 10.2% 11.3% 13.2% 15.8%
Arizona 24.3% 20.1% 16.4% 10.2% 18.3%
Arkansas 18.8% 17.9% 13.8% 9.3% 16.1%
California 17.9% 17.6% 14.9% 15.2% 16.3%
Colorado 23.3% 21.7% 12.9% 17.4% 21.6%
Connecticut 22.9% 32.3% 19.6% 17.0% 31.8%
Delaware 25.2% 14.9% 17.1% 16.4% 17.3%
District of Columbia 30.8% 33.9% 26.8% 28.4% 41.2%
Florida 19.7% 19.0% 13.5% 16.9% 16.8%
Georgia 16.7% 18.9% 10.6% 13.0% 17.3%
Hawaii 13.2% 13.2% 11.7% 8.1% 8.8%
Idaho 12.7% 14.3% 11.6% 14.9% 13.0%
Illinois 23.2% 20.6% 20.6% 16.4% 23.9%
Indiana 17.7% 22.1% 19.9% 18.8% 22.4%
Iowa 22.6% 26.4% 23.9% 31.9% 27.2%
Kansas 22.3% 22.3% 19.7% 20.4% 20.8%
Kentucky 16.0% 14.8% 12.5% 12.4% 13.7%
Louisiana 23.1% 18.6% 16.4% 15.6% 14.3%
Maine 27.3% 32.9% 16.6% 17.5% 20.8%
Maryland 25.6% 22.2% 21.7% 22.3% 26.2%
Massachusetts 26.3% 26.2% 21.0% 22.9% 26.5%
Michigan 26.1% 22.1% 16.3% 17.3% 17.8%
Minnesota 31.9% 22.5% 24.0% 25.4% 34.3%
Mississippi 16.0% 15.3% 11.8% 16.1% 18.6%
Missouri 18.2% 25.0% 20.3% 16.9% 18.8%
Montana 15.9% 16.6% 18.3% 18.3% 19.9%
Nebraska 28.8% 29.8% 27.7% 32.1% 25.7%
Nevada 19.4% 18.6% 10.0% 11.4% 17.7%
New Hampshire 28.7% 34.7% 25.4% 24.7% 17.4%
New Jersey 20.3% 23.6% 14.4% 22.8% 18.0%
New Mexico 11.8% 9.9% 3.7% 8.4% 8.5%
New York 19.5% 22.8% 16.0% 17.8% 18.9%
North Carolina 20.9% 15.2% 15.1% 18.6% 16.1%
North Dakota 25.0% 31.4% 24.5% 31.6% 28.7%
Ohio 19.3% 20.4% 14.9% 19.2% 21.3%
Oklahoma 12.4% 13.7% 12.0% 13.2% 10.1%
Oregon 24.6% 27.7% 19.0% 17.5% 21.2%
Share of Children Birth to Age 14 in Paid Child Care
2018 - 2022
State 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Pennsylvania 21.3% 17.9% 22.0% 18.2% 23.9%
Rhode Island 20.1% 27.1% 26.2% 20.4% 12.7%
South Carolina 20.2% 22.6% 14.6% 15.4% 15.5%
South Dakota 31.2% 29.1% 21.2% 26.3% 26.7%
Tennessee 16.1% 16.4% 11.9% 16.1% 19.6%
Texas 16.8% 18.0% 15.8% 16.9% 17.0%
Utah 13.7% 9.4% 6.9% 8.3% 9.5%
Vermont 26.2% 21.9% 29.4% 30.8% 24.3%
Virginia 21.0% 28.5% 26.7% 18.0% 27.3%
Washington 21.0% 26.8% 22.8% 18.8% 19.1%
West Virginia 11.2% 6.7% 14.2% 11.0% 13.5%
Wisconsin 28.3% 22.7% 17.5% 18.7% 20.8%
Wyoming 21.0% 19.0% 18.2% 19.7% 15.4%
Source: IPUMS-CPS, University of Minnesota and RegionTrack calculations.
Child Care Sector Economic Profile by State (2022)
Total Non-Employers** Employers
Average Employee
Estab- Total Total Total Earnings Estab- Total Proprietor Revenue Earnings Estab- Total Compen- Workers Earnings
lish- Revenue Employ- Earnings Average per lish- Revenue Earnings per per lish- Revenue sation Employ- Average per per
Region ments (mil.) ment (mil.) Revenue Worker ments (mil.) (mil.) Estab. Proprietor ments (mil) (mil.) ment Revenue Estab. Employee
United States 624,312 $68,496.6 1,504,990 $32,671.9 $109,715 $21,709 547,465 $9,565.6 $5,683.9 $17,472 $10,382 76,847 $58,931 $26,988 957,525 $766,866 12.5 $28,185
Alabama 7,542 555.6 17,795 10,982.2 73,676 617,147 6,554 94.5 48.9 14,425 7,462 988 461.1 294.6 11,241 466,927 11.4 26,211
Alaska 1,153 133.5 2,985 70.8 115,819 23,712 1,004 23.6 14.2 23,537 14,158 149 109.9 56.6 1,981 738,680 13.3 28,554
Arizona 10,432 805.0 22,563 462.6 77,174 20,501 9,614 144.1 81.0 14,985 8,428 818 661.0 381.5 12,949 808,536 15.8 29,465
Arkansas 4,815 277.7 15,496 315.0 57,678 20,325 4,007 58.4 37.0 14,584 9,232 808 219.3 278.0 11,489 271,390 14.2 24,195
California 99,806 9,285.2 168,197 3,758.5 93,032 22,346 90,830 2029.1 964.5 22,340 10,619 8,976 7,256.1 2,794.0 77,367 808,387 8.6 36,113
Colorado 7,985 1,265.1 23,214 640.0 158,432 27,568 6,971 146.2 84.9 20,972 12,173 1,014 1,118.9 555.1 16,243 1,103,442 16.0 34,175
Connecticut 6,789 1,551.0 20,296 479.9 228,473 23,644 5,884 130.5 67.2 22,175 11,418 905 1,420.6 412.7 14,412 1,570,119 15.9 28,636
Delaware 1,226 189.6 4,835 123.7 154,661 25,594 922 32.4 17.7 35,093 19,191 304 157.3 106.0 3,913 517,298 12.9 27,102
Dist. of Columbia 1,121 408.2 4,343 150.5 364,090 34,665 848 15.2 8.5 17,973 10,006 273 393.0 142.1 3,495 1,438,223 12.8 40,649
Florida 37,497 3,457.7 93,641 1,945.6 92,213 20,777 32,963 555.2 283.1 16,844 8,588 4,534 2,902.5 1,662.6 60,678 640,193 13.4 27,399
Georgia 25,378 1,996.4 58,550 1,096.3 78,666 18,724 22,744 306.4 155.8 13,472 6,852 2,634 1,690.0 940.4 35,806 641,655 13.6 26,265
Hawaii 1,203 102.6 4,555 140.5 85,257 30,845 805 18.7 10.5 23,254 13,014 398 83.9 130.0 3,750 210,586 9.4 34,672
Idaho 2,579 317.8 6,662 126.8 123,229 19,039 2,050 40.3 24.6 19,681 11,990 529 277.5 102.2 4,612 524,498 8.7 22,172
Illinois 32,469 3,010.7 66,176 1,451.4 92,726 21,933 29,759 602.0 325.3 20,230 10,930 2,710 2,408.7 1,126.2 36,417 888,824 13.4 30,924
Indiana 10,530 1,424.1 23,363 470.7 135,238 20,148 9,232 192.0 96.6 20,800 10,464 1,298 1,232.0 374.1 14,131 949,170 10.9 26,475
Iowa 9,561 1,270.6 21,695 419.6 132,894 19,341 8,715 246.1 152.3 28,234 17,474 846 1,024.5 267.3 12,980 1,211,046 15.3 20,594
Kansas 6,160 736.3 12,847 252.4 119,534 19,651 5,693 154.3 86.5 27,102 15,200 467 582.0 165.9 7,154 1,247,535 15.3 23,193
Kentucky 5,880 600.8 17,242 326.7 102,177 18,949 4,868 67.5 31.5 13,862 6,468 1,012 533.3 295.2 12,374 527,099 12.2 23,859
Louisiana 11,260 673.3 23,066 372.6 59,799 16,156 10,077 140.5 68.7 13,944 6,813 1,183 532.8 304.0 12,989 450,569 11.0 23,404
Maine 2,325 308.2 6,890 180.9 132,590 26,258 1,671 47.4 30.1 28,346 18,043 654 260.9 150.8 5,219 399,040 8.0 28,888
Maryland 12,195 2,059.4 27,700 670.4 168,871 24,204 10,807 289.3 152.4 26,768 14,101 1,388 1,770.1 518.1 16,893 1,275,283 12.2 30,668
Massachusetts 9,645 2,714.2 35,748 1,127.1 281,415 31,529 7,628 267.0 123.6 35,001 16,210 2,017 2,447.2 1,003.5 28,120 1,213,436 13.9 35,685
Michigan 16,527 1,715.0 33,600 681.8 103,771 20,292 14,852 278.0 154.7 18,715 10,417 1,675 1,437.0 527.1 18,748 858,179 11.2 28,114
Minnesota 12,093 2,446.4 27,877 693.4 202,303 24,875 10,849 387.2 205.9 35,686 18,977 1,244 2,059.2 487.6 17,028 1,655,961 13.7 28,633
Mississippi 7,737 414.7 17,297 292.8 53,606 16,928 6,906 92.1 47.8 13,332 6,917 831 322.7 245.0 10,391 388,302 12.5 23,582
Missouri 10,530 1,748.9 26,866 552.8 166,094 20,578 9,177 162.1 93.0 17,669 10,138 1,353 1,586.8 459.8 17,689 1,173,003 13.1 25,994
Montana 1,892 213.4 4,886 99.9 112,762 20,440 1,369 31.4 18.1 22,938 13,189 523 182.0 81.8 3,517 347,771 6.7 23,263
Nebraska 5,424 558.5 14,461 289.7 102,974 20,031 4,678 117.6 69.6 25,139 14,888 746 440.9 220.0 9,783 591,220 13.1 22,490
Nevada 6,547 584.8 11,233 194.2 89,328 17,290 6,206 89.8 49.0 14,468 7,894 341 495.0 145.2 5,027 1,452,725 14.8 28,888
New Hampshire 1,510 248.8 6,418 166.8 164,755 25,990 1,048 19.4 10.7 18,471 10,226 462 229.5 156.1 5,370 496,408 11.6 29,067
New Jersey 15,785 1,751.2 52,571 1,302.9 110,941 24,783 13,407 206.3 99.3 15,385 7,404 2,378 1,544.9 1,203.6 39,164 649,678 16.5 30,732
New Mexico 2,999 144.4 8,704 191.5 48,146 22,004 2,537 35.5 20.1 14,010 7,928 462 108.8 171.4 6,167 235,598 13.3 27,795
New York 43,637 4,128.3 113,840 2,931.9 94,605 25,754 37,765 744.0 393.1 19,701 10,408 5,872 3,384.3 2,538.8 76,075 576,339 13.0 33,372
North Carolina 14,459 1,465.6 43,901 1,020.5 101,362 23,244 11,934 198.0 110.3 16,594 9,241 2,525 1,267.6 910.2 31,967 502,002 12.7 28,472
North Dakota 2,426 261.6 6,045 127.8 107,832 21,145 2,094 62.3 44.6 29,767 21,305 332 199.3 83.2 3,951 600,208 11.9 21,060
Continued
(Cont.) Child Care Sector Economic Profile by State (2022)
Total Non-Employers** Employers
Average Employee Average
Estab- Total Total Total Earnings Estab- Total Proprietor Revenue Earnings Estab- Total Compen- Revenue Workers Earnings
lish- Revenue Employ- Earnings Average per lish- Revenue Earnings per per lish- Revenue sation Employ- Per per per
State ments (mil.) ment (mil.) Revenue Worker ments (mil.) (mil.) Estab. Proprietor ments (mil) (mil.) ment Estab. Estab. Employee
Ohio 19,763 $2,379.0 51,311 $1,068.3 $120,379 $20,820 16,974 $299.9 $150.7 $17,665 $8,877 2,789 $2,079.2 $917.6 34,337 $745,553 12.3 $26,723
Oklahoma 6,054 380.1 15,807 299.6 62,783 18,954 5,172 105.2 67.7 20,338 13,085 882 274.9 231.9 10,635 311,608 12.1 21,809
Oregon 7,218 906.3 18,541 483.1 125,563 26,058 5,722 121.6 68.1 21,252 11,906 1,496 784.7 415.0 12,819 524,602 8.6 32,375
Pennsylvania 14,312 2,608.6 55,344 1,397.8 182,263 25,257 10,488 173.7 88.3 16,565 8,416 3,824 2,434.9 1,309.6 44,856 636,689 11.7 29,195
Rhode Island 1,634 151.5 5,209 131.2 92,722 25,193 1,333 29.7 15.0 22,272 11,219 301 121.8 116.3 3,876 405,238 12.9 29,999
South Carolina 7,825 827.2 17,849 332.1 105,705 18,609 7,005 100.1 55.5 14,284 7,924 820 727.1 276.6 10,844 886,445 13.2 25,511
South Dakota 2,438 276.5 5,712 116.2 113,442 20,344 2,186 70.1 42.3 32,052 19,332 252 206.5 73.9 3,526 820,167 14.0 20,971
Tennessee 12,348 1,195.4 26,816 531.0 96,808 19,803 11,162 176.0 105.2 15,767 9,421 1,186 1,019.4 425.9 15,654 859,679 13.2 27,206
Texas 61,632 5,096.2 139,859 2,581.0 82,688 18,455 55,836 795.8 401.0 14,252 7,182 5,796 4,300.4 2,180.0 84,023 741,966 14.5 25,946
Utah 4,694 265.7 12,285 247.8 56,608 20,172 4,013 83.0 49.8 20,688 12,406 681 182.7 198.0 8,272 268,434 12.2 23,939
Vermont 1,255 149.8 3,623 103.3 119,427 28,501 1,012 32.8 24.9 32,367 24,617 243 117.1 78.3 2,611 482,749 10.8 30,006
Virginia 14,762 3,026.3 37,206 829.5 205,005 22,296 12,998 246.6 123.3 18,971 9,484 1,764 2,779.8 706.3 24,208 1,575,599 13.7 29,175
Washington 9,309 2,177.1 28,328 840.0 233,869 29,652 7,264 315.5 169.0 43,430 23,268 2,045 1,861.7 670.9 21,064 910,241 10.3 31,853
West Virginia 2,065 226.7 6,056 121.4 109,776 20,052 1,627 40.1 24.7 24,646 15,186 438 186.6 96.7 4,429 426,000 10.1 21,839
Wisconsin 8,827 1,165.5 26,163 628.4 132,040 24,020 7,372 178.9 105.8 24,265 14,352 1,455 986.6 522.6 18,791 678,190 12.9 27,813
Wyoming 1,065 87.6 3,509 79.2 82,276 22,582 833 19.9 11.7 23,857 14,066 232 67.7 67.5 2,676 292,485 11.6 25,232
Source: Census Bureau – Non-employer Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and RegionTrack calculations
Notes: Total employment on a job-equivalent basis is equal to wage and salary employment plus the number of proprietor establishments. Total earnings is equal to proprietor’s earnings plus employee compensation.
** Data for non-employers in 2022 is estimated using data for 2021, the most recent year available.
File and source
- File
- Cisneros_Testimony.pdf
- Size
- 1,526,189 bytes
- SHA-256
- aa5203902acfeafb2414d61a3938d3d92205c09f34859c33d2998cfad11a97a3
- Our copy
- Cisneros_Testimony.pdf
- Original
- No public link identified.