Virginia Economic Development Partnership: Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile (House Document No. 12)
Summary
A report of the Virginia Economic Development Partnership to the General Assembly of Virginia, Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia (Chapter 558, 2022), dated October 2022 and marked as reprinted October 31, 2022. It states that the Virginia Office of Education Economics was tasked in April 2022 (HB217) to review occupational categories in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) SOC system. The expanded profile includes 342 occupations, which the report divides into groups of 72, 126 and 144 occupations. It states that the expanded definition represents approximately 43% of occupations, compared with 9% under the former definition, and recommends that the STEM Education Advisory Board adopt it.
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“Virginia Economic Development Partnership: Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile (House Document No. 12).”
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REPRINTED
OCTOBER 31, 2022
REPORT OF THE VIRGINIA ECONOMIC
DEVELOPOMENT PARTNERSHIP
Proposed New STEM Workforce
Profile for the Commonwealth of
Virginia (Chapter 558, 2022)
TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA
HOUSE DOCUMENT NO. 12
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
RICHMOND
2022
Haleon (formerly GSK), Richmond BAE Systems, Fairfax County
Aeroprobe Corporation, Christiansburg
Proposed New STEM
Workforce Profile for the
Commonwealth of Virginia
October 2022
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION 3
What Historically Counts as STEM in Virginia? 3
The Case to Broaden the Definition of the STEM Workforce in Virginia 4
METHODOLOGY 5
Limitations 5
Data Used to Conduct Analysis 6
NEW EXPANDED STEM WORKFORCE PROFILE 7
Occupational Family (SOC Major Group) Representation 8
Regional Perspectives on the New STEM Workforce Profile 12
Career Clusters Representation in the STEM Workforce Profiles 13
Statewide Projected Job Change Within the STEM Workforce Profile 14
SUMMARY 17
REFERENCES 18
APPENDIX (SOC Lists by STEM Grouping) 20
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Virginia Office of Education Economics (VOEE) at the Virginia Economic Development Partnership (VEDP) was
tasked by the Virginia General Assembly in April 2022 (HB217) (VLIS, 2022a) to review the occupational categories
in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system to determine
whether occupational categories should be added to the Commonwealth’s Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics (STEM) workforce profile. This report documents the results of this analysis and provides a
recommendation for a more inclusive STEM profile for the Commonwealth that expands the definition of the STEM
workforce beyond traditional Science and Engineering occupations and adds occupations identified as Science
and Engineering-related (S&E-related) and the Skilled Technical Workforce (STW). This report is accompanied by an
interactive data set (VOEE, 2022) that includes the new taxonomy and associated labor market information and a
variety of regionalized analyses.
Traditionally, in the United States and in Virginia, STEM has been identified as Science and Engineering occupations
requiring a bachelor’s degree or higher. However, in recent years, the National Science Foundation (NSF/NSB, 2021)
and others have begun to broaden their understanding of the STEM workforce to include those occupations that
actively utilize a STEM skill set. This new basis for understanding a STEM worker extends the STEM profile to include
Science and Engineering-related occupations – jobs requiring science and technology expertise but not traditionally
recognized STEM jobs, and the Skilled Technical Workforce — workers employed in a STEM middle-skills occupation
that do not have a four-year degree. This movement to be more inclusive in the determination of what counts as
STEM has happened for a variety of reasons, including the changing nature of work due to the impact of technology,
labor shortages in the Skilled Technical Workforce, and the use of STEM aligned skills in these occupations. (Chen &
Rotermund, 2020)
The STEM Workforce Profile produced by VOEE results in the following changes:
■
The expanded STEM Workforce Profile represents a 375% increase in the number of occupations formally
recognized as using a STEM skill set within Virginia.
■
The expanded definition now represents approximately 43% of the total occupations defined in the BLS SOC
taxonomy. In comparison, the former definition of STEM represented 9% of occupations within the BLS SOC
taxonomy.
■
The expanded STEM Workforce Profile includes 342 occupations divided into three primary groups:
— Science and Engineering: 72 Occupations
— Science and Engineering-related: 126 Occupations
— Skilled Technical Workforce: 144 Occupations
■
In the expanded STEM Workforce Profile, 17 of the 23, or 74%, of the SOC Families at the two-digit level are
represented.
— Of those, five of the 23 SOC Families have, or nearly have, 100% of all SOC within their families represented
in the new profile. These include Computer and Mathematical; Architecture and Engineering; Healthcare
Practitioners and Technical; Life, Physical and Social Science; and Healthcare Support.
— Including Installation, Maintenance and Repair, and Production, seven out of 23 SOC Families have over
50% of all SOC within their families represented within the new profile.
1
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022
■
The expanded STEM Workforce Profile represents occupations across all 17 Virginia recognized Career Clusters.
— The top four Career Clusters with the highest proportion of occupations included in the new STEM Workforce
Profile include:
1. Health Science
2. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
3. Information Technology
4. Energy
The expanded STEM Workforce Profile presented in this report represents a more inclusive definition of occupations
utilizing a STEM skill set in performing their job roles than previous definitions. Aligning Virginia’s definition of STEM
with current thinking better reflects the realities of the broader use of science-infused skill sets by 21st century
workers spanning multiple industries and changing work environments. For these reasons, VOEE recommends that
the STEM Education Advisory Board adopt the broader STEM workforce profile proposed in this report.
BluVector, Arlington Ceres Nanosciences, Prince William County
This analysis was conducted in partnership with the Virginia Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM) Education Advisory Board and the STEM Occupations Subcommittee. This partnership was directed in
the legislation. The VOEE team worked with selected members of the STEM Occupations Subcommittee closely
throughout the summer. This group assisted VOEE in determining the methodology, connecting with stakeholders
in the field to comment on the analysis, and reviewing the final analysis. VOEE presented this
work at two full meetings of the STEM Education Advisory Board in Summer/Fall 2022.
As a supplement to this report, VOEE has provided an interactive spreadsheet
(voee.org/data/) that allows the user to filter on a variety of metrics and
explore STEM workforce data by GO Virginia regions.
VOEE Project Team
Todd Oldham, Ed.D. Heather McKay William Richter
Research Director Executive Director Research and Data Analyst
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 2
INTRODUCTION
The Virginia Office of Education Economics (VOEE) at the Virginia Economic Development Partnership (VEDP) was
tasked by the Virginia General Assembly in April 2022 (HB217) (VLIS, 2022a) to review the occupational categories
in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system to determine whether
occupational categories should be added to the Commonwealth’s Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) workforce profile. This report documents the results of that analysis and provides a
recommendation for a more inclusive STEM profile for the Commonwealth that includes traditional Science and
Engineering occupations and adds occupations identified as Science and Engineering-related (S&E-related) and
the Skilled Technical Workforce (STW). This report is accompanied by an interactive data set (VOEE, 2022) that
includes the new taxonomy and associated labor market information.
The Commonwealth has defined what counts as the STEM workforce in a variety of different ways over the years.
The State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV) documents STEM related programming in a published
STEM list (SHEV, n.d.). This list is akin to the traditional view of what counts as STEM occupations. There has been
interest across gubernatorial administrations and by the General Assembly in STEM over the years. A few examples
are noted below. Governor Youngkin is currently developing a College Partnership Laboratory Schools (VDOE, 2022;
VLIS, 2022b) initiative (Chapter 19.1 in Virginia code) with a strong focus on STEM education and career preparation.
In 2019, the Northam administration established the STEM Commission through an Executive Order (VLIS, 2019).
This commission is tasked with creating a STEM plan and fostering collaboration between stakeholders in the state
with an interest in STEM. The Code of Virginia through the Top Jobs Act of 2011 (VLIS, 2011) established a goal to
“secure a leading economic position for the Commonwealth through increased research and instruction in STEM
and related fields that require qualified faculty, appropriate research facilities and equipment, public-private and
intergovernmental collaboration, and sustained state support.”
What Historically Counts as STEM in Virginia?
Traditionally the STEM workforce has been understood as comprising occupations specialized in Science and
Engineering (S&E) and requiring at least a bachelor's degree, but frequently at a master’s or doctorate degree level.
These occupations have predominantly fallen within one of five major occupational groups including Computer
and Mathematical Scientists; Biological, Agricultural, and Environmental Life Scientists; Physical Scientists; Social
Scientists; and Engineers. This narrower, more traditional understanding of the STEM workforce has many times
precluded a wide array of roles in healthcare, technicians and technologists in multiple industries, and also the
managerial and Science and Engineering-related roles that support the STEM world of work.
However, in recent years, the National Science Board (NSB), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and others
have begun to broaden their understanding of the STEM workforce to include those occupations that actively utilize
a STEM skill set. This new basis of understanding what it means to be a STEM worker expands the STEM profile to
include Science and Engineering-related occupations (S&E-related) — jobs requiring science and technology expertise
but not part of a traditionally recognized STEM role, as well as the Skilled Technical Workforce (STW) — those
workers employed in STEM middle-skills occupations that do not require a four-year degree.
3
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022
The Case to Broaden the Definition of the STEM Workforce
in Virginia
The STEM workforce is an important part of today’s technologically advanced economy. New developments
and discoveries in science and technology have begun to challenge the traditional framework used to narrowly
define what counts as a STEM worker. Innovative technologies like automation and artificial intelligence are
changing and improving jobs and work activities and, in some cases, requiring more STEM-oriented skill sets
and knowledge from workers. The use of these technologies has begun to reshape traditional ideas about what
it means to be identified as a STEM worker. As the types of workers using STEM knowledge and skills in their
day-to-day activity changes, so must the way we define and measure the STEM workforce.
As noted above, traditional ideas of what counts as a STEM occupation have centered on a job role that requires
a bachelor’s degree or higher in S&E occupations. These occupations remain important and should continue
to be viewed as a part of the STEM Workforce Profile. However, in this report, we are recommending that Virginia
broaden the definition of STEM workers to include those working in Science and Engineering-related occupations
(S&E-related) as well as the middle-skilled technicians and tradesmen in what is referred to as the Skilled
Technical Workforce (STW). This modification in definition of the STEM workforce would add both workers with
a bachelor’s degree and higher and workers without a bachelor’s degree who regularly use STEM knowledge and
skills as they perform their job duties. The inclusion of STW in an expanded STEM workforce definition is
particularly important because it recognizes the changing nature of jobs and the ability of the workforce to adapt
to new technologies and processes as they change.
Support for the inclusion of STW within STEM is provided by the NSB and NSF’s inclusion of STW workers based
on a methodology initially employed by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM)
to identify middle-skills occupations (NASEM 2017). This methodology emerged out of a skills-based data set of
self-reported information provided by workers on the extent to which they rely on STEM knowledge domains in
performing their work. In the end, workers in STW defined as STEM workers scored highly in selected STEM
knowledge domains like biology, engineering and technology, and computers and electronics, among others.
Of note, more than 50% of the workers responding did not have a bachelor’s degree (NSF/NSB, 2021).
The shift to include trades and skilled workers is in line with the national conversation around STEM. Similar
proposals to expand the definition of STEM occupations have been put forward by the National Science
Foundation, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), the National Science Board
(NSB) and the National Center for Science Engineering and Statistics (NCSES), among others
(NSF/NSB, 2021; NASEM, 2017; NSB, 2015, 2019; NCSES, 2020).
In addition, NSF and NSB’s inclusion of S&E-related occupations in their new STEM taxonomy emerges from
respondent data from two survey instruments — the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics
(NSES) National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG) and the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR). These survey
results provided detailed data validating an active use of STEM skill sets in respondents’ job roles. These roles
included occupations with a bachelor’s degree or higher in S&E and S&E-related occupations, as well as those
with S&E and S&E-related degrees, including those in the workforce with Science, Engineering, or Health (SEH)
research doctorates, respectively (NCSES, 2021a, 2021b, 2021c).
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 4
METHODOLOGY
This project was guided by the STEM Education Advisory Board’s position that a more modern understanding of
the STEM workforce was needed for guiding future education and policy decisions within Virginia. To that end,
VOEE’s analysis set out to develop a new definition of Virginia STEM occupations that would be more representative
of the broader array of workers who actively utilize a STEM skill set as part of the current STEM world of work. In
discussions with the full Advisory Board and the Occupations Subcommittee, the following five major occupational
groups were identified and determined as being part of a more inclusive STEM Workforce Profile:
1. The Traditionally Defined High Skilled STEM Workforce (bachelor’s degree or higher)
2. Healthcare Workers (including sub-baccalaureate)
3. STEM-related Education and Teaching Occupations (minimum of bachelor’s degree)
4. Technician and Production Occupations including Skilled Trades Apprenticeship (predominantly
associate’s and sub-associate’s level)
5. Occupations managing and supporting the STEM ecosystem of work (all education levels)
Upon agreement on these five STEM worker categories, VOEE, in partnership with the STEM Education Advisory
Board’s Occupations Subcommittee, began a process to review other established STEM profiles that could serve
as a model for this project. As part of that review process, the NSB and NSF recently released a report on the STEM
labor force that presented a highly aligned STEM definition which was inclusive, current in its thinking, and strongly
aligned to the STEM worker categories already identified by the subcommittee in its goals for the project. Because
of this, the NSB/NSF occupational taxonomy was utilized as the base occupational structure from which to develop
a new Virginia-centric STEM worker profile. Following the NSB/NSF grouping of all STEM workers into three major
groups — Science and Engineering, Science and Engineering-related, and Skilled Technical Workers — VOEE created
an occupational list following this grouping scheme at the Standard Occupational Classification’s (SOC) six-digit
level of specificity. This list was vetted with subcommittee members and recommended individuals within K12,
SCHEV, and select members of the community. That process identified gaps in the NSB/NSF profile in occupational
areas including commercial transportation, teaching roles within K12, healthcare clinical support jobs, and
conservation and funerary sciences. VOEE shared and presented this work at two full meetings of the STEM
Education Advisory Board that took place in summer and fall of 2022. Table 1 provides a list of
the 18 occupations recommended for addition to the VOEE interpreted NSB/NSF framework for Virginia.
Limitations
The timeline available to conduct this analysis was limited to approximately two and a half months. The limited time
factor steered the project team to rely on reviews of existing literature and emerging studies on the modern STEM
workforce, including a strong use of NSB/NSF reports. These references were further augmented by input from
the STEM Education Advisory Board and their affiliated members throughout several project review meetings.
The intent of this report and the accompanying analysis via linked data file is to provide an expanded baseline
definition that other agencies may use to explore and further refine to better represent the STEM world of work
within Virginia.
5
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022
Table 1
Occupations Recommended for Addition to NSB/NSF STEM Framework
SOC Major Group Name Occupation
25-2022 Educational Instruction and Library Middle School Teachers, Except Special and CTE
25-2031 Educational Instruction and Library Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and CTE
25-4013 Educational Instruction and Library Museum Technicians and Conservators
31-1121 Healthcare Support Home Health Aides
31-1122 Healthcare Support Personal Care Aides
31-1131 Healthcare Support Nursing Assistants
31-1133 Healthcare Support Psychiatric Aides
31-2011 Healthcare Support Occupational Therapy Assistants
31-2012 Healthcare Support Occupational Therapy Aides
31-2021 Healthcare Support Physical Therapist Assistants
31-2022 Healthcare Support Physical Therapist Aides
31-9011 Healthcare Support Massage Therapists
39-4011 Personal Care and Service Operations Embalmers
39-4012 Personal Care and Service Operations Crematory Operators
53-2011 Transportation and Material Moving Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers
53-2012 Transportation and Material Moving Commercial Pilots
53-2021 Transportation and Material Moving Air Traffic Controllers
53-2022 Transportation and Material Moving Airfield Operations Specialists
Data Used to Conduct Analysis
An initial list of STEM SOC at the detail level was created referencing Table SLBR-1 within NSB/NSF documentation
(NSB/NSF, 2021). Labor market data and O*NET occupational attributes for detail level STEM SOC were sourced from
Lightcast’s 2022.3 dataset. Data sources used for analysis within Lightcast's dataset include: Quarterly Census
of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 2021 Q4; Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), 2021; Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) Employment Projections, 2020—2023; Census American Community Survey (ACS), 2020; and
Census Quarterly Workforce Indicators (QWI), 2022 Q2.
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 6
NEW EXPANDED STEM WORKFORCE PROFILE
With the addition of the 18 occupations in Table 1, along with Science and Engineering-related fields and the Skilled
Technical Workforce, the proposed STEM Workforce Profile expands considerably from approximately 72 Science
and Engineering occupations to 342 occupations categorized between Science and Engineering, Science and
Engineering-related, and Skilled Technical Workforce.
Figure 1 illustrates a graphical comparison of relative size of the three new STEM Workforce Profile groupings.
The proposed STEM Workforce Profile in Table 2 represents 43% of BLS SOC occupations within the Virginia
workforce. This expansion represents 375% growth in occupations contained in the new profile compared
to the previous traditional definition, which represented only 9% of occupations in the state.
Figure 1
New STEM Workforce Profile Categorized by Percent of Worker Group
S&E
21%
S&E-related
STW
42% 100%
37%
Table 2
New STEM Workforce Profile Compared to All Occupations
SOC SOC Count* % of Total SOC
S&E-related 126 16%
STW 144 18% New STEM
Workforce Profile
S&E 72 9%
Non-STEM aligned 456 57%
Total BLS SOC 798 100%
*The Standard Occupation Codes used in this analysis are limited to the 798 for which data is available through Lightcast.
Lightcast's SOC framework closely follows Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics. Details are available at
https://kb.emsidata.com/methodology/emsi-soc/
7
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022
Occupational Family (SOC Major Group) Representation
The traditional STEM workforce definition aligns directly to Science and Engineering-related occupations
representing five major occupational families out of 23 recognized within the SOC system. The expansion of
occupations within the new STEM Workforce Profile extends those five to 17 occupational families. Table 3
provides a breakdown of representation from each SOC family by the three STEM worker groups, with the
percent of STEM occupations represented in the proposed profile indicated.
AMPAC Fine Chemicals, Petersburg
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 8
Table 3
STEM Workforce Profile Percentage Representation by two-digit SOC Family
S&E % SOC Family
SOC Family S&E Related STW Represented in Taxonomy
15-Computer and Mathematical 90% 10% 0% 100%
17-Architecture and Engineering 50% 50% 0% 100%
29-Healthcare Practitioners and Technical 0% 100% 0% 100%
19-Life, Physical, and Social Science 69% 29% 0% 98%
31-Healthcare Support 0% 47% 47% 94%
49-Installation, Maintenance, and Repair 0% 0% 76% 76%
51-Production 0% 0% 56% 56%
47-Construction and Extraction 0% 0% 33% 33%
25-Educational Instruction and Library 0% 18% 0% 18%
11-Management 0% 11% 5% 16%
53-Transportation and Material Moving 0% 6% 10% 16%
27-Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media 0% 0% 12% 12%
13-Business and Financial Operations 3% 0% 6% 9%
41-Sales and Related 5% 5% 0% 10%
35-Food Preparation and Serving Related 0% 0% 6% 6%
39-Personal Care and Service 0% 0% 6% 6%
33-Protective Service 0% 0% 4% 4%
21-Community and Social Service 0% 0% 0% 0%
23-Legal 0% 0% 0% 0%
37-Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance 0% 0% 0% 0%
43-Office and Administrative Support 0% 0% 0% 0%
45-Farming, Fishing, and Forestry 0% 0% 0% 0%
55-Military-only Occupations 0% 0% 0% 0%
99-Unclassified Occupation 0% 0% 0% 0%
Note: Color-blocked grouping signifies ~100% representation.
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 9
Using the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database, occupations within
each of the three STEM groups are aggregated below by STEM worker group and categorized by education level
reported as necessary to perform job tasks (Figure 2); and types of on-the-job training most frequently reported
as provided by employers to workers employed in these occupations (Figure 3).
Figure 2
Typical Entry-Level Education, by Count of Occupation
160
140
Doctoral or professional degree
120 Master’s degree
100 Bachelor’s degree
80 Associate’s degree
60 Postsecondary non-degree award
Some college, no degree
40
High school diploma or equivalent
20
No formal educational credential
0
S&E S&E-related STW
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 10
Based on the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Information Network (O*NET) data, S&E occupations
report some use of internships and residencies, but very few reported on the job training in comparison to
STW and S&E-related workers.
S&E-related occupations are more evenly distributed across categories of entry-level education required to
perform job tasks. Most occupations in this profile range between associate’s to post-baccalaureate education.
Internships, residencies, and moderate on-the-job training are the primary reported forms of on-the-job-training (OJT).
Occupations within the STW profile require the least formal education of the three STEM workforce groupings,
with most occupations requiring no more than a high school diploma to perform job tasks. Of the three worker
groups, STW workers report the most varied amounts of OJT.
Figure 3
Typical On-the-Job Training, by Count of Occupation
160 Internship/residency
140 Apprenticeship
Long-term on-the-job training
120
Moderate on-the-job training
100
Short-term on-the-job training
80
None
60
40
20
0
S&E S&E-related STW
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 11
Regional Perspectives on the New STEM Workforce Profile
VOEE conducted a comparison of each of the three STEM worker groups across the nine GO Virginia regions.
Figure 4 presents a relative comparison of the new STEM Workforce Profiles by the three STEM worker groups
across each GO Virginia region.
Figure 4
2022 Jobs by Region, Occupational Group (%)
Science & Engineering Science & Engineering-related Skilled Technical Workforce
500,000
450,000
400,000
39
350,000
300,000
250,000
31
200,000 46
150,000 43
100,000
49 36
39 31
50,000 53 40
40 40
54 59 18 36 37 43
0 36 11 34 18 25
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Region 9
Southwest West Southside Capital Hampton Eastern Northern Valley Piedmont
Central Region Roads
As an augmentation to this report, VOEE has provided an interactive spreadsheet that allows the user to filter
on a variety of metrics by GO Virginia regions. These include a Virginia-specific location quotient for analysis of
STEM worker concentrations by region compared to state level concentrations, projected job change, and top
occupational rankings by using these filters. Please refer to these data for further regional analysis of the STEM
Workforce Profile and the accompanying data and analysis used to create this report.
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 12
Career Clusters Representation in the STEM Workforce Profiles
The STEM Education Advisory Board members expressed interest in understanding how the occupations represented
in the new STEM Workforce Profile relate to the recognized Career Cluster framework. There are 16 Career Clusters in
the National Career Clusters Framework, representing 79 Career Pathways to help learners navigate their way to greater
success in college and career (Advance CTE, n.d.). The Virginia Department of Education has augmented the 16 clusters
in the framework, with a 17th cluster defined around energy jobs within the state. Table 5 categorizes the percent of
SOC representation in the New STEM Workforce Profile relative to each of the 17 Career Clusters. All Career Clusters are
represented in the STEM Workforce Profile. It should be noted that an individual SOC may have membership in more
than one cluster. The gray highlighted rows in Table 4 represent the Career Clusters with the highest percentage of
occupations (SOC) represented in the new STEM Workforce Profile.
Table 4
STEM Workforce Profile Occupation Counts (SOC) Based on the National Career Cluster Framework
Total SOC in SOC in STEM Percent Representation
Career Cluster Career Cluster Workforce Profile in STEM Profile
Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources 41 20 49%
Architecture & Construction 88 35 40%
Arts, Audio/Video Technology & Communication 45 8 18%
Business Management & Administration 62 6 10%
Education & Training 36 5 14%
Energy* 12 8 67%
Finance 25 1 4%
Government & Public Administration 19 9 47%
Health Science 93 91 98%
Hospitality & Tourism 45 1 2%
Human Services 45 7 16%
Information Technology 20 18 90%
Law, Public Safety, Corrections & Security 38 4 11%
Manufacturing 133 87 65%
Marketing 29 2 7%
Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics 49 48 98%
Transportation, Distribution & Logistics 64 18 28%
*The Energy Career Cluster is a Virginia-specific addition to the 16 Career Clusters defined within the National Career Cluster Framework.
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 13
Statewide Projected Job Change Within the STEM Workforce Profile
Using Lightcast’s 2022.3 dataset, VOEE analyzed projected five-year job change within each of the three STEM
worker groups to rank the top 15 occupations based on the largest projected job change at the state level.
Tables 5–7 present those rankings.
Table 5
Science and Engineering Occupations with Most Projected Job Change – State Level
Rank SOC SOC Name 2022–2027 Change
1 15-1252 Software Developers 7,758
2 15-1212 Information Security Analysts 1,982
3 15-1232 Computer User Support Specialists 1,198
4 15-1253 Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers 1,041
5 13-1081 Logisticians 977
6 15-1299 Computer Occupations, All Other 964
7 15-1211 Computer Systems Analysts 606
8 15-2031 Operations Research Analysts 602
9 15-2051 Data Scientists 553
10 17-2112 Industrial Engineers 453
11 19-1042 Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists 264
12 15-1254 Web Developers 256
13 15-1255 Web and Digital Interface Designers 239
14 15-1221 Computer and Information Research Scientists 235
15 17-2051 Civil Engineers 228
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 14
Table 6
Science and Engineering-related Occupations with Most Projected Jobs Change – State Level
Rank SOC SOC Name 2022–2027 Change
1 29-1141 Registered Nurses 2,474
2 25-1099 Postsecondary Teachers 2,284
3 29-1171 Nurse Practitioners 1,632
4 31-9092 Medical Assistants 1,557
5 11-9111 Medical and Health Services Managers 1,433
6 25-2031 Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical 827
Education
7 11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 826
8 29-2061 Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses 813
9 29-1123 Physical Therapists 604
10 29-1071 Physician Assistants 581
11 31-9091 Dental Assistants 575
12 25-2022 Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical 464
Education
13 29-1127 Speech-Language Pathologists 443
14 41-4011 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical 431
and Scientific Products
15 29-2018 Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians 228
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 15
Table 7
STW Occupations with Most Projected Job Change - State Level
Rank SOC SOC Name 2022–2027 Change
1 31-1128 Home Health and Personal Care Aides 11,761
2 49-9071 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 1,551
3 47-2111 Electricians 1,285
4 31-1131 Nursing Assistants 1,100
5 49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 840
6 51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers 568
7 31-9011 Massage Therapists 559
8 31-2021 Physical Therapist Assistants 459
9 51-2028 Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical Assemblers, Except 410
Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers
10 35-1011 Chefs and Head Cooks 329
11 27-4021 Photographers 323
12 51-4041 Machinists 319
13 51-9199 Production Workers, All Other 296
14 51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers 289
15 33-2011 Firefighters 285
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 16
SUMMARY
The expanded STEM Workforce Profile presented in this report represents a much broader and inclusive definition
of occupations utilizing a STEM skill set in performing their job roles than previous definitions. As already noted,
the shift to recognize more occupations within the formal definition of the STEM workforce is aligned with the
national conversation around how to better understand and recognize the broader STEM world of work. Aligning
Virginia’s definition of STEM with this current thinking more accurately reflects the realities of the broader use
of Science- and Engineering-infused skill sets by 21st century workers spanning multiple industries and changing
work environments. For these reasons, VOEE supports adoption by Virginia of the broader workforce profile
proposed in this report.
VOEE recognizes that the proposed profile could further benefit from creation of subcategories based on
characteristics within each of the three STEM worker groups. Increasing granularity to the worker groups would
serve to further refine the overall workforce profile and likely provide opportunity for additional analysis, including
incorporating the measurement of in-demand skills requested by regional employers for these more specific
subgroups of STEM workers. The intent of this report and the accompanying analysis via the supplemental data
file is to provide a baseline perspective on STEM that others interested may build upon and reference as part of
future work and analysis related to better representing and understanding the STEM workforce and its importance
to Virginia, its industries, and residents. To that end, the authors hope this report has positively contributed.
The MITRE Corporation, Fairfax County
17
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022
REFERENCES
Chen, X., & Rotermund, S. (2022). Entering the Skilled Technical Workforce After College. RTI
https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.rb.0024.2004
Career Clusters. Advance CTE.
https://careertech.org/career-clusters
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). (2017). Building the Skilled Technical
Workforce. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
http://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23472/building-americas-skilled-technical-workforce
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES). (2020). Skilled Technical Workforce Initiative.
Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.
https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/stw/skilled-technical-workforce.cfm
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES). (2021a). National Survey of College Graduates 2019
(NSCG 2019). Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.
https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/sestat/sestat.html
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES). (2021b). National Survey of College Graduates
(NSCG): About the Survey. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Accessed on 5 May 2021.
https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygrads/#sd
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES). (2021c). Survey of Doctorate Recipients 2019 (SDR
2019). Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.
https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/sestat/sestat.html
National Science Board (NSB), National Science Foundation (NSF). (2015). Revisiting the STEM Workforce:
A Companion to Science and Engineering Indicators 2014. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2015/nsb201510/nsb201510.pdf
National Science Board (NSB), National Science Foundation (NSF). (2019). The Skilled Technical Workforce Crafting
America’s Science & Engineering Enterprise. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2019/nsb201923.pdf
National Science Board (NSB), National Science Foundation (NSF). (2020). State of U.S. Science & Engineering.
Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20201
National Science Board (NSB), National Science Foundation (NSF). 2021. The STEM Labor Force of Today:
Scientists, Engineers and Skilled Technical Workers. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.
https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20212
18
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022
Virginia’s Legislative Information System (VLIS). (2022a) HB217 STEM and Computing (STEM+C).
Commonwealth of Virginia.
https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?221+cab+SC10311HB0217+BC
The Virginia Office of Education Economics (VOEE). (2022). VOEE Data & Reports. Virginia Economic Development
Partnership.
https://VOEE.org/data
SCHEV. List of Designated Science, Engineering, Technology, and Math Programs. (n.d.). October 11, 2022.
https://research.schev.edu/policytools/stemlist.asp
Virginia Department of Education. (2022) College Partnership Laboratory Schools. Commonwealth of Virginia.
October 11, 2022.
Virginia’s Legislative Information System (VLIS). (2022b) Chapter 19.1. College Partnership Laboratory Schools.
Commonwealth of Virginia. October 11, 2022.
https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title22.1/chapter19.1/
Virginia’s Legislative Information System (LIS) Establishment of the Virginia STEM Education Commission (EO36).
Commonwealth of Virginia. (2019). Virginia Executive Order 36. October 12, 2022.
https://www.bluebook.virginia.gov/media/governorvirginiagov/executive-actions/EO-36-Establishment-of-the-
Virginia-Stem-Education-Commission.pdf
Virginia’s Legislative Information System. (2011). Preparing for the Top Jobs of the 21st Century: The Virginia
Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2011. October 11, 2022.
https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title23.1/chapter3/section23.1-301/
Advance CTE. (n.d.) Career Clusters. October 13, 2022.
https://careertech.org/career-clusters
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 19
APPENDIX
SOC Lists by STEM Grouping
Science & Engineering (S&E)
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
13-1081 Business and Financial Business Operations Logisticians
Operations Specialists
15-1211 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Computer Systems Analysts
15-1212 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Information Security Analysts
15-1221 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Computer and Information Research
Scientists
15-1231 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Computer Network Support Specialists
15-1232 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Computer User Support Specialists
15-1241 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Computer Network Architects
15-1242 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Database Administrators
15-1243 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Database Architects
15-1244 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Network and Computer Systems
Administrators
15-1252 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Software Developers
15-1253 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Software Quality Assurance Analysts
and Testers
15-1254 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Web Developers
15-1255 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Web and Digital Interface Designers
15-1299 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Computer Occupations, All Other
15-2021 Computer and Mathematical Mathematical Science Mathematicians
Occupations
15-2031 Computer and Mathematical Mathematical Science Operations Research Analysts
Occupations
15-2041 Computer and Mathematical Mathematical Science Statisticians
Occupations
15-2051 Computer and Mathematical Mathematical Science Data Scientists
Occupations
15-2099 Computer and Mathematical Mathematical Science Mathematical Science Occupations, All
Occupations Other
20
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022
Science & Engineering (S&E) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
17-2011 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Aerospace Engineers
17-2021 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Agricultural Engineers
17-2031 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers
17-2041 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Chemical Engineers
17-2051 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Civil Engineers
17-2061 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Computer Hardware Engineers
17-2071 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Electrical Engineers
17-2072 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Electronics Engineers, Except Computer
17-2081 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Environmental Engineers
17-2111 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Health and Safety Engineers, Except
Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors
17-2112 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Industrial Engineers
17-2121 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Marine Engineers and Naval Architects
17-2131 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Materials Engineers
17-2141 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Mechanical Engineers
17-2151 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Mining and Geological Engineers,
Including Mining Safety Engineers
17-2161 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Nuclear Engineers
17-2171 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Petroleum Engineers
17-2199 Architecture and Engineering Engineers Engineers, All Other
19-1011 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Animal Scientists
Science
19-1012 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Food Scientists and Technologists
Science
19-1013 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Soil and Plant Scientists
Science
19-1021 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Biochemists and Biophysicists
Science
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 21
Science & Engineering (S&E) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
19-1022 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Microbiologists
Science
19-1023 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists
Science
19-1029 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Biological Scientists, All Other
Science
19-1031 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Conservation Scientists
Science
19-1032 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Foresters
Science
19-1041 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Epidemiologists
Science
19-1042 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Medical Scientists, Except
Science Epidemiologists
19-1099 Life, Physical, and Social Life Scientists Life Scientists, All Other
Science
19-2011 Life, Physical, and Social Physical Scientists Astronomers
Science
19-2012 Life, Physical, and Social Physical Scientists Physicists
Science
19-2021 Life, Physical, and Social Physical Scientists Atmospheric and Space Scientists
Science
19-2031 Life, Physical, and Social Physical Scientists Chemists
Science
19-2032 Life, Physical, and Social Physical Scientists Materials Scientists
Science
19-2041 Life, Physical, and Social Physical Scientists Environmental Scientists and
Science Specialists, Including Health
19-2042 Life, Physical, and Social Physical Scientists Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and
Science Geographers
19-2043 Life, Physical, and Social Physical Scientists Hydrologists
Science
19-2099 Life, Physical, and Social Physical Scientists Physical Scientists, All Other
Science
19-3011 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Related Economists
Science Workers
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 22
Science & Engineering (S&E) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
19-3022 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Survey Researchers
Science Related Workers
19-3032 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
Science Related Workers
19-3033 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
Science Related Workers
19-3034 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and School Psychologists
Science Related Workers
19-3039 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Psychologists, All Other
Science Related Workers
19-3041 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Sociologists
Science Related Workers
19-3051 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Urban and Regional Planners
Science Related Workers
19-3091 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Anthropologists and Archaeologists
Science Related Workers
19-3092 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Geographers
Science Related Workers
19-3094 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Political Scientists
Science Related Workers
19-3099 Life, Physical, and Social Social Scientists and Social Scientists and Related Workers,
Science Related Workers All Other
41-9031 Sales and Related Sales Sales Engineers
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 23
Science & Engineering-related
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
11-3021 Management Operations Specialties Computer and Information Systems
Managers Managers
11-9041 Management Other Management Architectural and Engineering Managers
Occupations
11-9111 Management Other Management Medical and Health Services Managers
Occupations
11-9121 Management Other Management Natural Sciences Managers
Occupations
15-1251 Computer and Mathematical Computer Occupations Computer Programmers
15-2011 Computer and Mathematical Mathematical Science Actuaries
Occupations
17-1011 Architecture and Engineering Architects, Surveyors, and Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Cartographers
17-1012 Architecture and Engineering Architects, Surveyors, and Landscape Architects
Cartographers
17-1021 Architecture and Engineering Architects, Surveyors, and Cartographers and Photogrammetrists
Cartographers
17-1022 Architecture and Engineering Architects, Surveyors, and Surveyors
Cartographers
17-3011 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Architectural and Civil Drafters
Technicians, and Mapping
Technicians
17-3012 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Electrical and Electronics Drafters
Technicians, and Mapping
Technicians
17-3013 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Mechanical Drafters
Technicians, and Mapping
Technicians
17-3019 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Drafters, All Other
Technicians, and Mapping
Technicians
17-3021 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Aerospace Engineering and Operations
Technicians, and Mapping Technologists and Technicians
Technicians
17-3022 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Civil Engineering Technologists and
Technicians, and Mapping Technicians
Technicians
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 24
Science & Engineering-related continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
17-3023 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Technicians, and Mapping Technologists and Technicians
Technicians
17-3024 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Electro-Mechanical and Mechatronics
Technicians, and Mapping Technologists and Technicians
Technicians
17-3025 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Environmental Engineering
Technicians, and Mapping Technologists and Technicians
Technicians
17-3026 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Industrial Engineering Technologists
Technicians, and Mapping and Technicians
Technicians
17-3027 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Mechanical Engineering Technologists
Technicians, and Mapping and Technicians
Technicians
17-3028 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Calibration Technologists and
Technicians, and Mapping Technicians
Technicians
17-3029 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Engineering Technologists and
Technicians, and Mapping Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other
Technicians
17-3031 Architecture and Engineering Drafters, Engineering Surveying and Mapping Technicians
Technicians, and Mapping
Technicians
19-4012 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Agricultural Technicians
Science Science Technicians
19-4013 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Food Science Technicians
Science Science Technicians
19-4021 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Biological Technicians
Science Science Technicians
19-4031 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Chemical Technicians
Science Science Technicians
19-4042 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Environmental Science and Protection
Science Science Technicians Technicians, Including Health
19-4043 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Geological Technicians, Except
Science Science Technicians Hydrologic Technicians
19-4044 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Hydrologic Technicians
Science Science Technicians
19-4051 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Nuclear Technicians
Science Science Technicians
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 25
Science & Engineering-related continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
19-4061 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Social Science Research Assistants
Science Science Technicians
19-4071 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Forest and Conservation Technicians
Science Science Technicians
19-4092 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Forensic Science Technicians
Science Science Technicians
19-4099 Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Life, Physical, and Social Science
Science Science Technicians Technicians, All Other
19-5011 Life, Physical, and Social Occupational Health and Occupational Health and Safety
Science Safety Specialists and Specialists
Technicians
19-5012 Life, Physical, and Social Occupational Health and Occupational Health and Safety
Science Safety Specialists and Technicians
Technicians
25-1099 Educational Instruction and Postsecondary Teaching Postsecondary Teachers
Library
25-2022 Educational Instruction and Preschool, Elementary, Middle School Teachers, Except Special
Library Middle, Secondary, and and Career/Technical Education
Special Education Teachers
25-2031 Educational Instruction and Preschool, Elementary, Secondary School Teachers, Except
Library Middle, Secondary, and Special and Career/Technical Education
Special Education Teachers
25-2032 Educational Instruction and Preschool, Elementary, Career/Technical Education Teachers,
Library Middle, Secondary, and Secondary School
Special Education Teachers
25-4013 Educational Instruction and Librarians, Curators, and Museum Technicians and Conservators
Library Archivists
29-1011 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Chiropractors
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1021 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Dentists, General
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1022 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1023 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Orthodontists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1024 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Prosthodontists
Technical Treating Practitioners
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 26
Science & Engineering-related continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
29-1029 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Dentists, All Other Specialists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1031 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Dietitians and Nutritionists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1041 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Optometrists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1051 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Pharmacists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1071 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Physician Assistants
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1081 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Podiatrists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1122 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Occupational Therapists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1123 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Physical Therapists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1124 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Radiation Therapists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1125 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Recreational Therapists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1126 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Respiratory Therapists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1127 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Speech-Language Pathologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1128 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Exercise Physiologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1129 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Therapists, All Other
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1131 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Veterinarians
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1141 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Registered Nurses
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1151 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Nurse Anesthetists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1161 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Nurse Midwives
Technical Treating Practitioners
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 27
Science & Engineering-related continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
29-1171 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Nurse Practitioners
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1181 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Audiologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1211 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Anesthesiologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1212 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Cardiologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1213 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Dermatologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1214 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Emergency Medicine Physicians
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1215 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Family Medicine Physicians
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1216 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or General Internal Medicine Physicians
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1217 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Neurologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1218 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1221 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Pediatricians, General
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1222 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Physicians, Pathologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1223 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Psychiatrists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1224 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Radiologists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1229 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Physicians, All Other
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1241 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1242 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1243 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Pediatric Surgeons
Technical Treating Practitioners
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 28
Science & Engineering-related continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
29-1249 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Surgeons, All Other
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1291 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Acupuncturists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1292 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Dental Hygienists
Technical Treating Practitioners
29-1299 Healthcare Practitioners and Healthcare Diagnosing or Healthcare Diagnosing or Treating
Technical Treating Practitioners Practitioners, All Other
29-2018 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Clinical Laboratory Technologists and
Technical Technicians Technicians
29-2031 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Cardiovascular Technologists and
Technical Technicians Technicians
29-2032 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
Technical Technicians
29-2033 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Nuclear Medicine Technologists
Technical Technicians
29-2034 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Radiologic Technologists and
Technical Technicians Technicians
29-2035 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Technical Technicians Technologists
29-2036 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Medical Dosimetrists
Technical Technicians
29-2042 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Emergency Medical Technicians
Technical Technicians
29-2043 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Paramedics
Technical Technicians
29-2051 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Dietetic Technicians
Technical Technicians
29-2052 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Pharmacy Technicians
Technical Technicians
29-2053 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Psychiatric Technicians
Technical Technicians
29-2055 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Surgical Technologists
Technical Technicians
29-2056 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Veterinary Technologists and
Technical Technicians Technicians
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 29
Science & Engineering-related continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
29-2057 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Ophthalmic Medical Technicians
Technical Technicians
29-2061 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Licensed Practical and Licensed
Technical Technicians Vocational Nurses
29-2072 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Medical Records Specialists
Technical Technicians
29-2081 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Opticians, Dispensing
Technical Technicians
29-2091 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Orthotists and Prosthetists
Technical Technicians
29-2092 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Hearing Aid Specialists
Technical Technicians
29-2099 Healthcare Practitioners and Health Technologists and Health Technologists and Technicians,
Technical Technicians All Other
29-9021 Healthcare Practitioners and Other Healthcare Health Information Technologists and
Technical Practitioners and Technical Medical Registrars
Occupations
29-9091 Healthcare Practitioners and Other Healthcare Athletic Trainers
Technical Practitioners and Technical
Occupations
29-9092 Healthcare Practitioners and Other Healthcare Genetic Counselors
Technical Practitioners and Technical
Occupations
29-9093 Healthcare Practitioners and Other Healthcare Surgical Assistants
Technical Practitioners and Technical
Occupations
29-9099 Healthcare Practitioners and Other Healthcare Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
Technical Practitioners and Technical Workers, All Other
Occupations
31-9091 Healthcare Support Other Healthcare Support Dental Assistants
Occupations
31-9092 Healthcare Support Other Healthcare Support Medical Assistants
Occupations
31-9093 Healthcare Support Other Healthcare Support Medical Equipment Preparers
Occupations
31-9094 Healthcare Support Other Healthcare Support Medical Transcriptionists
Occupations
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 30
Science & Engineering-related continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
31-9095 Healthcare Support Other Healthcare Support Pharmacy Aides
Occupations
31-9096 Healthcare Support Other Healthcare Support Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory
Occupations Animal Caretakers
31-9097 Healthcare Support Other Healthcare Support Phlebotomists
Occupations
31-9099 Healthcare Support Other Healthcare Support Healthcare Support Workers, All Other
Occupations
41-4011 Sales and Related Sales Sales Representatives, Wholesale and
Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific
Products
53-2011 Transportation and Material Air Transportation Workers Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight
Moving Occupations Engineers
53-2012 Transportation and Material Air Transportation Workers Commercial Pilots
Moving Occupations
53-2021 Transportation and Material Air Transportation Workers Air Traffic Controllers
Moving Occupations
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 31
Skilled Technical Workforce (STW)
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
11-3051 Management Operations Specialties Industrial Production Manager
Managers
11-9013 Management Other Management Farmers, Ranchers, and Other
Occupations Agricultural Managers
13-2028 Business and Financial Financial Specialists Property Appraisers and Assessors
Operations Occupations
13-2081 Business and Financial Financial Specialists Tax Examiners and Collectors, and
Operations Occupations Revenue Agents
27-3042 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Media and Communication Technical Writers
Sports, and Media Occupations Workers
27-4021 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Media and Communication Photographers
Sports, and Media Occupations Equipment Workers
27-4031 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Media and Communication Camera Operators, Television, Video,
Sports, and Media Occupations Equipment Workers and Film
27-4032 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Media and Communication Film and Video Editors
Sports, and Media Occupations Equipment Workers
27-4099 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Media and Communication Media and Communication Equipment
Sports, and Media Occupations Workers Workers, All Other
31-1128 Healthcare Support Home Health and Personal Home Health and Personal Care Aides
Care Aides; and Nursing
Assistants, Orderlies, and
Psychiatric Aides
31-1131 Healthcare Support Home Health and Personal Nursing Assistants
Care Aides; and Nursing
Assistants, Orderlies, and
Psychiatric Aides
31-1133 Healthcare Support Home Health and Personal Psychiatric Aides
Care Aides; and Nursing
Assistants, Orderlies, and
Psychiatric Aides
31-2011 Healthcare Support Occupational Therapy and Occupational Therapy Assistants
Physical Therapist
Assistants and Aides
31-2012 Healthcare Support Occupational Therapy and Occupational Therapy Aides
Physical Therapist
Assistants and Aides
31-2021 Healthcare Support Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapist Assistants
Physical Therapist
Assistants and Aides
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 32
Skilled Technical Workforce (STW) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
31-2022 Healthcare Support Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapist Aides
Physical Therapist
Assistants and Aides
31-9011 Healthcare Support Occupational Therapy and Massage Therapists
Physical Therapist
Assistants and Aides
33-2011 Protective Service Occupations Firefighting and Prevention Firefighters
Workers
35-1011 Food Preparation and Serving Supervisors of Food Chefs and Head Cooks
Related Occupations Preparation and Serving
Workers
39-4011 Personal Care and Service Funeral Service Workers Embalmers
Operations
39-4012 Personal Care and Service Funeral Service Workers Crematory Operators
Operations
47-1011 Construction and Extraction Supervisors of Construction First-Line Supervisors of Construction
and Extraction Workers Trades and Extraction Workers
47-2011 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Boilermakers
47-2021 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Brickmasons and Blockmasons
47-2022 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Stonemasons
47-2031 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Carpenters
47-2081 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers
47-2111 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Electricians
47-2121 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Glaziers
47-2151 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Pipelayers
47-2152 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters
47-2181 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Roofers
47-2221 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Structural Iron and Steel Workers
47-2231 Construction and Extraction Construction Trades Workers Solar Photovoltaic Installers
47-4011 Construction and Extraction Other Construction Related Construction and Building Inspectors
Workers
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 33
Skilled Technical Workforce (STW) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
47-4021 Construction and Extraction Other Construction Related Elevator and Escalator Installers and
Workers Repairers
47-5011 Construction and Extraction Extraction Workers Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas
47-5012 Construction and Extraction Extraction Workers Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas
47-5013 Construction and Extraction Extraction Workers Service Unit Operators, Oil and Gas
47-5022 Construction and Extraction Extraction Workers Excavating and Loading Machine and
Dragline Operators, Surface Mining
47-5023 Construction and Extraction Extraction Workers Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas
49-1011 Installation, Maintenance, Supervisors of Installation, First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics,
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair Installers, and Repairers
Workers
49-2011 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Computer, Automated Teller, and
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Office Machine Repairers
Installers, and Repairers
49-2021 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Installers and Repairers
Installers, and Repairers
49-2022 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Telecommunications Equipment
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Installers and Repairers, Except Line
Installers, and Repairers Installers
49-2091 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Avionics Technicians
and Repair Equipment Mechanics,
Installers, and Repairers
49-2092 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Repairers
Installers, and Repairers
49-2093 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Electrical and Electronics Installers and
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Repairers, Transportation Equipment
Installers, and Repairers
49-2094 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Electrical and Electronics Repairers,
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Commercial and Industrial Equipment
Installers, and Repairers
49-2095 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Electrical and Electronics Repairers,
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay
Installers, and Repairers
49-2096 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Electronic Equipment Installers and
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Repairers, Motor Vehicles
Installers, and Repairers
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 34
Skilled Technical Workforce (STW) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
49-2097 Installation, Maintenance, Electrical and Electronic Audiovisual Equipment Installers and
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Repairers
Installers, and Repairers
49-2098 Installation, Maintenance Electrical and Electronic Security and Fire Alarm Systems
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Installers
Installers, and Repairers
49-3011 Installation, Maintenance, Vehicle and Mobile Aircraft Mechanics and Service
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Technicians
Installers, and Repairers
49-3023 Installation, Maintenance, Vehicle and Mobile Automotive Service Technicians and
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Mechanics
Installers, and Repairers
49-3031 Installation, Maintenance, Vehicle and Mobile Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Engine Specialists
Installers, and Repairers
49-3041 Installation, Maintenance, Vehicle and Mobile Farm Equipment Mechanics and
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Service Technicians
Installers, and Repairers
49-3042 Installation, Maintenance, Vehicle and Mobile Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics,
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines
Installers, and Repairers
49-3043 Installation, Maintenance, Vehicle and Mobile Rail Car Repairers
and Repair Equipment Mechanics,
Installers, and Repairers
49-3051 Installation, Maintenance, Vehicle and Mobile Motorboat Mechanics and Service
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Technicians
Installers, and Repairers
49-3052 Installation, Maintenance, Vehicle and Mobile Motorcycle Mechanics
and Repair Equipment Mechanics,
Installers, and Repairers
49-3053 Installation, Maintenance, Vehicle and Mobile Outdoor Power Equipment and Other
and Repair Equipment Mechanics, Small Engine Mechanics
Installers, and Repairers
49-9012 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Control and Valve Installers and
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair Repairers, Except Mechanical Door
Occupations
49-9021 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Heating, Air Conditioning, and
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers
Occupations
49-9041 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Industrial Machinery Mechanics
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 35
Skilled Technical Workforce (STW) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
49-9043 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Maintenance Workers, Machinery
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations
49-9044 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Millwrights
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations
49-9045 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Refractory Materials Repairers, Except
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair Brickmasons
Occupations
49-9051 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Electrical Power-Line Installers and
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair Repairers
Occupations
49-9052 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Telecommunications Line Installers and
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair Repairers
Occupations
49-9061 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Camera and Photographic Equipment
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair Repairers
Occupations
49-9062 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Medical Equipment Repairers
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations
49-9063 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Musical Instrument Repairers and
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair Tuners
Occupations
49-9064 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Watch and Clock Repairers
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations
49-9069 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Precision Instrument and Equipment
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair Repairers, All Other
Occupations
49-9071 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Maintenance Workers, General
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations
49-9081 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Wind Turbine Service Technicians
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 36
Skilled Technical Workforce (STW) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
49-9094 Installation, Maintenance, Other Installation, Locksmiths and Safe Repairers
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations
49-9096 Installation, Maintenance, Miscellaneous Installation, Riggers
and Repair Maintenance, and Repair
Workers
51-1011 Production Occupations Supervisors of Production First-Line Supervisors of Production
Workers and Operating Workers
51-2011 Production Occupations Assemblers and Fabricators Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging,
and Systems Assemblers
51-2021 Production Occupations Assemblers and Fabricators Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers
51-2028 Production Occupations Assemblers and Fabricators Electrical, Electronic, and
Electromechanical Assemblers, Except
Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers
51-2031 Production Occupations Assemblers and Fabricators Engine and Other Machine Assemblers
51-2041 Production Occupations Assemblers and Fabricators Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters
51-2051 Production Occupations Assemblers and Fabricators Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators
51-2061 Production Occupations Assemblers and Fabricators Timing Device Assemblers and
Adjusters
51-2098 Production Occupations Assemblers and Fabricators Miscellaneous Assemblers and
Fabricators
51-3021 Production Occupations Food Processing Workers Butchers and Meat Cutters
51-3022 Production Occupations Food Processing Workers Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and
Trimmers
51-3023 Production Occupations Food Processing Workers Slaughterers and Meat Packers
51-4021 Production Occupations Metal and Plastic Workers Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters,
Operators, and Tenders, Metal and
Plastic
51-4022 Production Occupations Metal and Plastic Workers Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and
Tenders, Metal and Plastic
51-4023 Production Occupations Metal and Plastic Workers Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and
Tenders, Metal and Plastic
51-4031 Production Occupations Metal and Plastic Workers Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine
Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal
and Plastic
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 37
Skilled Technical Workforce (STW) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
51-4032 Production Occupations Metal and Plastic Workers Drilling and Boring Machine Tool
Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal
and Plastic
51-4033 Production Occupations Metal and Plastic Workers Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and
Buffing Machine Tool Setters,
Operators, and Tenders, Metal and
Plastic
51-4034 Production Occupations Metal and Plastic Workers Lathe and Turning Machine Tool
Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal
and Plastic
51-8092 Production Occupations Power Plant Operators, Gas Plant Operators
Distributors, and Dispatchers
51-8093 Production Occupations Power Plant Operators, Petroleum Pump System Operators,
Distributors, and Dispatchers Refinery Operators, and Gaugers
51-8099 Production Occupations Power Plant Operators, Plant and System Operators, All Other
Distributors, and Dispatchers
51-9011 Production Occupations Other Production Chemical Equipment Operators and
Occupations Tenders
51-9081 Production Occupations Dental and Ophthalmic Dental Laboratory Technicians
Laboratory Technicians and
Medical Appliance
Technicians
51-9082 Production Occupations Dental and Ophthalmic Medical Appliance Technicians
Laboratory Technicians and
Medical Appliance
Technicians
51-9083 Production Occupations Dental and Ophthalmic Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians
Laboratory Technicians and
Medical Appliance
Technicians
51-9141 Production Occupations Semiconductor Processing Semiconductor Processing Technicians
Technicians
51-9161 Production Occupations Metal and Plastic Workers Computer Numerically Controlled Tool
Operators
51-9162 Production Occupations Metal and Plastic Workers Computer Numerically Controlled Tool
Programmers
51-9191 Production Occupations Other Production Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators
Occupations and Tenders
51-9192 Production Occupations Other Production Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling
Occupations Equipment Operators and Tenders
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 38
Skilled Technical Workforce (STW) continued ...
SOC Major Group Name Occupation Type Occupation
51-9193 Production Occupations Other Production Cooling and Freezing Equipment
Occupations Operators and Tenders
51-9194 Production Occupations Other Production Etchers and Engravers
Occupations
51-9195 Production Occupations Other Production Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except
Occupations Metal and Plastic
51-9196 Production Occupations Other Production Paper Goods Machine Setters,
Occupations Operators, and Tenders
51-9197 Production Occupations Other Production Tire Builders
Occupations
51-9199 Production Occupations Other Production Production Workers, All Other
Occupations
53-2022 Transportation and Material Air Transportation Workers Airfield Operations Specialists
Moving Occupations
53-6041 Transportation and Material Other Transportation Transportation Inspectors
Moving Occupations Workers
53-7071 Transportation and Material Pumping Station Operators Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping
Moving Occupations Station Operators
53-7072 Transportation and Material Pumping Station Operators Pump Operators, Except Wellhead
Moving Occupations Pumpers
53-7073 Transportation and Material Pumping Station Operators Wellhead Pumpers
Moving Occupations
Proposed New STEM Workforce Profile for the Commonwealth of Virginia | 2022 39
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