Human trafficking laws and investigations
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- 2021 Commercereports 20211231 Cshd Humantrafficking Final Bdd37B01 474C 4Ec
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- 2021 Commercereports 20211231 Cshd Humantrafficking Final Bdd37B01 474C 4Ec
Summary
A December 2021 report to the Legislature by the Washington State Department of Commerce Office of Crime Victims Advocacy, Human Trafficking Laws and Investigations, on statewide training for law enforcement, prosecutors and court personnel under RCW 43.280.095. It is the third biennial report on the training program and covers July 2019 to June 2021. The report states that one daylong training was held, on Nov. 19, 2019 in Cusick, attended by 18 participants, and attributes the reduced schedule to the COVID-19 pandemic and pressures on law enforcement. It reports pre- and post-training evaluation results, including a 143% increase in scores for likelihood of interdisciplinary coordination. Commerce recommends continued funding for statewide training, a narrower definition of court personnel and a separate labor trafficking training program.
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Human trafficking laws and
investigations
Report on statewide training for law enforcement, prosecutors and
court personnel per RCW 43.280.095
December 2021
OFFICE OF CRIME VICTIMS
ADVOCACY AND PUBLIC
SAFETY Report to the Legislature
Lisa Brown, Director
V3.0
Acknowledgments
Washington State Department of Commerce
Diane Klontz, assistant director
Community Services and Housing Division
Rick Torrance, managing director
Office of Crime Victims Advocacy
Stephanie Pratt, program manager
Victims of Crime Program
Office of Crime Victims Advocacy
Rebecca Duncan, research project coordinator
Research Services
The Office of Crime Victims Advocacy and the
Department of Commerce would like to extend
sincere gratitude to the members of the
Statewide Training Workgroup and to the
trainers who continue to travel statewide to
support this effort.
Washington State Department of Commerce
Stephanie Pratt, program manager
Office of Crime Victims Advocacy and Public
Safety
1011 Plum St. SE
P.O. Box 42525
Olympia, WA 98504-2525
www.commerce.wa.gov
For people with disabilities, this report is available
on request in other formats. To submit a request,
please call 360.725.4000 (TTY 360.586.0772)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS
Table of contents
Executive summary...................................................................................................................................... 2
Background ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Summary of completed training ................................................................................................................... 7
Program next steps ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Legislative recommendations .................................................................................................................... 10
Appendix A: Daylong training data.............................................................................................................. 11
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 1
Executive summary
Overview
In 2015, the Washington State Legislature passed SSB 5933 requiring the Department of Commerce Office of
Crime Victims Advocacy (OCVA) to establish a statewide training program on Washington’s human trafficking
laws for criminal justice personnel, including prosecutors, law enforcement and court personnel. The bill,
codified in RCW 43.280.095, requires:
(1) The office of crime victims advocacy shall establish a statewide training program on Washington's human
trafficking laws for criminal justice personnel.
(2) The training shall be provided where possible by an entity that has experience in developing coalitions, training,
programs, and policy on human trafficking in Washington.
(3) The entity will provide or coordinate training for law enforcement personnel, prosecutors, and court personnel
covering Washington's state antitrafficking laws, the investigation of sex trafficking cases, and the adjudication of
sex trafficking cases. The training shall encourage interdisciplinary coordination among criminal justice personnel,
build cultural competency, and develop understanding of diverse victim populations including children, youth, and
adults.
(4) The office shall provide a biennial report to the appropriate policy committees of the legislature on the statewide
training program, with a focus on the effectiveness of the training.
This is the third biennial report to the Legislature on the statewide training program on human trafficking laws
and investigations. This report includes background information on the human trafficking industry and relevant
state laws, activities completed, a description of the methodology used to measure the effectiveness of the
training program, a description of the next steps for the program recommendations, and a conclusion. The
appendix contains data tables and figures.
Training outcomes and findings
One training was provided during the reporting period, from July 2019 to June 2021. This was due to the
COVID-19 pandemic and resulting limitations on in-person gatherings, as well as pressure on law enforcement
due to social justice protests and increases in violent crime. The daylong training was provided to 18
participants in Cusick, Pend Oreille County. During the previous two-year reporting period, Commerce provided
four day-long trainings and two four-hour trainings for 168 individuals.
Self-reported knowledge in pre- and post-training participant evaluations indicates that the training effectively
increased awareness of anti-trafficking laws, investigations, adjudication of cases, interdisciplinary
coordination, and diverse populations affected.
The percent increase in evaluation scores for interdisciplinary coordination is particularly noteworthy. For law
enforcement and prosecutors, the percent increase in evaluation scores for interdisciplinary coordination was
more than double the score increase for the other two evaluation responses ("Role of community-based
organizations" and "Services available for victims"):
There was a 143% increase in evaluation scores for the likelihood to engage in interdisciplinary coordination
between the pre- and post-training evaluations.
Most effective areas of the training for law enforcement personnel:
Prosecution of sex trafficking cases (familiarity increased by 140%)
Prosecution of labor trafficking cases (familiarity increased by 140%)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 2
Adjudication of labor trafficking cases (familiarity increased by 140%)
Likelihood of routinely engaging/will be more likely to engage in interdisciplinary coordination (familiarity
increased by 143%)
Most effective areas of the training for prosecutors:
Investigating sex trafficking cases in general (familiarity increased by 200%)
Investigating labor trafficking cases in general (familiarity increased by 200%)
Personal involvement with sex trafficking investigations (familiarity increased by 275%)
Likelihood of routinely engaging/will be more likely to engage in interdisciplinary coordination (familiarity
increased by 133%)
Next steps for the training program
OCVA plans to:
Identify opportunities to provide trainings at relevant association conferences
Identify and assess the feasibility of online and in-person training for law enforcement and prosecutors
Identify priority training components and update training information to reflect legislation related to human
trafficking laws
Identify next steps regarding advanced training
Identify training needs and interests of law enforcement and prosecutors related to training on human
trafficking in Indian Country
Legislative recommendations
Commerce recommends that the Legislature:
Continue funding for statewide training
Narrow the definition of "court personnel"
Create a separate training program to address labor trafficking
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 3
Background
The human trafficking industry
Human trafficking is a complex issue affecting children, youth and adults in communities throughout
Washington. The crime of human trafficking includes labor and sex trafficking and is well hidden. Traffickers
can be male or female and family members, strangers, trusted adults, employers, or individuals involved in
gangs. Traffickers use a variety of tactics to force, coerce and mislead individuals into situations where they
are trafficked. Tactics include physical and sexual violence, fear, shame, threats, and a false perception of
“love.”
Human trafficking occurs in a wide variety of contexts, including in homes, hotels and motels, massage
parlors, and in industries such as agriculture, manufacturing, and foodservice. In addition, sex trafficking relies
heavily on social media. Because of the online-focused anti-sex trafficking laws Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers
(SESTA) and Fight Online Sex Trafficking (FOSTA) instituted in 2018, some urban areas are experiencing an
increase in sex trafficking occurring on the street, according to members of the Human Trafficking Training
workgroup.
Individuals impacted by human trafficking
As indicated in the first biennial report,1 traffickers often target individuals who are vulnerable due to poverty,
socio-economic status, race and ethnicity, lack of caregiver and family supports, age, cognitive and intellectual
challenges, being from another country, and other factors. Systemic inequities are a critical factor. Gender-
based discrimination and violence put women, girls, and transgender youth and adults at heightened
vulnerability to trafficking. Other factors that increase an individual’s risk are age, prior experiences of physical
or sexual abuse, and alienation from one’s family.2
It is important to note that boys and men are also impacted by sex trafficking. Several studies have found that
comparable numbers exist for boys and girls who disclose sexual exploitation among homeless youth.3 In a
study completed in New York City in 2008, 249 youth under 18 self-reported participating in commercial sexual
exploitation of children markets. Forty-five percent of the sample were male, and 48 percent were female.4
Challenges in identification of and service delivery to victims of trafficking
Human trafficking can occur in any demographic and across Washington. Identifying the crime of human
trafficking requires understanding the nuances and sub-culture, individuals targeted, and tactics used by
traffickers. It also requires an understanding of the impact of trauma and its effect on trust, behavior, and
relationships. In addition, an understanding of systemic inequities, risk factors and potential indicators is vital.
1 Human Trafficking Laws and Investigations, "Statewide Training for Law Enforcement, Prosecutors and Court Personnel," (2017),
http://www.commerce.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Commerce-Human-Trafficking-Training-2017.pdf
2 Washington State Department of Commerce, “Statewide Coordinating Committee on Sex Trafficking: Report on Committee Activities
and Plan to Address Sex Trafficking," (2014), http://www.commerce.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Commerce-Sex-Trafficking-
Final-2014.pdf
3 ECPAT USA, “AND BOYS TOO,” (2013),
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/594970e91b631b3571be12e2/t/5977b2dacd0f688b2b89e6f0/1501016795183/ECPAT-
USA_AndBoysToo.pdf
4 Curtis, Terry, Dank, Dombrowski and Khan. “The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in New York City, Volume One: The CSEC
Population in New York City: Size, Characteristics, and Needs," (2008), https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/225083.pdf
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 4
With an increased understanding of these factors, professionals will have the skills, knowledge, and person-
centered approach to engage effectively with victims of human trafficking and individuals at risk.
Individuals impacted by human trafficking generally do not identify as “victims.” Moreover, due to the many
complexities of the crime, such as the subculture of sex trafficking, the tactics used by traffickers, the history
of oppression, trauma and violence, and mistrust of “systems,” victims are often reluctant to disclose
information, seek services, or report the crime to law enforcement. It is therefore vital that law enforcement,
prosecutors, service providers and other professionals receive training related to the issue of human
trafficking, which can result in more effective strategies to engage with victims/survivors.
Washington laws related to human trafficking
In 2003, Washington became the first state to criminalize human trafficking (RCW 9A.40.100). In 2014, the
Polaris Project published its annual Analysis of State Human Trafficking Laws, listing Washington as one of
three states to receive a perfect score in the 10 categories on which the states were graded.5 The term "human
trafficking" includes labor trafficking, sex trafficking and commercial sexual abuse of a minor, which are
defined in RCW 9A.40.100:
Labor trafficking:
The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person knowing, in reckless disregard of
the fact, that force, fraud, or coercion, as defined in 9A.36.070, will be used to cause the person to engage in
forced labor [or] involuntary servitude.
Sex trafficking:
The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of a commercial
sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion. If the victim is under 18 years
old, force, fraud or coercion are not necessary elements of the offense, and it does not matter whether the
juvenile consented or appeared to consent to the sexual act.
Commercial sexual abuse of a minor:
Providing or agreeing to provide anything of value to a minor or a third person with the understanding that in
return such minor will engage in sexual conduct with him or her.
Purpose of training
The primary purpose of the statewide training program is to use a person-centered approach to promote the
use of existing laws to initiate sustainable and viable investigations, prosecutions, and adjudications in all
jurisdictions across the state. Trainings include presentations and small group exercises on case scenarios.
To achieve these ends, prosecutors, law enforcement personnel and other criminal justice personnel received
training across the following subject matter areas:
Investigation of sex trafficking cases
Adjudication of sex trafficking cases
Washington state human trafficking laws
Sex trafficking
Labor trafficking
5 Polaris Project, "State Ratings on Human Trafficking Laws," (2014), https://polarisproject.org/resources/2014-state-ratings-human-
trafficking-laws
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 5
Diverse populations impacted by human trafficking
Service providers/services available
Engagement in interdisciplinary coordination
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 6
Summary of completed training
The training team completed one in-person, one-day training during the two-year reporting period (July 2019 to
June 2021).
A total of 18 professionals attended the statewide training for law enforcement and prosecutors. Of those, 14
completed the training, meaning they submitted pre- and post-training evaluations. Some attendees had to
leave the training early due to appointments or unexpected work responsibilities.
Table 1: Attendee information
Training date Location Law enforcement Prosecutors Other Total trainees
Nov. 19, 2019 Cusick 4 (29%) 4 (29%) 6 (43%) 14
One-day trainings
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting restrictions on in-person gatherings, as well as added pressures
on law enforcement due to social justice protests and increases in violent crime, only one training was
provided during the biennium.
Training workgroup
The work of the Human Trafficking Training Program is guided by a workgroup of professionals from the anti-
trafficking and criminal justice fields. The statewide training workgroup met in September 2020 to discuss the
challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and potential training. Workgroup attendees said there has
been an increase in victimization via online recruiting. The trainers for this project are from King County and
are dealing with various high priorities and pandemic-related challenges. Some jurisdictions might be dealing
with increased violent crime and staffing impacts. For these reasons and other effects of the pandemic,
including demonstrations in response to the death of George Floyd and staffing challenges for law
enforcement, the workgroup decided that online trainings might not be feasible. The King County Prosecutor's
Office provided a recorded online training on the Safe Harbor law to law enforcement and prosecutors only.
The recorded training was forwarded to all attendees of prior statewide trainings.
Key findings for one-day trainings
Trainee analysis
In aggregate, respondents demonstrated a sound transfer of knowledge with increased familiarity across each
training area. In addition, an examination of training effectiveness by trainee type offers nuanced insight into
the most- and least-effective training areas. A summary of these findings is below. Increases in familiarity are
represented by the percent increase in score for that topic for all members of a trainee type.
Law enforcement
The most effective areas of the training for law enforcement personnel concerned:
Prosecution of sex trafficking cases (familiarity increased by 140%)
Prosecution of labor trafficking cases (familiarity increased by 140%)
Adjudication of labor trafficking cases (familiarity increased by 140%)
Likelihood of routinely engaging/will be more likely to engage in interdisciplinary coordination (familiarity
increased by 143%)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 7
The area with the least effective training for law enforcement personnel concerned:
How to work with victims (familiarity increased by 45%)
Prosecutors
The most effective areas of the training for prosecutors concerned:
Investigating sex trafficking cases in general (familiarity increased by 200%)
Investigating labor trafficking cases in general (familiarity increased by 200%)
Personal involvement with sex trafficking investigations (familiarity increased by 275%)
Likelihood of routinely engaging/will be more likely to engage in interdisciplinary coordination (familiarity
increased by 133%)
The area with the least effective training for prosecutors concerned:
How to work with victims (familiarity increased by 4%)
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 8
Program next steps
Identify opportunities to provide training at relevant association conferences: Opportunities may
include training judges and court clerks. As discussed in further detail below, the current description of
"court personnel" covers a broad array of staff involved in the criminal justice system.
Identify and assess the feasibility of online and in-person training for law enforcement and
prosecutors: Day-long trainings might not be feasible due to the pandemic and limited availability of law
enforcement and prosecutors.
Identify priority training components and update training information to reflect new legislation related
to human trafficking laws: Adapt training to best meet the needs of law enforcement and prosecutors,
and include an update on new legislation related to human trafficking laws.
Identify next steps regarding advanced training for law enforcement and prosecutors: The advanced
training would be available for law enforcement and prosecutors who have received basic training on
human trafficking laws and investigations. The training workgroup would identify the next steps and the
feasibility of implementing an advanced training.
Identify training needs and interests of law enforcement and prosecutors related to human trafficking
in Indian Country: Human trafficking occurs in Indian Country. However, there are limited training
opportunities for law enforcement and prosecutors related to this issue. There are also complexities
related to law enforcement jurisdiction, tribal code, state and federal laws, government and tribal
jurisdiction regarding where the crime occurred and involved parties, and more.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 9
Legislative recommendations
Continue funding for statewide training
While multiple activities are occurring statewide to respond to human trafficking, few training opportunities are
available for law enforcement, prosecutors and court personnel. The availability of this free training program is
vital to ensure law enforcement, prosecutors and court personnel have victim-centered information about the
complexities of human trafficking, including relevant laws, the investigation and adjudication of sex trafficking
cases, the diverse populations impacted by this crime, and the support and assistance available to victims.
Continued funding is important to continue offering these trainings.
Narrow the definition of 'court personnel'
The workgroup recommends defining "court personnel" specifically as judges and court clerks in RCW
43.280.095. The current description of “court personnel” covers a broad array of staff involved in the criminal
justice system. Narrowing the definition to specify judges and court clerks would help identify, develop, and
implement trainings specific to the duties and responsibilities of these positions.
Create a separate training program to address labor trafficking
Finding training and resources related to labor trafficking is challenging. There are few training opportunities
available for professionals related to labor trafficking.
The workgroup recommends that RCW 43.280.095 be amended to create a separate statewide training
program on labor trafficking. A separate labor trafficking training program would require additional funding.
Training would include human trafficking laws, investigations, adjudication and individuals impacted. Training
on labor trafficking for law enforcement and prosecutors would likely increase the identification and
prosecution of labor trafficking cases.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 10
Appendix A: Daylong training data
Table 1: Trainee scores
Training increased my familiarity with: Pre-average Post-average Change Percent
The applicability of Washington human trafficking
2.86 3.93 1.07 38%
laws
The applicability of federal human trafficking laws
2.79 3.79 1.00 36%
before this training
Investigating sex trafficking cases in general 2.21 3.79 1.57 71%
Investigating labor trafficking cases in general 1.79 3.50 1.71 96%
Personal involvement with sex trafficking
1.79 3.43 1.64 92%
investigations
Prosecution of sex trafficking cases 1.86 3.36 1.50 81%
Prosecution of labor trafficking cases 1.64 3.21 1.57 96%
Adjudication of sex trafficking cases 1.86 3.29 1.43 77%
Adjudication of labor trafficking cases 1.64 3.21 1.57 96%
Role of community-based agencies/organizations in
2.14 3.57 1.43 67%
addressing human trafficking in my area
Services available for victims from community-based
2.36 3.64 1.29 55%
organizations in my area
Likelihood of routinely engaging/will be more likely to
1.64 4.00 2.36 143%
engage in interdisciplinary coordination.
Human trafficking of LGBTQ individuals 1.50 3.43 1.93 129%
Human trafficking of boys 1.50 3.50 2.00 133%
Human trafficking of men 1.50 3.50 2.00 133%
Human trafficking of people of color 1.50 3.43 1.93 129%
Human trafficking of girls 2.07 3.64 1.57 76%
Human trafficking of women 2.07 3.64 1.57 76%
How to work with victims 2.86 3.64 0.79 28%
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 11
Table 2: Law Enforcement scores
Pre- Post-
Training increased my familiarity with: average average Change Percent
The applicability of Washington human trafficking laws 2.5 4 1.5 60%
The applicability of federal human trafficking laws before this
2 3.5 1.5 75%
training
Investigating sex trafficking cases in general 2.5 4 1.5 60%
Investigating labor trafficking cases in general 2 3 1 50%
Personal involvement with sex trafficking investigations 2 3.25 1.25 63%
Prosecution of sex trafficking cases 1.25 3 1.75 140%
Prosecution of labor trafficking cases 1.25 3 1.75 140%
Adjudication of sex trafficking cases 1.25 2.75 1.5 120%
Adjudication of labor trafficking cases 1.25 3 1.75 140%
Role of community-based agencies/organizations in
2.5 3.5 1 40%
addressing human trafficking in my area
Services available for victims from community-based
2.25 3.75 1.5 67%
organizations in my area
Likelihood of routinely engaging/will be more likely to engage
1.75 4.25 2.5 143%
in interdisciplinary coordination.
Human trafficking of LGBTQ individuals 1.75 3.75 2 114%
Human trafficking of boys 1.75 3.75 2 114%
Human trafficking of men 1.75 3.75 2 114%
Human trafficking of people of color 1.75 3.75 2 114%
Human trafficking of girls 2.25 4 1.75 78%
Human trafficking of women 2.25 4 1.75 78%
How to work with victims 2.75 4 1.25 45%
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 12
Table 3: Prosecutors scores
Pre- Post-
Training increased my familiarity with: average average Change Percent
The applicability of Washington human trafficking laws 3.25 4 0.75 23%
The applicability of federal human trafficking laws before
3.5 4 0.50 14%
this training
Investigating sex trafficking cases in general 1.25 3.75 2.50 200%
Investigating labor trafficking cases in general 1.25 3.75 2.50 200%
Personal involvement with sex trafficking investigations 1 3.75 2.75 275%
Prosecution of sex trafficking cases 2.25 3.5 1.25 56%
Prosecution of labor trafficking cases 1.75 3.25 1.50 86%
Adjudication of sex trafficking cases 2.25 3.5 1.25 56%
Adjudication of labor trafficking cases 1.75 3.25 1.50 86%
Role of community-based agencies/organizations in
2.5 3.5 1.00 40%
addressing human trafficking in my area
Services available for victims from community-based
3.25 3.25 0.00 0%
organizations in my area
Likelihood of routinely engaging/will be more likely to
1.5 3.5 2.00 133%
engage in interdisciplinary coordination.
Human trafficking of LGBTQ individuals 1.75 3 1.25 71%
Human trafficking of boys 1.75 3 1.25 71%
Human trafficking of men 2 3 1.00 50%
Human trafficking of people of color 2 3 1.00 50%
Human trafficking of girls 2.75 3.25 0.50 18%
Human trafficking of women 2.75 3.25 0.50 18%
How to work with victims 3.25 3.5 0.32 4%
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 13
Table 4: Other criminal justice personnel scores
Training increased my familiarity with: Pre-average Post-average Change Percent
The applicability of Washington human trafficking
2.83 3.83 1.00 35%
laws
The applicability of federal human trafficking laws
2.83 3.83 1.00 35%
before this training
Investigating sex trafficking cases in general 2.67 3.67 1.00 38%
Investigating labor trafficking cases in general 2.00 3.67 1.67 83%
Personal involvement with sex trafficking
2.17 3.33 1.17 54%
investigations
Prosecution of sex trafficking cases 2.00 3.50 1.50 75%
Prosecution of labor trafficking cases 1.83 3.33 1.50 82%
Adjudication of sex trafficking cases 2.00 3.50 1.50 75%
Adjudication of labor trafficking cases 1.83 3.33 1.50 82%
Role of community-based agencies/organizations in
1.67 3.67 2.00 120%
addressing human trafficking in my area
Services available for victims from community-based
1.83 3.83 2.00 109%
organizations in my area
Likelihood of routinely engaging/will be more likely to
1.67 4.17 2.50 150%
engage in interdisciplinary coordination.
Human trafficking of LGBTQ individuals 1.17 3.50 2.33 200%
Human trafficking of boys 1.17 3.67 2.50 214%
Human trafficking of men 1.00 3.67 2.67 267%
Human trafficking of people of color 1.00 3.50 2.50 250%
Human trafficking of girls 1.50 3.67 2.17 144%
Human trafficking of women 1.50 3.67 2.17 144%
How to work with victims 2.67 3.50 1.94 74%
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 14
Table 5: Average change in scores
All groups Law enforcement Prosecutor Other
% %
Change % Change Change Change Change % Change
Familiarity with… Change Change
The applicability of
Washington human 1.07 38% 1.5 60% 0.75 23% 1.00 35%
trafficking laws
The applicability of
federal human trafficking 1.00 36% 1.5 75% 0.50 14% 1.00 35%
laws before this training
Investigating sex
trafficking cases in 1.57 71% 1.5 60% 2.50 200% 1.00 38%
general
Investigating labor
trafficking cases in 1.71 96% 1 50% 2.50 200% 1.67 83%
general
Personal involvement
with sex trafficking 1.64 92% 1.25 63% 2.75 275% 1.17 54%
investigations
Prosecution of sex
1.50 81% 1.75 140% 1.25 56% 1.50 75%
trafficking cases
Prosecution of labor
1.57 96% 1.75 140% 1.50 86% 1.50 82%
trafficking cases
Adjudication of sex
1.43 77% 1.5 120% 1.25 56% 1.50 75%
trafficking cases
Adjudication of labor
1.57 96% 1.75 140% 1.50 86% 1.50 82%
trafficking cases
Role of community-based
agencies/organizations in
1.43 67% 1 40% 1.00 40% 2.00 120%
addressing human
trafficking in my area
Services available for
victims from community
1.29 55% 1.5 67% 0.00 0% 2.00 109%
based organizations in
my area
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 15
All groups Law enforcement Prosecutor Other
% %
Change % Change Change Change Change % Change
Familiarity with… Change Change
Likelihood of routinely
engaging/will be more
likely to engage in 2.36 143% 2.5 143% 2.00 133% 2.50 150%
interdisciplinary
coordination.
Human trafficking of
1.93 129% 2 114% 1.25 71% 2.33 200%
LGBTQ individuals
Human trafficking of
2.00 133% 2 114% 1.25 71% 2.50 214%
boys
Human trafficking of men 2.00 133% 2 114% 1.00 50% 2.67 267%
Human trafficking of
1.93 129% 2 114% 1.00 50% 2.50 250%
people of color
Human trafficking of girls 1.57 76% 1.75 78% 0.50 18% 2.17 144%
Human trafficking of
1.57 76% 1.75 78% 0.50 18% 2.17 144%
women
How to work with victims 0.79 28% 1.25 45% 0.32 4% 1.94 74%
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS AND INVESTIGATIONS 16
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