FinCEN Advisory FIN-2020-A003 — COVID-19 Imposter Scams & Money Mule Schemes (July 7, 2020)

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FIN-2020-A003
July 7, 2020
Advisory on Imposter Scams and Money Mule Schemes 
Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Detecting, preventing, and reporting consumer fraud and other illicit activity related 
to COVID-19 is critical to our national security, safeguarding legitimate relief efforts, 
and protecting innocent people from harm.
This Advisory should be shared with:
• Chief Executive Officers
• Chief Operating Officers
• Chief Compliance Officers
• Chief Risk Officers
• AML/BSA Departments
•  Legal Departments
•  Cyber and Security Departments
• Customer Service Agents
•  Bank Tellers
SAR Filing Request:
FinCEN requests financial institutions 
reference this advisory in SAR field 
2 (Filing Institution Note to FinCEN) 
and the narrative by including the 
following key term: “COVID19 MM 
FIN-2020-A003” and select SAR field 
34(z) (Fraud - other).  Additional 
guidance for filing SARs appears 
near the end of this advisory.
Introduction
The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) 
is issuing this advisory to alert financial institutions 
to potential indicators of imposter scams and money 
mule schemes, which are two forms of consumer fraud 
observed during the COVID-19 pandemic.  Many illicit 
actors are engaged in fraudulent schemes that exploit 
vulnerabilities created by the pandemic.  This advisory 
contains descriptions of imposter scams and money 
mule schemes, financial red flag indicators for both, and 
information on reporting suspicious activity. 
This advisory is intended to aid financial institutions in 
detecting, preventing, and reporting potential COVID-
19-related criminal activity.  This advisory is based on 
FinCEN’s analysis of COVID-19-related information 
obtained from Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) data, open source 
reporting, and law enforcement partners.  FinCEN 
will issue COVID-19-related information to financial 
institutions to help enhance their efforts to detect, prevent, 
and report suspected illicit activity on its website at 
https://www.fincen.gov/coronavirus, which also contains 
information on registering to receive FinCEN Updates.

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Financial Red Flag Indicators of COVID-19  
Imposter Scams and Money Mule Schemes
Consumer frauds include imposter scams and money mule schemes, where actors deceive victims 
by impersonating federal government agencies, international organizations, or charities.  FinCEN 
identified the financial red flag indicators described below to alert financial institutions to these 
frauds and to assist financial institutions in detecting, preventing, and reporting suspicious 
transactions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.  
As no single financial red flag indicator is necessarily indicative of illicit or suspicious activity, 
financial institutions should consider additional contextual information and the surrounding facts 
and circumstances, such as a customer’s historical financial activity, whether the transactions are 
in line with prevailing business practices, and whether the customer exhibits multiple indicators, 
before determining if a transaction is suspicious or otherwise indicative of potentially fraudulent 
COVID-19-related activities. In line with their risk-based approach to compliance with the BSA, 
financial institutions are also encouraged to perform additional inquiries and investigations where 
appropriate. Additionally, some of the financial red flag indicators outlined below may apply to 
multiple COVID-19-related fraudulent activities. 
Imposter Scams
In imposter scams, criminals impersonate organizations such as government agencies, non-profit 
groups, universities, or charities to offer fraudulent services or otherwise defraud victims.  While 
imposter scams can take multiple forms, the basic methodology involves an actor (1) contacting 
a target under the false pretense of representing an official organization, and (2) coercing or 
convincing the target to provide funds or valuable information, engage in behavior that causes the 
target’s computer to be infected with malware, or spread disinformation.1
1. 
See Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Business Blog, “Seven Coronavirus Scams Targeting Your Business,” (March 25, 
2020).
  In the case of schemes 
connected to COVID-19, imposters may pose as officials or representatives from the Internal 
Revenue Service (IRS),2
2. 
For information on IRS imposter scams in general, see FTC’s “IRS Imposter Scams Infographic,” (January 2020). 
 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),3
3. 
See Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) Public Service Announcement “FBI 
Sees Rise in Fraud Schemes Related to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic,” (March 20, 2020).
 the World Health 
Organization (WHO), other healthcare or non-profit groups, and academic institutions.4
4. 
FTC maintains links to resources concerning scams and the current trends it has observed.  See FTC’s “Coronavirus 
Advice for Consumers.”

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Illicit actors can use imposter scams to defraud and deceive the vulnerable, including the elderly 
and unemployed, through the solicitation of payments (such as digital payments and virtual 
currency), donations, or personal information via email, robocalls, text messages,5
5. 
For information about COVID-19-related imposter scams conducted by text messages and phone calls, see the Federal 
Communications Commission (FCC), “COVID-19 Consumer Warnings and Safety Tips,” (May 20, 2020).  The FTC 
and the FCC have sent warning letters to multiple Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service providers for allegedly 
routing illegal pandemic-related scam telemarketing or robocalls.  See FTC Press Release, “FTC and FCC Send 
Joint Letters to Additional VoIP Providers Warning against ‘Routing and Transmitting’ Illegal Coronavirus-related 
Robocalls,” (May 20, 2020). 
 or other 
communication methods.  For example, an imposter may contact potential victims by phone, email, 
or text to imply that the victim must verify personal information or send payments to scammers in 
return for COVID-19-related stimulus payments or benefits, including Economic Impact Payments 
(EIP)6
6. 
EIP may take the form of Automated Clearing House (ACH) deposits, U.S. Treasury checks, or prepaid debit cards.  
See U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury) Press Release “Treasury is Delivering Millions of Economic Impact 
Payments by Prepaid Debit Card,” (May 18, 2020). 
 under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act.7
7. 
The FTC, the IRS, and the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) each published information 
about imposter scams, particularly as they relate to EIP.  See FTC Blog, “Want to Get Your Coronavirus Relief Check? 
Scammers do too,” (April 1, 2020) and “Coronavirus Checks: Flattening the Scam Curve,” (April 8, 2020); IRS News 
Release, “IRS Issues Warning About Coronavirus-related Scams; Watch Out For Schemes Tied To Economic Impact 
Payments,” (April 2, 2020) and the IRS’s Economic Impact Payment Information Center, (April 8, 2020); and TIGTA 
Press Release, “TIGTA Urges Taxpayers to “Be On High Alert” For Coronavirus Relief Payment Scams,” (April 7, 2020).
  Another instance 
includes imposters contacting victims and posing as government or health care representatives 
engaged in COVID-19 contact tracing activities, implying that a victim must share personal or 
financial information as part of contact tracing efforts.8
8. 
See Department of Justice (DOJ) Press Release “U.S. Attorney Warns Public of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Frauds,” 
(May 28, 2020).
  Multiple examples include phishing 
schemes, where imposters send communications appearing to come from legitimate sources, to 
collect victims’ personal and financial data and potentially infect their devices by convincing the 
target to download a malicious attachment or click malicious links.9
9. 
See Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the 
United Kingdom’s (U.K.) National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) Alert, “COVID-19 Exploited by Malicious 
Cyber Actors” (April 8, 2020); and DHS, “Common Scams: Know How to Spot a Fake.”  Additionally, see WHO 
Cybersecurity, “Beware of Criminals Pretending to be WHO,” (April 2020).  See also FTC Blog, “COVID-19 Scams 
Targeting College Students,” (May 27, 2020); and DOJ Press Release, “Federal Law Enforcement Encourages the 
Public to Remain Vigilant to Covid-19 Scams,” (April 22, 2020).
Scammers may also impersonate legitimate charities or create sham charities, taking advantage of 
the generosity of the public and embezzling donations intended for COVID-19 response efforts.10  
10. Multiple U.S. Attorneys’ Offices (USAOs) warn of criminals who may seek to exploit legitimate relief efforts for their 
own illicit gain by soliciting donations to sham charities or crowdfunding sites.  See USAO for the Southern District of 
Georgia, “U.S. Attorney Warns of Coronavirus Scams Targeting Vulnerable Victims,” (March 25, 2020); USAO for the 
Eastern District of Oklahoma, “Department of Justice Requests Citizens be Aware of And Report COVID-19 Fraud,” 
(March 24, 2020); and USAO for the Middle District of Tennessee, “U.S. Attorney and FBI Urge the Public to Report 
Suspected Fraud Related to Tornado Destruction and COVID-19,” (March 23, 2020).  Additionally, the U.S. Securities 
and Exchange Commission (SEC) noted the potential for charity investment frauds, where actors falsely claim that 
investments will provide financial support or medical treatment to people in need, with the money instead stolen.  See 
SEC Investor Alerts and Bulletins, “Frauds Targeting Main Street Investors -- Investor Alert,” (April 10, 2020).  See also 
FTC’s information to avoid charity scams, “Make Your Coronavirus Donations Count,” (May 5, 2020).

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Criminals often use social media accounts, door-to-door collections, flyers, mailings, telephone 
and robocalls, text messages, websites, and emails mimicking legitimate charities and non-profits 
to defraud the public.  These operations may include words like “relief,” “fund,” “donation,” and 
“foundation” in their titles to give the illusion that they are a legitimate organization.11
11. See FTC, “How to Donate Wisely and Avoid Charity Scams.”
Given that many scammers may be targeting customers as opposed to financial institutions 
directly, financial institutions, when interacting with their customers, should remain on the alert 
for potential suspicious activities.  Financial red flag indicators of imposter scams may include:
 A customer indicating that a person claiming to represent a government agency contacted 
him or her by phone, email, text message, or social media asking for personal or bank account 
information to verify, process, or expedite EIPs, unemployment insurance, or other benefits.	
12. For more information on EIPs, visit IRS, “Economic Impact Payment Information Center,” (June 30, 2020).
  
In particular, be alert to communications emphasizing “stimulus check” or “stimulus 
payment” in solicitations to the public, sometimes claiming that the fraudulent entity can 
expedite the “stimulus check” or other government payment on behalf of the beneficiary for a 
fee paid by gift card or prepaid card.
	
	
	
 Email correspondence that contains subject lines that government or industry have identified 
as being associated with phishing campaigns, or that contains embedded links or webpage 
addresses for purported COVID-19 resources that have irregular URLs (e.g., slight variations 
in domain extensions like “.com,” “.org,” and “.us”).  Examples of U.S. government-identified 
COVID-19 phishing email subject lines include “2020 Coronavirus Updates,” “Coronavirus 
Updates,” “2019-nCov: New confirmed cases in your City,” and “2019-nCov: Coronavirus 
outbreak in your city (Emergency).”	
13. See  DHS CISA and U.K. NCSC Alert, “COVID-19 Exploited by Malicious Cyber Actors,” (April 8, 2020).

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Money Mule Schemes
A money mule is “a person who transfers illegally acquired money on behalf of or at the direction 
of another.”14
14. See FBI, “Money Mule Awareness” (July 2019).  For more information on money mules in general, see FinCEN, 
“Updated Advisory on Email Compromise Fraud Schemes Targeting Vulnerable Business Processes,” (July 16, 2019); 
“FinCEN Analysis: Bank Secrecy Act Reports Filed by Financial Institutions Help Protect Elders from Fraud and Theft 
of Their Assets,” (December 4, 2019); and DOJ, “Justice Department Announces Landmark Money Mule Initiative,” 
(December 4, 2019).  
  Money mule schemes, including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic, span the 
spectrum of using unwitting, witting, or complicit money mules.15
15. For more information about unwitting, witting, and complicit individuals involved in money mule scams, see FBI, 
“Money Mule Awareness” (July 2019).  
  An unwitting or unknowing 
money mule is an individual who is “unaware that he or she is part of a larger criminal scheme.”  The 
individual is motivated by his/her trust in the actual romance, job position or proposition.16
16. For examples of how an unwitting money mule is recruited and used, see id., p. 4. 
  A witting 
money mule is an individual who “chooses to ignore obvious red flags or acts willfully blind to his/
her money movement activity.”  The individual is motivated by financial gain or an unwillingness 
to acknowledge his/her role.17
17. For examples of how a witting money mule is recruited and used, see id., p. 5. 
  A complicit money mule is an individual who is “aware of his/her 
role as a money mule and is complicit in the larger criminal scheme.”  The individual is motivated 
by financial gain or loyalty to a criminal group.18
18. For examples of how a complicit money mule is recruited and used, see id. 
  During the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. authorities 

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have detected recruiters using money mule schemes, such as good-Samaritan, romance, and work-
from-home schemes.19
19. The FBI has released information on how criminals are taking advantage of the COVID-19 pandemic to steal money, 
access personal and financial information, and use individuals as money mules.  See FBI Press Release, “FBI Warns 
of Money Mule Schemes Exploiting the COVID-19 Pandemic,” (April 6, 2020).  In work-from-home schemes, for 
example, COVID-19 money mule recruiters, under a false charity or company label, may approach targets with a 
seemingly legitimate offer of employment under the pretense of work-from-home jobs, often through internet or 
social media advertisements, emails, or text messages.  Once the target accepts the “employment,” he or she receives 
instructions to move funds through accounts or to set up a new account in the target’s name for the “business.”  The 
target (i.e., the money mule) earns money by taking a percentage of the funds that he or she helps to transfer per the 
instructions of the “employer.”  For more information on fraudulent job offers, see FTC Blog, “Looking for work after 
Coronavirus layoffs?,” (April 13, 2020).
  U.S. authorities also have identified criminals using money mules to exploit 
unemployment insurance programs during the COVID-19 pandemic.20
20. See Washington State Employment Security Department, “Statement from Commissioner Suzi LeVine on the rise in 
unemployment imposter fraud attempts,” (May 14, 2020) and “Update on imposter fraud from Commissioner Suzi 
LeVine,” (May 18, 2020).  
  
Financial red flag indicators of COVID-19 money mule schemes may include: 
	
	
	
	
	

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a. U.S. Service member who is reportedly stationed abroad;
b. U.S. citizen working or traveling abroad; or
c. U.S. citizen quarantined abroad.
Information on Reporting Suspicious Activity
Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) Filing Instructions
SAR reporting, in conjunction with effective implementation of due diligence requirements by 
financial institutions, is crucial to identifying and stopping financial crimes, including those 
related to the COVID-19 pandemic.  Financial institutions should provide all pertinent and 
available information in the SAR and narrative.  Adherence to the filing instructions below will 
improve FinCEN’s and law enforcement’s abilities to effectively identify actionable SARs using 
the FinCEN Query system and pull information to support COVID-19- related investigations.  

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•	 FinCEN requests that financial institutions reference this advisory by including the key term 
“COVID19 MM FIN-2020-A003” in SAR field 2 (Filing Institution Note to FinCEN) and the 
narrative to indicate a connection between the suspicious activity being reported and the 
activities highlighted in this advisory.  
•	 Financial institutions should also select SAR field 34(z) (Fraud - other) as the associated 
suspicious activity type to indicate a connection between the suspicious activity being 
reported and COVID-19.  Financial institutions should include the type of fraud and/or 
name of the scam or product (e.g., imposter scam or money mule scheme) in SAR field 
34(z).  In addition, FinCEN encourages financial institutions to report certain types of 
imposter scams and money mule schemes using fields such as SAR field 34(l) (Fraud- Mass-
marketing), or SAR field 38(d) (Other Suspicious Activities- Elder Financial Exploitation), as 
appropriate with the circumstances of the suspected activity.  
•	 Please refer to FinCEN’s Notice Related to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which 
contains information regarding reporting COVID-19-related crime, and reminds financial 
institutions of certain BSA obligations.
For Further Information
Financial institutions should send questions or comments regarding the contents of this advisory to 
the FinCEN Regulatory Support Section at  frc@fincen.gov.
The mission of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network is to safeguard 
the financial system from illicit use, combat money laundering and its 
related crimes including terrorism, and promote national security through 
the strategic use of financial authorities and the collection, analysis, and 
dissemination of financial intelligence.

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